959:"Meroitic was the main language spoken in northern Sudan not only during the time of the Kingdom of Meroe (c. 300 BC–350 AD), after which it is named, but probably from as early as the time of the Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BC), as is suggested by a list of personal names transcribed in Egyptian on Papyrus Golenischeff (Rilly 2007b). Similar transcriptions of early Meroitic names are known from some Egyptian texts of the New Kingdom, but such names occur with particular frequency with the rise of the Kushite 25th Dynasty and its Napatan successor state (664–ca. 300 BC), since the birth names of rulers and other members of the royal family were necessarily written in Egyptian documents. These Napatan transcriptions in Egyptian paved the way for the emergence of a local writing around the second half of the third century BC." – Claude Rilly (2016). "Meroitic" in
36:
793:"Vers 2000 av. J.-C., la montée en puissance du royaume de Kerma, le premier État historiquement connu d'Afrique noire, fondé au sud de la 3e cataracte cinq siècles plus tôt, stoppa l'avance égyptienne et contraignit les rois de la xiie dynastie à ériger un dispositif de forteresses entre la 1e et la 2e cataracte pour se protéger des incursions kermaïtes. Un nom apparaît alors dans les textes égyptiens pour désigner ce nouvel ennemi : Koush (ég. Kȝš), sans doute l'appellation que se donnaient les Kermaïtes eux-mêmes, et qui continuera à les désigner jusqu'à la disparition de la langue égyptienne. " — paragraph #2 — Claude Rilly, « Le royaume de Méroé », Afriques , Varia, mis en ligne le 21 avril 2010, consulté le 20 juin 2018. URL:
483:
2082:
407:(Book of Coming Forth by Day) in the "Nubian" chapters or spells (162–165). Meroitic names and lexical items, in Egyptian texts, are most frequently attested during Napatan Kushite control of some or all parts of Egypt in the late 3rd Intermediate and Late Periods (ca. 750–656 BC). Both the Meroitic Period and the Kingdom of Kush itself ended with the fall of Meroë (ca. 350 AD), but use of the Meroitic language continued for a time after that event as there are detectable Meroitic
2068:
2054:
2096:
556:, the Nilo-Saharan family that includes the Nubian languages. He finds, for example, that word order in Meroitic "conforms perfectly with other Eastern Sudanic languages, in which sentences exhibit verb-final order (SOV: subject-object-verb); there are postpositions and no prepositions; the genitive is placed before the main noun; the adjective follows the noun."
805:"En fait, si notre hypothèse concernant l'équivalence du peuple de langue méroïtique avec l'ethnonyme « Koush » est avérée, c'est plus au nord encore, entre la deuxième cataracte et l'île de Saï 3, qu'on pourrait envisager de situer le berceau de cette population." — Rilly, Claude. 2007.
1669:
from the hydronyms: Ασταβόρας, Ἀστάπους/ Ἄσταπος, and Ἀστασόβας. Based on the
Egyptian and Greek transcriptions, the /s/ is present before the 1st century AD then disappears after the first century AD. See, Peust, Carsten (1999a). 20. "Namen von Personen, Göttern, Tempeln, Städten, Völkern, und
1719:
as κάνδη /kɒndɛː/ translated as Greek: γυνὴ "woman, lady, wife". See, I. Hofmann, Material für eine meroitische
Grammatik (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 16. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 13), Wien 1981, p. 41.
342:
The
Meroitic period began ca. 300 BC and ended ca. 350 AD. Most attestations of the Meroitic language, via native inscriptions, hail from this period, though some attestations pre- and post-date this period. The Kushite territory stretched from the area of the
541:
C, where the consonants (C) are both labials or both velars, noting that is similar to consonant restrictions found throughout the
Afroasiatic language family, suggesting that Meroitic might have been an Afroasiatic language like Egyptian. Semitist
1632:/ʔ/ in pretonic position (Peust 1999b, 149)." — Rowan, Kirsty (2015) 'The Meroitic Initial a Sign as Griffith's Initial Aleph.' Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 142 (1). pp. 70–84. Under 2.1 Pretonic loss of Meroitic
989:
Claude Rilly (2007). La langue du royaume de Méroé, Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne, Paris: Champion (Bibliothèque de l'École pratique des hautes études, Sciences historiques et philologiques, t.
