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Agreement (linguistics)

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2000: 2081:. In most verbs from the other conjugations, each person in the plural can be distinguished among themselves and from the singular forms, again, when using the traditional first person plural. The other endings that appear in written French (i.e.: all singular endings, and also the third person plural of verbs other than those with infinitives in -er) are often pronounced the same, except in 2216:
Articles, possessives and other determinants also decline for number and (only in the singular) for gender, with plural determinants being the same for both genders. This normally produces three forms: one for masculine singular nouns, one for feminine singular nouns, and another for plural nouns of
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verb for "to be under", the classifier a verb takes goes under a downward-facing B handshape (palm facing downward). For example, if a person or an animal was crawled under something, A V handshape with bent fingers would go under the palm, but if it was a pencil, a 1-handshape (pointer finger out)
992:
Note that there is a distinction between irregular verb conjugations in the spoken language and irregular spellings of words in the written language. Linguistics generally concerns itself with the natural, spoken language, and not with spelling conventions in the written language. The verb
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is often given as an example of a verb with an irregular present tense conjugation, on account of adding "-es" instead of just "-s" for the third person singular conjugation. However, this is merely an arbitrary spelling convention. In the spoken language, the present tense conjugation of
2332:(he loves her, him, it, or them specifically). Of course, nouns or pronouns may specify the exact object. In short, there is agreement between a verb and the person and number of its subject and the specificity of its object (which often refers to the person more or less exactly). 2312:: not only its subject but also its (accusative) object. Difference is made between the case when there is a definite object and the case when the object is indefinite or there is no object at all. (The adverbs do not affect the form of the verb.) Examples: 2188:
Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify in French. As with verbs, the agreements are sometimes only shown in spelling since forms that are written with different agreement suffixes are sometimes pronounced the same (e.g.
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Spoken French always distinguishes the second person plural, and the first person plural in formal speech, from each other and from the rest of the present tense in all verbs in the first conjugation (infinitives in -er) other than
513:
There is also agreement in gender between pronouns and their antecedents. Examples of this can be found in English (although English pronouns principally follow natural gender rather than grammatical gender):
1981:
In Latin, a pronoun such as "ego" and "tu" is only inserted for contrast and selection. Proper nouns and common nouns functioning as subject are nonetheless frequent. For this reason, Latin is described as a
2368:"The books were interesting" ("a": the, "könyv": book, "érdekes": interesting, "voltak": were): the plural is marked on the subject as well as both the adjectival and the copulative part of the predicate. 1913:
Verbs must agree in person and number, and sometimes in gender, with their subjects. Articles and adjectives must agree in case, number and gender with the nouns they modify.
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Class and number are indicated with prefixes (or sometimes their absence), which are not always the same for nouns, adjectives and verbs, as illustrated by the examples.
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agreement existed for the second person singular of all verbs in the present tense, as well as in the past tense of some common verbs. This was usually in the form
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Apart from verbs, the main examples are the determiners “this” and “that”, which become “these” and “those” respectively when the following noun is plural:
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India beat Sri Lanka by six wickets in a pulsating final to deliver World Cup glory to their cricket-mad population for the first time since 1983. (BBC)
3101: 2378:"with your nice books" ("szép": nice): the suffixes of the plural, the possessive "your" and the case marking "with" are only marked on the noun. 2209:, but this consonant is only pronounced in liaison contexts, and it is determinants that help understand if the singular or plural is meant. The 363:
In English this is not such a common feature, although there are certain determiners that occur specifically with singular or plural nouns only:
216:
can occur between verb and subject, as in the case of grammatical person discussed above. In fact the two categories are often conflated within
1030:
is actually irregular in its spoken third-person singular conjugation, in addition to having a somewhat irregular spelling. While the verb
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compound past tense, the past participle – formally an adjective – agrees in certain circumstances with the subject or with an object (see
2338: 2695:
Verbs have 6 different forms in the present tense, for three persons in singular and plural. As in Latin, subject is frequently dropped.
