246:
380:
538:
257:
99:
92:
554:
359:, up to the decisive battle in Dongola, which was victorious for the Egyptians. From this time on, the Egyptian Muslims increasingly dominated the politics of the Nubian empires. The Makurian rulers in Lower Nubia also suffered from raids from nomadic tribes. With Egyptian support they succeeded in 1364 at Gebel Adda in a victory against the insurgents. Presumably the mountain fortress became their retreat from which they ruled the empire of Dotawo. In the 1560s, the
26:
420:
the city proper through a massive gate that was reinforced in the fourteenth century. This route was protected by a adobe tower; in the
Meroitic period, the city wall ran to the north of this, later to be found by archaeologists under Christian- and Islamic-period ruins. On the north-east side there was a rectangular platform made of stone, which probably formed the base (
146:. The settlement on its crest was continuously inhabited from the late Meroitic period (2nd century AD–4th century) to the Ottoman period, when it was abandoned by the late 18th century. It reached its greatest prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries, when it seemed to have been the capital of late kingdom of
419:
The ancient and medieval city lay on the crest of the steep hill, from which a slightly flatter spur pushes north to bank of the Nile. The only access was a steep and narrow path, partly involving stairs, which ascended to the spur and from there led first into the northern suburbs, and then on into
438:
One of the approximately seven churches in the area was preserved between the densely packed ruined houses, lying to the left of the stairway as the stairway reached the plateau. The hill reached its highest point in the southwest, where scattered fragments of granite columns identified around 1900
399:
In 1932–33, Ugo
Monneret de Villard carried out excavations in Lower Nubia on behalf of the Egyptian antiquities authority and with the support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He wrote the first detailed report about the fortress and the tombs. Monneret, who was mainly interested in the
391:
counted seventy small burial mounds made of stones and clay bricks in the sand hollows at the foot of the mountain, believed by the locals to be the tombs of
Islamic martyrs (saints) who died in the conquest of the Christian settlement. Prokesch-Osten took the site to be Roman. He also visited the
407:. In a three-month campaign they uncovered a large part of the Christian cemetery (Cemetery 2), as well as six large burial mounds from the X-Group period (Cemetery 1), some late Christian-period dwellings on the hill, and the church already examined by Monneret (Church 1). The excavations led by
330:
and Gebel Adda were the largest fortified cities in Lower Nubia. A complex of buildings during this period may have been the palace of the Dotawo kings. Large parts of the town were rebuilt in the 13th century, in addition to the palace area, other larger buildings and a church were built. In the
465:) lay directly above the water level (at the then normal water level of the Nile of 120 metres above sea level). The entrance gate of the temple carved into the sandstone could be reached via thirteen steps. A small passageway opened into a central hall (anteroom) divided by four columns, with a
331:
14th century, the palace and the defenses were expanded again. The kingdom of Dotawo is mainly characterized by inscriptions known from Gebel Adda and Qasr Ibrim. In 1155 a bishop of Selim and a king of Dotawo are mentioned in a text by Qasr Ibrim. A letter from Gebel Adda dated 1484 mentions
392:"Felsengrab von Abahuda" ("rock tomb of Abahuda") — the pharaonic temple later converted into a church — on the mountainside, devoting a paragraph to it in his travelogue. During his stay in 1906, Arthur Weigall also dated the graves with subterranean vaulted chambers to the
424:) of a temple. From here the enclosing wall ran across the north-eastern tip of the hill and some distance from the settlement along its east side. In at least some places the adobe wall was reinforced on the outside by an additional rubble wall.
367:. By this time, by conventional reckoning, the kingdom of Dotawo had already disappeared. Gebel Adda remained inhabited throughout the Turkish period until the later 18th century, when its population likely migrated to
287:, probably from the 2nd century AD. The settlement was surrounded by a defensive wall, the simple construction of which was modified and expanded several times up until the Christian period. After Egypt became a
221:
The
Egyptian temple on the slopes of the mountain is often named after the modern-day village Abu Oda that was located at the foot of the mountain. The mountain fortress was the site referred to as
326:. This does not mean that the burial ground was Christian, but the find does indicate the spread of the Christian symbol. From the late Christian period to the sixteenth century, Faras,
431:, the residential buildings were built close together and could only be reached via narrow, winding streets. The walls consisted predominantly of clay bricks, the roofs constructed as
854:=&id=OqhYMrTtvuIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=abahuda&ots=3WTSembs4_&sig=VIAGK5kdAasCIygXzav8WGF9EDY#v=onepage&q=abahuda&f=false Online at Google Books
314:
and the construction of the first churches in the region began in the mid-sixth century. At this time, a
Christian influence is correspondingly visible at Gebel Adda:
245:
508:
The early
Christians converted the temple into a church, covering the walls with a layer of plaster to hide the reliefs of the Egyptian gods, and painting them with
411:
on behalf of the
American Research Center built on this. Their most extensive work was carried out in four campaigns from 1962 to 1965 between December and April.