473:
and was used for general record-keeping; and
Meroitic Hieroglyphic, which was carved in stone or used for royal or religious documents. The last known Meroitic inscription is written in Meroitic Cursive and dates to the 5th century.
347:
to the
Khartoum area of Sudan. It can be assumed that speakers of Meroitic covered much of that territory based on the language contact evidenced in Egyptian texts. Attestations of Meroitic in Egyptian texts, span across the
1682:, Mr. Peust says: "Dasselbe determinative steht schon im Neuen Reich in dem toponyme istdgr, das als ortschaft in Kusch gennant wird." → English: "The same determinative is already in the New Kingdom in the toponym,
510:
The classification of the
Meroitic language is uncertain due to the scarcity of data and difficulty in interpreting it. Since the alphabet was deciphered in 1909, it has been proposed that Meroitic is related to the
1583:..." — Rowan, Kirsty (2015) 'The Meroitic Initial a Sign as Griffith's Initial Aleph.' Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 142 (1). pp. 70–84. Under 2.2 Meroitic forms with no loss of initial
1555:"Resyllabification is a phonological process in which consonants are attached to syllables other than those from which they originally came." Kirsty Rowan speaking of the adoption of Egyptian
903:
Fontes
Historiae Nubiorum: Textual Sources for the History of the Middle Nile Region Between the Eighth Century BC and the Sixth Century AD, vol. II: From the Mid-Fifth to the First Century BC
837:, 12–14 juin 1975, Université des sciences humaines de Strasbourg, Travaux du Centre de recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la Grèce antiques, t. 4, 1977, Leiden. Brill. p. 264. pp.155 – 156.
938:
Louis Chaix (2017). Chapter 26: Cattle, A Major
Component of the Kerma Culture (Sudan). In: Umberto Albarella with Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels, eds.
252:
and was used for general record-keeping; and
Meroitic Hieroglyphic, which was carved in stone or used for royal or religious documents. It is poorly understood, owing to the scarcity of
1675:
1867:
1003:
1049:
1255:
572:, or orthographic letters, used to write a word, as opposed to the word's phonemic representation. All non-syllabic, non-vocalic signs are written with their inherent
552:(2004, 2007, 2012, 2016) is the most recent proponent of the Nilo-Saharan idea: he proposes, based on its syntax, morphology, and known vocabulary, that Meroitic is
1159:
Buzon, Michele R. (December 2014). "Tombos during the Napatan period (~750–660 BC): Exploring the consequences of sociopolitical transitions in ancient Nubia".
2141:
1575:, as the nasal has become resyllabified into coda position due to diachronic vowel reduction/weakening and subsequent complete syncope of the following vowel:
1947:
1616:
process. Kirsty Rowan states, "The stress assignment of Meroitic forms can only be speculated although there are common variant forms where the Meroitic sign
1446:
564:
Below is a short list of Kushite words and parts of speech whose meanings are positively known and are not known to be adopted from Egyptian. Angle brackets (
1247:
1199:
Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers
1991:
1676:
http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/peust1999a/0227?sid=c68725dccdf226c9001489b686df6882&navmode=fulltextsearch&ft_query=dgr&nixda=1
2146:
1792:
887:
2114:
1820:
1740:, seems to indicate direction towards a destination, the destination arrived to, or is arriving to. For instance, in the Kushite phrase:
1256:
http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\esu\nub&first=1&off=&text_word=sun
1878:
1000:
1620:
is frequently omitted and these forms are suggestive for proposals on the placement of stress. It is claimed here that the omission of
1092:
2136:
1486:
1053:
1037:
925:
Egyptian rulers recognized the 1st Cataract of the Nile as the natural southern border of ancient Egypt. — Bianchi, Robert Steven.
1103:
Peust, Carsten (1999). "Das Napatanische: Ein ägyptischer Dialekt aus dem Nubien des späten ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausends".
