Gender - Knowledge

3691:, describes how the doctors address the issues of intersexuality. She starts her argument with an example of the birth of an intersexual individual and maintains "our conceptions of the nature of gender difference shape, even as they reflect, the ways we structure our social system and polity; they also shape and reflect our understanding of our physical bodies." Then she adds how gender assumptions affects the scientific study of sex by presenting the research of intersexuals by John Money et al., and she concludes that "they never questioned the fundamental assumption that there are only two sexes, because their goal in studying intersexuals was to find out more about 'normal' development." She also mentions the language the doctors use when they talk with the parents of the intersexuals. After describing how the doctors inform parents about the intersexuality, she asserts that because the doctors believe that the intersexuals are actually male or female, they tell the parents of the intersexuals that it will take a little bit more time for the doctors to determine whether the infant is a boy or a girl. That is to say, the doctors' behavior is formulated by the cultural gender assumption that there are only two sexes. Lastly, she maintains that the differences in the ways in which the medical professionals in different regions treat intersexual people also give us a good example of how sex is socially constructed. In her 4785: 4834: 4480:, studies suggest that gender differences between individuals can lead to externalized anger that may result in violent outbursts. These violent actions related to gender inequality can be measured by comparing violent neighborhoods to non-violent neighborhoods. By noticing the independent variables (neighborhood violence) and the dependent variable (individual violence), it is possible to analyze gender roles. The strain in the general strain theory is the removal of a positive stimulus and or the introduction of a negative stimulus, which would create a negative effect (strain) within individual, which is either inner-directed (depression/guilt) or outer-directed (anger/frustration), which depends on whether the individual blames themselves or their environment. Studies reveal that even though males and females are equally likely to react to a strain with anger, the origin of the anger and their means of coping with it can vary drastically. 4542:, in practice gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies. This is reflected in the fact that discourses of and negotiations over climate change are mostly dominated by men. Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in 'masculine' principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate-change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms 'epistemic injustice'. Similarly, MacGregor attests that by framing climate change as an issue of 'hard' natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity. 3576:

political scientist may employ 'gender' when conducting empirical research: "gender as a category and as a process." Employing gender as a category allows for political scientists "to delineate specific contexts where behaviours, actions, attitudes and preferences considered masculine or feminine result in particular political outcomes". It may also demonstrate how gender differences, not necessarily corresponding precisely with sex, may "constrain or facilitate political" actors. Gender as a process has two central manifestations in political science research, firstly in determining "the differential effects of structures and policies upon men and women," and secondly, the ways in which masculine and feminine political actors "actively work to produce favorable gendered outcomes".

2489:

scientifically debased usage, sex is what you are biologically; gender is what you become socially; gender identity is your own sense or conviction of maleness or femaleness; and gender role is the cultural stereotype of what is masculine and feminine. Causality with respect to gender identity disorder is sub-divisible into genetic, prenatal hormonal, postnatal social, and post-pubertal hormonal determinants, but there is, as yet, no comprehensive and detailed theory of causality. Gender coding in the brain is bipolar. In gender identity disorder, there is discordance between the natal sex of one's external genitalia and the brain coding of one's gender as masculine or feminine.

2114:. For example, being female characterizes one as a woman, and being a woman signifies one as weak, emotional, and irrational, and incapable of actions attributed to a "man". Butler said that gender and sex are more like verbs than nouns. She reasoned that her actions are limited because she is female. "I am not permitted to construct my gender and sex willy-nilly," she said. " is so because gender is politically and therefore socially controlled. Rather than 'woman' being something one is, it is something one does." More recent criticisms of Judith Butler's theories critique her writing for reinforcing the very conventional dichotomies of gender. 7521:, I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither "male" nor "female," much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, "gender" would not be relevant to the social personae glosses "men" and "women," and "third gender" likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word "berdache" certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3–5), but the urban American neologism "two-spirit" can be misleading. 2184:, argue that gender is more than an identity or role but is something that is institutionalized through "social relational contexts." Ridgeway and Correll define "social relational contexts" as "any situation in which individuals define themselves in relation to others in order to act." They also point out that in addition to social relational contexts, cultural beliefs plays a role in the gender system. The coauthors argue that daily people are forced to acknowledge and interact with others in ways that are related to gender. Every day, individuals are interacting with each other and comply with society's set standard of 2156:

woman in society varies cross-culturally according to what things are considered to be masculine or feminine. These roles are learned from various, intersecting sources such as parental influences, the socialization a child receives in school, and what is portrayed in the local media. Learning gender roles starts from birth and includes seemingly simple things like what color outfits a baby is clothed in or what toys they are given to play with. However, a person's gender does not always align with what has been assigned at birth. Factors other than learned behaviors play a role in the development of gender.

3835:

allocation of these specific traits to the sexes. These traits provide the foundations for the creation of hegemonic gender difference. It follows then, that gender can be assumed as the acquisition and internalisation of social norms. Individuals are therefore socialized through their receipt of society's expectations of 'acceptable' gender attributes that are flaunted within institutions such as the family, the state and the media. Such a notion of 'gender' then becomes naturalized into a person's sense of self or identity, effectively imposing a gendered social category upon a sexed body.

2037: 3862:) to female workers in his employ (disregarding whether they are straight or gay). However the popular sexual self-conception approach (self-conception: gay versus straight) focuses on the different self-conceptions and social conceptions of those who are gay/straight, in comparison with those who are straight (disregarding what might be vastly differing economic and power positions between female and male groups in each category). There is then, in relation to definition of and approaches to "gender", a tension between historic feminist sociology and contemporary homosexual sociology. 3753: 2263: 2081: 3714:. In the United States and Europe, such children, because they have the potential to bear children later in life, are usually raised as girls. Saudi doctors trained in this European tradition recommended such a course of action to the Saudi parents of CAH XX children. A number of parents, however, refused to accept the recommendation that their child, initially identified as a son, be raised instead as a daughter. Nor would they accept feminizing surgery for their child. This was essentially an expression of local community attitudes with the preference for male offspring. 4439:

to earn low incomes because of gender discrimination, as men are more likely to receive higher pay, have more opportunities, and have overall more political and social capital then women. Approximately 75% of world's women are unable to obtain bank loans because they have unstable jobs. It shows that there are many women in the world's population but only a few represent world's wealth. In many countries, the financial sector largely neglects women even though they play an important role in the economy, as Nena Stoiljkovic pointed out in

2520:. These women usually have ordinary female appearances (though nearly all girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have corrective surgery performed on their genitals). However, despite taking hormone-balancing medication given to them at birth, these females are statistically more likely to be interested in activities traditionally linked to males than female activities. Psychology professor and CAH researcher Dr. Sheri Berenbaum attributes these differences to an exposure of higher levels of male sex hormones in utero. 2247: 3580:

their biology. Because of this, Newman argues, many privilege sex as being a cause of oppression and ignore other issues like race, ability, poverty, etc. Current gender studies classes seek to move away from that and examine the intersectionality of these factors in determining people's lives. She also points out that other non-Western cultures do not necessarily have the same views of gender and gender roles. Newman also debates the meaning of equality, which is often considered the goal of feminism; she believes that

2252: 521:. This can be attributed to the influence of feminism. Haig stated, "Among the reasons that working scientists have given me for choosing gender rather than sex in biological contexts are desires to signal sympathy with feminist goals, to use a more academic term, or to avoid the connotation of copulation." Haig also notes that "gender" became the preferred term when discussing phenomena for which the social versus biological cause was unknown, disputed, or actually an interaction between the two. In 1993, the US 12464: 2606: 4484:

sign that they've somehow lost control, and thus worry that this anger may lead them to harm others and/or damage relationships. On the other end of the spectrum, men are less concerned with damaging relationships and more focused on using anger as a means of affirming their masculinity. According to the general strain theory, men would more likely engage in aggressive behavior directed towards others due to externalized anger whereas women would direct their anger towards themselves rather than others.

12871: 12861: 12851: 4559:

truly express themselves, as they are able to create an identity and socialize with other individuals that can relate. Social networking sites have also given individuals access to create a space where they feel more comfortable about their sexuality. Recent research has indicated that social media is becoming a stronger part of younger individuals' media culture, as more intimate stories are being told via social media and are being intertwined with gender, sexuality, and relationships.

2429:. People who are non-binary (or genderqueer) have gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine. They may identify as having an overlap of gender identities, having two or more genders, having no gender, having a fluctuating gender identity, or being third gender or other-gendered. Recognition of non-binary genders is still somewhat new to mainstream Western culture, and non-binary people may face increased risk of assault, harassment, and discrimination. 4452: 2257: 3668:, argues that the understanding of human bodies as sexually dimorphic was historically not recognised. She states that male and female genitals were considered inherently the same in Western society until the 18th century. At that time, female genitals were regarded as incomplete male genitals, and the difference between the two was conceived as a matter of degree. In other words, there was a belief in a gradation of physical forms, or a spectrum. Scholars such as 1971: 1995: 2273: 1983: 4567:

found that males would post more alcohol and sexual references. The roles were reversed however, when looking at a teenage dating site: women made sexual references significantly more often than males. Boys share more personal information, while girls are more conservative about the personal information they post. Boys, meanwhile, are more likely to orient towards technology, sports, and humor in the information they post to their profile.

3600: 2268: 4237:. Women were also typically given tedious, low-paying jobs and denied opportunities for career advancement. This was often justified by the stereotype that women were naturally more suited to jobs that required concentration, patience, and dexterity, rather than creativity, leadership, or intellect. Although these stereotypes have been dispelled in modern times, women are still underrepresented in prestigious " 2291: 46: 2449:(either males or females who report themselves as high on both masculine and feminine traits) or undifferentiated (either males or females who report themselves as low on both masculine and feminine traits). Twenge (1997) noted that men are generally more masculine than women and women generally more feminine than men, but the association between biological sex and masculinity/femininity is waning. 4293: 2077:, an important component of the self-concept is derived from memberships in social groups and categories; this is demonstrated by group processes and how inter-group relationships impact significantly on individuals' self perception and behaviors. The groups people belong to therefore provide members with the definition of who they are and how they should behave within their social sphere. 2173:

adolescents experience these and other socializing influences, they will become more stereotypical in their gender-role identities and gendered attitudes and behaviors." However, the researchers did state that perhaps the hypothesis Hill and Lynch proposed was true in the past but is not true now due to changes in the population of teens in respect to their gender-role identities.

2445:(PAQ). Both instruments categorize individuals as either being sex typed (males report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits), cross sex-typed (males report themselves as identifying primarily with feminine traits, females report themselves as identifying primarily with masculine traits), 412: 3541:

sex, gender, and sexual orientation, and confuse them in a way that results in denying the rights not only of gays and lesbians, but also of those who do not present themselves or act in a manner traditionally expected of their sex". This prejudice plays out in our legal system when a person is judged differently because they do not present themselves as the "correct" gender.

6322:

following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor, play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams, and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.

2093:

social expectations that define the behaviors that are "appropriate" for men and women and determine their different access to rights, resources, power in society and health behaviors. Although the specific nature and degree of these differences vary from one society to the next, they still tend to typically favor men, creating an imbalance in power and

3842:. Butler argues that gender is not an expression of what one is, but rather something that one does. It follows then, that if gender is acted out in a repetitive manner it is in fact re-creating and effectively embedding itself within the social consciousness. Contemporary sociological reference to male and female gender roles typically uses 2501:—to the behavioral has been broadly demonstrated and accepted, Money is careful to also note that understanding of the causal chains from biology to behavior in sex and gender issues is very far from complete. Money had previously stated that in the 1950s, American teenage girls who had been exposed to androgenic steroids by their mothers 7341:), p. 47: "In Western societies, as in many regions of the world, gender has been historically conceptualized and constructed as a binary (being either "male" or "female") largely determined by both biological (genetic and hormonal) and social cognitive (social, cultural reinforcement, and modeling of gendered behaviour)." 2218:

manner as possible. A 2005 review of these cases found that about half of natal males reassigned female lived as women in adulthood, including those who knew their medical history, suggesting that gender assignment and related social factors has a major, though not determinative, influence on eventual gender identity.

3831:

specific gender-related characteristics. "The idea that men and women are more different from one another than either is from anything else, must come from something other than nature... far from being an expression of natural differences, exclusive gender identity is the suppression of natural similarities."

5688:

The concept of gender, as I've just said, is recent. So what is it and where does it come from? Simone de Beauvoir famously wrote: 'one is not born, but rather becomes, woman'...But the term 'gender', which had long been associated with grammar, only started to move towards what she was describing in

4558:

Adolescent girls generally use social networking sites as a tool to communicate with peers and reinforce existing relationships; boys on the other hand tend to use social networking sites as a tool to meet new friends and acquaintances. Furthermore, social networking sites have allowed individuals to

4459:

Gender and Development (GAD) is a holistic approach to give aid to countries where gender inequality has a great effect of not improving the social and economic development. It is a program focused on the gender development of women to empower them and decrease the level of inequality between men and

4447:

to describe the problem of women having higher rates of poverty. Women are more vulnerable to chronic poverty because of gender inequalities in the distribution of income, property ownership, credit, and control over earned income. Resource allocation is typically gender-biased within households, and

3575:

American political scientist Karen Beckwith addresses the concept of gender within political science arguing that a "common language of gender" exists and that it must be explicitly articulated in order to build upon it within the political science discipline. Beckwith describes two ways in which the

2467:

Some gendered behavior is influenced by prenatal and early life androgen exposure. This includes, for example, gender normative play, self-identification with a gender, and tendency to engage in aggressive behavior. Males of most mammals, including humans, exhibit more rough and tumble play behavior,

2314:

is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex. In contrast to taxonomic approaches, some feminist

2217:

who oversaw Reimer's case, to recommend sex reassignment based on the idea that these patients would be happiest living as women with functioning genitalia. Available evidence indicates that in such instances, parents were deeply committed to raising these children as girls and in as gender-typical a

3830:

lens, gender is transfigured into a vehicle for the social division of power. Gender difference is merely a construct of society used to enforce the distinctions made between what is assumed to be female and male, and allow for the domination of masculinity over femininity through the attribution of

3797:

As the child grows, "...society provides a string of prescriptions, templates, or models of behaviors appropriate to the one sex or the other," which socialises the child into belonging to a culturally specific gender. There is huge incentive for a child to concede to their socialisation with gender

3655:

It would make no sense, then, to define gender as the cultural interpretation of sex, if sex is itself a gender-centered category. Gender should not be conceived merely as the cultural inscription of meaning based on a given sex (a juridical conception); gender must also designate the very apparatus

2545:

notes that the question of whether behavioural similarities across species can be associated with gender identity or not is "an issue of no easy resolution", and suggests that mental states, such as gender identity, are more accessible in humans than other species due to their capacity for language.

2204:

to caution against needlessly modifying the genitals of unconsenting minors. Between the 1960s and 2000, many other male newborns and infants were surgically and socially reassigned as females if they were born with malformed penises, or if they lost their penises in accidents. At the time, surgical

2097:

within most societies. Many cultures have different systems of norms and beliefs based on gender, but there is no universal standard to a masculine or feminine role across all cultures. Social roles of men and women in relation to each other is based on the cultural norms of that society, which lead

4438:

Gender inequality is most common in women dealing with poverty. Many women must shoulder all the responsibility of the household because they must take care of the family. Oftentimes this may include tasks such as tilling land, grinding grain, carrying water and cooking. Also, women are more likely

3660:

Butler argues that "bodies only appear, only endure, only live within the productive constraints of certain highly gendered regulatory schemas," and sex is "no longer as a bodily given on which the construct of gender is artificially imposed, but as a cultural norm which governs the materialization

5659:

For as it turns out, what we call gender is a fairly recent concept. It's not that people in Ancient Greece and Rome didn't talk and think and argue about the categories of male and female, masculine and feminine and the nature and extent of sexual difference. They did in both similar to and very

4550:

Forbes published an article in 2010 that reported 57% of Facebook users are women, which was attributed to the fact that women are more active on social media. On average, women have 8% more friends and account for 62% of posts that are shared via Facebook. Another study in 2010 found that in most

4483:

Males are likely to put the blame on others for adversity and therefore externalize feelings of anger. Females typically internalize their angers and tend to blame themselves instead. Female internalized anger is accompanied by feelings of guilt, fear, anxiety and depression. Women view anger as a

4419:

This myth projects an inherent view in ancient Hinduism, that each human carries within himself both female and male components, which are forces rather than sexes, and it is the harmony between the creative and the annihilative, the strong and the soft, the proactive and the passive, that makes a

3885:

Psychological factors such as cognition, personality, and self-concept also contribute to gender development. Gender identity emerges around the age of two to three years. Gender expression, which refers to the outward manifestation of gender, is influenced by cultural norms, personal preferences,

3527:

origins and habits for dealing with gender. For example, Michael Schwalbe believes that humans must be taught how to act appropriately in their designated gender to fill the role properly, and that the way people behave as masculine or feminine interacts with social expectations. Schwalbe comments

2556:

suggests that "there is no animal model for studying sexual identity. It is impossible to ask an animal, whatever its species, to what sex it belongs." He notes that "this would imply that the animal is aware of its own body and sex, which is far from proved", despite recent research demonstrating

5057:), p. 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization." 4570:

Research in the 1990s suggested that different genders display certain traits, such as being active, attractive, dependent, dominant, independent, sentimental, sexy, and submissive, in online interaction. Even though these traits continue to be displayed through gender stereotypes, recent studies

3853:

The difference between the sociological and popular definitions of gender involve a different dichotomy and focus. For example, the sociological approach to "gender" (social roles: female versus male) focuses on the difference in (economic/power) position between a male CEO (disregarding the fact

3540:

based on sexual orientation. Gays and lesbians are often discriminated against in our legal system because of societal prejudices. Hurst describes how this discrimination works against people for breaking gender norms, no matter what their sexual orientation is. He says that "courts often confuse

2147:

defines gender as "the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed". The beliefs, values and attitude taken up and exhibited by them is as per the agreed upon norms of the society and the personal opinion of the person is not taken into the primary consideration of

4566:

Studies have shown that female users tend to post more "cute" pictures, while male participants were more likely to post pictures of themselves in activities. Women in the U.S. also tend to post more pictures of friends, while men tend to post more about sports and humorous links. The study also

4554:

Research conducted in 2013 found that over 57% of pictures posted on social networking sites were sexual and were created to gain attention. Moreover, 58% of women and 45% of men do not look into the camera, which creates an illusion of withdrawal. Other factors to be considered are the poses in

3579:

With regard to gender studies, Jacquetta Newman states that although sex is determined biologically, the ways in which people express gender is not. Gendering is a socially constructed process based on culture, though often cultural expectations around women and men have a direct relationship to

2167:

on whether or not girls and boys diverge in their gender identities during adolescent years. The researchers based their work on ideas previously mentioned by Hill and Lynch in their gender intensification hypothesis in that signals and messages from parents determine and affect their children's

2155:

is a term used to exemplify the attributes that a society or culture constitutes as "masculine" or "feminine". Although a person's sex as male or female stands as a biological fact that is identical in any culture, what that specific sex means in reference to a person's gender role as a man or a

4316:

are considered feminine and masculine, respectively. The Taijitu and concept of the Zhou period reach into family and gender relations. Yin is female and yang is male. They fit together as two parts of a whole. The male principle was equated with the sun: active, bright, and shining; the female

3834:

Gender conventions play a large role in attributing masculine and feminine characteristics to a fundamental biological sex. Socio-cultural codes and conventions, the rules by which society functions, and which are both a creation of society as well as a constituting element of it, determine the

2092:

creates a problem for some individuals who feel they have to be at one end of a linear spectrum and must identify themselves as man or woman, rather than being allowed to choose a section in between. Globally, communities interpret biological differences between men and women to create a set of

2561:

has also stated that whether or not non-human animals consider themselves to be feminine or masculine is a "difficult, if not impossible, question to answer", as this would require "judgements about what constitutes femininity or masculinity in any given species". Nonetheless, she asserts that

2109:

said that as sexual subjects, humans are the object of power, which is not an institution or structure, rather it is a signifier or name attributed to "complex strategical situation". Because of this, "power" is what determines individual attributes, behaviors, etc. and people are a part of an

3881:

Biological factors such as sex chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy play a significant role in the development of gender. Hormones such as testosterone and estrogen also play a crucial role in shaping gender identity and expression. Anatomy, including genitalia and reproductive organs, can also

3785:

Social theorists have sought to determine the specific nature of gender in relation to biological sex and sexuality, with the result being that culturally established gender and sex have become interchangeable identifications that signify the allocation of a specific 'biological' sex within a

6321:

By the term, gender role, we mean all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the

4562:

Research has found that almost all U.S. teens (95%) aged 12 through 17 are online, compared to only 78% of adults. Of these teens, 80% have profiles on social media sites, as compared to only 64% of the online population aged 30 and older. According to a study conducted by the Kaiser Family

3798:

shaping the individual's opportunities for education, work, family, sexuality, reproduction, authority, and to make an impact on the production of culture and knowledge. Adults who do not perform these ascribed roles are perceived from this perspective as deviant and improperly socialized.