537:
451:. Directly above the Meroitic northern defense tower stood another church, which in the Middle Ages collapsed along with the northern outer wall of the tower.
553:
299:
who controlled Lower Nubia in the following century. Between the second and fourth centuries, Gebel Adda was an important provincial center together with
348:
207:
170:
documents, a large amount of leatherwork, two palatial structures and several churches, some of them with their paintings still intact. The nearby
732:
Adam Lajtar & Efthymios Rizos (2020). "A Fragment of a
Liturgical Calendar from Gebel Adda (Egyptian Nubia)" in "Analecta Bollandiana". p. 86
203:
48:
837:
Nicholas Millet (1964). "Gebel Adda
Expedition Preliminary Report, 1963-1964" in "Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt". p. 12
387:
Nineteenth-century
European travelers described the prominent rocky hill and the ruins of the former city next to the village of Abahuda.
428:
968:
283:
While most of the excavated material remains unpublished it seems that the hilltop of Gebel Adda was settled at least since the late
276:
and had temples built in several places, immortalising themselves in inscriptions down to the twelfth century. During the reign of
211:
963:
379:
284:
741:
André Veldmeijer (2016). "Excavations of Gebel Adda (Lower Nubia): Ancient Nubian Leatherwork: Sandals and Shoes". p. 11
233:) in medieval Arabic sources, which has been thought to be the capital of Makuria from 1365 to around 1500. The town's
202:
lies 20 kilometers to the south. In the vicinity there were once several smaller settlements from Christian times: the
759:
720:
675:
661:
A Report of the Antiquities of Lower Nubia. The first Cartaract to the Sudan Frontier and their Condition in 1906–07.
649:
586:
151:
91:
311:
848:
41:
400:
remains of the Christian Middle Ages, uncovered three church buildings to the south of the fortress hill.
218:
lay about ten kilometres to the south. All these sites were flooded in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
194:, on the east bank of the Nile, between the first and second cataracts, five kilometers south-east of
958:
688:
489:. All four Nubian forms of Horus are shown. Reliefs show Haremheb sacrificing to the supreme gods of
403:
In 1959, Mustafa el-Amir began the first systematic excavations as leader of an expedition from the
256:
404:
388:
612:
440:
355:
in 1276 in response to previous Nubian raids . On the way there were battles at Gebel Adda and
525:
513:
295:. From the middle of the third century CE the area came under attack from the south by the
265:
250:
159:
8:
132:
896:
544:
755:
716:
671:
645:
608:
582:
292:
288:
163:
642:
Der Felstempel von Abu 'Oda. Eine architektonische und ikonographische Untersuchung.
478:
273:
469:
at the back and two adjoining rooms off to the side. It was dedicated to the gods
408:
304:
226:
443:
were found in the rubble, one decorated with large smooth leaves, along with a
393:
363:
established a garrison in the fortress city of Qasr Ibrim and on the island of
360:
332:
187:
158:
in the 1960s, with much of the remaining excavated material, now stored in the
952:
853:
574:
432:
206:
lay about 20 kilometers downstream on the same side of the river bank, while
171:
63:
50:
517:
364:
520:
with a red horse above the baptismal font. During the construction of the
810:
323:
319:
155:
136:
502:
327:
272:
conquered the Nubian part of the Nile in several campaigns against the
234:
195:
167:
439:
indicated the site of a larger church. Fragments of reddish sandstone
904:
Volume 2) (Philadelphia: University Museum Philadelphia, 1910), p. 5.