1074:
Leonard Lesko (1999). "Some Further Thoughts on Chapter 162 of the Book of the Dead", in: Emily Teeter and John A. Larson (eds.),
35:
1922:
1856:
1809:
1521:
1285:
1214:
947:
910:
2131:
1721:
584:
is a non-phonemic placeholder to preserve the syllabicity of the script or is actually vocalic. It is known that the final
1649:. The /s/ is known to exist via the Egyptian transcriptions of Kushite toponyms from the New Kingdom African Peoples List
90:
Possibly attested as early as 12th Dynasty Egypt (ca. 2000–ca. 1800 BC) and fully extinct no later than the 4th century AD
1248:
https://www.academia.edu/36487671/Claude_Rilly_ENEMY_BROTHERS._KINSHIP_AND_RELATIONSHIP_BETWEEN_MEROITES_AND_NUBIANS_NOBA
1628:
is not in a pretonic position, there is no omission of this sign. This is comparable to the diachronic loss of Egyptian
244:) during the Meroitic period (attested from 300 BC) and became extinct about 400 AD. It was written in two forms of the
360:
482:
1776:
1034:
Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eight International Congress of Egyptologists
1962:
1460:
543:
534:, and dissimilar from Nilo-Saharan languages. For example, she notes that very rarely does one find the sequence
1032:
Leonard Lesko (2003). "Nubian Influence on the Later Versions of the Books of the Dead", in: Zahi Hawass (ed.),
2035:
1898:
Rilly, Claude (June 2016). "Meroitic". In Stauder-Porchet, Julie; Stauder, Andréas; Wendrich, Willeke (eds.).
942:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xxii and 839 pp., 126 figs, 40 tables, online supplementary material,
580:
signs are written in parentheses (or brackets if in a word in parentheses) because of not knowing whether the
1258:
for Ken(u)z(i). Further notes, Midob: *massal — proto-Nubian: */b/ or */m/ → Midob: /p/ and Midob: /l/ → /r/.
172:
1762:. Committee on Northeast African Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 5–32.
364:
980:. Under the sub-heading – The original cradle of Proto-NES: chronological and palaeoclimatic issues. p. 18
2151:
1246:
MEROITES AND NUBIANS: TERRITORY AND CONFLICTS: 2.5. Traces of extinct languages in Nile Nubian, p. 222 —
344:
1197:
Rilly, Claude (2008). "Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba)".
765:
1001:
http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/projets/clhass/PageWeb/ressources/Isolats/Meroitic%20Rilly%202004.pdf
807:
La langue du royaume de Méroé: Un panorama de la plus ancienne culture écrite d'Afrique subsaharienne
553:
41:
1408:
1386:
1093:
https://www.academia.edu/36035302/ON_SOME_ASPECTS_OF_THE_BOOKS_OF_THE_DEAD_FROM_THE_PTOLEMAIC_PERIOD
2156:
1672:
Napatanische: ein ägyptischer Dialekt aus dem Nubien des späten ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausends
546:(2011) also argues in favour for an Afro Asiatic origin of Meroitic based primarily on vocabulary.
392:
1712:
352:
1038:
https://www.academia.edu/36035303/Nubian_Influence_on_the_Later_Versions_of_the_Book_of_the_Dead
439:(copula). The language likely became fully extinct by the 6th century when it was supplanted by
1381:
1023:. Oxford, England: John and Erica Hedges Ltd., 2004. xii, 176 p. BAR international series. p.1.
516:
372:
110:
1975:"Meroitic Consonant and Vowel Patterning. Typological Indications for the Presence of Uvulars"
1511:
1395:
531:
520:
114:
105:
1087:
Leonard Lesko (2006). "On Some Aspects of the Books of the Dead from the Ptolemaic Period".
977:
356:
8:
1849:
The Double Kingdom under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690–664 BC
1331:
1206:
1722:
https://books.google.com/books?id=bHMOAAAAYAAJ&dq=searchwithinvolume&q=hesychius
1608:
to be /ʔa/. The validity of that proposal is unknown. Claude Rilly follows that initial
809:. (Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Études, 344.) Paris: Honoré Champion. 624pp. p. 37
600:
is vocalic. Since those are known to be vocalic, they are not in parentheses. Any known
2059:
2014:
1842:. Société d’Études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. Vol. 454. Peeters.
1786:
1353:
1220:
1141:
881:
499:
188:
2031:
2018:
1918:
1852:
1805:
1772:
1517:
1357:
1281:
1224:
1210:
1176:
1108:
943:
906:
466:
460:
368:
285:
281:
245:
136:
1145:
391:, as well as Meroitic anthroponyms, are attested as early as Middle Kingdom Egypt's
269:
2073:
2006:
1343:
1310:
1273:
1202:
1168:
1133:
512:
404:
396:
204:
1933:
1277:
1007:
976:
Claude Rilly (2011). Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan.
