625:
2213:
2620:
2610:
2600:
68:
170:
27:
433:. Since then it has been controversial, with Filipinos living in the Philippines arguing that the term 'Filipino' is already genderless. While the word is borrowed from Spanish where suffixes indicate gender, the term borrowed into Tagalog is already used in a gender-neutral manner. The coined term is said to be unnecessary and that it imposes
967:. There are also very few, if any, derivational inflections; instead, the language relies heavily on compounding to create new words. A Chinese word is thus inherently gender-neutral, and any given word can be preceded by an morpheme indicating masculinity or femininity. For example, the word for "doctor" is
1039:
The character for "she", containing the "woman" radical (glyphic element of a character's composition), was invented in the early twentieth century due to western influence; prior to this, the character indicating "he" today was used for both genders: it contains the "person" radical, which, as noted
723:
of Basque peasants. Men would become workers in a factory with other men from their town. Females would become maids, waitresses, shop clerks where informal Basque would be felt improper. When institutions have tried to nuance closeness in their public communications, the male forms have been chosen.
906:
it was also noted that the usage of gender markings in
Turkish is asymmetrical. In translations of sentences from English texts where the gender is evident (e.g., usage of he/she or male vs. female context) it was noticed that feminine gender was marked in 50% of cases, while masculine was marked
462:
Bengali has gender neutral pronoun সে for indicating both he and she. Bengali verbs do not change on subject's gender. Some
Bengali nouns have separate words for masculine and feminine genders although in modern Bengali people are encouraged to use gender neutral (often masculine only) word
948:
There are gender specific words for man/woman (mwanamume/mwanamke) and mother/father (mama/baba), so it is not completely gender neutral, although a vast majority of the words do not distinguish between male or female. The language does not have a grammatical gender either.
945:. It is largely gender neutral in specific nouns. Words such as actor/actress (mwigaji wa hadithi) and waiter/waitress (mtumishi mezani) are gender neutral among most others in the language. The words he, him, she, her translate to a single word in Swahili, yeye.
2122:
1035:
or a person of undetermined gender; "她", containing the feminine radical "女", for "she"; and "它" for "it"; "祂" containing the spirit radical "礻", from "示", for deities; "牠" containing the cow radical "牜", from "牛", for animals.
495:
has long been common in informal language, and is becoming increasingly so in formal language. The use of the neuter pronoun 'it' is most commonly used in reference to non-personified objects and animals rather than for people.
918:
lacks gender pronouns such as he/she. For example sentence "Himo He Jam" means (He/She is good). Pulaar either bends verbs and removes the pronoun all together, or uses gender neutral "Himo".
678:, "you (male) have it". The verb is marked for addressee's gender, if they are intimate singular, whether or not they are referred to in the clause. In earlier stages, the relation between
293:-related stereotypes, as they still include words with gender-specific meanings (such as "son" and "daughter"), and may include gender distinctions among pronouns (such as "he" and "she").
3219:
2335:
2073:
754:, is mostly a gender-neutral language. Pronouns lack grammatical gender, with the third-person pronoun "hän" representing he, she, or they. However, there are examples of
907:
only in 5% of cases. While translations are not typically representative of linguistic data, similar asymmetry was also observed in
Turkish literary and newspaper texts.
979:: 医生). To specify the gender of the doctor, the speaker can add the morpheme for "male" or "female" to the front of it. Thus, to specify a male doctor, one would prefix
317:
is used for both "he" and "she", as well as "it" in the context of being a neuter gender. Native nouns also feature this characteristic, normally with the addition of
85:
40:
719:
to spontaneity, peasantness, directness, values linked to Basque rural males, while the formal forms are used by women. It has been explained as a consequence of the
289:. A discourse in a grammatically genderless language is not necessarily gender-neutral, although genderless languages exclude many possibilities for reinforcement of
2061:
1060:; it may refer to people of any gender because Cantonese does not have gendered third-person pronouns as in English. Replacing the "亻" radical with "女" (in pronoun
963:
Sinitic languages (or topolects) are largely gender-neutral. Chinese has no inflections for gender, tense, or case, so comprehension is almost wholly dependent on
666:
with the gender in the intimate singular second person (This is a mark of solidarity, providing no information since the listeners already know their genders.):
187:
2340:
1596:
Goldin, Farideh
Dayanim (2015). "Overcoming gender: The impact of the Persian language on Iranian women's confessional literature". In Mannani, Manijeh (ed.).