1061:, while it may appear to be regular based on its spelling, is in fact irregular in its third person singular present tense conjugation: 2843:
verb for "see" (V handshape), moves from the subject to the object. In the case of a third person subject, it goes from a location
2021: 180:) and antecedent also requires the selection of the correct person. For example, if the antecedent is the first person noun phrase 510:, the form of the past tense agrees in gender with the subject, again due to derivation from an earlier adjectival construction. 3270: 3077: 3191: 2737:. Verbs must agree in class with their subjects and objects, and adjectives with the nouns that they qualify. For example: 264:
Again as with person, there is agreement in number between pronouns (or their corresponding possessives) and antecedents:
2891: 1414:- If wealth is lost, nothing is lost. If health is lost, something is lost. If the character is lost, everything is lost. 2949: 1010:, then by the same reasoning, we would have to include other regular verbs with irregular spelling conventions such as 972:
In the present tense (indicative mood), the following verbs have irregular conjugations for the third-person singular:
2353:(i.e., it consists of a noun/adjective and a linking verb), both parts agree in number with the subject. For example: 3201: 2047: 3024: 2185:
The final S or T is silent, and the other three forms sound different from one another and from the singular forms.
2029: 3322: 2197:); although in many cases the final consonant is pronounced in feminine forms, but silent in masculine forms (e.g. 220:
patterns: there are specific verb forms for first person singular, second person plural and so on. Some examples:
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Exceptions: If the nouns, however, suggest one idea or refer to the same thing or person, the verb is singular.
3007: 2982: 2025: 612:
agree with their nouns in number, gender and case; all three categories are conflated together in paradigms of
413:
plays a significant role, there is often agreement in gender between a noun and its modifiers. For example, in
32: 1502:- Double coincidence of wants occurs when two parties each desire to sell what the other exactly wants to buy. 2632:. The agreement is similar to Latin, for instance between adjectives and nouns in gender, number, case and 1427:
is construed in the singular or plural as the sense may require, though the plural is commonly used. When
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where the second and third persons take different inflections for masculine and feminine subjects. In the
2855:
is used to convey this, carrying the meaning of the previous verb while still inflecting for person.
3327: 2252:
Notice that some of the above also change (in the singular) if the following word begins with a vowel:
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A collective noun is singular when thought of as a unit and plural when the individuals are considered.
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Another characteristic is agreement in participles, which have different forms for different genders:
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In this example, what is copied is not a prefix, but rather the initial syllable of the head "river".
620: 1762:(But at times, it is considered better to reword such grammatically correct but awkward sentences.) 1389:
one, all, everyone, everything, everybody, nothing, nobody, anyone, anything, anybody, another, etc.
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position. In Icelandic and Faroese, past participles would also have to agree in grammatical case.
2394: 2010: 488:
In the case of verbs, gender agreement is less common, although it may still occur, for example in
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A rare type of agreement that phonologically copies parts of the head rather than agreeing with a
2014: 840: 291: 2974: 2967: 1523:
Exceptions: Fraction or percentage can be singular or plural based on the noun that follows it.
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the past participle must agree in gender, number and definiteness when the participle is in an
2305: 809:
Modern English does not have a particularly large amount of agreement, although it is present.
61: 3286: 2371:
Within noun phrases, adjectives do not show agreement with the noun, though pronouns do. e.g.
113:. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to 2609: 2594: 2590: 2402: 2398: 1983: 130: 3115: 2876: 2848: 2350: 1207: 663: 177: 138: 126: 49: 1222:
also occurred. Note that this does not affect the endings for other persons and numbers.
8: 2629: 2445: 2346: 451: 1435:, it should be followed by a singular verb. The SAT testing service, however, considers 3095: 2920: 2911: 2625: 2582: 2437: 2418: 2410: 2301: 1833:
Exceptions: British English, however, tends to treat team and company names as plural.
498: 410: 295: 213: 154: 57: 53: 3224: 2608:
it is only required to decline past participles in number and definiteness when in an
3266: 3197: 3159: 3083: 3073: 3003: 2978: 2945: 2574: 774: 564:, there is often agreement by case between a noun and its modifiers. For example, in 549: 299: 162: 84: 2108:, which goes as follows (the single words in italic type are pronounced /tʁa.vaj/): 1790:
etc. take a plural verb when used in the crude form and are singular when used with
298:, in some situations. This is common in languages such as French and Spanish, where 44:
changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of
3301: 3256: 2726: 2621: 2586: 2578: 2449: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2406: 2082: 1874:
can be singular or plural but the construction must be consistent. In the sense of
1272: 798: 782: 629:
have any case marking). Agreement between such pronouns can sometimes be observed:
561: 507: 217: 68: 2213:
of verbs agree in gender and number with the subject or object in some instances.
