357:
410:, offered him ÂŁ500,000 for the world publishing rights to it. At this point, Menzies's rewritten manuscript was only 190 pages. Bantam Press stated that the book possessed enormous marketing potential, but considered it to be poorly written and sloppily presented. According to Menzies, they told him, "You know, if you want to get your story over, you've got to make it readable, and you can't write, basically." During the revision process that followed, over 130 different people worked on the manuscript, with a large part being written by a
384:. Menzies noticed that they kept encountering the year 1421 and, concluding that it must have been an extraordinary year in world history, decided to write a book about everything that happened in the world in 1421. Menzies spent years working on the book and, by the time it was finished, it was a massive volume spanning 1,500 pages. Menzies sent the manuscript to an agent named Luigi Bonomi, who told him it was unpublishable, but was intrigued by a brief section of the book in which Menzies speculated about the voyages of Chinese admiral
621:, vitiating all its extraordinary claims: the voyages it describes never took place, Chinese information never reached Prince Henry and Columbus, and there is no evidence of the Ming fleets in newly discovered lands. The fundamental assumption of the book—that the Yongle Emperor dispatched the Ming fleets because he had a "grand plan", a vision of charting the world and creating a maritime empire spanning the oceans—is simply asserted by Menzies without a shred of proof ... The reasoning of
492:
427:
197:
646:, is a work of sheer fiction presented as revisionist history. Not a single document or artifact has been found to support his new claims on the supposed Ming naval expeditions beyond Africa...Menzies' numerous claims and the hundreds of pieces of "evidence" he has assembled have been thoroughly and entirely discredited by historians, maritime experts and oceanographers from China, the U.S., Europe and elsewhere.
569:. Menzies bases his main theory on original interpretations and extrapolations of academic studies of minority population DNA, archaeological finds, and ancient maps. Many of these extrapolations draw on his personal nautical background without supporting evidence. Menzies claims that knowledge of Zheng He's discoveries was subsequently lost because the
651:
purported evidence, which they claimed serve as proof that
Menzies's ideas are correct. Menzies also said that he used information his fans were sending to him to improve his hypotheses. Academics have emphatically rejected all of this "evidence" as worthless and have criticized what American history professor
479:'s fleet. Menzies states in the introduction that the book is an attempt to answer the question: "On some early European world maps, it appears that someone had charted and surveyed lands supposedly unknown to the Europeans. Who could have charted and surveyed these lands before they were 'discovered'?"
267:
and back to
England. Menzies claimed that the knowledge of the winds, currents, and sea conditions that he gained on this voyage was essential to reconstructing the 1421 Chinese voyage that he discusses in his first book. Critics have challenged the depth of his nautical knowledge. In 1969, Menzies
760:
In regard to
Menzies' theory that Taccola's sketches are based on Chinese information, Captain P.J. Rivers writes that Menzies contradicts himself by saying elsewhere in his book that Taccola had started his work on his technical sketches in 1431, when Zheng He's fleet was still assembled in China,
630:
Tan Ta Sen, president of the
International Zheng He Society, has acknowledged the book's popular appeal as well as its scholarly failings, remarking, "The book is very interesting, but you still need more evidence. We don't regard it as an historical book, but as a narrative one. I want to see more
650:
Menzies created a website for his readers to send him any information they could find that might support his hypothesis. Menzies said that his website was "a focal point for ongoing research into pre-Columbian exploration of the world." In response, his devoted fans sent him thousands of pieces of
597:
and the alternative history of
Chinese exploration described in it as pseudohistory. A particular point of objection is Menzies' use of maps to argue that the Chinese mapped both the Eastern and Western hemispheres as they circumnavigated the world in the 15th century. The widely respected British
602:
dismissed
Menzies as "either a charlatan or a cretin". Sally Gaminara, the publisher for Transworld, the company which publishes Menzies's book, dismissed Fernández-Armesto as merely jealous, commenting, "Well, maybe he'd like to have the same commercial success himself." On 21 July 2004, the
741:, examined Menzies' claim that private papers of Columbus indicate a Chinese ambassador in correspondence with the Pope and called this claim "drivel." He states that no reputable scholar supports the view that Toscanelli's letter refers to a Chinese ambassador.
511:
In the book, Menzies concludes that only China had the time, money, manpower, and leadership to send such expeditions and then sets out to prove that the
Chinese visited lands unknown in either China or Europe. He claims that from 1421 to 1423, during the
655:
calls the "almost cult-like" manner in which
Menzies drummed up support for his hypothesis. In reaction to this criticism, Menzies dismissed the experts' opinions as irrelevant, stating, "The public are on my side, and they are the people who count."
474:
in the United States). The book is written informally, as a series of vignettes of
Menzies' travels around the globe examining what he claims is evidence for his "1421 hypothesis", interspersed with speculation regarding the achievements of Admiral
564:
Although the book contains numerous footnotes, references, and acknowledgments, critics point out that it lacks supporting references for
Chinese voyages beyond East Africa, the location acknowledged by professional historians as the limit of the
625:
is inexorably circular, its evidence spurious, its research derisory, its borrowings unacknowledged, its citations slipshod, and its assertions preposterous ... Examination of the book's central claims reveals they are uniformly without
388:
and recommended that he rewrite the book, focusing it on Zheng He's voyages. Menzies agreed to rewrite it, but admitted that he was "not a natural writer" and requested Bonomi to rewrite the first three chapters for him.