487:
444:
317:
97:
52:
2101:
1172:
794:
530:(the only aspects of the language that are secure) are similar to those of the
440:
129:
1758:
Bender, Marvin Lionel (1981). "The Meroitic problem". In Bender, M. L. (ed.).
1559:(literally, servant of god) → Coptic (hont) "prophet, priest" into Kushite as
2125:
2087:
1674:. Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag, 1999 – 371 pages, Under "Jsdrst" on p. 222.
1332:"Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches"
747:"a non-filial, non-(grand)parental, non-avuncular-maternal familial relation"
376:
349:
253:
165:
1899:
1538:
1121:
2010:
1180:
964:
549:
527:
312:. These latter names are representations of the name of the royal city of
156:
1695:
The resyllabified /n/ is known, firstly, from transcriptions of Kushite:
901:
Eide, Tormod; Hägg, Tomas; Pierce, Richard Holton; Török, László (1996).
605:
491:
264:
Meroitic is an extinct language also referred to in some publications as
71:
63:
1120:
Buzon, Michele R.; Smith, Stuart Tyson; Simonetti, Antonio (June 2016).
408:
1137:
833:+ an affix. See, J. Leclant: "Recherches sur la toponymie meroitique".
588:
in Kandake/ Kentake (female ruler) is vocalic and the initial vowel in
448:
412:
1348:
1601:
1315:
1302:
535:
503:
465:
During the Meroitic period, Meroitic was written in two forms of the
383:(ca. 900/750–ca. 300 BC), and Meroitic periods. The Meroitic toponym
181:
149:
2110:
1974:
1122:"Entanglement and the Formation of the Ancient Nubian Napatan State"
1076:
Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente
294:
in English dates to 1852 where it occurs as a translation of German
2067:
2053:
1423:
569:
75:
526:
Rowan (2006, 2011) proposes that the Meroitic sound inventory and
495:
313:
237:
1707:, Greek: κανδάκη, Latin: Candace, and Ge'ez: xan(ə)dākē of which
1613:
769:
470:
380:
249:
1804:. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie. Vol. 8.
1624:
in Meroitic is due to its pretonic position in the word. When
1454:
210:
1771:. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik (in German). Vol. 34. Wien.
538:
400:
307:
241:
79:
67:
1645:
Apparently, the /s/ is resyllabified in the same manner as
213:
1665:(ı͗stˀ / tʰ𓈗), and Ptolemaic Era Greek transcriptions of
999:
Claude Rilly (2004). THE LINGUISTIC POSITION OF MEROITIC.
519:. The competing claim is that Meroitic is a member of the
1992:"The Meroitic Initial a Sign as Griffith's Initial Aleph"
1744:= "From Simalu (going/ traveling/ proceeding) to Selele."
978:
http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf
225:
219:
1875:
Sudan Electronic Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology
1021:
Religious Motifs in Meroitic Painted and Stamped Pottery
905:. Bergen: University of Bergen. pp. 451 et passim.
1301:
Khalil, Mokhtar; Miller, Catherine (31 December 1996).
403:. Meroitic names and phrases appear in the New Kingdom
1612:
is an unstressed vowel in some words and undergoes an
486:
A hieroglyphic Meroitic inscription adorns this royal
329:
1999:
Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde
1380:
Kirsty Rowan. "Meroitic – an Afroasiatic language?".
847:
835:
La toponymie antique. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg
337:
328:), which is represented in ancient Egyptian texts as
228:
2049:
1742:⟨Sim(a)lo-k(e) dik(a) Selele-y(a)t(e)⟩
719:"to love, beloved, to respect, to revere, to desire"
375:
periods – respectively corresponding to the Kushite
222:
1760:
Peoples and cultures of the Ethio-Sudan borderlands
1119:
900:
216:
207:
2030:. London: British Museum Press. pp. 189–195.
1109:http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/peust1999a
1370:The inscription of the Blemmye king, Kharamadoye.
1268:Rilly, Claude; De Voogt, Alex (2012). "Grammar".
2123:
1503:
1050:"III. G. Jebel Barkal in the Book of the Dead"
2142:Languages attested from the 2nd millennium BC
1912:
1509:
1267:
1107:3. Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt Verlag.