1086:
132:
104:
1368:
111:
793:
With the rise of gender neutrality, many compound words have been converted to gender-neutral forms. This can be done with several strategies:
46:
2054:
454:, neither pronouns nor nouns have grammatical gender. The third person pronoun նա (na) means both he and she, and նրանք (nranq) is for they.
2656:
758:
in many
Finnish terms with person reference, e.g. masculine expressions being used in a generic manner to refer to both sexes. They can be
118:
2498:
100:
1571:
1314:
410:(grandmother/grandfather). A few gender-differentiating pairs originate from Chinese, mostly relating to kinship terminology such as
1341:
2169:
2047:
534:(-u) means "he or she" and does not determine the gender of the person. All of the grammatical rules in Persian are gender-free.
1266:
2623:
1870:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1351:
1198:
1795:
Braun, Friederike (2001). "Turkish. The
Communication of Gender in Turkish". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hadumod (eds.).
1177:
Di Garbo, Francesca; Olsson, Bruno; Wälchli, Bernhard (2019). Di Garbo, Francesca; Olsson, Bruno; Wälchli, Bernhard (eds.).
1769:
1553:
527:), but Persian descriptive adjectives modifying them have no gender. Arabic adjectives also lose their gender in Persian.
511:
languages
Persian is grammatically gender-neutral. It does not distinguish between masculine, feminine or neuter genders.
2555:
1886:
1519:
1183:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics 26. Vol. I: General Issues and Specific Studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
551:
is largely gender-free. Most nouns have no gender, though there are different words for females and males in some cases (
337:
659:
1324:
491:
Historically, "he" referred to a generic person whose gender is unspecified in formal language, but the gender-neutral
125:
2529:
2005:
1615:
1161:
235:
217:
151:
54:
2030:
199:
3517:
2649:
2550:
2444:
2424:
191:
883:(engineer) etc. Very few words for person reference contain a clue to the gender of the referred person, such as
3491:
1114:
972:
180:
89:
3309:
976:
856:, neither pronouns nor nouns have grammatical gender. The third person pronoun "ის"(is) means he, she or it.
3301:
2372:
2320:
2162:
1081:
472:
3001:
2820:
2717:
2642:
2580:
2534:
1992:
1492:
1399:
1028:
512:
2687:
2585:
2488:
2278:
1971:
1712:"Basque informal talk increasingly restricted to men: The role of gender in the form of address hika"
1464:
1686:
3411:
2911:
2493:
2439:
2392:
2310:
2305:
1975:
995:(女醫生/女医生). Under normal circumstances, both male and female doctors would simply be referred to as
871:. Nouns have a generic form and this generic form is used for both males and females. For example,
767:
713:
forms are more frequent when addressing males than females. A perception developed that associates
268:
354:(masculine). These words mostly refer to ethnicities, occupations, and family. Some examples are:
3223:
2732:
2603:
2330:
2155:
1469:
1148:
Braun, Friederike (1999). "Chapter 10: Gender in a
Genderless Language: The Case of Turkish". In
508:
282:
271:
195:
78:
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1711:
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3184:
3093:
2483:
2345:
310:
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3078:
3073:
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2846:
2682:
1954:"Chinese Character Database: Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect"
1477:
1291:
523:
in Arabic. Many borrowed Arabic feminine words retain their Arabic feminine plural form ـات (
1756:
Yleispätevä mies : Suomen kielen geneerinen, piilevä ja kieliopillistuva maskuliinisuus
3433:
3367:
3199:
3156:
3058:
2921:
2881:
2382:
2362:
2197:
1367:
Dussias, Paola E.; Valdés Kroff, Jorge R.; Guzzardo
Tamargo, Rosa E.; Gerfen, Chip (2013).
898:
At the same time research has shown a significant presence of semantically implied gender (
663:
257:
8:
3214:
3194:
2841:
2575:
2377:
2367:
2288:
249:
2634:
1606:
1019:" for deities, written differently), "she", or "it". However, the different meanings of
488:. This system of gender is quite minimal compared to languages with grammatical gender.
16:
Lack of requirement for morphological agreement with respect to gender in some languages
3380:
3347:
3273:
3258:
3243:
3233:
3146:
3141:
3131:
2926:
2856:
2851:
2357:
1736:
1391:
1049:
340:
influence, gender is usually differentiated in certain
Spanish loanwords by way of the
264:
3337:
3263:
3238:
3161:
3026:
2971:
2941:
2901:
2613:
2402:
2273:
2263:
2242:
2089:
2001:
1866:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1740:
1611:
1527:
1347:
1320:
1194:
1157:
1110:
1069:
1024:
853:
451:
422:
1395:
3375:
3268:
3248:
3098:
3063:
2981:
2776:
2419:
2084:
2070:
1935:
1726:
1601:
1437:
1426:"Gender Assignment and Gender Agreement: Evidence from Pronominal Gender Languages"
1383:
1184:
1016:
958:
926:
868:
864:
751:
747:
631:
570:
515:
with the feminine ending ـة reduce to a gender-less Persian ـه which is pronounced
504:
477:
306:
253:
2039:
1953:
895:"lady/sir". The third person singular pronoun "o" refers to "he", "she" and "it".