3749:, in other words, how the behavior of one group or individual influences the behavior of other groups or individuals. Starting in the late 20th century, the feminist movement has contributed extensive study of gender and theories about it, notably within sociology but not restricted to it. 2488:

was used in a press release, 21 November 1966, to announce the new clinic for transsexuals at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. It was disseminated in the media worldwide, and soon entered the vernacular. The definitions of gender and gender identity vary on a doctrinal basis. In popularized and

2172:

identities. This hypothesis argues that parents affect their children's gender role identities and that different interactions spent with either parents will affect gender intensification. Priess and among other's study did not support the hypothesis of Hill and Lynch which stated "that as

3584:

is a problematic term because it can mean many different things, such as people being treated identically, differently, or fairly based on their gender. Newman believes this is problematic because there is no unified definition as to what equality means or looks like, and that this can be

2188:

beliefs, which includes gender roles. They state that society's hegemonic cultural beliefs sets the rules which in turn create the setting for which social relational contexts are to take place. Ridgeway and Correll then shift their topic towards sex categorization. The authors define sex

3815:

Interactions between men and women, women and women and men and men that involve any form of dominance and submission. Conversational theorists, for example, have studied the way that interruptions, turn taking and the setting of topics re-create gender inequality in the flow of ordinary

2540:

writes, "hen asked, my colleagues in the Department of Gender Studies agreed that the term gender could be properly applied only to humans, because it involves one's self-concept as man or woman. Sex is a biological concept; gender is a human social and cultural concept." However,

3532:

and hairstyle to relationship and employment choices. Schwalbe believes that these distinctions are important, because society wants to identify and categorize people as soon as we see them. They need to place people into distinct categories to know how we should feel about them.

4161:

bodies", access to any form of identification document with a gender marker may be an issue. For other intersex people, there may be issues in securing the same rights as other individuals assigned male or female; other intersex people may seek non-binary gender recognition.

3676:, and Michael Stolberg have criticized this interpretation of history. Cadden notes that the "one-sex" model was disputed even in ancient and medieval medicine, and Stolberg points out that already in the sixteenth century, medicine had begun to move towards a two-sex model. 4224:

Historically, science has been portrayed as a masculine pursuit in which women have faced significant barriers to participate. Even after universities began admitting women in the 19th century, women were still largely relegated to certain scientific fields, such as

8418: 3558:

addresses gender and feminist theory, stating that since the 1970s the concept of gender has transformed and been used in significantly different ways within feminist scholarship. She notes that a transition occurred when several feminist scholars, such as

4360:

in many churches distinguishes between the masculine images used of God (Father, King, God the Son) and the reality they signify, which transcends gender, embodies all the virtues of both men and women perfectly, which may be seen through the doctrine of

430:

The concept of gender, in the modern social science sense, is a recent invention in human history. The ancient world had no basis of understanding gender as it has been understood in the humanities and social sciences for the past few decades. The term

560:

that "emphasizes gender self-identification," Julie Greenberg writes, "Most legislation utilizes the word 'sex,' yet courts, legislators, and administrative agencies often substitute the word 'gender' for 'sex' when they interpret these statutes." In

3571:

began employing gender as an analytical category, which highlighted "social and political relations neglected by mainstream accounts". However, Hawkesworth states "feminist political science has not become a dominant paradigm within the discipline".

669:, and was the first to use it in print in a scientific trade journal in 1955. In the seminal 1955 paper, he defined it as "all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman." 4340:

that God is completely non-corporeal, and thus neither male nor female. Conceptions of the gender of God notwithstanding, traditional Judaism places a strong emphasis on individuals following Judaism's traditional gender roles, though many modern

3732:

Many of the more complicated human behaviors are influenced by both innate factors and by environmental ones, which include everything from genes, gene expression, and body chemistry, through diet and social pressures. A large area of research in

4317:

principle corresponds to the moon: passive, shaded, and reflective. Thus "male toughness was balanced by female gentleness, male action and initiative by female endurance and need for completion, and male leadership by female supportiveness."

3639:, a professor of sociology and social policy, says "the constancy of sex must be admitted, but so also must the variability of gender." Lynda Birke, a feminist biologist, maintains "'biology' is not seen as something which might change." 3646:

states that "perhaps this construct called 'sex' is as culturally constructed as gender; indeed, perhaps it was always already gender, with the consequence that the distinction between sex and gender turns out to be no distinction at

11081:

OECD, ILO, IMF and WBG, (2014). Achieving stronger growth by promoting a more genderbalanced economy. Report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting. Melbourne, Australia: G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial

11074: 200:. The distinction between gender and sex is made by most contemporary social scientists in Western countries, behavioral scientists and biologists, many legal systems and government bodies, and intergovernmental agencies such as the 575:

forbids intentional discrimination on the basis of gender", the majority opinion noted that with regard to gender, "It is necessary only to acknowledge that 'our Nation has had a long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination,'

4463:

The largest discrimination study of the transgender community, conducted in 2013, found that the transgender community is four times more likely to live in extreme poverty (income of less than $ 10,000 a year) than people who are

4563:

Foundation, 11-to-18-year-olds spend on average over one and a half hours a day using a computer and 27 minutes per day visiting social network sites, i.e. the latter accounts for about one fourth of their daily computer use.

2475:

became the subject of an expanding number of studies over the course of the late 20th century. One of the earliest areas of interest was what became known as "gender identity disorder" (GID) and which is now also described as

2341:

However, some societies have historically acknowledged and even honored people who fulfill a gender role that exists more in the middle of the continuum between the feminine and masculine polarity. For example, the Hawaiian

3968:

systems. This is especially true when a noun class system includes masculine and feminine as well as some other non-gender features like animate, edible, manufactured, and so forth. An example of the latter is found in the

2068:

considers the concept of being a woman to have more challenges, owing not only to society's viewing women as a social category but also as a felt sense of self, a culturally conditioned or constructed subjective identity.

706:(2000) uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction "is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels." 5389: 4027:

Many languages include terms that are used asymmetrically in reference to men and women. Concern that current language may be biased in favor of men has led some authors in recent times to argue for the use of a more

2225:

released a webinar series on gender, gender identity, gender expression, transgender, etc. In the first lecture Sherer explains that parents' influence (through punishment and reward of behavior) can influence gender

2337:

of masculine and feminine, largely corresponding to the biological sexes of male and female. When a baby is born, society allocates the child to one gender or the other, on the basis of what their genitals resemble.

11149: 3741:

between behavior and various possible antecedents such as genetics, gene regulation, access to food and vitamins, culture, gender, hormones, physical and social development, and physical and social environments.

3495:

explicitly excludes reference to biological differences, to focus on cultural differences. This emerged from a number of different areas: in sociology during the 1950s; from the theories of the psychoanalyst

552:, a 2006 law review article by Meredith Render notes "as notions of gender and sexuality have evolved over the last few decades, legal theories concerning what it means to discriminate "because of sex" under 8370:

While the exact forms of play that characterize prepubertal male humans and prepubertal male rhesus may not be identical, both of these primates show a clear division of preadolescent activities into gender

627:"Gender...is a grammatical term only. To talk of persons...of the masculine or feminine g, meaning of the male or female sex, is either a jocularity (permissible or not according to context) or a blunder." 11133:

Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

11108:

9470: 3656:

of production whereby the sexes themselves are established. This production of sex as the pre-discursive should be understood as the effect of the apparatus of cultural construction designated by gender.

672:

The modern academic sense of the word, in the context of social roles of men and women, dates at least back to 1945, and was popularized and developed by the feminist movement from the 1970s onwards (see

11063:

Adema, W., Ali, N., Frey, V., Kim, H., Lunati, M., Piacentini, M. and Queisser, M. (2014). Enhancing Women's Economic Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship and Business leadership in OECD Countries. OECD.

3878:, and others, gender is biopsychosocial. This is because it is derived from biological, psychological, and social factors, with all three factors feeding back into each other to form a person's gender. 6034: 7320:), p. 184: "Historically, in many, if not most, cultures, gender traditionally has been conceived as binary, but the modern and preferred understanding is that gender actually occurs on a spectrum." 6426:

Snow, D.A. and Oliver, P.E. (1995). "Social Movements and Collective Behavior: Social Psychological Dimensions and Considerations", pp. 571–600 in Karen Cook, Gary A. Fine, and James S.House (eds.)

1137: 4530:

power relations arising from it. These differences, however, are mostly not due to biological or physical differences, but are formed by the social, institutional and legal context. Subsequently,

2377:

community, however, these umbrella terms, neologisms, and ways of viewing gender are not necessarily the type of cultural constructs that more traditional members of these communities agree with.

243:

in females and males influence the development of gender in humans; both inform the debate about how far biological differences influence the formation of gender identity and gendered behavior.

3536:

Hurst comments that in a society where we present our genders so distinctly, there can often be severe consequences for breaking these cultural norms. Many of these consequences are rooted in

2084:

A protester holding a flyer with the words "Gender is like that old jumper from my cousin. It was given to me and it doesn't fit" at a rally for transgender equality in Washington D.C. in 2013

11072: 10550: 3267: 2234:. Sherer argued that kids will modify their gender expression to seek reward from their parents and society, but this will not affect their gender identity (their internal sense of self). 10351: 9861: 3339:

to women's experience of life: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one." In context, this is a philosophical statement. However, it may be analyzed in terms of biology—a girl must pass

3973:. Other gender systems exist with no distinction between masculine and feminine; examples include a distinction between animate and inanimate things, which is common to, amongst others, 1625: 4551:

Western cultures, women spend more time sending text messages compared to men as well as spending more time on social networking sites as a way to communicate with friends and family.

12586: 11273: 10742: 10594: 5660:

different from our own. The problem is that they didn't have the concept of gender that has grown so influential in the humanities and the social sciences over the past four decades.

3631:

states "As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time." Sociologists generally regard gender as a social construct. For instance, sexologist

2151:

The assignment of gender involves taking into account the physiological and biological attributes assigned by nature followed by the imposition of the socially constructed conduct.

6639: 5334: 1642: 10216: 7142: 5373: 10797: 2468:

which is influenced by maternal testosterone levels. These levels may also influence sexuality, with non-heterosexual persons exhibiting sex atypical behavior in childhood.

1879: 11300: 5747: 5087: 3786:

categorical gender. The second wave feminist view that gender is socially constructed and hegemonic in all societies, remains current in some literary theoretical circles,

11550: 11146: 6157: 2505:

exhibited more traditionally masculine behavior, such as being more concerned about their future career than marriage, wearing pants, and not being interested in jewelry.

11247: 3809:

The construction of divisions along the lines of gender, such as those produced by labor, power, family, the state, even allowed behaviors and locations in physical space

3801:

Some believe society is constructed in a way that splits gender into a dichotomy via social organisations that constantly invent and reproduce cultural images of gender.

2315:

philosophers have argued that gender "is a vast orchestration of subtle mediations between oneself and others", rather than a "private cause behind manifest behaviours".

3819:

The way that the preceding three processes help to produce gendered components of individual identity, i.e., the way they create and maintain an image of a gendered self

8161: 580:, at 684, 93 S.Ct., at 1769, a history which warrants the heightened scrutiny we afford all gender-based classifications today", and stated "When state actors exercise 5582: 5466: 2064:

challenge these dominant ideologies concerning gender roles and biological sex. One's biological sex is often times tied to specific social roles and expectations.

4424:, and open representation of sexual pleasures are found in artworks like the Khajuraho temples, believed to have been accepted within prevalent social frameworks. 2650: 702: 6499: 4008:. Of the remaining languages that feature grammatical gender, over half have more than the minimum requirement of two genders. Grammatical gender may be based on 11029:

Moon, B.; Blurton, D.; McCluskey, J.D. (2007). "General Strain Theory and Delinquency: Focusing on the Influences of Key Strain Characteristics on Delinquency".

9421: 8215: 3812:

The construction of symbols and images such as language, ideology, dress and the media, that explain, express and reinforce, or sometimes oppose, those divisions

545:

as "a person's self-representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institutions based on the individual's gender presentation."

10278: 12591: 11714: 10528: 7946: 7632: 1744: 1119: 493:

was undergoing its own usage shift toward referring to sexual intercourse rather than male/female categories. During the last two decades of the 20th century,

4678: 4526:

capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and

4119:

people varies greatly around the world. Some countries have enacted laws protecting the rights of transgender individuals, but others have criminalized their

10328: 3303: 1709: 1131: 11511: 8055: 1714: 1684: 7164: 5701: 1788: 1217: 6717: 4416:(desire), Shiva is the destroyer of the concept. Symbolically, Shiva is pervaded by the power of Parvati and Parvati is pervaded by the power of Shiva. 2053:

has historically been used interchangeably with reference to the female body, though more recently this usage has been viewed as controversial by some

1832: 1212: 435:

had been associated with grammar for most of history and only started to move towards it being a malleable cultural construct in the 1950s and 1960s.

11370:

Barker, V (2009). "Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use: The influence of gender, group identity, and collective self-esteem".

11124: 1400: 9516: 8649: 2073:

refers to the common identification with a collectivity or social category that creates a common culture among participants concerned. According to

10248: 8852: 8803: 4356:, God is traditionally described in masculine terms and the Church has historically been described in feminine terms. On the other hand, Christian 4150: 9550: 6396: 2102:. The gender system is the basis of social patterns in many societies, which include the separation of sexes, and the primacy of masculine norms. 10557: 6960: 3871: 3567:, began to conceive of gender "as an analytic category within which humans think about and organize their social activity". Feminist scholars in 10878: 10359: 10047: 10000: 9953: 9869: 9796: 9743: 9652:

Christian, Lisa M.; Cole, Steve W.; McDade, Thomas; Pachankis, John E.; Morgan, Ethan; Strahm, Anna M.; Kamp Dush, Claire M. (1 October 2021).

5444: 5293: 3328:

and advocates a deeper analysis of how interactions between the biological being and the social environment influence individuals' capacities.

1874: 11099: 3519:

Charles E. Hurst states that some people think sex will, "...automatically determine one's gender demeanor and role (social) as well as one's

8357: 7201: 2023: 11265: 10252: 8286: 12372: 10739: 10586: 1442: 1189: 11460: 7578: 7504: 5021: 2546:

Poiani suggests that the potential number of species with members possessing a gender identity must be limited due to the requirement for

553: 474:

as way of distinguishing "socially constructed" aspects of male–female differences (gender) from "biologically determined" aspects (sex).

4979: 1362: 1312: 1202: 9282: 9059:

Michael Stolberg. 2003. "A Woman Down to her Bones. The Anatomy of Sexual Difference in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries."

6303:; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). "An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". 12749: 11707: 4945: 4901: 4078:

are gender-neutral. In Persian the same word is used in reference to men and women. Verbs, adjectives and nouns are not gendered. (See

1859: 454:

does not even emerge once. Analysis of more than 30 million academic article titles from 1945 to 2001 showed that the uses of the term

11420:"Youth and intimate media cultures: Gender, sexuality, relationships, and desire as storytelling practices in social networking sites" 4385:) are all mentioned with the masculine pronoun; though the exact meaning of the masculinity of the Christian triune God is contested. 12576: 6439:

Taifel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1986). "The social identity of intergroup relations", pp. 7–24 in S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (eds.)

4079: 3296: 2437:

Two instruments incorporating the multidimensional nature of masculinity and femininity have dominated gender identity research: The

1864: 1776: 1082: 1075: 681:

and social distinctions based on sex are arbitrarily constructed. In this context, matters pertaining to this theoretical process of

11583: 5606: 5355: 1603: 12420: 7150: 7037:"Gender Identity Outcome in Female-Raised 46,XY Persons with Penile Agenesis, Cloacal Exstrophy of the Bladder, or Penile Ablation" 5740:"Evaluation of Sex-Specific Data in Medical Device Clinical Studies – Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff" 2562:"non-human animals do experience femininity and masculinity to the extent that any given species' behaviour is gender segregated." 2297:("Moll Cutpurse") scandalized 17th century society by wearing male clothing, smoking in public, and otherwise defying gender roles. 1869: 1766: 1679: 1541: 1275: 1184: 197: 146:

The word is also used as a synonym for sex, and the balance between these usages has shifted over time. In the mid-20th century, a

7381: 2472: 2140:. There are two contrasting ideas regarding the definition of gender, and the intersection of both of them is definable as below: 11296: 9357: 7714: 5770: 5739: 5071: 2196:

from infancy through adolescence as a girl after his genitals were accidentally mutilated is cited as disproving the theory that

1783: 1207: 11534: 6165: 1820: 505:, writing in 2003, said "the sex/gender distinction is now only fitfully observed." Within the social sciences, however, use of 10989:

Grothoff, G. E.; Kempf-Leonard, K.; Mullins, C. (2014). "Gender and Juvenile Drug Abuse: A General Strain Theory Perspective".

8941:

Birke, Lynda (2001). "In Pursuit of Difference: Scientific Studies of Women and Men," Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch eds.,

7601: 4171: 2774: 1467: 1410: 1285: 1171: 10692: 12874: 11700: 11666: 11640: 11621: 11544: 11228: 10842:

Chant, Sylvia (2008). "The 'Feminisation of Poverty' and the 'Feminisation' of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision?".

10504: 10451: 10405: 10322: 10080: 10033: 9986: 9939: 9772: 9719: 9276: 8514: 8343: 8209: 8147: 8049: 7697: 7456: 6198: 6020: 5981: 5877: 5568: 5420: 5383: 5349: 5269: 5244: 5081: 5015: 4973: 4921: 2794: 2366: 9206: 7425: 5987: 5307: 584:

in reliance on gender stereotypes, they ratify and reinforce prejudicial views of the relative abilities of men and women."

10496: 4534:

is less an intrinsic feature of women and girls but rather a product of their marginalization. Roehr notes that, while the

4140: 3896:

between biological sex, psychological gender, and social gender role. This framework first appeared in a feminist paper on

3528:

that humans "are the results of many people embracing and acting on similar ideas". People do this through everything from

3343:

to become a woman—and sociology, as a great deal of mature relating in social contexts is learned rather than instinctive.

3289: 2621: 1556: 1352: 7355: 5458: 4747: 12806: 8572: 8008: 4412:(otherwise his consort) while the right half represents Shiva. Whereas Parvati is regarded to be the cause of arousal of 1307: 10912: 9114:"From Social Structure to Gene Regulation, and Back: A Critical Introduction to Environmental Epigenetics for Sociology" 7633:"A Gender Not Listed Here: Genderqueers, Gender Rebels, and Otherwise in the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" 4369:, Jesus at several times mentions the Holy Spirit with the masculine pronoun i.e. John 15:26 among other verses. Hence, 2605: 2425:

In addition to these traditionally recognized third genders, many cultures now recognize, to differing degrees, various

12205: 8404: 7419: 6496: 6461:

Terry, D.J.; Hogg, M.A. (1996). "Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification".

5681: 5652: 5502: 4110: 4029: 3997: 1854: 1526: 1395: 1390: 1154: 10151:"Emesal: The Language of Women and Lamenters in Cuneiform Literature in the Early Second Millennium BC in Mesopotamia" 8199: 6373: 12780: 9528: 9407: 9387: 9312: 8929: 8753: 8703: 8661: 8632: 8538: 8450: 7564: 7544: 7004: 6663: 6626: 6448: 2442: 2201: 2016: 1751: 1721: 1581: 10520: 7936: 7647: 5520:"Introduction to the Special Section-Gendered Power in Cultural Contexts: Capturing the Lived Experience of Couples" 4035:

Several languages attest the use of different vocabulary by men and women, to differing degrees. See, for instance,

3718:

Thus it is evident that culture can play a part in assigning gender, particularly in relation to intersex children.

12801: 12695: 12675: 12287: 8723:

Center for American Progress, (2016). Unjust: How The Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People. Washington.

5903: 4727: 4127:. Many countries now legally recognize sex reassignments by permitting a change of legal gender on an individual's 2462: 1827: 1815: 1798: 1669: 1427: 1039: 10308: 10106:"Reducing a Male Bias in Language? Establishing the Efficiency of Three Different Gender-Fair Language Strategies" 9183: 7621:

McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms (2011). Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York, McGraw Hill.

6345: 3985:; and systems distinguishing between people (whether human or divine) and everything else, which are found in the 12905: 8039: 4497: 4048: 3889:

Social factors such as culture, socialization, and institutional practices shape gender identity and expression.

1736: 1729: 1610: 1598: 1593: 1432: 782: 700:(as a biological category) is also widespread, although attempts are still made to preserve the distinction. The 10310:

Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

4245:, and are less likely to hold high-ranking positions, a situation global initiatives such as the United Nations 3642:

However, there are scholars who argue that sex is also socially constructed. For example, gender studies writer

1224: 12910: 7338: 7317: 7175: 5207: 5054: 4246: 4036: 3703: 3608: 3168: 2509: 2222: 1849: 1793: 1637: 1472: 1357: 1098: 563: 8732:

Lydon et al., "Coming Out of Concrete Closets: A Report on Black & Pink's National LGBTQ Prisoner Survey."

8602: 8098: 8081: 7559:(Worlds of Desire: The Chicago Series on Sexuality, Gender, and Culture), University of Chicago Press (2005). 7287: 5714: 12377: 6073: 3822:

Gender is implicated in the fundamental, ongoing processes of creating and conceptualising social structures.