469:: Meroitic Cursive, which was written with a
248:: Meroitic Cursive, which was written with a
1680:⟨ı͗-s-d(tˀ / tʰ)-𓈗-r-s(3)-tʰ⟩
1661:), from the late Napatan era Nastasen Stele
1571:/na/ is not written in the late period form
1300:
1192:
1190:
795:http://journals.openedition.org/afriques/379
295:
2115:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
320:. In Meroitic, this city is referred to as
301:
1791:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
886:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
34:
1941:(PhD thesis). SOAS, University of London.
1678:After discussing the 𓈗 determinative in
1563:/anata/ which, in later Kushite, becomes
1530:
1516:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
1438:
1424:"Meroitic Consonant and Vowel Patterning"
1415:
1385:
1347:
1314:
1187:
1915:The Meroitic Language and Writing System
1840:Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique
1818:
1769:Die Sprache der Aithiopen im Lande Kusch
1686:, which is called as a village in Kush."
1513:The Meroitic Language and Writing System
1379:
1270:The Meroitic Language and Writing System
965:http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3128r3sw
929:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2004. p.6.
481:
2147:Languages extinct in the 1st millennium
1303:"Old Nubian and Language Uses in Nubia"
1161:International Journal of Paleopathology
874:Meroitic – a phonological investigation
825:phonetically = q/kusa. There is a form
494:. It is from the temple of Apedemak in
40:Meroitic inscription (1st century BC),
2124:
2025:
1935:Meroitic: A Phonological Investigation
1913:Rilly, Claude; de Voogt, Alex (2012).
1799:
1757:
1736:. A form of the locative, written as -
1510:Rilly, Claude; de Voogt, Alex (2012).
1329:
1989:
1972:
1948:"Meroitic – An Afroasiatic Language?"
1945:
1931:
1897:
1888:
1868:"The Linguistic Position of Meroitic"
1865:
1837:
1536:
1447:"Meroitic – An Afroasiatic Language?"
1444:
1421:
1196:
1158:
940:The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology
871:
1846:
1766:
1484:
1207:10.31338/UW.9788323533269.PP.211-226
1105:Monographien zur Ägyptischen Sprache
1078:. SAOC 58. Chicago 158 1999, 255–59.
1336:Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies
13:
2045:
1955:SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics
338:Location and period of attestation
14:
2168:
1567:/anta/, "However, the nasal sign
1330:Ochała, Grzegorz (10 June 2014).
477:
431:which is made up two morphemes, -
2137:Unclassified languages of Africa
2094:
2080:
2066:
2052:
1711:is the base and, secondly, from
1604:. Kirsty Rowan believes Kushite
1579:/ˈanata/ → /ˈanəta/ → /ˈanta/ =
608:into coda position are written.
203:
1906:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
1751:
1726:
1689:
1639:
1590:
1549:
1543:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
1478:
1373:
1364:
1323:
1294:
1261:
1240:
1231:
1152:
1113:
1097:
1081:
1068:
1042:
1026:
1013:
993:
983:
970:
961:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
953:
1917:. Cambridge University Press.
1663:⟨ı͗sd𓈗-rs(3)tʰ⟩
1651:⟨ı͗stʰ(w)-dg(3)(y)r/l𓈗
1036:. Cairo 2003. vol. 1,314–318.
932:
919:
894:
865:
840:
812:
799:
787:
758:
745:⟨yet(a)m(a)d(e)⟩
638:⟨(e/t-)d(a)x(e)⟩
454:
427:(focus particle) ← Meroitic: -
415:. Two examples are: Meroitic:
411:and morphological features in
395:(ca. 2000 BC) in the Egyptian
300:. The term derives from Latin
1:
1891:La langue du Royaume de Meroe
1802:Einführung in die Meroitistik
1459:(14): 169–206. Archived from
1457:Working Papers in Linguistics
1237:masa (sun) + la (determinant)
751:
644:⟨(t/y-)erik(e)⟩
559:
515:and similar languages of the
417:⟨m(a)s(a)-l(a)⟩
1866:Rilly, Claude (March 2004).
1703:"female ruler" as Egyptian:
1278:10.1017/CBO9780511920028.006
1250:. There is also Ken(u)z(i):
741:- (verbal pronominal suffix)
268:after the apparent attested
7:
2132:Extinct languages of Africa
1821:"Meroitic (Review article)"
1600:, in some words, undergoes
1487:"Meroitic (Review article)"
1019:Ahmed Abuelgasim Elhassan.
613:⟨(a)b(a)r(a)⟩
10:
2173:
1173:10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.05.002
706:"feet, foot, pair of feet"
458:
345:First Cataract of the Nile
308:
2026:Welsby, Derek A. (1996).