521:
421:
340:
524:, parts of the chapel were cut out of the rock and rebuilt near the
498:
356:
315:
296:
277:
269:
249:
A box from Gebel Adda with decorated ivory inlay (4th century CE),
175:
260:
Late Christian pottery (12th–14th centuries), Royal Ontario Museum
470:
368:
352:
344:
336:
147:
579:
Die Tempel Ägyptens. Götterwohnungen, Kultstätten, Baudenkmäler.
335:
as well as nobles and church leaders. From the 13th century the
303:. On the plain, a large cemetery has been preserved, belong the
560:
509:
482:
448:
444:
215:
693:
559:
Interior of the temple in 1908. Note the medieval painting of
512:. Prokesch-Osten describes walls richly covered with Egyptian
178:, also known as temple of Abu Oda, was rescued and relocated.
494:
490:
486:
474:
466:
461:
300:
280:(c. 1319–1292), the rock temple was built at nearby Abu Oda.
199:
191:
143:
111:
25:
139:
291:, Gebel Adda was ruled by an Egyptian governor as part of
190:
with steep slopes on all sides, Gebel Adda lay in Lower
318:
found in an X-Group grave are decorated with Christian
928:
Nubia. Ancient monuments between Aswan and Khartoum.
864:
862:
694:
Expeditions to Gebel Adda, Nubia, from 1963 to 1966
214:were directly opposite, and the burial grounds of
162:in Canada, remaining unpublished. Unearthed were
950:
859:
635:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
624:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
605:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
594:Reallexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte.
481:. There are also representations of the goddess
930:Hirmer, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-7774-7500-9, p. 46.
516:and images alongside Christian motifs such as
150:. The site was superficially excavated by the
663:Oxford University Press, Oxford 1907, p. 141.
339:raided the Nubian Christian kingdoms. Sultan
894:Geoffrey S. Mileham and D. Randall-Maciver,
870:A Report of the Antiquities of Lower Nubia …
383:View from Gebel Adda towards the south, 1964
715:Blackwell Publishers, Oxford 2002, p. 249,
581:Artemis & Winkler, München u. a. 1992,
902:Eckley B. Coxe Junior Expedition to Nubia.
852:(Vienna: Gerold, 1831), pp. 23f., 153–55 (
454:
941:Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil
915:Gebel Adda. Preliminary Report for 1963.
883:Gebel Adda. Preliminary Report for 1963.
849:Das Land zwischen den Katarakten des Nil
631:Gebel Adda. Preliminary Report, 1965–66.
620:Gebel Adda. Preliminary Report, 1963–64.
601:Gebel Adda. Preliminary Report for 1963.
378:
255:
244:
689:Photographs of the Temple at Gebel Adda
186:Rising from its flat surroundings as a
951:
374:
752:Studien zur Christianisierung Nubiens
670:British Museum Press, London 2002,
497:, Quban (Egyptian Baki, today near
230:
13:
568:
98:
14:
980:
711:Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson (eds.):
682:
152:American Research Center in Egypt
969:Former populated places in Egypt
596:de Gruyter, Berlin 1952, p. 203.
552:
543:Ground plan of the temple after
536:
97:
90:
24:
933:
920:
907:
888:
875:
840:
831:
826:The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia.
786:The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia.
773:The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia.
668:The Mediaval Kingdoms of Nubia.
371:on the other bank of the Nile.
939:A. Prokesch Ritter von Osten:
846:A. Prokesch Ritter von Osten,
818:
804:
791:
778:
765:
744:
735:
726:
705:
396:(tenth–twelfth centuries CE).
343:sent a force to overthrow the
310:The spread of Christianity in
268:in the sixteenth century BCE,
1:
964:Archaeological sites in Egypt
754:(Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2002),
699:
154:just before being flooded by
713:A Dictionary of Archaeology.
7:
181:
10:
985:
801:EMI, Bologna 1981, p. 174.
799:Christianity in the Sudan.
240:
198:. The current border with
30:View of Gebel Adda in 1910
644:Dr. Kovač, Hamburg 2006,
414:
135:on the right bank of the
84:
79:
40:
35:
23:
18:
405:University of Alexandria
389:Anton von Prokesch-Osten
264:At the beginning of the
142:in what is now southern
943:(Vienna, 1831), p. 153.
897:Churches in Lower Nubia
872:(Oxford, 1907), p. 141.