3221: 3185: 1954: 1839: 1701: 1654: 1050: 772: 735: 682: 17: 10641: 4500:, but includes an understanding of the different roles and expectation of the genders within the community. 2480:. Studies in this, and related areas, inform the following summary of the subject by John Money. He stated: 2176:

Authors of "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations",

1647: 12623: 12571: 12413: 12362: 11171:

MacGregor, S. (2010). "A stranger silence still: The need for feminist social research on climate change".

8698:

Schwalbe, M. (2005). The Sociologically Examined Life: Pieces of the Conversation Third Edition. pp. 22–23

5709: 4523: 3385: 3274: 2589: 2009: 1844: 1620: 1615: 1437: 1020: 522: 300: 11121: 10286: 4555:

pictures such as women lying down in subordinate positions or even touching themselves in childlike ways.

4085:

Several languages employ different ways to refer to people where there are three or more genders, such as

3838:

The conception that people are gendered rather than sexed also coincides with Judith Butler's theories of

470:

in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. It was in the 1970s that feminist scholars adopted the term

12831: 12785: 10877:

Grant, Jaime M.; Mottet, Lisa A.; Tanis, Justin; Harrison, Jack; Herman, Jody L.; Keisling, Mara (2011).

6917:(2004). "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations". 3491:

refers to proposed social and cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities. In this context,

3465: 1884: 1771: 1632: 1377: 1179: 1091: 568: 450:. For example, in a bibliography of 12,000 references on marriage and family from 1900 to 1964, the term 6617: 4016:, or other features, and may be based on a combination of these classes. One of the four genders of the 3921:

is assigned a gender, often with no direct relation to its meaning. For example, the word for "girl" is

3702:

A group of physicians from Saudi Arabia recently reported on several cases of XX intersex children with

12836: 12739: 12367: 12277: 12037: 9747: 9542: 9235: 7842:"Prenatal endocrine influences on sexual orientation and on sexually differentiated childhood behavior" 6702: 6393: 5519: 4342: 4337: 4286: 3594: 3093: 2533: 1944: 1696: 1664: 1659: 1461: 1415: 1347: 1197: 1161: 1045: 910: 439: 155: 9113: 6964: 5112: 3850:

in the plural rather than singular, suggesting diversity both within cultures as well as across them.

2573:

throughout their book. The concept of gender role has also been applied to non-human primates such as

99:, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other ( 12529: 12017: 10882: 8900: 8568: 7969: 4751: 4519: 4509: 4493: 4021: 3628: 3393: 2144: 1689: 1420: 1125: 395: 240: 11254:. Geraldine Terry and Caroline Sweetman (eds.). Warwickshire: Practical Action Publishing, Oxfam GB. 9654:"A biopsychosocial framework for understanding sexual and gender minority health: A call for action" 9441: 5973:

Experience, Meaning, and Identity in Sexuality: A Psychosocial Theory of Sexual Stability and Change

4698: 2373:

people who fulfill these traditional roles in their communities may also participate in the modern,

556:

have experienced a similar evolution". In a 1999 law review article proposing a legal definition of

462:, was often used as a grammatical category early in this period. By the end of this period, uses of 12900: 12744: 12690: 12643: 12561: 12556: 11096: 9621: 5073:

Inventing the Modern American Family: Family Values and Social Change in 20th Century United States

4679:"The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" 3757: 3547:

stated her "commitment to destroying male dominance and gender itself" while stating her belief in

2844: 1280: 1252: 1068: 11327:

Tortajada-Giménez, Iolanda; Araüna-Baró, Núria; Martínez-Martínez, Inmaculada José (1 June 2013).

10881:. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from 6718:"Transgender, Gender-Fluid, Nonbinary, and Gender-Nonconforming Employees Deserve Better Policies" 5702:"Guideline for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs" 3497: 2908: 2047:

refers to a personal identification with a particular gender and gender role in society. The term

12854: 12581: 12406: 12387: 11909: 10241: 9607:

Ingraham, Chrys (1994). "The Heterosexual Imaginary: Feminist Sociology and Theories of Gender".

8250: 6123: 5624: 4518:

policy and science. Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender-differentiated

4444: 4433: 3893: 3673: 3669: 3512:. Those who followed Butler came to regard gender roles as a practice, sometimes referred to as " 3158: 2754: 2639: 2419: 2333:

Historically, most societies have recognized only two distinct, broad classes of gender roles, a

2262: 997: 807: 658:, although this interpretation is contested by many feminist theorists, including Sara Heinämaa. 572: 328: 37: 7673: 7021:

Intersex Society of North America | A world free of shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgery

5892:

A fourth rule is to observe Protagoras' classification of nouns into male, female and inanimate.

5140: 2060:

There are qualitative analyses that explore and present the representations of gender; however,

12734: 12596: 12382: 11419: 11211:

Tuana, N. (2013). "Gendering Climate Knowledge for Justice: Catalyzing a New Research Agenda".

10480: 10468: 9616: 9436: 8385:"Psychological and Anatomical Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Androgens in Female Rhesus*" 7937:"The Real Story on Gay Genes: Homing in on the science of homosexuality – and sexuality itself" 7900:(1994). "The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years". 7746:

Twenge, Jean M. (1997). "Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis".

7575: 7484: 7229:(1955). "Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic findings". 6262: 5771:"Misogyny, Androgyny and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World" 5413:

Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: common law perspectives

5005: 4693: 4674: 4591: 4273:

creation myths about human gender, roles and rights (for instance, leadership roles especially

3354:, the author uses "innate gender" and "learned sex roles", but in the 1978 edition, the use of 3321: 3023: 2814: 2458: 2438: 2074: 1405: 1302: 1006: 502: 11248:"The Noel Kempff Project in Bolivia: Gender, Power, and Decision-Making in Climate Mitigation" 10616: 10023: 9976: 9929: 4963: 2036: 12357: 9266: 8846: 8797: 8012: 5817: 5801: 5197: 4596: 4477: 4421: 4238: 4097:

A person's gender can have legal significance. In some countries and jurisdictions there are

3839: 3762: 3180: 3148: 2913: 2674: 1929: 1324: 1114: 710:

The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender) of the patient.

481:

s meanings, alongside its sociocultural meaning. According to the Oxford English Dictionary,

280: 6135: 4345:

strive for greater egalitarianism. Moreover, traditional Jewish culture recognizes at least

3770: 2189:

categorization as "the sociocognitive process by which we label another as male or female."

2080: 12633: 12613: 12448: 12337: 12312: 12032: 11650: 10484: 8475: 8438: 4601: 4586: 4539: 4213: 3752: 3684: 3473: 3317: 3163: 2903: 2744: 2734: 2694: 1999: 1297: 1247: 1237: 814: 581: 11507: 4404:(literally half-female god). In this composite form, the left half of the body represents 8: 12826: 12628: 12618: 12539: 11820: 11576: 11153: 10815:

The Gender Gap in Poverty in Modern Nations: Single Motherhood, The Market, and the State

10110: 7941: 7681: 6910: 5863: 5603: 5168: 4707: 4606: 4274: 4264: 4064: 4024:

language family can have as many as twenty genders, including plants, places, and shapes.

3986: 3440:. These disciplines study gender and sexuality in the fields of literature and language, 3143: 3108: 3043: 2943: 2597: 2358: 1909: 1808: 1546: 1317: 777: 620: 140: 10488: 9231:"Sexuality and Gender: Findings from the Biological, Psychological, and Social Sciences" 7672:

Stets, Jan E.; Kushida, Melanie; Fares, Phoenicia; Whitham, Monica M. (26 August 2023).

5831: 4492:

Gender, and particularly the role of women is widely recognized as vitally important to

4208:

was the first state to legally recognize non-binary gender in 2017, and was followed by

12608: 12210: 12089: 11967: 11452: 11395: 11188: 11046: 11006: 10964: 10859: 10776: 10419: 10314: 10190: 10129: 9837: 9790: 9737: 9686: 9653: 9634: 9589: 9462: 9454: 9248: 9175: 9016: 9008: 8834: 8785: 8598: 8410: 8278: 8195: 7874: 7841: 7817: 7782: 7763: 7377: 7124: 7072: 6942: 6934: 6884: 6871: 6851: 6827: 6792: 6585: 6542: 6517: 6478: 6093: 6089: 5945: 5869: 5838: 5438: 5287: 4935: 4877: 4824: 4808: 4719: 4346: 4075: 4005: 4001: 3961: 3914: 3774: 3727: 3665: 3564: 3520: 3397: 3332: 3325: 3242: 2898: 2878: 2553: 2532:

is commonly used to refer to the biological sex of the animals. According to biologist

2381: 2246: 2164: 1975: 1949: 830: 645: 637: 593: 534: 447: 304: 189: 122: 33: 10794: 9349: 9129: 7729: 7093:

Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (September 2016).

3773:

to break into a closely guarded male preserve and become the only female professional

2251: 2200:

is determined solely by parenting. Reimer's case is used by organizations such as the

12915: 12864: 12653: 12524: 12514: 12493: 12170: 11825: 11810: 11775: 11662: 11636: 11617: 11540: 11456: 11387: 11224: 11192: 11184: 11050: 11010: 10969: 10879:"Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" 10863: 10500: 10447: 10423: 10411: 10401: 10381: 10318: 10134: 10086: 10076: 10039: 10029: 9992: 9982: 9945: 9935: 9832: 9778: 9768: 9725: 9715: 9691: 9673: 9593: 9524: 9403: 9383: 9308: 9272: 9240: 9133: 9020: 8925: 8896: 8883:

Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women, 2nd ed

8868:

Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women, 2nd ed

8838: 8789: 8749: 8699: 8657: 8628: 8520: 8510: 8504: 8446: 8400: 8349: 8339: 8282: 8270: 8205: 8153: 8143: 8103: 8045: 7917: 7879: 7861: 7822: 7804: 7767: 7693: 7560: 7540: 7496: 7462: 7452: 7415: 7334: 7313: 7238: 7116: 7064: 7056: 7000: 6889: 6867: 6852:"Adolescent Gender-Role Identity and Mental Health: Gender Intensification Revisited" 6832: 6814: 6725: 6696: 6659: 6622: 6589: 6547: 6482: 6444: 6312: 6282: 6243: 6235: 6216:"The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years" 6194: 6097: 6026: 6016: 5977: 5937: 5883: 5873: 5813: 5677: 5648: 5574: 5564: 5539: 5535: 5498: 5426: 5416: 5379: 5345: 5275: 5265: 5240: 5203: 5077: 5050: 5011: 4969: 4940: 4927: 4917: 4882: 4816: 4711: 4527: 4128: 4124: 4098: 4040: 3990: 3604: 3568: 3445: 3381: 3228: 3200: 3195: 3113: 2565:

Despite this, Poiani and Dixson emphasise the applicability of the concept of gender

2111: 2094: 1515: 1509: 970: 835: 801: 247:

approaches to gender include biological, psychological, and social/cultural aspects.

121:. A number of societies have specific genders besides "man" and "woman," such as the 92: 11297:"Gender, social capital and social network(ing) sites: Women bonding, men searching" 10104:

Lindqvist, Anna; Renström, Emma Aurora; Sendén, Marie Gustafsson (18 October 2019).

9669: 9466: 8414: 7598: 7128: 7076: 6990: 6533: 5802:"Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology" 4829: 231:, are interested in the subject. The social sciences sometimes approach gender as a 12670: 12185: 12042: 11442: 11434: 11399: 11379: 11350: 11340: 11216: 11180: 11038: 10998: 10954: 10851: 10772: 10768: 10700: 10492: 10393: 10119: 9827: 9819: 9681: 9665: 9626: 9581: 9446: 9167: 9125: 9000: 8826: 8777: 8765: 8392: 8262: 8093: 7909: 7869: 7853: 7812: 7794: 7755: 7685: 7492: 7480: 7378:"Intersections: Transgender, Queens, Mahu, Whatever': An Oral History from Hawai'i" 7277: 7269: 7106: 7048: 6996: 6946: 6926: 6879: 6863: 6822: 6804: 6577: 6537: 6529: 6470: 6274: 6227: 6131: 6119: 6085: 5929: 5531: 5232: 4907: 4867: 4800: 4723: 4703: 4253: 4234: 4071: 4056: 4017: 3982: 3970: 3928: 3805:

believed gendering occurs in at least five different interacting social processes:

3711: 3555: 3548: 3417: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3063: 3038: 2477: 2177: 2161:

Adolescent Gender-Role Identity and Mental Health: Gender Intensification Revisited

1367: 1013: 712:

In peasant societies, gender (not sex) roles are likely to be more clearly defined.

654:

has been interpreted as the beginning of the distinction between sex and gender in

232: 84: 6568:

Warnecke, T. (2013). "Entrepreneurship and Gender: An Institutional Perspective".

6074:"What Is a Woman? Butler and Beauvoir on the Foundations of the Sexual Difference" 5375:

The Psychology of Women at Work: Challenges and Solutions for Our Female Workforce

4872: 4855: 4328:

is traditionally described in the masculine, but in the mystical tradition of the

4063:

have a gendered distinction due to boarding schools segregated by gender, such as

3523:" (sexual attractions and behavior). Gender sociologists believe that people have 2963: 623:

stated that the definition of the word pertained to this grammar-related meaning:

12895: 12504: 12499: 12272: 12251: 12158: 12138: 12107: 12076: 11815: 11805: 11736: 11727: 11723: 11655: 11128: 11103: 11078: 11002: 10829: 10801: 10746: 9711:

The psychology of gender and health : conceptual and applied global concerns

9520: 9511: 9326: 8653: 8644: 8077: 7605: 7582: 7407: 6914: 6503: 6400: 6377: 6188: 5971: 5610: 5311: 4401: 4378: 4282: 4278: 4120: 4086: 3978: 3974: 3944: 3875: 3693: 3437: 3389: 3350:, terminology for gender issues developed over the 1970s. In the 1974 edition of 3347: 3249: 3175: 3153: 3053: 2978: 2973: 2948: 2938: 2888: 2684: 2537: 2347: 2256: 2197: 2181: 2127: 2106: 1889: 1563: 1531: 1521: 1058: 840: 794: 722: 655: 343: 332: 244: 236: 193: 76: 11220: 10217:"Navajo Nation's LGBTQ Pride Event Celebrates A Return To The Culture's History" 8542: 7857: 7689: 3635:

suggests the distinction between biological sex and gender as a role. Moreover,

2928: 2536:, gender identity is a concept exclusively applied to humans. Also, in a letter 2148:

assignment of gender and imposition of gender roles as per the assigned gender.

12920: 12718: 12603: 12443: 12429: 12342: 12302: 12231: 12052: 11790: 11692: 10723: 10667: 10582: 10179:. Vol. Section 3.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59. 9450: 9226: 9152: 8741: 8714:

Smith, N. and Stanley, E. (2011). Captive Genders. 1st ed. Edinburgh: AK Press.

7715:"Gender Identity in Consumer Research: A Literature Review and Research Agenda" 7351: 6986: 6581: 6366: 4854:

Lindqvist, Anna; Sendén, Marie Gustafsson; Renström, Emma A. (2 October 2021).

4755: 4616: 4535: 4515: 4370: 3954: 3897: 3688: 3560: 3544: 3537: 3501: 3377: 3373: 3336: 3190: 3103: 3068: 3058: 3018: 2998: 2933: 2804: 2664: 2574: 2547: 2281: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2099: 1919: 1487: 1482: 1029: 650: 549: 424: 348: 265: 212: 208: 151: 147: 67:

includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a

49: 11329:"Advertising Stereotypes and Gender Representation in Social Networking Sites" 11213:

Research, Action and Policy: Addressing the Gendered Impacts of Climate Change

11147:"Gender, Climate Change and Adaptation. Introduction to the Gender Dimensions" 10855: 10124: 10105: 9782: 9585: 9048:

Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture.

8830: 8781: 8564: 8266: 8016: 7913: 7799: 7209: 7052: 6278: 6231: 6012:

Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and identity

5430: 12889: 12509: 12453: 12307: 12297: 12267: 12246: 12236: 12195: 12163: 12112: 11947: 11800: 11572: 11488: 11438: 11326: 11042: 10904: 10090: 10043: 9996: 9949: 9764:

Gender trauma : healing cultural, social, and historical gendered trauma

9729: 9677: 9244: 9205:

Little, William (6 November 2014). "Chapter 12. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality".

9137: 8625:

Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: the Sociology of Group Conflict and Change

8384: 8353: 8274: 8157: 8107: 7865: 7808: 7500: 7273: 7111: 7094: 7060: 6930: 6818: 6729: 6474: 6286: 6239: 6055: 6030: 5941: 5578: 5279: 4856:"What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender" 4626: 4611: 4581: 4531: 4366: 4270: 4201: 4060: 3859: 3791: 3734: 3643: 3509: 3505: 3461: 3033: 3013: 2993: 2988: 2953: 2893: 2873: 2868: 2834: 2714: 2704: 2334: 2272: 2065: 1568: 1551: 1536: 1497: 1290: 1232: 825: 284: 96: 8396: 8082:"Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People" 7781:

Hines, Melissa; Constantinescu, Mihaela; Spencer, Debra (26 February 2015).

7466: 7036: 5887: 5236: 4176:

Some countries now legally recognize non-binary or third genders, including

3933: 3745:

A core research area within sociology is the way human behavior operates on

869: 295: 12638: 12292: 12282: 12190: 12002: 11904: 11879: 11835: 11495:(2 ed.). International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences. 11447: 11391: 10415: 9762: 9695: 8524: 7883: 7826: 7630: 7532: 7242: 7120: 7068: 6893: 6836: 6750: 6551: 6316: 6215: 5543: 4931: 4715: 4621: 4353: 4313: 4296: 4226: 4004:

found that fewer than half of the 258 languages sampled have any system of

3855: 3778: 3612: 3513: 3457: 3453: 3433: 3367: 3118: 3073: 3048: 3003: 2968: 2958: 2923: 2883: 2824: 2784: 2764: 2557:

sophisticated cognitive skills among non-human primates and other species.

2498: 2393: 2362: 2328: 2210: 2206: 2193: 1987: 1503: 1166: 1108: 976: 859: 299:. Both words mean "kind", "type", or "sort". They derive ultimately from a 228: 131: 12215: 11962: 11852: 11383: 10070: 9709: 8333: 8137: 7921: 6676: 6247: 5558: 5495:

How to Understand Your Gender: A Practical Guide for Exploring Who You Are

5224: 4820: 4455:

A bar graph comparing poverty differences based on age and gender in 2012.

4451: 3949: 2267: 944: 363: 12519: 12488: 12347: 12102: 11997: 11957: 11869: 11847: 11830: 11780: 11614:

Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Thinking Gender'

11136:

Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

11111:

Ed. C.B. Field et al. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

8746:

Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women

7674:"Exploring Current Gender Meanings: Creating a New Gender Identity Scale" 6809: 6518:"Help seeking for cardiac symptoms: Beyond the masculine–feminine binary" 4374: 4189: 4116: 3923: 3827: 3738: 3616: 3477: 3429: 3425: 3409: 3235: 3078: 3008: 2426: 2324: 2310: 2169: 2089: 1372: 1270: 984: 965: 939: 895: 876: 743: 726: 139:, etc.). Most scholars agree that gender is a central characteristic for 88: 12012: 11345: 11328: 10959: 10942: 10551:"New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2000-250 BCE" 10392:(4) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press: 1171–5. 10279:"Kenya takes step toward recognizing intersex people in landmark ruling" 9252: 9230: 6875: 12241: 12133: 12097: 12047: 11977: 11952: 11889: 11687: 10780: 10352:"A Guide to How Gender-Neutral Language is Developing Around the World" 9862:"A Guide to How Gender-Neutral Language is Developing Around the World" 9841: 9810:

Yudkin, M. (1978). "Transsexualism and women: A critical perspective".

9179: 9012: 7897: 7759: 7449:

Third Sex Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History

7282: 7226: 6938: 6334: 6300: 5949: 4812: 4209: 3965: 3802: 3636: 3632: 3481: 3028: 2983: 2374: 2294: 2214: 1492: 915: 900: 662: 613: 216: 169: 126: 117: 115:); those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term 11355: 10150: 9638: 9458: 8506:

Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles

8490:

Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles

6640:'The Body in Gender Discourse: The Fragmentary Space of the Feminine.' 6010: 3271: 2365:, especially by those in gender studies or anthropology. Contemporary 501:

in its non-copulatory senses, especially outside the social sciences.

12483: 12143: 11992: 11982: 11842: 11785: 7258:"The Ethics of Nobody I Know: Gender and the Politics of Description" 7143:"American Academy of Pediatrics, Education, LGBT Health and Wellness" 6187:

Goldie, Professor Department of English Terry; Goldie, Terry (2014).

5917: 5859: 4636: 4465: 4362: 4333: 4185: 3787: 3620: 3469: 3449: 2918: 2724: 2446: 2415: 2346:, who occupy "a place in the middle" between male and female, or the 2343: 2302: 2185: 1970: 1759: 1477: 934: 889: 854: 820: 678: 609: 220: 196:

embraced the concept of a distinction between biological sex and the

173: 10587:"The Shekhinah or The Divine Presence or Divine Feminine in Judaism" 10175:

Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). "Speech and song styles: Avoidance styles".