3332: 2881: 2730: 2605: 2441: 2073:(literally: "one") and a third person singular verb form in Modern French. Thus, 786: 667: 503: 80: 3246:
Smith PW, Mursell J, Hartmann K (2020). Smith PW, Mursell J, Hartmann K (eds.).
1788:
scissors, tweezers, shears, binoculars, tongs, glasses, specs, bellows, pincers,
310:(both attributive and predicative) agree in number with the nouns they qualify: 145:). Some categories that commonly trigger grammatical agreement are noted below. 2852: 2836: 2637: 1361: 1168: 794: 790: 778: 565: 466: 414: 3087: 3316: 3163: 2309: 1555:- A food web is a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecosystem. 836: 624: 3247: 3261: 3211: 3067: 2896: 2414: 493: 489: 3241:. Vol. 4. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press. pp. 331–374. 3133: 3000:
Cognitive Linguistics: Internal Dynamics and Interdisciplinary Interaction
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appear to disagree with their subjects. This phenomenon is referred to as
1532:- One in three people globally do not have access to safe drinking water. 303: 20: 16:
Type of inflection whereby a word changes form depending on related words
3305: 3293: 3291: 1844:
India wins cricket World Cup for 1st time in 28 years. (Washington Post)
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of a sentence (or sometimes between sentences, as in some cases where a
2901: 2886: 2734: 2651:"I live in a small apartment" (masculine inanimate, singular, locative) 2567: 2210: 2101:
possess more distinctly pronounced agreement forms than regular verbs.
1172: 844: 613: 583: 45: 3069:
High School English Grammar & Composition : Wren & Martin
2671:"I have a small apartment" (masculine inanimate, singular, accusative) 1646:
etc. are parenthetical and the verb agrees with the original subject.
200:, etc.) are third person, and are replaced by a third person pronoun ( 3237:
Moravcsik, Edith A. (1978). "Agreement". In Greenberg, Joseph (ed.).
2636:(if counted as a separate category). The following examples are from 2387: 1907: 1092:
is the only verb with more agreement than this in the present tense.
307: 142: 103: 2601: 1999: 1378:
Here are some special cases for subject–verb agreement in English:
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generally show no agreement for person or number, they include the
860: 843:
ones) in English agree in the third-person singular of the present
601: 469:, this is not the case; only attributive modifiers show agreement: 2851:
not all verbs are capable of subject/object verb agreement, so an
1671:
1 mole of oxygen react with 2 moles of hydrogen gas to form water.
3181:
Corbett, Greville G. (1994). "Agreement". In Asher, R. E. (ed.).
2633: 1740:
etc. the verb agrees with the nearer subject. (Rule of Proximity)
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A quantity expressing a certain number of items is plural. E.g.-
134: 114: 92: 608:
In fact, the modifiers of nouns in languages such as German and
2844: 1817:- His family have given him full support in his times of grief. 1462:
are singular although they seem to be referring to two things.
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Languages can have no conventional agreement whatsoever, as in
2691:"I have a small dog" (masculine animate, singular, accusative) 1360:
form was no longer commonly used in the past tense. Thus the
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Tiberius, Carole; Dunstan Brown; Greville G. Corbett (2002).
1519:
Ten dollars were scattered on the floor. (= Ten dollar bills)
848: 619:
Case agreement is not a significant feature of English (only
609: 2150:
has (the single words in italic type are pronounced /paʁ/):
1391:
are treated as singular.(at least in formal written English)
2328:(he loves me, us, you, someone, or something unspecified), 1705:
Where the cattle stand together, the lion lies down hungry.
1356: 1324: 158: 41: 2308:, which means they agree with more than one of the verb's 859:. The latter is generally used after stems ending in the 465:("the chair is big"). However, in some languages, such as 1614:
The good and generous thinks the whole world is friendly.
3072:. New Delhi: S. Chand. pp. 18, 222, 223, 224, 226. 2661:"I live in a small house" (feminine, singular, locative) 1409:
Together Everyone Achieves More–that's why we're a TEAM.