3283:
3204:
3166:
3151:
3031:
3021:
2936:
2931:
2871:
2737:
2707:
2253:
2248:
930:
915:
691:
548:
727:
Non-sexism supporters propose substituting those forms by the more formal ones:
3465:
3423:
3385:
3287:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2891:
2886:
2866:
2861:
2790:
2665:
2467:
2352:
2192:
2178:
2132:
1974:) notes its use as a third-person pronoun in Cantonese, but the entry for "姖" (
1800:
1149:
903:
733:"you have it". Recently, some Basque feminists have tried to revive the use of
425:
term 'Filipinx' has gained popularity especially among Filipino-Americans as a
286:
1897:
1631:
1442:
1425:
1387:
1215:
585:, "actor"), but they are not the main rule. For animals, there are particles (
3511:
3390:
3342:
3209:
3189:
3068:
2966:
2916:
2896:
2876:
2258:
2202:
2109:
2104:
2099:
1531:
1178:
899:
759:
755:
492:
1319:. Studies in Generative Grammar 71. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 261.
569:, "parent"). Some words are differentiated according to gender, like in the
3479:
3453:
3443:
3416:
3278:
3011:
2976:
2951:
2906:
2727:
2387:
2094:
2034:
1189:
720:
434:
1105:
Grünberg, A. L. (1999). "Zemiaki jazyk/dialekt". In Edelman, D. I. (ed.).
3136:
2946:
2825:
2786:
2751:
2742:
2268:
2237:
1366:
1007:
Spoken Mandarin Chinese also has only one third-person singular pronoun,
707:
as too disrespectful, and its use has been diminishing. In practice, the
1493:"Column: He, She, They? Why It's Time to Leave This Grammar Rule Behind"
1458:
3496:
3395:
3352:
3329:
3253:
3088:
2991:
2961:
2956:
2810:
2805:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2127:
1797:
Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men
274:
between nouns and associated pronouns, adjectives, articles, or verbs.
1939:
1065:
1061:
1057:
3486:
3448:
3228:
3045:
2800:
2746:
2722:
2232:
1731:
430:
1923:
202:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
67:
3475:
3470:
2299:
1799:. IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 9. Vol. 1.
942:
260:
1695:, pp. 96–97, 2.2.4. A few full paradigms and how to use them.
3460:
3176:
2781:
2697:
2147:
485:
426:
1340:
Lehmann, Magdolna; Lugossy, Réka; Horváth, József, eds. (2016).
3438:
3123:
2815:
2795:
2434:
2429:
2227:
1674:
1313:
Alexiadou, Artemis; Haegeman, Liliane; Stavrou, Melita (2007).
1240:
964:
934:
658:
While there are no gender-specific pronouns, in some dialects,
341:
290:
1598:
Familiar and Foreign: Identity in Iranian Film and Literature
1091:
938:
277:
The notion of a genderless language is distinct from that of
1267:"Filipinx: Why is the Gender-Neutral Term So Controversial?"
701:
in early modern English. Most Basque speakers already avoid
2761:
2674:
1343:
UPRT 2015: Empirical Studies in English Applied Linguistics
624:
480:
lacks grammatical gender, but can be considered to have a
325:("female") to the noun to signify gender in terms such as
2664:
336:
However, because Tagalog has had over three centuries of
285:, which is wording that does not presuppose a particular
1710:
Bereziartua, Garbiñe; Muguruza, Beñat (March 30, 2021).
1312:
1154:
Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa
987:(男醫生/男医生); to specify a female doctor, one would prefix
1087:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
1770:"Palomies Talonmies Sähkömies – Gender-Neutral Names"
1339:
1176:
902:) in Turkish. In addition to the absence of semantic
507:
is a gender-free language. In contrast to most other
2069:
1960:(in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2006
1709:
835:to refer to a person doing the verb's action, e.g.
92:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1457:
2499:International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)
782:(trustee, executor, administrator), idioms (e.g.
3509:
1109:(in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 123–125.