9823: 9714:. Ma. del Pilar Sánchez López, Rosa M. Limiñana-Gras. London. 2017. 9171: 8617: 5933: 4804: 3664:

With regard to history, Linda Nicholson, a professor of history and

3599: 2040:

Gender depicted as an ambiguous phenomenon, by a young Swedish actor

12550: 12352: 12317: 12062: 11925: 11857: 10397: 9630: 9035:

The One-Sex Body on Trial: The Classical and Early Modern Evidence.

9004: 8594: 7257: 6850:

Priess, Heather A.; Lindberg, Sara M.; Hyde, Janet Shibley (2009).

4912: 4393: 4389: 4357: 4329: 4269:

This topic includes internal and external religious issues such as

4197: 4146: 3766: 3680: 3529: 3524: 3413: 3405: 3138: 2517: 2494: 2411: 2402: 2389: 2061: 2054: 1924: 950: 927: 276: 224: 181: 177: 11657:

Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality

10497:

10.1002/1098-237X(200011)84:6<793::AID-SCE6>3.0.CO;2-K

7310:

Culture, Heritage, and Diversity in Older Adult Mental Health Care

4336:

represents the feminine aspect of God's essence. However, Judaism

592:

The word was still widely used, however, in the specific sense of

27:

Characteristics distinguishing between different gender identities

12398: 12180: 12175: 12153: 12027: 11987: 11972: 11862: 10446:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 129–134. 8744:(1995). "My Life as a Writer", pp. 33–34 in Dworkin, Andrea 8142:. A. F. Dixson. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7165:"American Academy of Pediatrics Webinar Series – What is Gender?" 7020: 6516:

Galdas, P. M.; Johnson, J. L.; Percy, M.E.; Ratner, P.A. (2010).

4409: 4382: 4321: 4242: 4230: 4181: 4052: 4013: 3939: 3441: 3362:

is reversed. By 1980, most feminist writings had agreed on using

3340: 2570: 2513: 2484:

The term "gender role" appeared in print first in 1955. The term

2110:

ontologically and epistemologically constructed set of names and

957: 883: 848: 477:

As of 2024, many dictionaries list "synonym for 'sex'" as one of

324: 11577:"Teens, Gender, and Self-Presentation in Social Media. Sciences" 5199:

Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender

4420:

true person. Evidence of homosexuality, bisexuality, androgyny,

2163:

focuses on the work of Heather A. Priess, Sara M. Lindberg, and

537:. Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using 12685: 12680: 12128: 12057: 12022: 11935: 11930: 11894: 11795: 11770: 11682: 9422:"Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations" 8768:(2005). "Engendering political science: An immodest proposal". 7557:

With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India.

7202:"SOLGBTHW Webinar – What is Gender Terminology and Definitions" 6604:

The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns, and possibilities

4631: 4405: 4309: 4205: 4177: 4158: 4044: 3707: 2508:

There are studies concerning women who have a condition called

2290: 921: 369: 184:. Before the mid-20th century, it was uncommon to use the word 9089: 9087: 8383:

Goy, Robert W.; Uno, Hideo; Sholl, Samuel A. (14 April 2020),

4496:

issues. This often means a focus on gender-equality, ensuring

235:, and gender studies particularly does, while research in the 12200: 11940: 11899: 11760: 8565:"About – Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality (CSGS)" 8313: 6777:

Birke, Lynda (2001). "Chapter 24, In Pursuit of Difference."

6190:

The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money

5007:

Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding

4397: 4193: 3436:. Sometimes Gender studies is offered together with Study of 3401: 2407: 2385: 2049: 864: 420: 337: 291: 104: 100: 72: 53: 45: 10988: 9923: 9921: 9651: 7680:. Frontiers in Sociology and Social Research. Vol. 10. 12007: 11765: 10469:"Women's Science: Learning and Succeeding from the Margins" 9084: 7092: 5518:

Knudson-Martin, Carmen; Mahoney, Anne Rankin (March 2009).

4413: 4292: 4154: 3918: 3588: 2397: 2370: 1934: 905: 489:

during the twentieth century, initially as a euphemism, as

357: 108: 57: 11508:"Doing and undoing gender in a Swedish Internet community" 8301: 7780: 4020:

consists mainly of fruit and vegetables. Languages of the

12148: 11755: 10721:

Vohra, Ashok (8 March 2005), "The Male-Female Hologram,"

10671: 10220: 9918: 8991:

Nicholson, Linda (1994). ""Interpreting Gender". Signs".

8099:

10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0178:dahg]2.0.co;2

6961:"David Reimer, subject of 'sex reassignment,' dead at 38" 6058:, "Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex" in 4900:

Bates, Nancy; Chin, Marshall; Becker, Tara, eds. (2022).

4448:

continue on a higher level regarding state institutions.

4325: 4055:

used by men in the presence of their mothers-in-law (see

4012:(which is the most common basis for grammatical gender), 4009: 3464:, human development, law, and medicine. It also analyses 3421: 2512:, which leads to the overproduction of the masculine sex 2406:), found in the state of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico. The 1939: 677:

below), which theorizes that human nature is essentially

416: 201: 160: 112: 80: 68: 10943:"Reflection on "A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency"" 10876: 10759:

Peterson, Janice (1987). "The Feminization of Poverty".

10315:

Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions

8817:

Karen, Beckwith (2005). "A Common Language of Gender?".

8443:

Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Men and Women

7671: 7631:

Jack Harrison; Jaime Grant; Jody L. Herman (2011–2012).

6515: 6381:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2653:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

2117: 411: 11418:

de Ridder, Sander; van Bauwel, Sofie (1 January 2015).

10984: 10982: 10980: 10832:. "Trade, Gender and Poverty." pp. 4–8. United Nations. 10617:"Gender Diversity in Jewish Tradition | Reform Judaism" 10103: 8230: 8119: 8117: 6563: 6561: 5300: 4853: 3396:

as central categories of analysis. This field includes

674: 612:, this concept was introduced by the Greek philosopher 10936: 10934: 10932: 10930: 9572:

Lloyd, M. (1999). "Performativity, Parody, Politics".

9350:"Feminist Perspectives on Reproduction and the Family" 8041:

A Taste for the Beautiful: The Evolution of Attraction

7783:"Early androgen exposure and human gender development" 6497:"Gender and the MDGs with Reference to Women as Human" 6263:"Transsexualism, Gender Identity Disorder and the DSM" 4903:

Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation

2357:, "women who function as men". In the language of the 375:

Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language

11683:

GenPORT: Your gateway to gender and science resources

11649: 11633:

Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"

9220: 9218: 8176: 6460: 5517: 5202:. United Kingdom: Duke University Press. p. 95. 4571:

show that this is not necessarily the case any more.

3585:

significantly important in areas like public policy.

2580: 399:(OED1, Volume 4, 1900) notes the original meaning of 11493:

Teens, Gender, and Self-Presentation in Social Media

11028: 10977: 8478:(2000) Chapter 3 "Of Gender and Genitals", pp. 44–77 8114: 7678:

Advancing Identity Theory, Measurement, and Research

6992:

As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl

6773: 6771: 6558: 5868:, translated by Roberts, William Rhys, Mineola, NY: 3765:, 1828. Spain's desperate situation when invaded by 3679:

In addition, drawing from the empirical research of

2213:, leading many doctors and psychologists, including 509:

in academia increased greatly, outnumbering uses of

11417: 10927: 9112:Landecker, Hannah; Panofsky, Aaron (30 July 2013). 7331:

Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology

6618:

Feminist thought: a more comprehensive introduction

6299: 5638: 5636: 3696:: gender politics and the construction of sexuality 716: 11654: 10467:Eisenhart, Margaret A.; Finkel, Elizabeth (1998). 9891: 9215: 8687:Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences 7302: 6849: 6793:"Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives" 5626:An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 3706:(CAH), a genetically inherited malfunction of the 513:during that same period. In the natural sciences, 393:, which refers to birth. The first edition of the 12750:International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) 10521:"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality" 10437: 10435: 10433: 9111: 6768: 6621:/ Rosemarie Tong. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press 6344:. Oxford English Dictionary. p. Sense 3(b). 5665: 5332: 5041: 5039: 4165: 4047:, only used by female speakers. Conversely, many 3794:publishing new perspectives as recently as 2008. 2432: 12887: 11722: 10758: 10444:Women and Science: Social Impact and Interaction 10249:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 10242:"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" 8990: 6656:Gender Outlaw – On Men, Women and the rest of us 5633: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5231:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 23–62. 4962:Sigelman, Carol K.; Rider, Elizabeth A. (2017). 4906:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 4151:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 3882:influence one's gender identity and expression. 3500:; and in the work of French psychoanalysts like 874: 11487: 10466: 9606: 9498:. Gender and Rural Development. Berlin: Lit. N. 6909: 5563:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. 5326: 5004:Maddux, James E.; Winstead, Barbara A. (2019). 4899: 4514:Gender is a topic of increasing concern within 3917:is a property of some languages in which every 2452: 2318: 596:(the assignment of nouns to categories such as 11630: 11611: 11024: 11022: 11020: 10825: 10823: 10460: 10430: 10386:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 10097: 7095:"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science" 7034: 6428:Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology 6413: 6411: 6409: 6293: 6117: 5410: 5047:The Sage Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender 5036: 5003: 3615:and a departure from restrictive, "feminine", 438:Before the terminological distinction between 12587:Languages with gendered third-person pronouns 12414: 11708: 11166: 11164: 11162: 10659: 10142: 9754: 9549:(Spring 2016 ed.). Stanford University. 9153:"The Impact of Feminist Thought on Sociology" 8502: 8487: 8139:Animal homosexuality: a biosocial perspective 7967: 7446: 7035:Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L. (1 August 2005). 5481: 4961: 4742: 4740: 3297: 2017: 79:. Depending on the context, this may include 56:symbol. The blue (right) represents the male 12373:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 8851:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 8802:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 8681: 8679: 8006: 7624: 7401: 7399: 7099:Psychological Science in the Public Interest 6797:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 6186: 5969: 5832:"J.E.B., Petitioner v. ALABAMA ex rel. T.B." 3892:In some English literature, there is also a 3865: 2353:, "men who choose to function as women", or 587: 12614:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns 11571: 11536:Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction 11017: 10820: 10807: 10479:(6). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 10380: 10234: 9400:Gender: The Pain and Pleasure of Difference 9325:Ogli, Burxonov Baxodirjon Botirali (2020). 9224: 8764: 8382: 8338:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 34. 7576:"A lifestyle distinct: the Muxe of Mexico," 7517:At the conferences that produced the book, 7088: 7086: 6406: 5824: 5762: 5310:. Social Science Dictionary. Archived from 4408:(energy, power) in the form of the goddess 3886:and individual differences in personality. 3737:collates evidence in an effort to discover 3721: 442:developed, it was uncommon to use the word 12421: 12407: 11715: 11701: 11266:"What men and women are doing on Facebook" 11159: 10208: 10028:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 115. 9981:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 110. 9934:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 124. 9809: 9795:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9742:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9506: 9504: 9327:"Gender Can Vary Across Related Languages" 8236: 8204:. Oxford University Press, US. p. 5. 8194: 7537:Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India 7491:. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), 7199: 6979: 6743: 6463:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6394:"Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender." 6360: 6267:Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 6155: 6118:Viveros Vigoya, Mara (2016). Disch, Lisa; 5560:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic 5443:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5292:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4737: 4443:. In 1978 Diana M. Pearce coined the term 4051:have distinctive registers with a limited 3304: 3290: 2422:that incorporates all the features above. 2024: 2010: 385:, derived from the Latin ablative case of 168:began to develop in the academic areas of 52:intertwined. The red (left) is the female 11532: 11506:Malin, Sveningsson Elm (1 January 2007). 11483: 11481: 11446: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11354: 11344: 11263: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11170: 11114: 10968: 10958: 10441: 10384:(2001). "Has Feminism Changed Science?". 10301: 10270: 10133: 10123: 9831: 9685: 9620: 9543:"Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender" 9440: 9378:Lorber, J & Farrell, S (eds.) (1990) 8889: 8676: 8557: 8097: 8076: 8044:. Princeton University Press. p. 9. 7873: 7816: 7798: 7712: 7665: 7396: 7281: 7110: 6985: 6883: 6826: 6808: 6790: 6541: 5858: 5799: 5676:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. 5647:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. 5069: 4939: 4911: 4881: 4871: 4828: 4697: 4080:Gender-neutrality in genderless languages 2361:, some of these people may be considered 406: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11242: 11240: 11122:"Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities" 10735: 10733: 10665: 10148: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9760: 9658:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 8587: 8531: 8331: 7991: 7083: 6905: 6903: 6567: 6260: 6071: 5492: 5342:Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective 4748:"What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?" 4471: 4450: 4291: 4153:, "do not fit typical binary notions of 3751: 3598: 3589:Social construction of gender hypotheses 2289: 2079: 2035: 410: 311:'to beget', which is also the source of 44: 11294: 11085: 10581: 10068: 10021: 9974: 9927: 9547:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9540: 9501: 9150: 8993:Journal of Women in Culture and Society 8009:"Are gender differences predetermined?" 6683:. Reviewed by Dan Brennan. 28 June 2021 5915: 5672:Holmes, Brooke (2012). "Introduction". 5643:Holmes, Brooke (2012). "Introduction". 5629:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 230. 5264:(Sixth ed.). New York. p. 3. 5195: 4487: 3698:, she introduces the following example: 3607:" was an iconic symbol of the American 2493:Although causation from the biological— 631: 403:as "kind" had already become obsolete. 14: 12888: 11478: 11406: 11369: 11199: 11139: 10715: 10349: 10343: 10276: 9859: 9204: 8605:from the original on 10 September 2017 8389:Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life 8319: 8307: 8182: 8135: 8123: 7934: 7745: 7405: 7329:Marie L. Miville, Angela D. Ferguson, 7255: 7231:Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 6441:The psychology of intergroup relations 6049: 5768: 5671: 5642: 5469:from the original on 25 September 2021 5371: 5259: 5222: 5163: 5161: 5107: 5105: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4172:Legal recognition of non-binary gender 4043:, records a distinctive sub-language, 2776:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center 2542: 2401: 2237: 250: 12402: 11696: 11589:from the original on 17 February 2016 11514:from the original on 17 February 2022 11505: 11315: 11299:. American Sociological Association. 11237: 11210: 10940: 10841: 10730: 10531:from the original on 26 November 2020 10214: 10174: 10050:from the original on 17 February 2022 10003:from the original on 17 February 2022 9956:from the original on 17 February 2022 9915:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 114. 9848: 9571: 9419: 9186:from the original on 17 February 2022 8880: 8865: 8816: 8421:from the original on 17 February 2022 8360:from the original on 17 February 2022 8289:from the original on 8 September 2021 8218:from the original on 17 February 2022 8164:from the original on 17 February 2022 8058:from the original on 17 February 2022 8007:Beattie-Moss, Melissa (8 June 2005). 7949:from the original on 20 November 2012 7896: 7839: 7706: 7479: 7473: 7428:from the original on 27 February 2021 7225: 7221: 7219: 7030: 7028: 6900: 6715: 6495:Pathak, Sunita, and Pathak, Surendra 6213: 6136:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.42 6037:from the original on 17 February 2022 5622: 5585:from the original on 17 February 2022 5556: 5191: 5189: 5135: 5133: 4104: 3903: 2796:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 2118:Social assignment and gender fluidity 541:as the biological classification and 517:was more often used as a synonym for 323:, and many other English words, with 11616:. New York & London: Routledge. 10331:from the original on 15 January 2017 9553:from the original on 25 January 2020 9476:from the original on 4 February 2020 9347: 9324: 8248: 8037: 7968:Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke (1974). 7902:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 7507:from the original on 5 November 2004 7412:The Assassination of Hole in the Day 7290:from the original on 2 November 2021 6220:Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 6158:"Hopkins pioneer in gender identity" 6008: 5392:from the original on 20 October 2021 5225:"Money and the Production of Gender" 5065: 5063: 4999: 4997: 4957: 4955: 4895: 4893: 4849: 4847: 4783: 4673: 4141:Legal recognition of intersex people 3937:(grammatically neuter) or the older 2558: 2523: 2088:Categorizing males and females into 644:as the "socialized obverse of sex". 10350:Berger, Miriam (15 December 2019). 9860:Berger, Miriam (15 December 2019). 9354:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9037:Farnham: Ashgate. 978-1-4094-6335-1 8575:from the original on 14 August 2019 7722:Academy of Marketing Science Review 7352:"Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu – TedxMaui" 7174:. 11 September 2015. Archived from 6781:. New York: Routledge, pp. 309–322. 5990:from the original on 17 August 2021 5970:Horley, James; Clarke, Jan (2016). 5775:Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 5415:. London. pp. 22–28, 328–329. 5372:Paludi, Michele Antoinette (2008). 5158: 5102: 5090:from the original on 27 August 2021 4770: 4650: 3964:" is often applied to more complex 2192:The failure of an attempt to raise 1059:Puberty-suppressing hormone therapy 440:biological sex and gender as a role 24: 12428: 11553:from the original on 11 April 2021 11466:from the original on 21 April 2018 11264:Gourdreau, Jenna (26 April 2010). 10597:from the original on 28 April 2021 10442:Sheffield, Suzanne Le-May (2006). 10069:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 10022:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9975:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9928:Corbett, Greville G., ed. (2014). 9285:from the original on 11 April 2021 8509:. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock. 7840:Hines, Melissa (6 February 2017). 7216: 7025: 6090:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00169.x 5922:The American Journal of Psychology 5769:Render, Meredith (December 2006). 5750:from the original on 9 August 2014 5186: 5130: 5024:from the original on 4 August 2021 4982:from the original on 4 August 2021 4784:Udry, J. Richard (November 1994). 4708:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d 4392:, one of the several forms of the 4134: 4111:Legal status of transgender people 4039:. The oldest documented language, 3998:World Atlas of Language Structures 3781:of her time (and long afterwards). 2826:Feminism and the Mastery of Nature 2581:Feminist theory and gender studies 675:Feminist theory and gender studies 25: 12932: 12592:Languages with grammatical gender 11676: 11303:from the original on 3 March 2020 11276:from the original on 8 April 2016 11252:Climate Change and Gender Justice 10817:. University of California Press. 10804:. D+C Development and Cooperation 10666:Tompkins, Stephan (2 June 2015). 10642:"The Eight Genders in the Talmud" 10258:from the original on 4 March 2016 10149:Guichard, Michaël (31 May 2023). 9380:The Social Construction of Gender 9360:from the original on 21 July 2020 9130:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145707 9102:Fausto-Sterling (2000) pp. 58–59. 8541:. Whitman College. Archived from 8492:. Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock. 7597:Graham, Sharyn (April–June 2001) 7384:from the original on 12 July 2020 6602:Spade, J., Valentine, C. (2011). 6348:from the original on 21 July 2017 5744:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 5060: 4994: 4968:. Cengage Learning. p. 385. 4952: 4948:from the original on 24 May 2023. 4890: 4844: 4503: 3508:, and American feminists such as 3366:only for socioculturally adapted 2443:Personal Attributes Questionnaire 2202:Intersex Society of North America 129:; these are often referred to as 32:For the grammatical concept, see 12870: 12869: 12860: 12859: 12850: 12849: 12696:Gender bias in medical diagnosis 12462: 12288:Attraction to transgender people 11688:Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook 11565: 11526: 11499: 11363: 11295:Tufekci, Zeynep (31 July 2008). 11288: 11257: 11185:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01889.x 11066: 11057: 10897: 10870: 10835: 10787: 10752: 10685: 10634: 10609: 10575: 10543: 10513: 10374: 10277:Migiro, Katy (5 December 2014). 10183: 10168: 10062: 10015: 9968: 9909: 9884: 9803: 9702: 9645: 9600: 9565: 9534: 9488: 9413: 9392: 9372: 9341: 9318: 9297: 9259: 9198: 9144: 9105: 9096: 9075: 9066: 9053: 9040: 9027: 8984: 8975: 8966: 8957: 8948: 8935: 8914: 8874: 8859: 8810: 8758: 8735: 8726: 8717: 8708: 8692: 8667: 8637: 8496: 8481: 8469: 8456: 8432: 8376: 8325: 8242: 8188: 8129: 8070: 8031: 7200:Dr. Sherer (15 September 2015). 6868:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01349.x 6791:Ehrensaft, Diane (25 May 2017). 6716:Zheng, Lily (20 November 2020). 6342:Oxford English Dictionary Online 6261:Drescher, Jack (31 March 2010). 5918:"Sanity and Hazard in Childhood" 5674:Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy 5645:Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy 5536:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01263.x 5335:"Ch. 1. The Sociology of gender" 4149:people, who according to the UN 3316:Biologist and feminist academic 2604: 2463:Sexual differentiation in humans 2271: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2136:, gender can have ambiguity and 1994: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1120:Assisted reproductive technology 717:Gender identity and gender roles 497:was often used as a synonym for 11605: 10915:from the original on 8 May 2019 9670:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.004 9510:Glover, D and Kaplan, C (2000) 8885:. Oxford Press. pp. 11–12. 8391:, CRC Press, pp. 127–142, 8332:Einstein, Gillian, ed. (2007). 8000: 7985: 7971:Man & Woman, Boy & Girl 7961: 7928: 7890: 7846:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 7833: 7774: 7739: 7615: 7591: 7569: 7549: 7526: 7440: 7370: 7358:from the original on 4 May 2020 7344: 7323: 7249: 7193: 7157: 7135: 7014: 6953: 6843: 6784: 6709: 6669: 6648: 6632: 6609: 6606:. Pine Forge Press. 3rd edition 6596: 6534:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.006 6509: 6489: 6454: 6433: 6420: 6386: 6327: 6254: 6207: 6180: 6149: 6111: 6065: 6002: 5963: 5916:Bentley, Madison (April 1945). 5909: 5897: 5852: 5793: 5732: 5694: 5616: 5597: 5550: 5511: 5497:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 5451: 5404: 5365: 5253: 5216: 4545: 4441:D+C Development and Cooperation 4092: 4049:Indigenous Australian languages 4032:in English and other languages. 485:came into use as a synonym for 458:, were much rarer than uses of 11372:Cyberpsychology & Behavior 10844:Journal of Development Studies 10773:10.1080/00213624.1987.11504613 8945:, New York: Routledge. p. 320. 8924:. London: Temple Smith. p. 16 8595:"Department of Gender Studies" 8445:. New York: Basic Books. p. 8 7206:American Academy of Pediatrics 7172:American Academy of Pediatrics 5623:Skeat, Walter William (1882). 4520:consequences of climate change 4247:Sustainable Development Goal 5 4037:Gender differences in Japanese 3704:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2528:In non-human animal research, 2510:congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2433:Measurement of gender identity 2223:American Academy of Pediatrics 1478:Cisgender / cissexual 1473:Childhood gender nonconformity 1099:Facial masculinization surgery 564:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 13: 1: 12378:Social construction of gender 11120:Birkmann, Joern et al. (2014) 10693:"Arhanarishvara: Hindu deity" 10215:Nimmo, Cayla (14 July 2023). 10075:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 9574:Theory, Culture & Society 9545:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 9541:Mikkola, Mari (12 May 2008). 9081:Fausto-Sterling (2000) p. 46. 9072:Fausto-Sterling (2000) p. 45. 8943:The Gender and Science Reader 8870:. Oxford Press. pp. 6–7. 7996:. Penguin Books. p. 136. 7935:Abrams, Michael (June 2007). 6779:The Gender and Science Reader 6522:Social Science & Medicine 6392:Mikkola, Mari (12 May 2008). 5904:Fowler's Modern English Usage 5076:. Campus Verlag. p. 36. 4873:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844 4643: 3953:(grammatically masculine) in 3687:, a professor of biology and 3331:The philosopher and feminist 3222:Feminist Philosophy Quarterly 3186:Social construction of gender 2569:to non-human animals such as 2396:. Another example may be the 2132:According to gender theorist 1955:Social construction of gender 571:case addressing "whether the 255: 192:. In the West, in the 1970s, 12875:Gender and sexual identities 12624:Gender marking in job titles 12363:Sex as a biological variable 11003:10.1080/08974454.2013.842519 10991:Women & Criminal Justice 10740:Gender and Poverty Reduction 9496:Gender Concepts and Theories 8201:The Biology of Homosexuality 7262:Qualitative Research Journal 5710:Food and Drug Administration 5173:American Heritage Dictionary 5145:Cambridge English Dictionary 4166:Non-binary and third genders 3943:(grammatically feminine) in 3927:(grammatically feminine) in 3908: 3826:Looking at gender through a 3487:In gender studies, the term 2453:Biological factors and views 2427:non-binary gender identities 2319:Non-binary and third genders 2207:reconstruction of the vagina 1527:Gender-sexuality questioning 703:American Heritage Dictionary 696:simply as an alternative to 523:Food and Drug Administration 7: 12832:Gender in Bible translation 12786:The NeuroGenderings Network 11378:(2) (2 ed.): 209–213. 11221:10.1007/978-94-007-5518-5_2 10813:Christopher, Karen, et al. 10749:. UNPD.org. 29 October 2014 9767:. Meg-John Barker. London. 9307:. Polity Press, Cambridge. 9151:England, Paula (May 1998). 9050:Cambridge University Press. 8643:Garrett, Stephanie (1992). 8462:de Beauvoir, Simone (1949) 8255:Australian Feminist Studies 7858:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.006 7690:10.1007/978-3-031-32986-9_5 7447:Gilbert Herdt, ed. (1996). 7041:Archives of Sexual Behavior 6062:, No. 72 (1986), pp. 35–49. 6009:Witt, Charlotte E. (2011). 5835:Legal Information Institute 5800:Greenberg, Julie A (1999). 5260:Kimmel, Michael S. (2017). 4965:Life-Span Human Development 4686:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4574: 4258: 3352:Masculine/Feminine or Human 2706:Speculum of the Other Woman 2211:reconstruction of the penis 1092:Facial feminization surgery 569:United States Supreme Court 355:(to produce), appearing in 290:. This, in turn, came from 10: 12937: 12837:God and gender in Hinduism 12740:Gender Empowerment Measure 12278:Androphilia and gynephilia 11491:; Kapidzic, Sanja (2015). 10761:Journal of Economic Issues 10177:The languages of Australia 9451:10.1177/089124390004002002 9118:Annual Review of Sociology 8689:. 6th ed. pp. 131, 139–142 7992:Lewontin, Richard (1990). 7787:Biology of Sex Differences 6582:10.2753/JEI0021-3624470219 6570:Journal of Economic Issues 6430:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 6156:Brewington, Kelly (2006). 5689:the later 1950s and 1960s. 5411:O'Halloran, Kerry (2020). 5333:Lindsey, Linda L. (2010). 5070:Heinemann, Isabel (2012). 4860:Psychology & Sexuality 4507: 4431: 4427: 4262: 4251: 4219: 4169: 4138: 4108: 4070:Several languages such as 3725: 3595:Sex and gender distinction 3592: 2786:The Creation of Patriarchy 2456: 2322: 2121: 1462:Androphilia and gynephilia 1162:Gender self-identification 720: 215:. Other sciences, such as 198:social construct of gender 156:sex and gender distinction 31: 12845: 12819: 12794: 12773: 12766: 12727: 12711: 12704: 12663: 12652: 12538: 12530:List of gender identities 12471: 12460: 12436: 12330: 12260: 12224: 12121: 12088: 12075: 11878: 11746: 11735: 11661:. New York: Basic Books. 11127:23 September 2014 at the 11097:"Livelihoods and Poverty" 10856:10.1080/00220380701789810 10125:10.1007/s11199-018-0974-9 9833:2027/spo.0499697.0004.310 9586:10.1177/02632769922050476 9208:Introduction to Sociology 8901:World Health Organization 8833:(inactive 28 July 2024). 8831:10.1017/s1743923x05211017 8784:(inactive 28 July 2024). 8782:10.1017/s1743923x0523101x 8569:The University of Chicago 8267:10.1080/08164640500470636 8038:Ryan, Michael J. (2019). 7914:10.1080/00926239408403428 7800:10.1186/s13293-015-0022-1 7053:10.1007/s10508-005-4342-9 6755:World Health Organization 6383:, Fourth Edition, (2000). 6279:10.1080/19359701003589637 6232:10.1080/00926239408403428 5557:Ringe, Donald A. (2006). 5378:. ABC-CLIO. p. 153. 5196:Hausman, Bernice (1995). 5117:Oxford English Dictionary 4752:World Health Organization 4510:Climate change and gender 4494:international development 4271:gender of God and deities 4030:gender-neutral vocabulary 3866:Gender as biopsychosocial 3629:World Health Organization 3320:rejects the discourse of 2716:This Sex Which is Not One 2279: 2244: 2145:World Health Organization 836:Non-binary or genderqueer 685:were labelled matters of 661:Controversial sexologist 588:As a grammatical category 446:to refer to anything but 396:Oxford English Dictionary 211:have a branch devoted to 188:to refer to anything but 12807:Women's studies journals 12781:Gender studies academics 12745:Gender Development Index 12691:Gender bias on Knowledge 12644:Preferred gender pronoun 12562:Feminization of language 12557:Feminist language reform 11826:Non-binary / genderqueer 11439:10.1515/commun-2015-0012 11077:2 September 2021 at the 11043:10.1177/0011128707301627 10800:17 February 2022 at the 10668:"Why is God not female?" 10072:The expression of gender 10025:The expression of gender 9978:The expression of gender 9931:The expression of gender 9494:Deji, Olanike F. (2012) 8748:. New York: Free Press. 7539:. Wadsworth Publishing. 7274:10.1108/qrj-03-2014-0011 7256:Laurie, Timothy (2014). 7112:10.1177/1529100616637616 6931:10.1177/0891243204265269 6654:Bornstein, Kate (1995). 6615:Tong, Rosemarie (2009). 6475:10.1177/0146167296228002 6443:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 6305:Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp 6015:. Springer. p. 48. 