459:The small rock temple (
868:Arthur E. P. Weigall:
788:London 2002, pp. 250f.
750:Siegfried G. Richter,
678:, pp. 122f., 250, 252.
659:Arthur E. P. Weigall:
485:and the falcon-headed
455:The Temple of Horemhab
384:
261:
253:
64:22.29709°N 31.636884°E
775:London 2002, p. 122f.
637:, 6, 1967, pp. 53–63.
382:
259:
248:
131:) was a mountain and
926:Joachim Willeitner:
913:Nicholas B. Millet:
881:Nicholas B. Millet:
828:London 2002, p. 254.
629:Nicholas B. Millet:
626:, 4, 1964, pp. 7–14.
618:Nicholas B. Millet:
599:Nicholas B. Millet:
526:Temple of Abu Simbel
427:As at Qasr Ibrim or
307:(about 350 to 550).
266:New Kingdom of Egypt
251:Royal Ontario Museum
160:Royal Ontario Museum
375:History of research
133:archaeological site
69:22.29709; 31.636884
60: /
797:Giovanni Vantini:
545:Ippolito Rosellini
409:Nicholas B. Millet
385:
262:
254:
36:Highest point
824:Derek A. Welsby:
784:Derek A. Welsby:
771:Derek A. Welsby:
666:Derek A. Welsby:
505:(Egyptian Meha).
312:later Roman Egypt
293:Triakontaschoinos
122:
121:
976:
959:History of Nubia
944:
937:
931:
924:
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479:Hermopolis Magna
274:Kingdom of Kerma
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172:ancient Egyptian
101:
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812:Islam in Nubia.
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640:Mirella Sidro:
571:
569:Further reading
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548:
541:
457:
447:decorated with
417:
377:
322:in the form of
305:X-Group culture
285:Meroitic period
243:
237:name was Atwa.
184:
174:rock temple of
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683:External links
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664:
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615:, pp. 147–165.
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563:on the ceiling
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394:Fatimid period
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333:Joel of Dotawo
289:Roman province
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208:Abdallah Nirqi
188:table mountain
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166:inscriptions,
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885:1963, p. 147.
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815:Nubia Museum.
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760:3-89500-311-5
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676:0-7141-1947-4
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587:3-7608-1073-X
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575:Dieter Arnold
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324:Greek crosses
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204:Church of Kaw
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654:Antiquitates
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518:Saint George
507:
460:
458:
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309:
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263:
222:
220:
185:
128:
124:
123:
607:, 2, 1963,
514:hieroglyphs
156:Lake Nasser
67: /
42:Coordinates
953:Categories
700:References
503:Abu Simbel
328:Qasr Ibrim
235:Old Nubian
196:Abu Simbel
168:Old Nubian
129:Jebel Adda
125:Gebel Adda
105:Gebel Adda
55:31°38′13″E
52:22°17′50″N
19:Gebel Adda
762:, p. 145.
613:0065-9991
522:Aswan Dam
422:stylobate
341:Baibars I
80:Geography
589:, p. 78.
510:frescoes
499:ad-Dakka
441:capitals
429:Ikhmindi
361:Ottomans
357:Meinarti
345:Makurian
320:graffiti
316:amphorae
297:Blemmyes
278:Haremheb
270:Pharaohs
182:Location
176:Horemheb
164:Meroitic
532:Gallery
471:Amun-Re
449:volutes
369:Ballana
353:Dongola
337:Mamluks
241:History
148:Makuria
758:
719:
674:
648:
611:
585:
561:Christ
547:, 1832
501:) and
483:Anuket
445:corbel
415:Layout
227:Arabic
216:Qustul
137:Nubian
127:(also
495:Buhen
491:Aniba
487:Horus
475:Thoth
467:cella
462:speos
349:David
347:king
301:Faras
212:Tamit
200:Sudan
192:Nubia
144:Egypt
112:Egypt
756:ISBN
717:ISBN
672:ISBN
656:38).
646:ISBN
633:In:
622:In:
609:ISSN
603:In:
583:ISBN
473:and
210:and
140:Nile
900:(=
477:of
365:Saï
351:at
223:Daw
955::
861:^
856:).
577::
528:.
493:,
435:.
231:دو
229::
723:.
652:(
225:(
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