790:; help a man on the hill, not under the hill).
1994:A Brief Grammar of Euskara, the Basque Language
1228:– via The University of Michigan Library.
1094:(International Gender and Language Association)
1705:
1703:
1701:
1456:
867:is a gender-neutral language, like most other
786:, to be one's own master), and proverbs (e.g.
778:lit. brother, to fraternize), phrases such as
313:, is gender-neutral. The third-person pronoun
2650:
2336:Languages with gendered third-person pronouns
2163:
2055:
1600:. Alberta, Canada: AU Press. pp. 31–60.
1484:
1245:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
1977:) does not; it only gives the pronunciation
1180:Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity
734:
728:
714:
708:
702:
685:
679:
673:
667:
649:
643:
637:
629:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
564:
558:
552:
362:(Filipina/o) and their derivative nicknames
2363:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns
1698:
1572:"A Crash Course in Gender Neutral Pronouns"
1346:. Pécs: Lingua Franca Csoport. p. 77.
1107:Jazyki mira: Dardskie i nuristanskie jazyki
101:"Gender neutrality in genderless languages"
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2657:
2643:
2170:
2156:
2062:
2048:
1719:Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies
1554:"Gender-Neutral Pronouns: Singular 'They'"
1517:
537:
440:
1845:
1753:
1730:
1605:
1441:
1369:"When Gender and Looking Go Hand in Hand"
1316:Noun Phrase in the Generative Perspective
1292:"Fundamentals of Modern Armenian Grammar"
1188:
296:
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
1981:and notes that it is used in placenames.
1887:"Qǐngjiào, guānyú "tā, tā, tā, tā, tā""
1490:
1264:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1104:
623:
484:with semantic gender represented in the
186:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1860:
1551:
1520:"He, She, One, They, Ho, Hus, Hum, Ita"
1423:
1417:
1284:
1213:
1052:, the third-person singular pronoun is
952:
3510:
1595:
1376:Studies in Second Language Acquisition
801:(man) with ''henkilö'' (person), e.g.
2638:
2151:
2043:
1917:
1915:
1794:
1758:(PhD thesis). University of Helsinki.
1265:Golangco, Lauren (February 2, 2022).
1232:
1147:
1132:
2000:. University of the Basque Country.
1990:
1692:
1680:
1478:participating institution membership
163:
90:adding citations to reliable sources
61:
20:
1632:"Gender of Nouns - Persian Grammar"
1491:Gardiner, Steve (August 24, 2016).
1238:
1031:"亻", from "人", meaning person, for
609:, "male bear") or different words (
13:
2177:
1912:
1636:Personal website of Ali Jahanshiri
267:—that is, no categories requiring
14:
3529:
2341:Languages with grammatical gender
2024:
1921:
1607:10.15215/aupress/9781927356869.01
1552:Fogarty, Mignon (April 7, 2017).
1518:Srinivasan, Amia (July 2, 2020).
788:auta miestä mäessä, älä mäen alla
636:magazine cover about the loss of
36:This article has multiple issues.
2619:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2445:Gender bias in medical diagnosis
2211:
168:
66:
25:
1984:
1946:
1924:""她" 字的故事——女性新代词符号的发明, 论争与早期流播"
1879:
1854:
1839:
1788:
1762:
1747:
1649:
1624:
1589:
1564:
1545:
1511:
1450:
1220:. Manila: Catholic Trade School
1098:
1040:above, is not gender-specific.
77:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
1360:
1333:
1306:
1258:
1207:
1170:
1:
1683:, pp. 32–33, 2.3 Gender.
1526:. Vol. 42, no. 13.
1294:. Armenian Language Resources
1124:
824:(lit. warehouse man) becomes
766:lit. fireman, fire fighter),
2624:Gender and sexual identities
2373:Gender marking in job titles
1896:(in Chinese). Archived from
1863:Essential Swahili Dictionary
1848:The Classification of Fulani
1082:Gender marking in job titles
1068:, has a separate meaning in
1043:
1027:: "他", containing the human
473:Gender neutrality in English
402:(elder sister/brother), and
263:that has no distinctions of
7:
2581:Gender in Bible translation
2535:The NeuroGenderings Network
1928:東アジアにおける学芸史の総合的研究の継続的発展のために
1241:"Chapter Number of Genders"
1217:Elements of Tagalog Grammar
1075:
1023:are written with different
1002:
847:
445:
437:standards in the language.