5976:. Springer. p. 24. 4538:officially committed to 4343:denominations of Judaism 4059:). As well, quite a few 3758:The Defence of Saragossa 3722:Psychology and sociology 2846:The Promise of Happiness 1281:Parental rights movement 1190:Political office-holders 1069:Gender-affirming surgery 548:In legal cases alleging 533:to avoid confusion with 347:) and is related to the 327:widely attested in many 260:The modern English word 12802:Gender studies journals 12676:Gender-related violence 12388:Transgender archaeology 11635:. New York: Routledge. 11631:Butler, Judith (1993). 11612:Butler, Judith (1990). 11173:The Sociological Review 11102:28 October 2014 at the 11031:Crime & Delinquency 10745:29 October 2014 at the 10195:www.irishdeafsociety.ie 9761:Iantaffi, Alex (2021). 9356:. Stanford University. 8922:Sex, Gender and Society 8397:10.1201/9780429283116-9 7599:Sulawesi's Fifth Gender 7555:Reddy, Gayatri (2005). 6722:Harvard Business Review 6502:25 January 2020 at the 6399:25 January 2020 at the 6072:Heinämaa, Sara (1997). 5609:19 October 2009 at the 5493:Iantaffi, Alex (2017). 5237:10.1057/9780230101814_2 4445:feminization of poverty 4434:Feminization of poverty 4249:are trying to rectify. 2756:The Politics of Reality 2641:The Subjection of Women 2209:was more advanced than 875: 808:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai 573:Equal Protection Clause 331:. It appears in Modern 329:Indo-European languages 38:Gender (disambiguation) 12906:Social constructionism 12735:Gender and development 12383:Split attraction model 12368:Sex–gender distinction 11156:Web Archives. unep.org 11145:Roehr, Ulrike (2007). 9523:, Routledge, New York 9382:. Sage, Newbury Park. 9160:Contemporary Sociology 9093:Fausto-Sterling (2000) 8981:Butler (1993) pp. 2–3. 8503:Chafetz, J.S. (1978). 8488:Chafetz, J.S. (1974). 8249:Hird, Myra J. (2006). 7406:Treuer, Anton (2011). 6701:: CS1 maint: others ( 6645:. Meknès, Maroc, 1996. 6643:La femme et l'écriture 4786:"The Nature of Gender" 4592:Biological determinism 4456: 4305: 4285:, marriage, abortion, 3782: 3716: 3658: 3624: 2816:Black Feminist Thought 2766:Women, Race, and Class 2491: 2459:Sexual differentiation 2439:Bem Sex Role Inventory 2301:Sexologist John Money 2298: 2085: 2075:social identity theory 2041: 1976:Transgender portal 1945:Sex–gender distinction 1504:Gender detransitioning 1391:Anatomical terminology 714: 629: 448:grammatical categories 427: 407:History of the concept 241:biological differences 190:grammatical categories 95:. Most cultures use a 61: 36:. For other uses, see 12911:Sociological theories 12358:Queer heterosexuality 11651:Fausto-Sterling, Anne 11533:Gauntlett, D (2008). 11384:10.1089/cpb.2008.0228 10191:"Irish Sign Language" 9746:) CS1 maint: others ( 9402:. Longman, Melbourne 8881:White, Linda (1964). 8866:White, Linda (1964). 8819:Politics & Gender 8770:Politics & Gender 8623:Healey, J.F. (2003). 8322:, p. 20,105,110. 8136:Poiani, Aldo (2010). 8013:Penn State University 7735:on 11 September 2012. 7581:24 April 2020 at the 6376:21 March 2006 at the 5613:. Your Dictionary.com 5459:"Gender: definitions" 4597:Coloniality of gender 4522:, as well as unequal 4478:general strain theory 4472:General strain theory 4454: 4422:multiple sex partners 4295: 4263:Further information: 3840:gender performativity 3755: 3735:behavioral psychology 3700: 3653: 3602: 3432:, and politics), and 3181:Gender performativity 2676:The Feminine Mystique 2482: 2293: 2083: 2039: 1930:Queer heterosexuality 1542:Rapid-onset dysphoria 1325:Yogyakarta Principles 708: 625: 582:peremptory challenges 525:(FDA) started to use 414: 239:investigates whether 158:) between biological 48: 12634:Lavender linguistics 12577:Genderless languages 12567:Gender neutrality in 12449:Anti-gender movement 12338:Anti-gender movement 12313:Romantic orientation 11246:Boyd, Emily (2009). 11179:(2_suppl): 124–140. 10556:. 11. Archived from 9519:17 June 2020 at the 9429:Gender & Society 9348:Satz, Debra (2004). 9225:Mayer, Lawrence S.; 8972:Butler (1993) p. xi. 8963:Butler (1990) p. 10. 8920:Oakley, Ann (1972). 8656:, Routledge, p. vii 8652:11 June 2020 at the 8439:Anne Fausto-Sterling 7640:LGBTQ Policy Journal 7604:18 June 2006 at the 6911:Ridgeway, Cecilia L. 6810:10.2147/ahmt.s110859 6403:Stanford University. 5262:The gendered society 4602:Feminist metaphysics 4587:Anti-gender movement 4540:gender mainstreaming 4488:Economic development 4214:District of Columbia 4115:The legal status of 3685:Anne Fausto-Sterling 3554:Political scientist 3318:Anne Fausto-Sterling 2746:In a Different Voice 2736:Throwing Like a Girl 2696:The Dialectic of Sex 1516:Gender transitioning 1468:Blanchard's typology 1396:Fictional characters 1342:Events and awareness 1248:Anti-gender movement 632:As distinct from sex 466:outnumbered uses of 12827:Gender and religion 12629:Language and gender 12619:Genderless language 12090:Sexual orientations 11821:Masculine of center 11575:; Kapidzic, Sanja. 11346:10.3916/C41-2013-17 11154:Library of Congress 11152:17 May 2015 at the 11131:, pp. 1039–1099 in 10911:. 8 November 2013. 10885:on 20 November 2018 10793:Stoiljkovic, Nena. 10585:(18 January 2012). 10563:on 23 December 2023 10489:2000SciEd..84..793A 10356:The Washington Post 9866:The Washington Post 9609:Sociological Theory 9398:Wearing, B (1996). 9303:Connell, R. (1987) 9271:. Routledge. 1995. 9046:Joan Cadden. 1993. 8954:Butler (1990) p. 7. 8897:"Gender and health" 8673:Butler (1990) p. 9. 8627:, Pine Forge Press 8545:on 12 December 2012 8196:Balthazart, Jacques 8078:Ketterson, Ellen D. 7684:. pp. 79–107. 7682:Springer Publishing 7519:Two-Spirited People 7485:"Appropriate Terms" 7212:on 6 December 2019. 6915:Correll, Shelley J. 6060:Yale French Studies 5223:Germon, J. (2009). 4607:Gender and politics 4338:traditionally holds 4275:ordination of women 4265:Gender and religion 4065:Irish Sign Language 3987:Dravidian languages 3710:that aid in making 3388:devoted to gender, 3275:Feminist philosophy 2598:Feminist philosophy 2392:are often cited as 2359:sociology of gender 2238:Societal categories 2098:to the creation of 2095:gender inequalities 1910:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1455:Theory and concepts 1337:Society and culture 1318:Trans panic defense 692:The popular use of 683:social construction 621:Henry Watson Fowler 301:Proto-Indo-European 251:Etymology and usage 141:social organization 12609:Grammatical gender 12211:Same gender loving 12122:Alternative labels 11215:. pp. 17–31. 10941:Agnew, R. (2012). 10646:My Jewish Learning 10591:State of Formation 10382:Schiebinger, Londa 10289:on 6 December 2014 9420:Acker, J. (1990). 9305:Gender & Power 9268:Gender Articulated 9033:Helen King. 2013. 8601:(IU Bloomington). 8599:Indiana University 8310:, p. 141,164. 8019:on 13 January 2006 7760:10.1007/BF02766650 7713:Palan, K. (2001). 7588:, 6 December 2008. 7414:. Borealis Books. 7408:"Women and Gender" 6214:Money, J. (1994). 5839:Cornell Law School 5806:Arizona Law Review 5746:. 22 August 2014. 5314:on 2 February 2011 4758:on 30 January 2017 4457: 4306: 4105:Transgender people 4006:grammatical gender 4002:Greville G Corbett 3962:grammatical gender 3915:Grammatical gender 3904:Gender and society 3783: 3771:Agustina de Aragón 3728:Sex and psychology 3625: 3521:sexual orientation 3412:and politics, and 3333:Simone de Beauvoir 3326:social determinism 3243:Radical Philosophy 2554:Jacques Balthazart 2548:self-consciousness 2308:in 1955. The term 2299: 2165:Janet Shibley Hyde 2086: 2042: 1950:Sexual orientation 1789:Disenfranchisement 1358:Day of Remembrance 1259:trans-exclusionary 744:Transgender topics 646:Simone de Beauvoir 594:grammatical gender 535:sexual intercourse 428: 341:(type, kind, also 62: 34:Grammatical gender 12883: 12882: 12815: 12814: 12762: 12761: 12758: 12757: 12525:Gender neutrality 12515:Gender expression 12494:Non-binary gender 12396: 12395: 12343:Gender assignment 12326: 12325: 12071: 12070: 11811:Gender neutrality 11668:978-0-465-07714-4 11642:978-0-415-61015-5 11623:978-0-415-38955-6 11573:Herring, Susan C. 11546:978-1-134-15502-6 11250:, pp. 101–110 in 11230:978-94-007-5517-8 11106:, pp. 793–832 in 10960:10.1093/sf/sos117 10905:"Transgender FAQ" 10703:on 15 August 2018 10621:reformjudaism.org 10506:978-0-226-19544-5 10473:Science Education 10453:978-0-8135-3737-5 10407:978-0-674-00544-0 10362:on 8 January 2020 10324:978-0-9942513-7-4 10247:. United Nations 10082:978-3-11-030733-7 10035:978-3-11-030733-7 9988:978-3-11-030733-7 9941:978-3-11-030733-7 9872:on 8 January 2020 9774:978-1-78775-107-1 9721:978-0-12-803866-6 9278:978-0-415-91399-7 8766:Hawkesworth, Mary 8685:Hurst, C. (2007) 8516:978-0-87581-231-1 8345:978-0-262-27224-7 8335:Sex and the brain 8211:978-0-19-983882-0 8149:978-0-511-78958-8 8051:978-0-691-19139-3 7699:978-3-031-32985-2 7458:978-0-942299-82-3 7153:on 4 August 2017. 6856:Child Development 6200:978-0-7748-2794-2 6120:Hawkesworth, Mary 6022:978-90-481-3782-4 5983:978-1-137-40096-3 5879:978-0-486-43793-4 5570:978-1-4294-9182-2 5422:978-0-429-44265-0 5385:978-0-275-99677-2 5351:978-0-13-244830-7 5271:978-0-19-026031-6 5246:978-1-349-37508-0 5083:978-3-593-39640-8 5017:978-0-429-64787-1 4975:978-1-337-51606-8 4923:978-0-309-27510-1 4241:" fields such as 4129:birth certificate 4099:same-sex marriage 3621:wartime necessity 3605:Rosie the Riveter 3569:Political Science 3446:political science 3382:interdisciplinary 3314: 3313: 3201:Standpoint theory 3196:Intersectionality 2624:A Vindication of 2524:Non-human animals 2473:biology of gender 2288: 2287: 2034: 2033: 1880:elected officials 1510:Gender expression 1363:Day of Visibility 1172:Non-binary gender 1138:Standards of Care 795:Gender identities 423:genders from the 93:gender expression 85:social constructs 16:(Redirected from 12928: 12873: 12872: 12863: 12862: 12853: 12852: 12771: 12770: 12709: 12708: 12671:Gender apartheid 12661: 12660: 12496:(or Genderqueer) 12466: 12465: 12423: 12416: 12409: 12400: 12399: 12186:Non-heterosexual 12086: 12085: 11744: 11743: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11694: 11693: 11672: 11660: 11646: 11627: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11588: 11581: 11569: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11485: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11465: 11450: 11424: 11415: 11404: 11403: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11348: 11324: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11261: 11255: 11244: 11235: 11234: 11208: 11197: 11196: 11168: 11157: 11143: 11137: 11118: 11112: 11089: 11083: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11026: 11015: 11014: 10986: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10962: 10938: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10874: 10868: 10867: 10839: 10833: 10830:Cagatay, Nilufer 10827: 10818: 10811: 10805: 10791: 10785: 10784: 10756: 10750: 10737: 10728: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10699:. Archived from 10689: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10579: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10562: 10555: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10439: 10428: 10427: 10378: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10358:. Archived from 10347: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10285:. Archived from 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10257: 10246: 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10146: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10127: 10118:(1–2): 109–117. 10101: 10095: 10094: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9925: 9916: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9868:. Archived from 9857: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9812:Feminist Studies 9807: 9801: 9800: 9794: 9786: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9733: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9689: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9624: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9538: 9532: 9508: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9444: 9426: 9417: 9411: 9396: 9390: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9365: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9333:(in Ukrainian). 9322: 9316: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9236:The New Atlantis 9222: 9213: 9212: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9157: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9082: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9025: 9024: 8988: 8982: 8979: 8973: 8970: 8964: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8946: 8939: 8933: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8850: 8842: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8801: 8793: 8762: 8756: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8706: 8696: 8690: 8683: 8674: 8671: 8665: 8641: 8635: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8539:"Gender Studies" 8535: 8529: 8528: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8460: 8454: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8367: 8365: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8251:"Animal Transex" 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8015:. Archived from 8004: 7998: 7997: 7994:Not In Our Genes 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7877: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7820: 7802: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7754:(5–6): 305–325. 7743: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7728:. Archived from 7719: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7652: 7646:. Archived from 7637: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7613: 7610:Inside Indonesia 7595: 7589: 7573: 7567: 7553: 7547: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7514: 7512: 7493:UC-Santa Barbara 7477: 7471: 7470: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7348: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7308:Maria Llorente, 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7285: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7208:. Archived from 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7181:on 7 August 2018 7180: 7169: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7149:. Archived from 7139: 7133: 7132: 7114: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7032: 7023: 7018: 7012: 7010: 6997:Harper Perennial 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6967:on 7 August 2018 6963:. Archived from 6957: 6951: 6950: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6887: 6862:(5): 1531–1544. 6847: 6841: 6840: 6830: 6812: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6700: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6677:"What Is Fluid?" 6673: 6667: 6652: 6646: 6636: 6630: 6613: 6607: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6565: 6556: 6555: 6545: 6513: 6507: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6458: 6452: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6404: 6390: 6384: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6168:on 13 April 2010 6164:. Archived from 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6128:academic.oup.com 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6069: 6063: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5713:. Archived from 5706: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5614: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5490: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5463:www.euro.who.int 5455: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5361:on 5 April 2015. 5360: 5354:. Archived from 5339: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5067: 5058: 5045:Kevin L. Nadal, 5043: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4959: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4915: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4840:on 29 June 2021. 4839: 4833:. Archived from 4832: 4790: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4754:. Archived from 4744: 4735: 4734: 4733:on 15 June 2012. 4732: 4726:. Archived from 4701: 4683: 4671: 4254:Women in science 4235:child psychology 4057:Avoidance speech 4018:Dyirbal language 3996:A sample of the 3971:Dyirbal language 3712:steroid hormones 3556:Mary Hawkesworth 3549:radical feminism 3306: 3299: 3292: 3273: 2850: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2790: 2780: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2645: 2634: 2633: 2627: 2608: 2585: 2584: 2478:gender dysphoria 2405: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2241: 2178:Cecilia Ridgeway 2026: 2019: 2012: 1997: 1996: 1988:LGBTQ portal 1986: 1985: 1984: 1974: 1973: 1824: 1651: 1518: 1506: 1464: 1411:Media portrayals 1264: 1263: 1262:radical feminism 1260: 1256: 1208:Military service 1140: 1128: 1111: 1101: 1094: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1061: 1042: 1032: 1023: 1016: 1014:Gender dysphoria 1009: 880: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 731: 730: 665:coined the term 608:). According to 383:kind, breed, sex 377:of 1882 defined 237:natural sciences 233:social construct 21: 12936: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12901:Social concepts 12886: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12841: 12811: 12790: 12754: 12723: 12700: 12655: 12648: 12541: 12534: 12505:Gender identity 12500:Gender variance 12467: 12463: 12458: 12432: 12427: 12397: 12392: 12322: 12273:Analloeroticism 12256: 12252:Heterosociality 12220: 12117: 12080: 12078: 12067: 11882: 11874: 11816:Gender variance 11806:Gender fluidity 11738: 11731: 11721: 11679: 11669: 11643: 11624: 11608: 11603: 11602: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11570: 11566: 11556: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11517: 11515: 11504: 11500: 11486: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11463: 11448:1854/LU-5889652 11422: 11416: 11407: 11368: 11364: 11339:(41): 177–186. 11325: 11316: 11306: 11304: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11262: 11258: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11209: 11200: 11169: 11160: 11144: 11140: 11129:Wayback Machine 11119: 11115: 11104:Wayback Machine 11091:Olsson, Lennart 11090: 11086: 11079:Wayback Machine 11071: 11067: 11062: 11058: 11027: 11018: 10987: 10978: 10939: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10875: 10871: 10840: 10836: 10828: 10821: 10812: 10808: 10802:Wayback Machine 10792: 10788: 10757: 10753: 10747:Wayback Machine 10738: 10731: 10720: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10691: 10690: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10664: 10660: 10650: 10648: 10640: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10583:Tuchman, Lauren 10580: 10576: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10553: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10519: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10440: 10431: 10408: 10379: 10375: 10365: 10363: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10332: 10325: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10213: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10189: 10188: 10184: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10147: 10143: 10102: 10098: 10083: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10036: 10020: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9989: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9957: 9942: 9926: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9858: 9849: 9824:10.2307/3177542 9808: 9804: 9788: 9787: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9735: 9734: 9722: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9650: 9646: 9605: 9601: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9539: 9535: 9521:Wayback Machine 9509: 9502: 9493: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9473: 9442:10.1.1.693.1964 9424: 9418: 9414: 9397: 9393: 9377: 9373: 9363: 9361: 9346: 9342: 9323: 9319: 9302: 9298: 9288: 9286: 9279: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9227:McHugh, Paul R. 9223: 9216: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9172:10.2307/2654137 9155: 9149: 9145: 9110: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9092: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9032: 9028: 8989: 8985: 8980: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8958: 8953: 8949: 8940: 8936: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8879: 8875: 8864: 8860: 8844: 8843: 8815: 8811: 8795: 8794: 8763: 8759: 8742:Dworkin, Andrea 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8697: 8693: 8684: 8677: 8672: 8668: 8654:Wayback Machine 8642: 8638: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8517: 8501: 8497: 8486: 8482: 8476:Fausto-Sterling 8474: 8470: 8461: 8457: 8437: 8433: 8424: 8422: 8407: 8381: 8377: 8363: 8361: 8346: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8247: 8243: 8237:Balthazart 2012 8235: 8231: 8221: 8219: 8212: 8193: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8115: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8005: 8001: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7933: 7929: 7895: 7891: 7838: 7834: 7779: 7775: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7717: 7711: 7707: 7700: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7654: 7653:on 25 July 2012 7650: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7616: 7606:Wayback Machine 7596: 7592: 7583:Wayback Machine 7574: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7531: 7527: 7510: 7508: 7481:Kehoe, Alice B. 7478: 7474: 7459: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7422: 7404: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7354:. 27 May 2014. 7350: 7349: 7345: 7328: 7324: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7254: 7250: 7224: 7217: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7091: 7084: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7015: 7011:Revised in 2006 7007: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6908: 6901: 6848: 6844: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6714: 6710: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6653: 6649: 6637: 6633: 6614: 6610: 6601: 6597: 6566: 6559: 6514: 6510: 6506:. Academia.edu. 6504:Wayback Machine 6494: 6490: 6459: 6455: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6407: 6401:Wayback Machine 6391: 6387: 6378:Wayback Machine 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6298: 6294: 6259: 6255: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6070: 6066: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5934:10.2307/1417846 5914: 5910: 5906:, 1926: p. 211. 