125:
Agreement generally involves matching the value of some
3152:"India wins cricket World Cup for 1st time in 28 years" 2847:
to the subject to the object, and vice versa. Also, in
2681:"I have a small house" (feminine, singular, accusative) 2461:
Agreement of the adjective «liten»(small) in Norwegian
1906:
Compared with English, Latin is an example of a highly
2997: 173:) has been given in the introduction to this article. 1897:
can take a singular verb, as well as the plural verb.
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are singular or plural based on the noun it modifies.
3245: 1916:
Sample Latin verb: the present indicative active of
102:
are first and third person respectively, as are the
3066:Wren, Martin, Rao, P.C., H., N.D.V. Prasad (2017). 2942:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
1910:language. The consequences for agreement are thus: 2966: 1354:However, for nearly all regular verbs, a separate 3065: 1560:A mathematical expression is treated as singular. 1507:A measurement or quantity is treated as singular. 3314: 2969:Merriam-Webster's Manual For Writers And Editors 2779:There is also agreement in number. For example: 48:, and usually involves making the value of some 3025:"Alliterative Concord in Phonology-Free Syntax" 2964: 2839:have developed verb agreement with person. The 2349:agrees in number with the subject and if it is 1829:The audience are requested to take their seats. 1802:- The jury has arrived at a unanimous decision. 1686:The rich plan for tomorrow, the poor for today. 1586:The MD and the CEO of the company have arrived. 60:) "agree" between varied words or parts of the 2320:(I love him, her, it, or them, specifically), 1659:One cow breaks the fence, and a dozen leap it. 290:Agreement also occurs between nouns and their 3216:Syntax. A Functional Typological Introduction 3116:"Subject-Verb Agreement | Examples and Rules" 2239:Possessives (for the first person singular): 1823:There's a huge audience in the gallery today. 1807:- The committee are divided in their opinion. 79:, but not "I is" or "he am". This is because 3100:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2939: 2858:In addition, some verbs also agree with the 2425:, adjectives are also declined according to 2316:(I love somebody or something unspecified), 2065:. The first person plural form and pronoun ( 1766:Objects with two parts such as dresses like 1494:Exceptions: When the subject is followed by 1002:is entirely regular. If we were to classify 176:Agreement between pronoun (or corresponding 3223: 3183:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistic 2429:, unlike the other Scandinavian languages. 2028:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1691:Some words appear singular but are plural: 188:) is required; however, most noun phrases ( 2069:) are now usually replaced by the pronoun 1862:- There's more than one way to skin a cat. 1746:Success or failure depends on individuals. 1644:as well (as), together with, besides, not, 1620:The new bed and breakfast opens this week. 3260: 3236: 3218:. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3196:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3185:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 54–60. 2892:Gender agreement in binomial nomenclature 2381: 2048:Learn how and when to remove this message 1630:Exceptions: Words joined to a subject by 1498:the verb agrees to the original subject. 657: 1784:jeans, tights, shorts, pajamas, drawers, 1513:Thousand dollars is a high price to pay. 3189: 3180: 3022: 2455: 1605:Day and night are alike to a blind man. 1443:- None so deaf as those who don't hear. 759:river-prox. this / river-pl-prox. these 3315: 3231:. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 1527:- Half a loaf is better than no bread. 1006:as irregular based on the spelling of 3210: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2284:(as if the noun were masculine) and 1718:another nation a plural verb is used. 480:("the big man", with inflection) vs. 3134:"Celebrations for India cricket win" 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 2339:Definite and indefinite conjugations 2026:adding citations to reliable sources 1993: 3229:Aspects of the theory of morphology 2809:(Two orange-trees will be enough), 2615: 1490:Each man and each woman has a vote. 560:In languages that have a system of 13: 3255:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 3174: 2768:(One orange-tree will be enough), 2085:contexts. Irregular verbs such as 1665:A dozen of eggs cost around $ 1.5. 