198:the claims made and adding
10:
3534:
3492:Syntax–semantics interface
2586:God and gender in Hinduism
2489:Gender Empowerment Measure
1958:Yuèyǔ shěn yīn pèi cí zìkù
1865:. London: Teach Yourself.
956:
921:
859:
742:
672:, "you (female) have it";
499:
470:
466:
457:
301:
3404:
3366:
3328:
3300:
3175:
3122:
3044:
2834:
2769:
2760:
2673:
2594:
2568:
2543:
2522:
2515:
2476:
2460:
2453:
2412:
2401:
2287:
2279:List of gender identities
2220:
2209:
2185:
2118:
2080:
1846:Greenberg, J. H. (1949).
1465:Oxford English Dictionary
1443:10.1007/s11525-009-9124-y
1388:10.1017/s0272263112000915
1356:– via Google Books.
1329:– via Google Books.
910:
542:
2912:Exceptional case-marking
2556:Women's studies journals
2530:Gender studies academics
2494:Gender Development Index
2440:Gender bias on Knowledge
2393:Preferred gender pronoun
2311:Feminization of language
2306:Feminist language reform
2031:On the Creation of "She"
1972:humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk
1888:
1754:Engelberg, Mila (2016).
933:spoken in many parts of
839:(lit. lead man) becomes
482:pronominal gender system
3518:Gender-neutral language
2551:Gender studies journals
2425:Gender-related violence
2074:gender-neutral pronouns
1861:Perrott, D. V. (2010).
1576:Transcending Boundaries
1470:Oxford University Press
1424:Audring, Jenny (2008).
1214:Desmond, Henry (1935).
805:(lit. foreman) becomes
538:Other natural languages
530:For example, the word "
441:Indo-European languages
283:gender-neutral language
2718:Initial-stress-derived
2484:Gender and development
1524:London Review of Books
1190:10.5281/zenodo.3446224
1064:) forms the character
735:
729:
715:
709:
703:
686:
680:
674:
668:
655:
650:
644:
638:
630:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
565:
559:
553:
311:Austronesian languages
297:Austronesian languages
3229:Inclusive / Exclusive
1991:Laka, Itziar (1996).
1820:(Europe, hardbound),
1405:on September 18, 2016
1239:Corbett, Greville G.
1015:can mean "he" (also "
654:means "Thou , hear!".
627:
2383:Lavender linguistics
2326:Genderless languages
2316:Gender neutrality in
2198:Anti-gender movement
1558:Quick and Dirty Tips
953:Varieties of Chinese
86:improve this article
3109:Relative subsective
3002:Regular / Irregular
2847:Andative / Venitive
2683:Abstract / Concrete
2576:Gender and religion
2378:Language and gender
2368:Genderless language
1970:The entry for "佢" (
1836:(Europe, paperback)
1803:. pp. 283–310.
1663:, December 14, 2022
1468:(Online ed.).
1011:for all referents.
828:(warehouse worker).
812:Replacing the word
797:Replacing the word
739:forms among women.
250:genderless language
2668:and their features
2666:Lexical categories
2358:Grammatical gender
991:女 (female), as in
831:Adding the suffix
750:, like most other
656:
265:grammatical gender
179:possibly contains
3505:
3504:
3310:Casally modulated
3215:Formal / Informal
3104:Pure intersective
3054:Anti-intersective
3040:
3039:
2987:Preterite-present
2632:
2631:
2564:
2563:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2274:Gender neutrality
2264:Gender expression
2243:Non-binary gender
2145:
2144:
1940:10.15055/00002563
1889:請教，關於 “他，她，它，牠，祂"
1872:978-1-444-10408-0
1834:978-90-272-1841-4
1826:978-1-58811-083-1
1818:978-90-272-1840-7
1812:(US, hardbound),
1810:978-1-58811-082-4
1657:"Persian grammar"
1476:(Subscription or
1353:978-963-642-979-9
1200:978-3-96110-178-8
1070:written Cantonese
904:gender neutrality
887:"mother/father",
826:varastotyöntekijä
784:olla oma herransa
603:, "female bear";
414:(big sister) and
279:gender neutrality
246:
245:
238:
228:
227:
220:
181:original research
162:
161:
154:
136:
59:
3525:
3084:Non-intersective
2767:
2766:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2520:
2519:
2458:
2457:
2420:Gender apartheid
2410:
2409:
2245:(or Genderqueer)
2215:
2214:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:on June 18, 2016
1883:
1877:
1876:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1828:(US paperback),
1804:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1732:10.52462/jlls.22
1716:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1398:. Archived from
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1288:
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1279:
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1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1145:
1120:
983:男 (male), as in
959:Chinese pronouns
869:Turkic languages
752:Uralic languages
738:
732:
718:
712:
706:
689:
683:
677:
671:
653:
647:
641:
635:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
571:English language
568:
562:
556:
513:Arabic loanwords
241:
234:
223:
216:
212:
209:
203:
200:inline citations
172:
171:
164:
157:
150:
146:
143:
137:
135:
94:
70:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3400:
3362:
3324:
3296:
3224:Gender-specific
3171:
3118:
3036:
2922:Germanic strong
2830:
2756:
2669:
2663:
2633:
2628:
2590:
2560:
2539:
2503:
2472:
2449:
2404:
2397:
2290:
2283:
2254:Gender identity
2249:Gender variance
2216:
2212:
2207:
2181:
2176:
2146:
2141:
2133:Spivak pronouns
2114:
2076:
2068:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1963:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1920:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1455:
1451:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1150:Suleiman, Yasir
1146:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1101:
1078:
1046:
1005:
961:
955:
924:
913:
862:
850:
820:(worker), e.g.