1961:: 169–206. Archived from
1819:Lipiński, Edward (2011).
1732:The regular locative is -
1709:⟨k(a)(n)di⟩
1561:⟨an(a)t(a)⟩
927:Daily Life of the Nubians
853:. Oxford University Press
851:Oxford English Dictionary
829:, but this may simply be
650:⟨k(a)(n)di⟩
640:"born, be born, child of"
306:, corresponding to Greek
179:
163:
147:
142:
126:
94:
86:
58:
48:
42:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
33:
28:
23:
1847:Pope, Jeremy W. (2014).
1828:Rocznik Orientalistyczny
1800:Breyer, Francis (2014).
1738:⟨y(a)t(e)⟩
782:200 BC - 4th century AD.
728:⟨y(a)t(e)⟩
717:⟨t(a)k(e)⟩
704:⟨s(a)t(a)⟩
692:⟨m(a)s(a)⟩
686:⟨m(a)s(e)⟩
682:⟨m(a)t(e)⟩
676:⟨m(a)k(a)⟩
670:⟨l(a)ẖ(a)⟩
419:"the sun" → Old Nubian:
379:(ca. 2600–ca. 1500 BC),
1705:⟨kntı͗ky⟩
1126:American Anthropologist
848:"Meroitic, adj. and n."
821:phonetically = q/kesa,
467:Meroitic alphasyllabary
330:
259:
2011:10.1515/zaes-2015-0007
1990:Rowan, Kirsty (2015).
1973:Rowan, Kirsty (2011).
1946:Rowan, Kirsty (2006).
1932:Rowan, Kirsty (2006).
1889:Rilly, Claude (2007).
1838:Rilly, Claude (2010).
1767:Böhm, Gerhard (1988).
1717:⟨k(a)di⟩
1684:⟨istdgr⟩
1557:⟨Hm-nTr⟩
1445:Rowan, Kirsty (2006).
1422:Rowan, Kirsty (2011).
1403:Cite journal requires
1091:3 2006. pp. 151 -159.
876:. London. p. 231.
872:Rowan, Kirsty (2006).
698:⟨qor(e)⟩
652:"woman, lady, female".
590:⟨yetmde⟩
507:
423:"sun" and Old Nubian:
302:
296:
2111:"Meroitic Newsletter"
1884:on 23 September 2015.
1565:⟨at(a)⟩
1537:Rilly C (June 2016).
619:⟨at(a)⟩
598:⟨erike⟩
532:Afroasiatic languages
485:
334:or similar variants.
1985:. Hamburg: Widmaier.
1968:on 27 December 2015.
1734:⟨t(e)⟩
1715:' gloss of Kushite:
1701:⟨ktke⟩
1697:⟨kdke⟩
1596:In Kushite, initial
1569:⟨n(a)⟩
1272:. pp. 132–173.
1089:Aegyptus et Pannonia
827:⟨qesw⟩
739:⟨x(e)⟩
735:⟨x(a)⟩
730:(a type of locative)
724:⟨t(e)⟩
711:⟨s(e)⟩
664:⟨l(a)⟩
657:⟨k(e)⟩
632:⟨b(a)⟩
602:⟨n(a)⟩
594:⟨edxe⟩
576:in parentheses. All
433:⟨l(a)⟩
2028:The Kingdom of Kush
1577:⟨ant⟩
1466:on 27 December 2015
831:⟨qes⟩
823:⟨qos⟩
819:⟨qes⟩
625:⟨ato⟩
566:⟨...⟩
517:Nilo-Saharan phylum
389:⟨qos⟩
385:⟨qes⟩
2152:Languages of Sudan
2060:Linguistics portal
1893:. Paris: Champion.
1647:⟨na⟩
1581:⟨at⟩
1573:⟨at⟩
1485:Lipinski, Edward.
1307:Égypte/Monde arabe
1138:10.1111/aman.12524
1006:2015-09-23 at the
521:Afroasiatic phylum
508:
500:Walters Art Museum
429:⟨lo⟩
1924:978-1-10700-866-3
1858:978-90-04-26294-2
1851:. Leiden: Brill.