450:Such agreement is also found with 14: 3344: 3280: 3034: 2830: 2624:are highly inflected, except for 1267:Note also the agreement shown by 2708:"I was eating" (female speaking) 2444:, adjectives and participles as 2405:) are declined according to the 1998: 1419:- Nothing succeeds like success. 2998:Cervel, Mendoza Ibåñez (2005). 2944:. Cengage Learning. p. 4. 2146:On the other hand, a verb like 2104:An example of this is the verb 1752:Neither I nor you are to blame. 1576:Two or more subjects joined by 785:; a small amount, as in spoken 184:, then a first person pronoun ( 83:requires that the verb and its 3144: 3126: 3108: 3016: 2991: 2958: 2933: 2824:(Two oranges will be enough). 2717:"I was eating" (male speaking) 2566: 768: 137:is required to agree with its 120: 1: 3190:Corbett, Greville G. (2006). 2926: 2776:(One orange will be enough). 2478:Definite (strong inflection) 2386: 1484:- Many a penny makes a pound. 1225:Example present tense forms: 1026:, etc. In contrast, the verb 117:, which is based on meaning. 3298:Surrey Database of Agreement 3239:Universals of Human Language 2794:(Two books will be enough), 2417:of the noun they modify. In 2295: 2205:). Most plural forms end in 1881:always takes a plural verb. 1812:- His family is quite large. 1728:When subjects are joined by 1479:Every dog is a lion at home. 1431:is clearly intended to mean 1245:. Example past tense forms: 7: 3002:. De Gruyter. p. 378. 2973:. Merriam-Webster. p.  2870: 1758:Either you or he has to go. 1626:The MD and CEO has arrived. 1599:Weal and woe come by turns. 1592:Time and tide wait for none 797:; or a large amount, as in 789:; a moderate amount, as in 484:("the man is big", without) 165:. An example from English ( 10: 3349: 2862:the subject takes. In the 2721: 2527:barna (the small children) 1786:etc. and instruments like 1397:All's well that ends well. 1088:The highly irregular verb 804: 3287:Agreement: A bibliography 2914:– sometimes called 2867:would go under the palm. 2752:(One book will be enough) 1989: 1550:- Who is to bell the cat? 1439:to be strictly singular. 1387:Indefinite pronouns like 1290: 1287: 1279:Imperfect subjunctive of 1107: 1104: 1065:is pronounced /seÉȘ/, but 909: 906: 404: 252:(3rd pers. singular) vs. 233:(1st pers. singular) vs. 207: 148: 3300:. University of Surrey. 2965:Merriam-Webster (1998). 2907:Redundancy (linguistics) 2555:(the children are small) 2130:nous travaillons, or on 1901: 1714:is used in the sense of 1473:are treated as singular. 1449:None prosper by begging. 1403:One sows, another reaps. 1283:in Early modern English 157:is found mostly between 3323:Syntactic relationships 555: 458:("the man is big") vs. 3262:10.5281/zenodo.3528036 2864:American Sign Language 2562:gutten (the small boy) 2395:Scandinavian languages 2382:Scandinavian languages 2306:polypersonal agreement 1545:takes a singular verb. 658:Alliterative agreement 409:In languages in which 320:("the great man") vs. 3023:Dimitriadis, Alexis. 2940:Algeo, Pyles (2009). 2513:hytte (a small cabin) 2506:gnist (a small spark) 1984:null-subject language 1676:A Phrase of the form 1069:is pronounced /sɛz/. 1057:Conversely, the verb 345:("the tall man") vs. 2877:Attraction (grammar) 2849:German Sign Language 2541:(the cabin is small) 2456:Examples (Norwegian) 2227:Indefinite article: 2172:nous partons, or on 2022:improve this section 1738:not only...but also, 1566:Two and two is four. 1208:Early Modern English 1081:does not rhyme with 1042:does not rhyme with 781:; barely any, as in 664:grammatical category 600:("of the good man", 548:For more detail see 452:predicate adjectives 178:possessive adjective 127:grammatical category 50:grammatical category 3120:www.grammarbook.com 2916:agreement of tenses 2548:(the tree is small) 2534:(the fire is small) 2462: 2397:, adjectives (both 2233:Partitive article: 1580:take a plural verb. 1342:(if) he/she/it were 1284: 460:la chaise est grand 212:Agreement based on 153:Agreement based on 2921:Synthetic language 2912:Sequence of tenses 2520:tre (a small tree) 2460: 2221:Definite article: 1723:Singular or Plural 1278: 1038:, its conjugation 666:. For example, in 442:("the big chair"; 431:is masculine) vs. 411:grammatical gender 260:(3rd pers. plural) 243:(1st pers. plural) 214:grammatical number 155:grammatical person 129:between different 115:notional agreement 3328:Generative