745:
549:Basque language
545:
540:
519:in Persian and
502:
475:
469:
460:
448:
443:
418:(big brother).
331:babaeng kambing
304:
299:
242:
231:
230:
229:
224:
213:
207:
204:
185:
173:
169:
158:
147:
141:
138:
95:
93:
83:
71:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3468:
3466:Procedure word
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Complementizer
3421:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:Gender-neutral
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Bound variable
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Ambitransitive
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2604:Discrimination
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2468:Gender pay gap
2464:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2353:Gender paradox
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Gender studies
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:Gender studies
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2025:External links
2023:
2021:
2020:
2006:
1983:
1945:
1922:黄, 兴涛 (2013).
1911:
1878:
1871:
1853:
1838:
1801:John Benjamins
1787:
1761:
1746:
1725:(1): 360–376.
1697:
1685:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1616:
1588:
1563:
1544:
1510:
1483:
1449:
1416:
1382:(2): 353–387.
1359:
1352:
1332:
1326:978-3110207491
1325:
1305:
1283:
1257:
1231:
1206:
1199:
1169:
1162:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1045:
1042:
1004:
1001:
954:
951:
931:Bantu language
923:
920:
912:
909:
879:(pharmacist),
861:
858:
849:
846:
845:
844:
829:
810:
744:
741:
544:
541:
539:
536:
501:
498:
471:Main article:
468:
465:
459:
456:
447:
444:
442:
439:
423:gender neutral
394:(aunt/uncle),
333:("she-goat").
327:anak na lalaki
303:
300:
298:
295:
287:natural gender
244:
243:
226:
225:
176:
174:
167:
160:
159:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Interrogative
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Interrogative
3346:
3344:
3343:Demonstrative
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3292:Prepositional
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Strong / Weak
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Interrogative
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:Demonstrative
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Prepositional
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Interrogative
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Demonstrative
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Germanic weak
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Frequentative
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Autocausative
2855:
2853:
2852:Anticausative
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:Transgressive
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Gender binary
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2204:
2203:Postgenderism
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2110:singular they
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:- article by
2032:
2029:
2028:
2009:
2007:84-8373-850-3
2003:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1904:September 18,
1899:
1895:
1894:www.pkucn.com
1891:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1774:Uusi kielemme
1771:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1617:9781927356869
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1577:
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1548:
1533:
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1503:September 17,
1498:
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1436:(2): 93–116.
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1409:September 11,
1401:
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1163:0-7007-1078-7
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1056:, written as
1055:
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950:
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928:
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900:covert gender
896:
894:
890:
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870:
866:
857:
855:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:(foreperson).