1811:978-3-643-12805-8
1634:⟨a⟩
1630:⟨3⟩
1626:⟨a⟩
1622:⟨a⟩
1618:⟨a⟩
1610:⟨a⟩
1606:⟨a⟩
1598:⟨a⟩
1585:⟨a⟩
1523:978-1-107-00866-3
1349:10.5070/D61110007
1287:978-0-511-92002-8
1216:978-83-235-3326-9
948:978-0-19-968647-6
912:978-82-91626-01-7
646:"beget, begotten"
627:(← *astu) "water"
586:⟨e⟩
582:⟨e⟩
578:⟨e⟩
574:⟨a⟩
461:Meroitic alphabet
437:⟨o⟩
246:Meroitic alphabet
199:Meroitic language
195:
194:
137:Meroitic alphabet
62:Southern part of
2164:
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2104:
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2074:Languages portal
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2022:
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1309:(27–28): 67–76.
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1046:
1040:
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1024:
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997:
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772:on 18 April 2015
768:. Archived from
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568:) represent the
567:
513:Nubian languages
498:. Circa 100 BC,
438:
435:(determinant) +
434:
430:
418:
405:Book of the Dead
397:execration texts
390:
386:
361:3rd Intermediate
333:
311:
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305:
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280:(transcribed in
240:(in present-day
236:) was spoken in
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544:Edward Lipiński
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1428:Lingua Aegytia
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2117:. 1968–2003.
2027:
2005:(1): 70–84.
2002:
1998:
1982:
1978:
1963:the original
1958:
1954:
1934:
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1905:
1900:
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1879:the original
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1839:
1836:— review of
1834:(2): 87–104.
1831:
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1728:
1691:
1671:
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1602:aph(a)eresis
1592:
1551:
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1512:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1453:
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1396:cite journal
1375:
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1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
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855:. Retrieved
850:
842:
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814:
806:
801:
789:
781:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
760:
737:-, (later) -
713:- (genitive)
688:"child, son"
678:"god, deity"
672:"great, big"
563:
550:Claude Rilly
548:
528:phonotactics
525:
509:
464:
424:
420:
393:12th Dynasty
341:
325:
321:
291:
290:). The name
286:
277:
273:
270:endoethnonym
265:
263:
198:
196:
180:
111:Nilo-Saharan
106:Unclassified
18:
1657:(ı͗stʰ...𓈗
492:Tanyidamani
455:Orthography
399:concerning
357:New Kingdom
115:Afroasiatic
72:Lower Nubia
64:Upper Egypt
2126:Categories
2037:071410986X
1539:"Meroitic"
950:). p. 414.
766:"Meroitic"
752:References
684:, (later)
659:(ablative)
634:- (plural)
560:Vocabulary
449:Old Nubian
413:Old Nubian
297:Meroitisch
109:(possibly
2113:. Paris:
2019:191460960
1787:cite book
1713:Hesychius
1382:CiteSeerX
1358:128122460
1225:150559888
882:cite book
857:31 August
570:graphemes
504:Baltimore
369:Ptolemaic
272:Meroitic
254:bilingual
182:Glottolog
150:ISO 639-3
74:) to the
1901:Meroitic
1655:⟩
1495:17 March
1470:13 April
1181:29539485
1146:46989272
1004:Archived
350:Egyptian
331:bꜣ-rꜣ-wꜣ
292:Meroitic
282:Egyptian
189:mero1237
78:area of
76:Khartoum
24:Meroitic
1636:, p. 77
1614:aphetic
1587:, p. 78
1167:: 1–7.
1060:23 June
621:"bread"
409:lexemes
381:Napatan
316:of the
266:Kushite
256:texts.
66:around
29:Kushite
2034:
2017:
1921:
1855:
1808:
1775:
1520:
1384:
1356:
1284:
1254:. See
1223:
1213:
1179:
1144:
1010:. p. 1
967:. p. 1
946:
909:
604:signs
596:, and
488:votive
471:stylus
447:, and
445:Coptic
377:Kerman
371:, and
355:, the
326:bedewi
322:bedewe
250:stylus
59:Region
2015:S2CID
1995:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1939:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1667:Ἀστά-
1490:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1354:S2CID
1342:(1).
1252:masil
1221:S2CID
1142:S2CID
776:1 May
615:"man"
496:Meroë
421:mašal
401:Kerma
373:Roman
314:Meroë
309:Μερόη
303:Meroē
242:Sudan
238:Meroë
80:Sudan
68:Aswan
2032:ISBN
1919:ISBN
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