syntax 3306:10.15126/SMG.11/1 3272:978-3-96110-215-0 3079:978-93-5253-014-4 2729:, like all other 2575:Norwegian nynorsk 2499: 2498: 2450:pancake sentences 2432:In some cases in 2077:(formal) becomes 2058: 2057: 2050: 1352: 1351: 1165: 1164: 1095:Present tense of 970: 969: 897:Present tense of 621:personal pronouns 582:("the good man", 550:Gender in English 502:for details). In 482:der Mann ist groß 456:l'homme est grand 334:("the great men") 3340: 3309: 3276: 3264: 3254: 3242: 3232: 3219: 3207: 3186: 3168: 3167: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3063: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2622:Slavic languages 2616:Slavic languages 2602:Norwegian bokmĂ„l 2463: 2459: 2427:grammatical case 2245:Demonstratives: 2075:nous travaillons 2053: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2002: 1994: 1537:A Question with 1285: 1277: 1273:subjunctive mood 1102: 1101: 1024:to hurry/hurries 1020:to carry/carries 904: 903: 839:(and nearly all 623:and the pronoun 508:Slavic languages 427:("the big man"; 359:("the tall men") 218:verb conjugation 69:Standard English 67:For example, in 40:) occurs when a 39: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3313: 3312: 3283: 3273: 3252: 3204: 3177: 3175:Further reading 3172: 3171: 3156:Washington Post 3150: 3149: 3145: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3093: 3092: 3080: 3064: 3035: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3010: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2882:Case government 2873: 2833: 2733:, has numerous 2731:Bantu languages 2724: 2618: 2571: 2458: 2391: 2384: 2298: 2217:either gender: 2136:vous travaillez 2054: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2019: 2003: 1992: 1904: 1382:Always Singular 1369:thou didst help 1169:defective verbs 807: 771: 763: 732: 717: 702: 694: 683: 660: 652:or his brother? 641:or his brother? 558: 506:and most other 407: 210: 151: 123: 81:English grammar 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3346: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3311: 3310: 3289: 3282: 3281:External links 3279: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3249:Agree to Agree 3243: 3234: 3221: 3208: 3202: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3143: 3125: 3107: 3078: 3033: 3015: 3008: 2990: 2983: 2957: 2951:978-1428231450 2950: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2853:auxiliary verb 2837:sign languages 2832: 2831:Sign languages 2829: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2709: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2652: 2638:Serbo-Croatian 2617: 2614: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2457: 2454: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2343: 2342: 2324:(I love you); 2297: 2294: 2250: 2249: 2247:ce, cette, ces 2243: 2237: 2235:du, de la, des 2231: 2225: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2056: 2055: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1859: 1858: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1742: 1741: 1720: 1719: 1710:When the word 1701: 1700: 1682: 1681: 1655: 1654: 1636:in addition to 1582: 1581: 1562: 1561: 1547: 1546: 1509: 1508: 1475: 1474: 1463: 1393: 1392: 1373:*thou helpedst 1362:auxiliary verb 1350: 1349: 1347:(if) they were 1344: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1016:to echo/echoes 1012:to veto/vetoes 990: 989: 984: 979: 968: 967: 962: 957:he/she/it love 954: 950: 949: 944: 939: 935: 934: 929: 924: 920: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 833: 832: 823: 806: 803: 770: 767: 718: 715:river-pl-prox. 703: 695: 684: 673: 672: 659: 656: 655: 654: 648:did you see – 606: 605: 557: 554: 546: 545: 486: 485: 448: 447: 406: 403: 402: 401: 383: 361: 360: 335: 288: 287: 262: 261: 244: 209: 206: 202:he/she/it/they 150: 147: 122: 119: 71:, one may say 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3345: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3225:Mel'čuk, Igor 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3203:9780521001700 3199: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2770:Chungwa moja 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:, verbs have 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2052: 2049: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2007:This section 2005: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924:), to carry: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1851:more than one 1849:Phrases like 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1678:The+Adjective 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571:Always Plural 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1454:The pronouns 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1367:is used, e.g. 