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:
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789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
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756:androcentrism
753:
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731:
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619:
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589:
583:
579:, "actress";
577:
572:
567:
561:
555:
550:
535:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:Indo-European
506:
497:
494:
493:singular they
489:
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269:morphological
266:
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177:This article
175:
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103: –
102:
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97:Find sources:
91:
87:
81:
80:
75:This article
73:
69:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
3480:Pro-sentence
3454:Onomatopoeia
3444:Interjection
3417:Measure word
3200:Distributive
3094:Postpositive
3074:Intersective
3027:Unaccusative
2972:Performative
2942:Intransitive
2902:Ditransitive
2728:Noun adjunct
2388:Male as norm
2325:
2315:
2298:
2035:Akira Yanabu
2011:. Retrieved
1993:
1986:
1978:
1964:February 16,
1962:. Retrieved
1957:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:the original
1893:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1796:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1776:(in Finnish)
1773:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1722:
1718:
1688:
1676:
1667:February 19,
1665:, retrieved
1660:
1651:
1641:February 19,
1639:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1597:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1557:
1547:
1537:November 16,
1535:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:PBS NewsHour
1496:
1486:
1463:
1452:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1379:
1375:
1362:
1342:
1335:
1315:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1234:
1224:November 28,
1222:. Retrieved
1216:
1209:
1179:
1172:
1153:
1128:
1106:
1099:Bibliography
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1006:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
968:
962:
947:
925:
914:
897:
892:
891:"girl/boy",
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
863:
851:
840:
836:
832:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
802:
798:
792:
787:
783:
780:uskottu mies
779:
775:
771:
763:
746:
726:
721:rural exodus
697:
693:
664:allocutively
660:Basque verbs
657:
563:, "father";
557:, "mother";
546:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
503:
490:
481:
476:
461:
449:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:(engineer),
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
335:
330:
326:
322:
321:("male") or
318:
314:
309:, like most
305:
278:
276:
247:
232:
214:
208:January 2019
205:
178:
148:
139:
129:
122:
115:
108:
96:
84:Please help
79:verification
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
3429:Conjunction
3195:Disjunctive
3132:Conjunctive
3079:Nominalized
2982:Predicative
2826:Verbal noun
2777:Attributive
2477:Development
2430:Gender bias
2269:Gender role
2238:Transgender
2128:neopronouns
2090:generic she
1934:: 125–160.
1276:November 3,
1271:Tatler Asia
973:Traditional
822:varastomies
768:derivatives
642:(feminine
621:, "bull").
435:eurocentric
329:("son") or
258:constructed
3497:Yes and no
3412:Classifier
3396:Possessive
3358:Quantifier
3353:Possessive
3330:Determiner
3302:Adposition
3274:Resumptive
3259:Reciprocal
3254:Possessive
3234:Indefinite
3162:Pronominal
3114:Subsective
3089:Possessive
3059:Collateral
3032:Unergative
3022:Transitive
2937:Inchoative
2932:Impersonal
2872:Catenative
2811:Participle
2806:Infinitive
2738:Relational
2708:Collective
2688:Adjectival
2405:inequality
2123:neologisms
2085:generic he
1850:. J-STORE.
1480:required.)
1430:Morphology
1250:October 7,
1156:. Curzon.
1125:References
1116:585759085X
1025:characters
985:nányīshēng
977:Simplified
965:word order
957:See also:
875:(doctor),
818:työntekijä
807:esihenkilö
662:can agree
651:Hi, aizan!
606:hartz arra
597:, "cock";
378:(vendor),
347:(feminine)
192:improve it
142:March 2012
112:newspapers
41:improve it
3487:Prop-word
3449:Ideophone
3376:Discourse
3315:Inflected
3264:Reflexive
3239:Intensive
3046:Adjective
3017:Stretched
3007:Separable
2997:Reflexive
2892:Denominal
2887:Defective
2867:Captative
2862:Auxiliary
2801:Gerundive
2791:Nonfinite
2713:Countable
2523:Academics
2454:Financial
2289:Gender in
2233:Cisgender
1780:March 30,
1741:233467609
1693:Laka 1996
1681:Laka 1996
1661:Knowledge
1532:0260-9592
1050:Cantonese
1044:Cantonese
999:(醫生/医生).
993:nǚyīshēng
893:hanım/bey
889:kız/oğlan
885:anne/baba
843:(leader).
837:johtomies
772:veljeillä
760:compounds
690:was like
615:, "cow";
600:hartz eme
591:, "hen";
431:adjective
384:inhinyero
380:inhinyera
272:agreement
196:verifying
190:. Please
188:talk page
47:talk page
3512:Category
3476:Pro-verb
3471:Pro-form
3368:Particle
3320:Stranded
3269:Relative
3249:Personal
3167:Relative
3152:Locative
3142:Genitive
2967:Negative
2897:Deponent
2877:Compound
2614:Feminism
2569:Religion
2544:Journals
2516:Academia
2346:Pronouns
2331:Language
2300:Binnen-I
2291:language
2221:Identity
2186:Overview
2013:June 23,
1581:July 26,
1499:(column)
1396:28572241
1076:See also
1003:Mandarin
943:Tanzania
937:such as
881:mühendis
854:Georgian
848:Georgian
764:palomies
730:zuk duzu
692:that of
576:aktoresa
486:pronouns
463:forms.