5902: 5898: 5880: 5872:, p. 127, 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5720:on 6 April 2015 5717: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5684: 5670: 5666: 5655: 5641: 5634: 5621: 5617: 5611:Wayback Machine 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5491: 5482: 5472: 5470: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5285: 5284: 5272: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5194: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5084: 5068: 5061: 5044: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5018: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4976: 4960: 4953: 4924: 4898: 4891: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4805:10.2307/2061790 4788: 4782: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4699:10.1.1.359.9143 4681: 4672: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4577: 4548: 4512: 4506: 4490: 4474: 4436: 4430: 4402:Ardhanarishvara 4379:the Holy Spirit 4283:gender equality 4279:sex segregation 4267: 4261: 4256: 4222: 4174: 4168: 4143: 4137: 4135:Intersex people 4121:gender identity 4113: 4107: 4095: 3911: 3906: 3876:Meg-John Barker 3868: 3730: 3724: 3694:Sexing the Body 3666:women's studies 3648: 3597: 3591: 3398:Women's studies 3390:gender identity 3348:feminist theory 3310: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3176:Gender equality 3133: 3125: 3124: 3123: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2838: 2828: 2818: 2808: 2798: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2688: 2686:Sexual Politics 2678: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2583: 2538:Ellen Ketterson 2534:Michael J. Ryan 2526: 2486:gender identity 2465: 2455: 2441:(BSRI) and the 2435: 2403:[ˈmuʃe] 2367:Native American 2331: 2323:Main articles: 2321: 2303:coined the term 2284: 2260: 2240: 2230:but not gender 2198:gender identity 2182:Shelley Correll 2130: 2128:Gender fluidity 2120: 2107:Michel Foucault 2071:Social identity 2045:Gender identity 2030: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1968: 1960: 1959: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1645: 1590: 1584: 1574: 1573: 1564:Transmedicalism 1532:Gender variance 1522:Gender identity 1514: 1502: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1387: 1382: 1353:Beauty pageants 1344: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1286:Transgender men 1261: 1258: 1255:Gender-critical 1254: 1253: 1244: 1194: 1180:Rights movement 1176: 1157: 1146: 1145: 1136: 1124: 1107: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1057: 1040:Hormone therapy 1038: 1035: 1028: 1019: 1012: 1005: 1001: 990: 989: 841:Gender fluidity 797: 787: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 729: 723:Gender identity 721:Main articles: 719: 711: 656:feminist theory 638:Madison Bentley 634: 590: 409: 264:comes from the 258: 253: 245:Biopsychosocial 209:social sciences 194:feminist theory 150:distinction in 77:gender identity 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12934: 12924: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12867: 12857: 12855:Discrimination 12846: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12721: 12719:Gender pay gap 12715: 12713: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12667: 12665: 12658: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12604:Gender paradox 12601: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12546: 12544: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12444:Gender studies 12440: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12430:Gender studies 12426: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12403: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12334: 12332: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12303:Plurisexuality 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12232:Sociosexuality 12228: 12226: 12225:Social aspects 12222: 12221: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12171:Heteroflexible 12168: 12167: 12166: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12094: 12092: 12083: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12053:Vakasalewalewa 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11915: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11886: 11884: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11845: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11741: 11733: 11732: 11720: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11678: 11677:External links 11675: 11674: 11673: 11667: 11647: 11641: 11628: 11622: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11564: 11545: 11525: 11498: 11489:Herring, Susan 11477: 11427:Communications 11405: 11362: 11314: 11287: 11256: 11236: 11229: 11198: 11158: 11138: 11113: 11084: 11065: 11056: 11037:(4): 582–613. 11016: 10976: 10926: 10896: 10869: 10850:(2): 165–197. 10834: 10819: 10806: 10786: 10767:(1): 329–337. 10751: 10729: 10724:Times of India 10714: 10684: 10658: 10633: 10608: 10574: 10542: 10512: 10505: 10459: 10452: 10429: 10406: 10398:10.1086/495540 10373: 10342: 10323: 10300: 10269: 10233: 10207: 10182: 10167: 10155:hypotheses.org 10141: 10096: 10081: 10061: 10034: 10014: 9987: 9967: 9940: 9917: 9908: 9896:wiktionary.org 9883: 9847: 9802: 9773: 9753: 9720: 9701: 9644: 9631:10.2307/201865 9622:10.1.1.470.737 9615:(2): 203–219. 9599: 9580:(2): 195–213. 9564: 9533: 9500: 9487: 9435:(2): 139–158. 9412: 9391: 9371: 9340: 9337:(11): 416–418. 9317: 9296: 9277: 9258: 9239:(50): 10–143. 9214: 9197: 9166:(3): 263–268. 9143: 9124:(1): 333–357. 9104: 9095: 9083: 9074: 9065: 9052: 9039: 9026: 9005:10.1086/494955 8983: 8974: 8965: 8956: 8947: 8934: 8913: 8888: 8873: 8858: 8809: 8776:(1): 141–156. 8757: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8707: 8691: 8675: 8666: 8636: 8616: 8586: 8556: 8530: 8515: 8495: 8480: 8468: 8464:The Second Sex 8455: 8431: 8406:978-0429283116 8405: 8375: 8344: 8324: 8312: 8300: 8241: 8229: 8210: 8187: 8175: 8148: 8128: 8113: 8069: 8050: 8030: 7999: 7984: 7960: 7927: 7908:(3): 163–177. 7889: 7852:(2): 170–182. 7832: 7773: 7738: 7705: 7698: 7664: 7623: 7614: 7590: 7586:New York Times 7568: 7548: 7525: 7472: 7457: 7451:. Zone Books. 7439: 7421:978-0873518017 7420: 7395: 7369: 7343: 7322: 7301: 7248: 7237:(6): 253–264. 7215: 7192: 7156: 7134: 7082: 7047:(4): 423–438. 7024: 7013: 7005: 6978: 6952: 6925:(4): 510–531. 6899: 6842: 6783: 6767: 6742: 6708: 6668: 6647: 6638:Vigo, Julian. 6631: 6608: 6595: 6576:(2): 455–464. 6557: 6508: 6488: 6469:(8): 776–793. 6453: 6432: 6419: 6405: 6385: 6359: 6326: 6292: 6273:(2): 109–122. 6253: 6226:(3): 163–177. 6206: 6199: 6179: 6148: 6110: 6064: 6056:Butler, Judith 6048: 6021: 6001: 5982: 5962: 5928:(2): 212–246. 5908: 5896: 5878: 5851: 5823: 5792: 5761: 5731: 5693: 5683:978-0195380828 5682: 5664: 5654:978-0195380828 5653: 5632: 5615: 5596: 5569: 5549: 5524:Family Process 5510: 5504:978-1785927461 5503: 5480: 5450: 5421: 5403: 5384: 5364: 5350: 5325: 5299: 5270: 5252: 5245: 5215: 5208: 5185: 5157: 5129: 5101: 5082: 5059: 5035: 5016: 4993: 4974: 4951: 4922: 4913:10.17226/26424 4889: 4866:(4): 332–344. 4843: 4799:(4): 561–573. 4769: 4736: 4677:(April 2004). 4648: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617:Gender paradox 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4547: 4544: 4536:United Nations 4516:climate change 4508:Main article: 4505: 4504:Climate change 4502: 4489: 4486: 4473: 4470: 4432:Main article: 4429: 4426: 4260: 4257: 4221: 4218: 4170:Main article: 4167: 4164: 4139:Main article: 4136: 4133: 4109:Main article: 4106: 4103: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4068: 4061:sign languages 4033: 4025: 4010:biological sex 3994: 3958: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3898:transsexualism 3867: 3864: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3723: 3720: 3689:gender studies 3651:She continues: 3590: 3587: 3561:Sandra Harding 3545:Andrea Dworkin 3538:discrimination 3502:Julia Kristeva 3394:representation 3386:academic field 3374:Gender studies 3337:existentialism 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3159:existentialism 3156: 3151: 3146: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109:Wollstonecraft 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862:Major thinkers 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2832: 2822: 2812: 2806:Gender Trouble 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2666:The Second Sex 2662: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2579: 2575:rhesus monkeys 2525: 2522: 2454: 2451: 2434: 2431: 2320: 2317: 2286: 2285: 2282:Gender symbols 2280: 2277: 2276: 2239: 2236: 2134:Kate Bornstein 2124:Sex assignment 2119: 2116: 2100:gender systems 2032: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1978: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920:Gender studies 1917: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1885:Cafeteria riot 1882: 1877: 1867: 1865:United Kingdom 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1767:United Kingdom 1764: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1488:Cross-dressing 1485: 1483:Cisnormativity 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1348:Awareness Week 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1271:Discrimination 1268: 1267: 1266: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1233:Bathroom bills 1227: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083:male-to-female 1079: 1076:female-to-male 1063: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1034: 1033: 1030:Sex assignment 1026: 1025: 1024: 1010: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 982: 981: 980: 973: 963: 962: 961: 954: 947: 937: 932: 931: 930: 925: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 886: 881: 872: 867: 857: 852: 845: 844: 843: 833: 828: 823: 818: 811: 804: 798: 793: 792: 789: 788: 786: 785: 780: 775: 769: 766: 765: 747: 746: 740: 739: 718: 715: 651:The Second Sex 633: 630: 589: 586: 550:discrimination 425:Pioneer plaque 408: 405: 266:Middle English 257: 254: 252: 249: 213:gender studies 154:(known as the 152:modern English 148:terminological 137:fourth genders 50:Gender symbols 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12933: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12876: 12868: 12866: 12858: 12856: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12793: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12769: 12765: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12651: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12569: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12510:Gender binary 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12455: 12454:Postgenderism 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12419: 12417: 12412: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12329: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12308:Postgenderism 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12298:Monosexuality 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12268:Allosexuality 12266: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12247:Homosociality 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12237:Antisexuality 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12223: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12120: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12074: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11919: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11910:Bugis genders 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11880:Third genders 11877: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11801:Gender bender 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791:Cross-dresser 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11734: 11729: 11725: 11718: 11713: 11711: 11706: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11670: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11638: 11634: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11585: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11539:. Routledge. 11538: 11537: 11529: 11513: 11510:. Cambridge. 11509: 11502: 11494: 11490: 11484: 11482: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11421: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11241: 11232: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11142: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11117: 11110: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10947:Social Forces 10944: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10826: 10824: 10816: 10810: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10795:Smart finance 10790: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10736: 10734: 10726: 10725: 10718: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10647: 10643: 10637: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10559: 10552: 10546: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10377: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10178: 10171: 10156: 10152: 10145: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10100: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10065: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9971: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9924: 9922: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9818:(3): 97–106. 9817: 9813: 9806: 9798: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9568: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9529:0-415-44243-5 9526: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9507: 9505: 9497: 9491: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9408:0-582-86903-X 9405: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9388:0-8039-3956-6 9385: 9381: 9375: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9313:0-8047-1430-4 9310: 9306: 9300: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9262: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9108: 9099: 9090: 9088: 9078: 9069: 9062: 9056: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8999:(1): 79–105. 8998: 8994: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8960: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8930:0-85117-020-X 8927: 8923: 8917: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8884: 8877: 8869: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8754:0-7432-3626-2 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8705: 8704:0-07-282579-0 8701: 8695: 8688: 8682: 8680: 8670: 8663: 8662:0-422-60570-0 8659: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8633:1-4129-1521-X 8630: 8626: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8451:0-465-04792-0 8448: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8261:(49): 35–50. 8260: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8233: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8202: 8197: 8191: 8185:, p. 36. 8184: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8125: 8120: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7988: 7973: 7972: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7618: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7594: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7565:0-226-70756-3 7562: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7545:0-534-50903-7 7542: 7538: 7534: 7533:Nanda, Serena 7529: 7522: 7520: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7400: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7196: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7105:(2): 45–101. 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7017: 7008: 7006:0-06-092959-6 7002: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6664:0-679-75701-5 6661: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6627:0-8133-4375-5 6624: 6620: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6449:0-8185-0278-9 6446: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6423: 6417:Butler (1990) 6414: 6412: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6311:(4): 301–19. 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6193:. UBC Press. 6192: 6191: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6162:Baltimore Sun 6159: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5313: 5309: 5303: 5295: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010:. Routledge. 5009: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4896: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Postgenderism 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4612:Gender bender 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Androcentrism 4580: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532:vulnerability 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4498:participation 4495: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4476:According to 4469: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367:New Testament 4364: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4288: 4287:homosexuality 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202:United States 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872:Alex Iantaffi 3870:According to 3863: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844:masculinities 3841: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3792:Mary Bucholtz 3789: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3644:Judith Butler 3640: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510:Judith Butler 3507: 3506:Luce Irigaray 3503: 3499: 3498:Jacques Lacan 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:media studies 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:Men's studies 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3392:and gendered 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3128: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836:Whipping Girl 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626:the Rights of 2619: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543:Poiani (2010) 2539: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221:In 2015, the 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2066:Judith Butler 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870:United States 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784:United States 1782: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741:South Africa 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1570: 1569:Transmisogyny 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552:Transfeminism 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1537:Postgenderism 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1498:Gender binary 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291:Transmisogyny 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218:United States 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185:Organizations 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126:Voice therapy 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:masculinizing 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007:Gender clinic 1004: 1003: 999: 994: 993: 986: 983: 979: 978: 974: 972: 969: 968: 967: 964: 960: 959: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 938: 936: 933: 929: 926: 924: 923: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 891: 887: 885: 882: 879: 878: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 850: 846: 842: 839: 838: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:Gender bender 824: 822: 819: 817: 816: 812: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796: 791: 790: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 770: 768: 767: 749: 748: 745: 742: 741: 737: 733: 732: 728: 724: 713: 707: 705: 704: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 670: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 652: 648:'s 1949 book 647: 643: 639: 628: 624: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 585: 583: 579: 574: 570: 566: 565: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 426: 422: 418: 415:Depiction of 413: 404: 402: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371: 366: 365: 360: 359: 354: 350: 346: 345: 340: 339: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 297: 293: 289: 286: 285:Middle French 282: 278: 274: 270: 267: 263: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 133: 132:third genders 128: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:gender binary 94: 91:) as well as 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 18:Gender issues 12639:Male as norm 12566: 12549: 12478: 12348:Gender roles 12293:Kinsey scale 12283:Aromanticism 12159:Gray asexual 12108:Heterosexual 12033:Sworn virgin 12003:Mukhannathun 11905:Binabinaaine 11747: 11656: 11632: 11613: 11606:Bibliography 11591:. Retrieved 11567: 11555:. Retrieved 11535: 11528: 11516:. Retrieved 11501: 11492: 11468:. Retrieved 11430: 11426: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11336: 11332: 11305:. Retrieved 11290: 11278:. Retrieved 11269: 11259: 11251: 11212: 11176: 11172: 11141: 11132: 11116: 11107: 11092: 11087: 11068: 11059: 11034: 11030: 10994: 10990: 10950: 10946: 10917:. Retrieved 10908: 10899: 10887:. Retrieved 10883:the original 10872: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10814: 10809: 10789: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10722: 10717: 10705:. Retrieved 10701:the original 10696: 10687: 10675:. Retrieved 10661: 10649:. Retrieved 10645: 10636: 10624:. Retrieved 10620: 10611: 10599:. Retrieved 10590: 10577: 10565:. Retrieved 10558:the original 10545: 10535:23 September 10533:. Retrieved 10524: 10515: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10443: 10389: 10385: 10376: 10364:. Retrieved 10360:the original 10355: 10345: 10333:. Retrieved 10309: 10303: 10291:. Retrieved 10287:the original 10282: 10272: 10260:. Retrieved 10236: 10224:. Retrieved 10210: 10198:. Retrieved 10194: 10185: 10176: 10170: 10158:. Retrieved 10154: 10144: 10115: 10109: 10099: 10071: 10064: 10052:. Retrieved 10024: 10017: 10005:. Retrieved 9977: 9970: 9958:. Retrieved 9930: 9911: 9899:. Retrieved 9895: 9886: 9874:. Retrieved 9870:the original 9865: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9763: 9756: 9710: 9704: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9577: 9573: 9567: 9555:. Retrieved 9546: 9536: 9512: 9495: 9490: 9478:. Retrieved 9432: 9428: 9415: 9399: 9394: 9379: 9374: 9362:. Retrieved 9353: 9343: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9304: 9299: 9289:21 September 9287:. Retrieved 9267: 9261: 9234: 9207: 9200: 9188:. Retrieved 9163: 9159: 9146: 9121: 9117: 9107: 9098: 9077: 9068: 9063:94: 274-299. 9060: 9055: 9047: 9042: 9034: 9029: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8977: 8968: 8959: 8950: 8942: 8937: 8921: 8916: 8904:. Retrieved 8891: 8882: 8876: 8867: 8861: 8847:cite journal 8822: 8818: 8812: 8798:cite journal 8773: 8769: 8760: 8745: 8737: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8694: 8686: 8669: 8645: 8639: 8624: 8619: 8607:. Retrieved 8589: 8577:. Retrieved 8559: 8547:. Retrieved 8543:the original 8533: 8505: 8498: 8489: 8483: 8471: 8463: 8458: 8442: 8434: 8423:, retrieved 8388: 8378: 8369: 8362:. Retrieved 8334: 8327: 8315: 8303: 8291:. Retrieved 8258: 8254: 8244: 8232: 8220:. Retrieved 8200: 8190: 8178: 8166:. Retrieved 8138: 8131: 8126:, p. 2. 8089: 8085: 8072: 8060:. Retrieved 8040: 8033: 8021:. Retrieved 8017:the original 8002: 7993: 7987: 7975:. Retrieved 7970: 7963: 7951:. Retrieved 7940: 7930: 7905: 7901: 7892: 7849: 7845: 7835: 7790: 7786: 7776: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7730:the original 7725: 7721: 7708: 7677: 7667: 7655:. Retrieved 7648:the original 7643: 7639: 7626: 7617: 7609: 7593: 7585: 7571: 7556: 7551: 7536: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7509:. Retrieved 7489:SAA Bulletin 7488: 7475: 7448: 7442: 7430:. Retrieved 7411: 7386:. Retrieved 7372: 7360:. Retrieved 7346: 7330: 7325: 7309: 7304: 7292:. Retrieved 7268:(1): 64–78. 7265: 7261: 7251: 7234: 7230: 7210:the original 7205: 7195: 7183:. Retrieved 7176:the original 7171: 7159: 7151:the original 7146: 7137: 7102: 7098: 7044: 7040: 7016: 6991: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6965:the original 6955: 6922: 6918: 6859: 6855: 6845: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6778: 6758:. Retrieved 6754: 6745: 6733:. Retrieved 6721: 6711: 6685:. Retrieved 6680: 6671: 6655: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6616: 6611: 6603: 6598: 6573: 6569: 6528:(1): 18–24. 6525: 6521: 6511: 6491: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6440: 6435: 6427: 6422: 6388: 6380: 6368: 6367:Usage note: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6341: 6336: 6329: 6320: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6189: 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6166:the original 6161: 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6127: 6124:"Sex/Gender" 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6084:(1): 20–39. 6081: 6077: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6039:. Retrieved 6011: 6004: 5992:. Retrieved 5972: 5965: 5953:. Retrieved 5925: 5921: 5911: 5899: 5891: 5864: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5834: 5826: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5783:. Retrieved 5778: 5774: 5764: 5752:. Retrieved 5743: 5734: 5722:. Retrieved 5715:the original 5708: 5696: 5687: 5673: 5667: 5658: 5644: 5625: 5618: 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5559: 5552: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5494: 5471:. Retrieved 5462: 5453: 5412: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5374: 5367: 5356:the original 5341: 5328: 5316:. Retrieved 5312:the original 5302: 5261: 5255: 5228: 5218: 5198: 5176:. Retrieved 5172: 5148:. Retrieved 5144: 5120:. Retrieved 5116: 5092:. Retrieved 5072: 5046: 5026:. Retrieved 5006: 4984:. Retrieved 4964: 4902: 4863: 4859: 4835:the original 4796: 4792: 4760:. Retrieved 4756:the original 4728:the original 4692:(2): 87–96. 