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332:(if) you were 1330: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:thou shouldst 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 973: 966: 963: 961: 960: 955: 952: 951: 948: 945: 943: 940: 937: 936: 933: 930: 928: 925: 922: 921: 917: 914: 913: 905: 902: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837:regular verbs 831: 827: 824: 822: 818: 815: 814: 813: 810: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 766: 762: 760: 757: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 728: 727: 723: 716: 713: 711: 707: 701: 698: 693: 690: 689: 682: 679: 677: 671: 669: 665: 653: 651: 647: 642: 640: 637:came first – 636: 632: 631: 630: 628: 627: 622: 617: 615: 611: 603: 599: 598: 594: 590: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 570: 569: 567: 563: 553: 551: 544: 542: 538: 534: 528: 526: 522: 517: 516: 515: 511: 509: 505: 501: 500: 499:passĂ© composĂ© 495: 491: 483: 479: 477: 472: 471: 470: 468: 464: 463: 457: 453: 445: 441: 439: 435: 430: 426: 424: 420: 419: 418: 416: 412: 400: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 382: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 365: 364: 358: 357: 353: 349: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 312: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 286: 284: 280: 274: 272: 269:The girl did 267: 266: 265: 259: 257: 251: 250: 245: 242: 241: 237: 232: 231: 227: 223: 222: 221: 219: 215: 205: 203: 199: 198:Jack and Jill 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 118: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 3297: 3248: 3238: 3228: 3215: 3212:GivĂłn, Talmy 3192: 3182: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3068: 3018: 2999: 2993: 2968: 2960: 2941: 2935: 2915: 2897:Phi features 2857: 2834: 2826: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2735:noun classes 2725: 2713: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2619: 2599: 2572: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2431: 2415:definiteness 2392: 2374: 2373:a szĂ©p könyv 2372: 2370: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2299: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2241:mon, ma, mes 2240: 2234: 2229:un, une, des 2228: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079:on travaille 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2044: 2035: 2020:Please help 2008: 1980: 1977:- they carry 1974: 1968:- you carry 1965: 1956: 1950:- he carries 1947: 1941:- you carry 1938: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1905: 1894: 1891:whereabouts, 1890: 1887:headquarters 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1716:armed forces 1715: 1711: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652:dozen, score 1651: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517:Exceptions: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1467:each, every, 1466: 1465:Words after 1459: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Exceptions: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1331: 1322: 1313:(if) we were 1312: 1307: 1280: 1271:even in the 1268: 1266: 1263:thou couldst 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247:thou wouldst 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1167:In English, 1166: 1159: 1155:he/she/it is 1154: 1144: 1139: 1129: 1124: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:rhymes with 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1050:rhymes with 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:rhymes with 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 987:to say: says 986: 981: 977:to have: has 976: 971: 964: 958: 956: 946: 941: 931: 926: 898: 896: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 856: 852: 847:by adding a 834: 829: 825: 820: 816: 811: 808: 772: 764: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733: 729: 725: 721: 719: 714: 709: 705: 704: 699: 696: 691: 687: 685: 680: 675: 674: 661: 649: 645: 644: 638: 634: 633: 625: 618: 607: 596: 592: 588: 587: 577: 573: 572: 559: 547: 540: 536: 532: 530: 524: 520: 518: 512: 497: 490:Arabic verbs 487: 481: 475: 473: 461: 459: 455: 449: 446:is feminine) 443: 437: 433: 432: 428: 422: 421: 408: 397: 393: 392: 386: 385: 379: 375: 374: 368: 367: 362: 355: 351: 347: 346: 342: 338: 337: 330: 326: 322: 321: 315: 314: 289: 282: 278: 276: 270: 268: 263: 255: 253: 248: 247:The boy sing 246: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 211: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 175: 170: 166: 152: 131:constituents 124: 110: 106: 99: 95: 88: 76: 72: 66: 36: 28: 24: 18: 3294:"Agreement" 3220:Chapter 10. 