452:Armenian
446:Armenian
360:Pilipino
356:Pilipina
342:suffixes
261:language
3461:Preverb
3338:Article
3284:Subject
3177:Pronoun
3012:Stative
2977:Phrasal
2952:Lexical
2907:Dynamic
2882:Copular
2782:Converb
2698:Animacy
2461:General
2413:General
2321:English
2071:English
1298:May 26,
1152:(ed.).
1029:radical
997:yīshēng
969:yīshēng
927:Swahili
922:Swahili
865:Turkish
860:Turkish
841:johtaja
803:esimies
748:Finnish
743:Finnish
675:hik duk
669:hik dun
505:Persian
500:Persian
478:English
467:English
458:Bengali
427:demonym
376:tindero
372:tindera
338:Spanish
307:Tagalog
302:Tagalog
254:natural
126:scholar
3439:Coverb
3434:Copula
3288:Object
3205:Donkey
3124:Adverb
3099:Proper
3064:Common
2947:Labile
2816:Supine
2796:Gerund
2787:Finite
2752:Verbal
2743:Strong
2733:Proper
2435:Sexism
2403:Gender
2228:Gender
2004:
1869:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1739:
1614:
1530:
1459:"they"
1394:
1350:
1323:
1197:
1160:
1113:
975:: 醫生,
935:Africa
916:Pulaar
911:Pulaar
877:eczacı
873:doktor
770:(e.g.
762:(e.g.
594:oil+ar
582:aktore
566:guraso
543:Basque
429:or an
400:manong
396:manang
319:lalaki
291:gender
128:
121:
114:
107:
99:
3405:Other
3386:Modal
3210:Dummy
2962:Modal
2957:Light
2835:Types
2770:Forms
2693:Agent
1998:(PDF)
1737:S2CID
1715:(PDF)
1474:
1403:(PDF)
1392:S2CID
1372:(PDF)
1092:IGALA
939:Kenya
929:is a
816:with
774:<
632:Argia
628:2019
618:zezen
588:oil+o
368:Pinoy
364:Pinay
323:babae
252:is a
133:JSTOR
119:books
3391:Noun
3137:Flat
2992:Pure
2762:Verb
2747:Weak
2723:Mass
2703:Bare
2675:Noun
2015:2022
2002:ISBN
1979:geoi
1966:2007
1906:2015
1867:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1782:2024
1669:2023
1643:2023
1612:ISBN
1583:2017
1539:2022
1528:ISSN
1505:2019
1411:2016
1348:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1300:2013
1278:2022
1252:2019
1226:2020
1195:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1054:keui
941:and
814:mies
799:mies
776:veli
736:hika
716:hika
710:hika
698:thou
696:and
684:and
645:hika
639:noka
612:behi
560:aita
547:The
421:The
416:kuya
408:lolo
404:lola
392:tito
388:tita
315:siya
105:news
2105:who
2100:one
1936:doi
1727:doi
1602:doi
1438:doi
1384:doi
1185:doi
1048:In
981:nán
852:In
833:-ja
694:you
687:zuk
681:hik
648:).
554:ama
532:او"
525:-ât
450:In
412:ate
350:and
281:or
256:or
194:by
88:by
3514::
3478:/
3290:/
3286:/
3222:/
2789:/
2745:/
2095:it
1956:.
1932:31
1930:.
1926:.
1914:^
1892:.
1772:.
1735:.
1723:17
1721:.
1717:.
1700:^
1659:,
1634:.
1610:.
1574:.
1556:.
1522:.
1495:.
1462:.
1434:18
1432:.
1428:.
1390:.
1380:35
1378:.
1374:.
1269:.
1243:.
1193:.
1134:^
1072:.
1033:he
1021:tā
1017:He
1013:Tā
1009:tā
989:nǚ
704:hi
521:-a
517:-e
370:,
352:-o
345:-a
248:A
50:.
2658:e
2651:t
2644:v
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
2063:e
2056:t
2049:v
2017:.
1968:.
1942:.
1938::
1908:.
1875:.
1784:.
1743:.
1729::
1645:.
1620:.
1604::
1585:.
1560:.
1541:.
1507:.
1472:.
1446:.
1440::
1413:.
1386::
1302:.
1280:.
1254:.
1203:.
1187::
1166:.
1119:.
1066:姖
1062:佢
1058:佢
971:(
573:(
406:/
398:/
390:/
382:/
374:/
366:/
358:/
239:)
233:(
221:)
215:(
210:)
206:(
184:.
155:)
149:(
144:)
140:(
130:·
123:·
116:·
109:·
82:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