4689: 4685: 4622:Gynocentrism 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4546:Social media 4528:intersecting 4513: 4491: 4482: 4475: 4462: 4458: 4440: 4437: 4418: 4387: 4354:Christianity 4351: 4319: 4314:yin and yang 4307: 4301: 4297: 4268: 4239:hard science 4227:home science 4223: 4175: 4144: 4114: 4096: 4093:Legal status 3948: 3938: 3932: 3922: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3869: 3856:heterosexual 3852: 3848:femininities 3847: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3800: 3796: 3784: 3779:Spanish Army 3763:David Wilkie 3756: 3746: 3744: 3739:correlations 3731: 3717: 3701: 3692: 3678: 3663: 3661:of bodies." 3659: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3626: 3617:gender roles 3581: 3578: 3574: 3553: 3543: 3535: 3518: 3514:performative 3492: 3488: 3486: 3454:anthropology 3434:LGBT studies 3430:gender roles 3420:(concerning 3410:gender roles 3400:(concerning 3372: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3330: 3315: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3149:epistemology 2845: 2835: 2825: 2815: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2775: 2765: 2755: 2745: 2735: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2695: 2685: 2675: 2665: 2652: 2640: 2623: 2566: 2564: 2552: 2529: 2527: 2507: 2502: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2470: 2466: 2436: 2424: 2400:(pronounced 2394:third gender 2379: 2363:third gender 2354: 2350: 2340: 2332: 2329:Third gender 2309: 2305: 2300: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2194:David Reimer 2191: 2175: 2160: 2159:The article 2158: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2131: 2105:Philosopher 2104: 2090:social roles 2087: 2070: 2059: 2048: 2044: 2043: 1914: 1855:Nazi Germany 1807: 1587: 1428:Publications 1384: 1341: 1167:Legal gender 1155:legal status 1109:Hair removal 975: 956: 949: 920: 888: 860:Third gender 847: 813: 806: 709: 701: 697: 693: 691: 686: 671: 666: 660: 649: 641: 635: 626: 618: 605: 601: 597: 591: 577: 562: 557: 547: 542: 538: 530: 526: 518: 514: 510: 506: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 443: 437: 432: 429: 400: 394: 391:genere natus 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 368: 362: 356: 352: 344:genre sexuel 342: 336: 335:in the word 320: 316: 312: 308: 294: 287: 281:Anglo-Norman 272: 268: 261: 259: 229:neuroscience 206: 185: 165: 159: 145: 136: 130: 116: 89:gender roles 64: 63: 42: 29: 12728:Development 12681:Gender bias 12520:Gender role 12489:Transgender 12206:Questioning 12079:orientation 11998:Mudoko dako 11958:Femminiello 11870:Transsexual 11848:Trans woman 11831:Transgender 10889:20 November 10651:23 December 10626:23 December 10567:23 December 10335:12 November 10054:2 September 10007:2 September 9960:2 September 9901:14 December 9664:: 107–116. 9557:21 November 9190:14 February 8425:8 September 8364:8 September 8320:Poiani 2010 8308:Poiani 2010 8293:8 September 8183:Poiani 2010 8168:8 September 8124:Poiani 2010 7657:20 December 7388:17 February 7362:17 February 7283:10453/44221 7185:17 February 7147:www.aap.org 6987:Colapinto J 6971:11 November 6658:, Vintage, 6301:Money, John 6141:24 December 6041:6 September 5844:24 December 5812:: 265–328. 5785:24 December 5754:26 February 5344:. Pearson. 4762:26 November 4675:Haig, David 4347:six genders 4190:New Zealand 4117:transgender 4022:Niger-Congo 3854:that he is 3828:Foucauldian 3674:Joan Cadden 3478:nationality 3426:masculinity 3236:philoSOPHIA 3191:Care ethics 3164:metaphysics 3044:Taylor Mill 2879:de Beauvoir 2726:Gyn/Ecology 2615:Major works 2559:Hird (2006) 2447:androgynous 2420:a tradition 2355:ininiikaazo 2325:Genderqueer 2311:gender role 2306:gender role 2170:gender role 1819: [ 1799:Transphobia 1752:South Korea 1722:New Zealand 1646: [ 1213:South Korea 1153:Rights and 1021:in children 998:Health care 985:Transsexual 966:Transgender 940:Trans woman 896:Mudoko dako 877:Femminiello 727:Gender role 667:gender role 529:instead of 75:, or other 12890:Categories 12656:inequality 12242:Asociality 12196:Polysexual 12164:Demisexual 12134:Bi-curious 12113:Homosexual 12081:identities 12048:Two-spirit 11953:Fakafifine 11948:Fa'afafine 11890:Androgynos 11739:identities 11730:identities 11582:. Oxford. 11356:10272/7056 10697:Britannica 10677:4 November 10226:3 November 10160:4 November 9783:1202930548 9364:6 February 8825:(1): 132. 8222:18 October 8092:(2): 178. 8086:BioScience 7953:18 October 7432:17 October 7339:1461488605 7318:1615372059 6760:8 February 6103:8 February 5589:16 October 5530:(1): 5–8. 5431:1110674742 5209:0822316927 5055:1483384276 4793:Demography 4644:References 4524:adaptation 4371:the Father 4252:See also: 4210:California 4125:expression 3966:noun class 3960:The term " 3894:trichotomy 3860:homosexual 3803:Joan Acker 3726:See also: 3683:children, 3670:Helen King 3637:Ann Oakley 3633:John Money 3593:See also: 3565:Joan Scott 3482:disability 3384:study and 3322:biological 3144:analytical 2909:De la Cruz 2457:See also: 2410:people of 2375:two-spirit 2295:Mary Frith 2228:expression 2215:John Money 2122:See also: 1690:Tamil Nadu 1582:By country 1493:Deadnaming 1443:Television 1421:non-binary 1406:Literature 1303:Inequality 1276:Non-binary 1203:Healthcare 1046:feminizing 916:Two-spirit 901:Mukhannath 870:Faʻafafine 663:John Money 614:Protagoras 503:David Haig 256:Derivation 217:psychology 170:psychology 127:South Asia 118:non-binary 12774:Academics 12705:Financial 12540:Gender in 12484:Cisgender 12216:Takatāpui 12191:Pansexual 12144:Ex-ex-gay 11983:Koekchuch 11963:Güevedoce 11883:and sexes 11853:Fakaleitī 11843:Trans man 11836:Akava'ine 11786:Cisgender 11776:Androgyne 11457:199487985 11333:Comunicar 11193:141663550 11051:145118032 11011:144473355 10997:: 22–43. 10970:145274165 10953:: 33–38. 10864:154939529 10424:225088475 10135:255011887 10111:Sex Roles 10091:913049820 10044:913049820 9997:913049820 9950:913049820 9791:cite book 9738:cite book 9730:967324413 9678:0149-7634 9617:CiteSeerX 9594:145251297 9531:, p. xxi. 9480:28 August 9437:CiteSeerX 9331:JournalNX 9245:1543-1215 9138:0360-0572 9021:225085688 8839:146644541 8790:146467636 8354:181029707 8283:214614711 8275:0816-4649 8158:665835558 8108:0006-3568 8023:30 August 7866:0091-3022 7809:2042-6410 7768:144858334 7748:Sex Roles 7501:0741-5672 7061:1573-2800 6819:1179-318X 6803:: 57–67. 6730:0017-8012 6666:pp. 51–52 6590:153502466 6483:145426706 6352:5 January 6287:1935-9705 6240:0092-623X 6098:143621442 6031:780208834 5994:17 August 5955:17 August 5942:0002-9556 5860:Aristotle 5579:170965273 5473:22 August 5439:cite book 5396:30 August 5288:cite book 5280:949553050 5122:11 August 4941:247432505 4883:213397968 4694:CiteSeerX 4637:Sex ratio 4466:cisgender 4365:. In the 4363:Imago Dei 4334:Shekhinah 4200:. In the 4186:Australia 4076:Hungarian 3909:Languages 3900:in 1978. 3788:Kira Hall 3609:homefront 3470:ethnicity 3450:sociology 3438:Sexuality 3089:Showalter 3064:Pankhurst 3024:MacKinnon 3019:Luxemburg 2979:Haslanger 2944:Firestone 2416:Indonesia 2351:ikwekaazo 2186:hegemonic 2062:feminists 2055:feminists 1890:Stonewall 1860:Singapore 1828:Australia 1816:Argentina 1777:2022 bill 1737:Singapore 1710:2017 bill 1706:Pakistan 1680:2014 bill 1626:2016 bill 1611:Australia 1594:Argentina 1115:Pregnancy 1000:practices 977:Akava'ine 945:Fakaleitī 935:Trans man 855:Koekchuch 821:Cisgender 815:Burrnesha 802:Androgyne 636:In 1945, 619:In 1926, 610:Aristotle 598:masculine 567:, a 1994 554:Title VII 221:sociology 174:sociology 12916:Feminism 12865:Feminism 12820:Religion 12795:Journals 12767:Academia 12597:Pronouns 12582:Language 12551:Binnen-I 12542:language 12472:Identity 12437:Overview 12353:Intersex 12331:See also 12318:Sapphism 12103:Bisexual 12063:X-gender 12038:Travesti 12013:Nádleehi 11926:Chibados 11858:Mak nyah 11653:(2000). 11593:14 April 11584:Archived 11557:14 April 11551:Archived 11518:14 April 11512:Archived 11470:20 April 11461:Archived 11392:19250021 11307:14 April 11301:Archived 11280:12 April 11274:Archived 11150:Archived 11125:Archived 11100:Archived 11082:Meeting. 11075:Archived 10913:Archived 10798:Archived 10743:Archived 10707:25 April 10601:25 April 10595:Archived 10529:Archived 10525:UN Women 10416:17089478 10366:25 April 10329:Archived 10317:. 2016. 10293:25 April 10262:28 March 10253:Archived 10251:. 2015. 10048:Archived 10001:Archived 9954:Archived 9876:25 April 9696:34097981 9551:Archived 9517:Archived 9471:Archived 9467:40897237 9358:Archived 9283:Archived 9253:43893424 9229:(2016). 9184:Archived 8650:Archived 8603:Archived 8573:Archived 8419:archived 8415:81167171 8358:Archived 8287:Archived 8216:Archived 8198:(2012). 8162:Archived 8080:(2005). 8056:Archived 7947:Archived 7942:Discover 7898:Money, J 7884:21333673 7827:25745554 7602:Archived 7579:Archived 7535:(1998). 7505:Archived 7483:(2002). 7467:35293440 7426:Archived 7382:Archived 7356:Archived 7288:Archived 7243:14378807 7227:Money, J 7129:42281410 7121:27113562 7077:34971769 7069:16010465 6989:(2001). 6894:19765016 6876:25592088 6837:28579848 6751:"Gender" 6697:cite web 6552:20398989 6500:Archived 6397:Archived 6374:Archived 6346:Archived 6317:13260820 6122:(eds.). 6035:Archived 5988:Archived 5888:55616891 5865:Rhetoric 5862:(1954), 5781:: 99–150 5748:Archived 5724:3 August 5607:Archived 5583:Archived 5544:19378641 5467:Archived 5390:Archived 5318:20 March 5308:"GENDER" 5178:9 August 5169:"gender" 5150:9 August 5141:"gender" 5113:"Gender" 5088:Archived 5028:4 August 5022:Archived 4986:4 August 4980:Archived 4946:Archived 4932:35286054 4830:38476067 4716:15146141 4575:See also 4390:Hinduism 4358:theology 4330:Kabbalah 4259:Religion 4212:and the 4198:Pakistan 4147:intersex 4041:Sumerian 3991:Sumerian 3924:muchacha 3769:enabled 3767:Napoleon 3681:intersex 3582:equality 3530:clothing 3525:cultural 3474:location 3428:, their 3414:feminism 3408:, their 3406:feminity 3335:applied 3264:Category 3214:Journals 3139:Feminism 3099:Voilquin 3074:Plumwood 3054:Nussbaum 2999:Kristeva 2989:Irigaray 2939:Federici 2590:a series 2588:Part of 2518:androgen 2503:in utero 2499:hormonal 2412:Sulawesi 2390:Pakistan 2232:identity 2138:fluidity 2000:Category 1925:Intersex 1904:See also 1875:Legality 1833:Re Kevin 1794:Title IX 1772:2004 act 1760:2022 law 1745:2003 act 1730:2016 act 1715:2018 act 1685:2019 act 1670:2024 law 1665:2018 law 1660:1980 law 1604:2021 law 1599:2012 law 1433:Religion 1308:Violence 1298:Genocide 1229:Toilets 951:Mak nyah 928:X-gender 911:Travesti 783:Timeline 736:a series 734:Part of 640:defined 602:feminine 464:"gender" 456:"gender" 325:cognates 277:loanword 225:sexology 182:feminism 178:sexology 12712:General 12664:General 12572:English 12181:Lesbian 12176:Khanith 12154:Gay men 12098:Asexual 12028:Sipiniq 11988:Lhamana 11973:Kathoey 11920:Calalai 11917:Calabai 11863:Rae-rae 11748:Genders 11400:5446136 11134:Change. 11109:Change. 11095:(2014) 10919:12 June 10781:4225831 10727:, p. 9. 10485:Bibcode 10283:Reuters 10200:28 July 9842:3177542 9687:8429206 9513:Genders 9180:2654137 9013:3174928 8906:7 April 8525:4348310 8441:(1992) 8062:28 July 7977:22 July 7922:7996589 7875:3296090 7818:4350266 7333:(2014, 7312:(2018, 7294:20 June 6947:8797797 6939:4149448 6885:4244905 6828:5448699 6735:23 June 6687:23 June 6543:5142841 6248:7996589 6172:7 April 6078:Hypatia 5950:1417846 5094:28 July 5049:(2017, 4821:7890091 4813:2061790 4724:7005542 4460:women. 4428:Poverty 4410:Parvati 4383:Trinity 4375:the Son 4322:Judaism 4243:physics 4231:nursing 4220:Science 4182:Germany 4072:Persian 4053:lexicon 4014:animacy 3983:Hittite 3934:Mädchen 3929:Spanish 3777:in the 3775:officer 3708:enzymes 3619:due to 3442:history 3346:Within 3341:puberty 3324:versus 3229:Hypatia 3169:science 3084:Saadawi 3069:Pateman 3049:Millett 3014:Lugones 2969:Goldman 2954:Friedan 2949:Fourier 2934:Dworkin 2914:Collins 2571:rodents 2514:hormone 2495:genetic 1850:Finland 1809:History 1726:Norway 1702:Ireland 1655:Germany 1638:Finland 1547:Studies 1385:Culture 1313:Murders 1225:Prisons 958:Rae-rae 884:Khanith 849:Kathoey 778:History 773:Outline 679:epicene 479:gender' 389:, like 364:genesis 83:-based 60:symbol. 12896:Gender 12686:Sexism 12654:Gender 12479:Gender 12139:Ex-gay 12129:Banjee 12077:Sexual 12058:Winkte 12043:Tumtum 12023:Palopa 11936:Eunuch 11931:Enaree 11895:Apwint 11796:Femboy 11771:Female 11737:Gender 11728:sexual 11724:Gender 11665: 11639: 11620: 11543: 11455: 11398: 11390: 11270:Forbes 11227: 11191: 11093:et al. 11049: 11009: 10967: 10862: 10779: 10503: 10450: 10422: 10414: 10404: 10321: 10132: 10089: 10079: 10042: 10032: 9995: 9985: 9948: 9938: 9892:"Maid" 9840: 9781: 9771: 9728: 9718: 9694: 9684: 9676: 9639:201865 9637: 9619: 9592: 9527: 9465: 9459:189609 9457: 9439: 9406: 9386: 9311: 9275: 9251: 9243: 9178: 9136: 9019: 9011: 8928: 8837: 8788: 8752: 8702: 8660: 8646:Gender 8631: 8523: 8513: 8449: 8413: 8403: 8371:roles. 8352: 8342: 8281: 8273: 8208: 8156: 8146: 8106: 8048: 7920: 7882: 7872: 7864: 7825: 7815: 7807: 7766: 7696: 7563: 7543: 7499: 7465: 7455: 7418: 7337: 7316: 7241: 7127: 7119: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7003: 6945: 6937: 6919:Gender 6892: 6882: 6874: 6835: 6825: 6817: 6728: 6662: 6625: 6588: 6550: 6540: 6481: 6447: 6369:Gender 6337:gender 6315: 6285: 6246: 6238: 6197: 6096: 6029: 6019: 5980: 5948: 5940: 5886: 5876: 5818:896307 5816: 5680: 5651: 5577: 5567: 5542: 5501: 5429: 5419: 5382: 5348: 5278: 5268: 5243: 5229:Gender 5206: 5080: 5053: 5014: 4972: 4938: 4930: 4920: 4880: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4722: 4714: 4696: 4632:Sexism 4406:shakti 4381:(i.e. 4332:, the 4310:Taoism 4233:, and 4206:Oregon 4178:Canada 4159:female 4101:laws. 4087:Navajo 4045:Emesal 3979:Basque 3975:Ojibwe 3950:cailín 3947:, and 3945:German 3747:itself 3493:gender 3489:gender 3480:, and 3458:cinema 3368:traits 3364:gender 3360:gender 3154:ethics 3119:Zetkin 3104:Wittig 3094:Spivak 3059:Paglia 3034:Michel 3004:Lerner 2994:Jaggar 2964:Gamond 2904:Cleyre 2899:Cixous 2894:Butler 2869:Bartky 2849:(2010) 2839:(2007) 2829:(1993) 2819:(1990) 2809:(1990) 2799:(1989) 2789:(1986) 2779:(1984) 2769:(1983) 2759:(1983) 2749:(1982) 2739:(1980) 2729:(1978) 2719:(1977) 2709:(1974) 2699:(1970) 2689:(1969) 2679:(1963) 2669:(1949) 2657:(1884) 2655: 2644:(1869) 2632:(1792) 2630: 2530:gender 2382:hijras 2348:Ojibwe 2335:binary 2153:Gender 2112:labels 1998: 1915:Gender 1840:Brazil 1756:Spain 1676:India 1643:France 1621:Canada 1616:Brazil 1588:Rights 1438:Sports 1416:People 1238:Unisex 1198:Asylum 922:Winkte 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 694:gender 687:gender 642:gender 606:neuter 543:gender 527:gender 515:gender 507:gender 495:gender 483:gender 472:gender 452:gender 444:gender 433:gender 401:gender 379:gender 373:. The 370:oxygen 367:, and 333:French 309:ǵénh₁- 303:(PIE) 288:gendre 273:gendre 269:gender 262:gender 227:, and 186:gender 180:, and 166:gender 123:hijras 87:(i.e. 65:Gender 12921:LGBTQ 12261:Other 12201:Queer 12018:Nullo 11978:Köçek 11968:Hijra 11941:Galli 11914:Bissu 11900:Bakla 11761:Woman 11587:(PDF) 11580:(PDF) 11464:(PDF) 11453:S2CID 11433:(3). 11423:(PDF) 11396:S2CID 11189:S2CID 11047:S2CID 11007:S2CID 10965:S2CID 10909:GLAAD 10860:S2CID 10777:JSTOR 10561:(PDF) 10554:(PDF) 10481:34–36 10420:S2CID 10256:(PDF) 10245:(PDF) 10130:S2CID 9838:JSTOR 9635:JSTOR 9590:S2CID 9474:(PDF) 9463:S2CID 9455:JSTOR 9425:(PDF) 9249:JSTOR 9176:JSTOR 9156:(PDF) 9061:Isis, 9017:S2CID 9009:JSTOR 8835:S2CID 8786:S2CID 8609:2 May 8579:2 May 8549:2 May 8411:S2CID 8279:S2CID 7793:: 3. 7764:S2CID 7733:(PDF) 7718:(PDF) 7651:(PDF) 7636:(PDF) 7511:1 May 7179:(PDF) 7168:(PDF) 7125:S2CID 7073:S2CID 6943:S2CID 6935:JSTOR 6872:JSTOR 6681:WebMD 6586:S2CID 6479:S2CID 6339:, n." 6094:S2CID 5946:JSTOR 5870:Dover 5718:(PDF) 5705:(PDF) 5604:'Gen' 5359:(PDF) 5338:(PDF) 4936:S2CID 4878:S2CID 4838:(PDF) 4825:S2CID 4809:JSTOR 4789:(PDF) 4731:(PDF) 4720:S2CID 4682:(PDF) 4398:Shiva 4394:Hindu 4194:India 3955:Irish 3647:all." 3402:women 3378:field 3376:is a 3250:Signs 3132:Ideas 3114:Young 3079:Rubin 3009:Lorde 2984:hooks 2974:Grosz 2929:Démar 2924:Davis 2889:Boggs 2884:Bebel 2874:Baier 2628:Woman 2418:have 2408:Bugis 2386:India 2050:woman 1845:China 1823:] 1650:] 1633:China 1557:views 1373:March 1132:WPATH 971:Youth 865:Bakla 831:Hijra 468:"sex" 460:"sex" 421:woman 387:genus 351:root 349:Greek 338:genre 296:genus 292:Latin 279:from 135:(and 105:women 101:girls 73:woman 54:Venus 12008:Muxe 11993:Māhū 11766:Male 11726:and 11663:ISBN 11637:ISBN 11618:ISBN 11595:2016 11559:2016 11541:ISBN 11520:2016 11472:2018 11388:PMID 11309:2016 11282:2016 11225:ISBN 10921:2015 10891:2018 10709:2021 10679:2023 10653:2023 10628:2023 10603:2021 10569:2023 10537:2020 10501:ISBN 10448:ISBN 10412:PMID 10402:ISBN 10368:2021 10337:2016 10319:ISBN 10295:2021 10264:2016 10228:2023 10202:2020 10162:2023 10087:OCLC 10077:ISBN 10056:2021 10040:OCLC 10030:ISBN 10009:2021 9993:OCLC 9983:ISBN 9962:2021 9946:OCLC 9936:ISBN 9903:2023 9878:2021 9797:link 9779:OCLC 9769:ISBN 9748:link 9744:link 9726:OCLC 9716:ISBN 9692:PMID 9674:ISSN 9559:2016 9525:ISBN 9482:2015 9404:ISBN 9384:ISBN 9366:2015 9309:ISBN 9291:2008 9273:ISBN 9241:ISSN 9192:2021 9134:ISSN 8926:ISBN 8908:2023 8853:link 8804:link 8750:ISBN 8700:ISBN 8658:ISBN 8629:ISBN 8611:2012 8581:2012 8551:2012 8521:OCLC 8511:ISBN 8447:ISBN 8427:2021 8401:ISBN 8366:2021 8350:OCLC 8340:ISBN 8295:2021 8271:ISSN 8224:2021 8206:ISBN 8170:2021 8154:OCLC 8144:ISBN 8104:ISSN 8064:2021 8046:ISBN 8025:2010 7979:2024 7955:2007 7918:PMID 7880:PMID 7862:ISSN 7823:PMID 7805:ISSN 7694:ISBN 7659:2017 7561:ISBN 7541:ISBN 7513:2019 7497:ISSN 7463:OCLC 7453:ISBN 7434:2016 7416:ISBN 7390:2022 7364:2022 7335:ISBN 7314:ISBN 7296:2015 7239:PMID 7187:2022 7117:PMID 7065:PMID 7057:ISSN 7001:ISBN 6973:2020 6890:PMID 6833:PMID 6815:ISSN 6762:2023 6737:2022 6726:ISSN 6703:link 6689:2022 6660:ISBN 6623:ISBN 6548:PMID 6445:ISBN 6354:2017 6313:PMID 6283:ISSN 6244:PMID 6236:ISSN 6195:ISBN 6174:2023 6143:2023 6105:2023 6043:2021 6027:OCLC 6017:ISBN 5996:2021 5978:ISBN 5957:2021 5938:ISSN 5884:OCLC 5874:ISBN 5846:2022 5814:SSRN 5787:2022 5756:2019 5726:2014 5678:ISBN 5649:ISBN 5591:2021 5575:OCLC 5565:ISBN 5540:PMID 5499:ISBN 5475:2021 5445:link 5427:OCLC 5417:ISBN 5398:2021 5380:ISBN 5346:ISBN 5320:2015 5294:link 5276:OCLC 5266:ISBN 5241:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5180:2024 5152:2024 5124:2024 5096:2021 5078:ISBN 5051:ISBN 5030:2021 5012:ISBN 4988:2021 4970:ISBN 4928:PMID 4918:ISBN 4817:PMID 4764:2015 4712:PMID 4414:kama 4396:god 4377:and 4302:yang 4300:and 4196:and 4155:male 4145:For 3989:and 3981:and 3940:Maid 3919:noun 3846:and 3816:talk 3790:and 3627:The 3613:WWII 3563:and 3466:race 3460:and 3358:and 3039:Mill 3029:Mama 2959:Frye 2919:Daly 2567:role 2497:and 2471:The 2461:and 2398:muxe 2388:and 2380:The 2371:FNIM 2369:and 2344:māhū 2327:and 2180:and 2143:The 2126:and 1935:LGBT 1697:Iran 1401:Film 1378:more 1368:Flag 906:Muxe 890:Māhū 725:and 604:and 539:sex 419:and 358:gene 353:gen- 321:king 317:kind 305:root 283:and 275:, a 207:The 164:and 109:boys 107:and 58:Mars 12149:Gay 11781:Boi 11756:Man 11443:hdl 11435:doi 11380:doi 11351:hdl 11341:doi 11217:doi 11181:doi 11039:doi 10999:doi 10955:doi 10852:doi 10769:doi 10672:BBC 10493:doi 10394:doi 10221:NPR 10120:doi 9828:hdl 9820:doi 9682:PMC 9666:doi 9662:129 9627:doi 9582:doi 9447:doi 9168:doi 9126:doi 9001:doi 8827:doi 8778:doi 8393:doi 8263:doi 8094:doi 7910:doi 7870:PMC 7854:doi 7813:PMC 7795:doi 7756:doi 7686:doi 7278:hdl 7270:doi 7107:doi 7049:doi 6927:doi 6880:PMC 6864:doi 6823:PMC 6805:doi 6578:doi 6538:PMC 6530:doi 6471:doi 6275:doi 6228:doi 6132:doi 6086:doi 5930:doi 5532:doi 5233:doi 4908:doi 4868:doi 4801:doi 4704:doi 4400:is 4388:In 4352:In 4326:God 4320:In 4308:In 4298:Yin 4289:). 4157:or 4123:or 4074:or 4000:by 3858:or 3761:by 3611:in 3516:". 3422:men 3416:), 3380:of 3356:sex 2384:of 1940:Sex 1257:or 698:sex 578:id. 558:sex 531:sex 519:sex 511:sex 499:sex 491:sex 487:sex 417:man 381:as 313:kin 202:WHO 161:sex 125:of 113:men 81:sex 69:man 12892:: 11549:. 11480:^ 11459:. 11451:. 11441:. 11431:40 11429:. 11425:. 11408:^ 11394:. 11386:. 11376:12 11374:. 11349:. 11337:21 11335:. 11331:. 11317:^ 11272:. 11268:. 11239:^ 11223:. 11201:^ 11187:. 11177:57 11175:. 11161:^ 11045:. 11035:54 11033:. 11019:^ 11005:. 10995:24 10993:. 10979:^ 10963:. 10951:91 10949:. 10945:. 10929:^ 10907:. 10858:. 10848:44 10846:. 10822:^ 10775:. 10765:21 10763:. 10732:^ 10695:. 10670:. 10644:. 10619:. 10593:. 10589:. 10527:. 10523:. 10499:. 10491:. 10483:. 10477:84 10475:. 10471:. 10432:^ 10418:. 10410:. 10400:. 10390:25 10388:. 10354:. 10327:. 10313:. 10281:. 10219:. 10193:. 10153:. 10128:. 10116:81 10114:. 10108:. 10085:. 10046:. 10038:. 9999:. 9991:. 9952:. 9944:. 9920:^ 9894:. 9864:. 9850:^ 9836:. 9826:. 9814:. 9793:}} 9789:{{ 9777:. 9740:}} 9736:{{ 9724:. 9690:. 9680:. 9672:. 9660:. 9656:. 9633:. 9625:. 9613:12 9611:. 9588:. 9578:16 9576:. 9503:^ 9469:. 9461:. 9453:. 9445:. 9431:. 9427:. 9352:. 9329:. 9281:. 9247:. 9233:. 9217:^ 9182:. 9174:. 9164:28 9162:. 9158:. 9132:. 9122:39 9120:. 9116:. 9086:^ 9015:. 9007:. 8997:20 8995:. 8899:. 8849:}} 8845:{{ 8821:. 8800:}} 8796:{{ 8772:. 8678:^ 8597:. 8571:. 8567:. 8519:. 8417:, 8409:, 8399:, 8387:, 8368:. 8356:. 8348:. 8285:. 8277:. 8269:. 8259:21 8257:. 8253:. 8214:. 8160:. 8152:. 8116:^ 8102:. 8090:55 8088:. 8084:. 8054:. 8011:. 7945:. 7939:. 7916:. 7906:20 7904:. 7878:. 7868:. 7860:. 7850:32 7848:. 7844:. 7821:. 7811:. 7803:. 7789:. 7785:. 7762:. 7752:36 7750:. 7726:10 7724:. 7720:. 7692:. 7676:. 7642:. 7638:. 7608:. 7515:. 7503:. 7495:. 7487:. 7461:. 7424:. 7410:. 7398:^ 7380:. 7286:. 7276:. 7266:14 7264:. 7260:. 7235:96 7233:. 7218:^ 7204:. 7170:. 7145:. 7123:. 7115:. 7103:17 7101:. 7097:. 7085:^ 7071:. 7063:. 7055:. 7045:34 7043:. 7039:. 7027:^ 6999:. 6995:. 6941:. 6933:. 6923:18 6921:. 6913:; 6902:^ 6888:. 6878:. 6870:. 6860:80 6858:. 6854:. 6831:. 6821:. 6813:. 6799:. 6795:. 6770:^ 6753:. 6724:. 6720:. 6699:}} 6695:{{ 6679:. 6584:. 6574:47 6572:. 6560:^ 6546:. 6536:. 6526:71 6524:. 6520:. 6477:. 6467:22 6465:. 6408:^ 6372:, 6319:. 6309:97 6307:. 6281:. 6271:14 6269:. 6265:. 6242:. 6234:. 6224:20 6222:. 6218:. 6160:. 6130:. 6126:. 6092:. 6082:12 6080:. 6076:. 6033:. 6025:. 5986:. 5944:. 5936:. 5926:58 5924:. 5920:. 5890:, 5882:, 5837:. 5810:41 5808:. 5804:. 5779:29 5777:. 5773:. 5742:. 5707:. 5686:. 5657:. 5635:^ 5581:. 5573:. 5538:. 5528:48 5526:. 5522:. 5483:^ 5465:. 5461:. 5441:}} 5437:{{ 5425:. 5388:. 5340:. 5290:}} 5286:{{ 5274:. 5239:. 5227:. 5188:^ 5171:. 5160:^ 5143:. 5132:^ 5115:. 5104:^ 5086:. 5062:^ 5038:^ 5020:. 4996:^ 4978:. 4954:^ 4944:. 4934:. 4926:. 4916:. 4892:^ 4876:. 4864:12 4862:. 4858:. 4846:^ 4823:. 4815:. 4807:. 4797:31 4795:. 4791:. 4772:^ 4750:. 4739:^ 4718:. 4710:. 4702:. 4690:33 4688:. 4684:. 4652:^ 4468:. 4373:, 4349:. 4324:, 4312:, 4281:, 4277:, 4229:, 4216:. 4204:, 4192:, 4188:, 4184:, 4180:, 4131:. 4082:). 3977:, 3931:, 3874:, 3672:, 3551:. 3504:, 3484:. 3476:, 3472:, 3468:, 3456:, 3452:, 3448:, 3444:, 3424:, 3404:, 3370:. 2592:on 2577:. 2550:. 2516:, 2414:, 2057:. 1821:es 1648:fr 738:on 689:. 616:. 600:, 361:, 319:, 315:, 271:, 223:, 219:, 204:. 176:, 172:, 143:. 71:, 12422:e 12415:t 12408:v 11716:e 11709:t 11702:v 11671:. 11645:. 11626:. 11597:. 11561:. 11522:. 11474:. 11445:: 11437:: 11402:. 11382:: 11359:. 11353:: 11343:: 11311:. 11284:. 11233:. 11219:: 11195:. 11183:: 11053:. 11041:: 11013:. 11001:: 10973:. 10957:: 10923:. 10893:. 10866:. 10854:: 10783:. 10771:: 10711:. 10681:. 10655:. 10630:. 10605:. 10571:. 10539:. 10509:. 10495:: 10487:: 10456:. 10426:. 10396:: 10370:. 10339:. 10297:. 10266:. 10230:. 10204:. 10164:. 10138:. 10122:: 10093:. 10058:. 10011:. 9964:. 9905:. 9880:. 9844:. 9830:: 9822:: 9816:4 9799:) 9785:. 9750:) 9732:. 9698:. 9668:: 9641:. 9629:: 9596:. 9584:: 9561:. 9484:. 9449:: 9433:4 9410:. 9368:. 9335:6 9315:. 9293:. 9255:. 9211:. 9194:. 9170:: 9140:. 9128:: 9023:. 9003:: 8932:. 8910:. 8855:) 8841:. 8829:: 8823:1 8806:) 8792:. 8780:: 8774:1 8664:. 8613:. 8583:. 8553:. 8527:. 8466:. 8453:. 8395:: 8297:. 8265:: 8239:. 8226:. 8172:. 8110:. 8096:: 8066:. 8027:. 7981:. 7957:. 7924:. 7912:: 7886:. 7856:: 7829:. 7797:: 7791:6 7770:. 7758:: 7702:. 7688:: 7661:. 7644:2 7612:. 7469:. 7436:. 7392:. 7366:. 7298:. 7280:: 7272:: 7245:. 7189:. 7131:. 7109:: 7079:. 7051:: 7009:. 6975:. 6949:. 6929:: 6896:. 6866:: 6839:. 6807:: 6801:8 6764:. 6739:. 6705:) 6691:. 6629:. 6592:. 6580:: 6554:. 6532:: 6485:. 6473:: 6451:. 6356:. 6335:" 6289:. 6277:: 6250:. 6230:: 6203:. 6176:. 6145:. 6134:: 6107:. 6088:: 6045:. 5998:. 5959:. 5932:: 5848:. 5820:. 5789:. 5758:. 5728:. 5593:. 5546:. 5534:: 5507:. 5477:. 5447:) 5433:. 5400:. 5322:. 5296:) 5282:. 5249:. 5235:: 5212:. 5182:. 5154:. 5126:. 5098:. 5032:. 4990:. 4910:: 4886:. 4870:: 4803:: 4766:. 4706:: 4067:. 3993:. 3957:. 3623:. 3603:" 3305:e 3298:t 3291:v 2025:e 2018:t 2011:v 307:* 111:/ 103:/ 40:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.