2610:attributive 2595:predicative 2591:attributive 2568:Participles 2530:Flammen er 2403:predicative 2399:attributive 2223:le, la, les 2211:participles 2181:ils partent 2178:vous partez 2141:travaillent 2038:August 2024 1855:majority of 1308:(if) I were 1173:modal verbs 1046:; the verb 982:to do: does 888:she amasses 821:these women 769:By language 737:tama-Ƌɔ in- 681:river-prox. 543:destination 527:destination 425:grand homme 343:hombre alto 318:grand homme 304:determiners 121:By category 33:abbreviated 21:linguistics 3317:Categories 3233:Chapter 1. 3088:1004891741 3009:3110197715 2984:087779622X 2927:References 2902:Inflection 2887:Declension 2860:classifier 2630:Macedonian 2612:position. 2466:Masculine 2446:predicates 2388:Adjectives 2351:copulative 2120:travailles 2106:travailler 1959:- we carry 1932:- I carry 1680:is plural. 1640:along with 1259:thou hadst 1243:thou canst 1231:thou shalt 884:it lurches 851:of either 845:indicative 830:those dogs 817:this woman 614:declension 586:case) vs. 584:nominative 396:great work 389:great work 308:adjectives 182:Mary and I 139:antecedent 104:verb forms 46:inflection 3193:Agreement 3164:0190-8286 3096:cite book 2626:Bulgarian 2583:Icelandic 2551:Barna er 2544:Treet er 2537:Hytta er 2469:Feminine 2438:Norwegian 2419:Icelandic 2347:predicate 2322:szeretlek 2310:arguments 2302:Hungarian 2296:Hungarian 2132:travaille 2126:travaille 2114:travaille 2009:does not 1908:inflected 1792:a pair of 1255:thou wast 1239:thou hast 1227:thou wilt 965:they love 892:it buzzes 880:he rushes 861:sibilants 841:irregular 296:modifiers 292:specifier 186:we/us/our 87:agree in 52:(such as 25:agreement 3227:(2006). 3214:(1984). 3138:BBC News 2871:See also 2814:chungwa 2799:chungwa 2758:chungwa 2655:ĆŸivim u 2645:ĆŸivim u 2375:eitekkel 2318:szeretem 2314:Szeretek 2288:becomes 2280:becomes 1883:Barracks 1780:breeches 1768:trousers 1296:Singular 1235:thou art 1160:they are 1113:Singular 947:you love 942:you love 915:Singular 826:that dog 775:Japanese 602:genitive 535:reached 523:reached 474:der groß 300:articles 277:The girl 143:referent 93:pronouns 62:sentence 2845:indexed 2822:tatosha 2807:tatosha 2792:tatosha 2774:tatosha 2766:tatosha 2750:tatosha 2727:Swahili 2722:Swahili 2712:ja sam 2703:ja sam 2634:animacy 2587:Faroese 2579:Swedish 2475:Plural 2472:Neuter 2434:Swedish 2423:Faroese 2393:In the 2359:Ă©rdekes 2355:A könyv 2330:szereti 2272:become 2260:become 2083:liaison 2030:removed 2015:sources 1918:portare 1876:wealth, 1456:neither 1433:not one 1319:Second 1299:Plural 1291:Number 1288:Person 1145:you are 1140:you are 1136:Second 1116:Plural 1108:Number 1105:Person 938:Second 932:we love 918:Plural 910:Number 907:Person 899:to love 805:English 799:Swahili 783:English 749:-Ƌɔ in- 678:tama-Ƌɔ 668:Bainouk 504:Russian 378:big car 371:big car 254:The boy 238:really 228:really 204:etc.). 194:my cats 190:the dog 163:subject 135:pronoun 85:subject 29:concord 3333:Syntax 3269:  3200:  3162:  3086:  3076:  3006:  2981:  2948:  2606:Danish 2495:Lille 2483:Liten 2442:Danish 2413:, and 2411:number 2407:gender 2326:szeret 2203:petite 2148:partir 2097:, and 1990:French 1922:portar 1776:gloves 1699:, etc. 1697:cattle 1693:police 1471:many a 1460:either 1371:, not 1338:Third 1323:(if) 1304:First 1214:, but 1197:should 1151:Third 1130:we are 1121:First 1077:, but 1059:to say 953:Third 927:I love 923:First 878:(e.g. 849:suffix 787:French 566:German 494:French 467:German 444:chaise 440:chaise 415:French 405:Gender 350:hombre 208:Number 149:Person 91:. 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Index

linguistics
abbreviated
word
inflection
grammatical category
gender
person
sentence
Standard English
English grammar
subject
pronouns
verb forms
notional agreement
grammatical category
constituents
pronoun
antecedent
referent
grammatical person
verb
subject
possessive adjective
grammatical number
verb conjugation
specifier
modifiers
articles
determiners
adjectives

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