761:
and that the Italian engineer finished his technical sketches in 1433—one year before the purported arrival of the Chinese fleet. Geoff Wade, a senior research fellow at the Asia Research Institute of the
321:—he called for unrestricted immigration to Great Britain, drawing 0.2% of the vote. In 1990, Menzies began researching Chinese maritime history. He had, however, no academic training and no command of the
1328:
607:(PBS) broadcast a two-hour-long documentary debunking all of Menzies's major claims, featuring professional Chinese historians. In 2004, historian Robert Finlay severely criticized Menzies in the
227:
in 1953. He never attended university and had no formal training in historical studies. From 1959 to 1970, Menzies served on British submarines. Menzies claims he sailed the routes sailed by
1555:
418:
or reputable historians to make sure that the information in the book was accurate. After the rewriting process was complete, the book was at a publishable length of 500 pages.
142:
who authored books claiming that the Chinese sailed to America before Columbus. Historians have rejected Menzies' theories and assertions and have categorised his work as
325:, which his critics argue prevented him from understanding original source material relevant to his thesis. Menzies trained as a barrister, but in 1996 he was declared a
1708:
298:. The ensuing enquiry found Menzies and one of his subordinates responsible for a combination of factors that led to the accident, including the absence of the
310:
392:
Bonomi contacted the firm Midas Public Relations to persuade a major newspaper to run a promotional article for Menzies's book. Menzies hired a room at the
1086:
524:
1332:
715:(fl. 1290–1333), were copied by European scholars and provided direct inspiration for the illustrations of mechanical devices which are attributed to the
1940:
841:
555:
instantly became an international success; it was translated into dozens of different languages and sold over a million copies. It was listed as a
1987:
1954:
1381:
302:(who usually takes the helm in port) who had been replaced by a less experienced crew member, and technical issues with the boat's telegraph.
1569:
573:
bureaucrats of the Ming imperial court feared that the costs of further voyages would ruin the Chinese economy. He conjectures that when the
245:
between 1968 and 1970, a contention questioned by some of his critics. He often refers back to his sea-faring days to support claims made in
757:, writes that Menzies "says something is a copy just because they look similar. He says two things are almost identical when they are not."
1997:
941:
765:, acknowledges that there was a cross exchange of technological ideas between Europe and China, but ultimately classifies Menzies' book as
157:
532:
184:, and that it maintained a global seaborne empire extending to the shores of America and India, millennia before actual contact in the
1844:
1487:
1354:
2017:
2012:
402:
to publish an article about his speculations. Publishers immediately began courting Menzies for the publishing rights to his book.
1528:
1284:
1742:
1866:
613:
for his "reckless manner of dealing with evidence" that led him to propose hypotheses "without a shred of proof". Finlay wrote:
1426:
782:
581:
forbade further expeditions, the mandarins hid or destroyed the records of previous exploration to discourage further voyages.
1228:
815:
693:
and found amongst the private papers of Columbus indicates that an earlier Chinese ambassador had direct correspondence with
638:
of Portugal, Philip Rivers of Malaysia, Geoff Wade of Singapore—questioned Menzies' methods and findings in a joint message:
1411:
Ptak, Roderich; Salmon, Claudine (2005), "Zheng He: Geschichte und Fiktion", in Ptak, Roderich; Höllmann, Thomas O. (eds.),
438:, Gavin Menzies challenged these routes, claiming that Zheng He's fleet actually travelled all over the world, visiting the
333:
which prohibited him from taking legal action in England and Wales without prior judicial permission.) Menzies was made an
314:
1026:
1153:
910:
682:
1036:
1055:; Sheiko, Konstantin; Brown, Stephen (1 November 2009). "Pseudo History/Weird History: Nationalism and the Internet".
139:
762:
738:
236:
211:
Menzies was born in London, England, and his family moved to China when he was three weeks old. He was educated at
1937:
1630:
2022:
1560:
786:
from 1247. He arrived at the conclusion that the solution method does not depend on this text but on the earlier
703:
635:
1218:
859:
495:
2032:
2027:
2007:
1992:
414:
named Neil Hanson. The authors relied entirely on Menzies for factual information and never brought in any
1856:
884:
742:
670:
730:
599:
690:
604:
393:
1389:
798:. Furthermore, Regiomontanus could rely on practices with remainder tables from the abacus tradition.
2002:
777:
334:
769:
and asserts that there is "absolutely no Chinese evidence" for a maritime venture to Italy in 1434.
1874:
609:
1250:
1415:, South China and Maritime Asia, vol. 15, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 9–35 (12)
949:
306:
284:
376:
Gavin Menzies had the idea to write his first book after he and his wife Marcella visited the
164:
in 1492, and that the same fleet circumnavigated the globe a century before the expedition of
1449:
990:
Goodman, David S. G. (2006). "Mao and The Da Vinci Code: Conspiracy, Narrative and History".
570:
407:
253:
201:
842:"Lt Cdr Gavin Menzies, submariner turned author of far-fetched oceanic histories – obituary"
1982:
1977:
1686:
1532:
1290:
1147:
712:
660:
161:
1312:
Evans, Peter (5 June 1970). "Immigrant girl will vote in despair – Powellism". News.
8:
1959:
716:
631:
proof. But at least Menzies has started something, and people could find more evidence."
398:
220:
181:
1867:"How Not to (Re)Write World History: Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America"
356:
1891:
1845:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation's FOUR CORNERS Program Transcript of "Junk History"
1818:
1750:
1713:
1492:
1454:
1007:
766:
634:
A group of scholars and navigators—Su Ming Yang of the United States, Jin Guo-Ping and
548:
521:
326:
277:
228:
212:
165:
679:
1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance
672:
1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance
170:
1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance
102:
1434: The Year a Magnificent Chinese Fleet Sailed to Italy and Ignited the Renaissance
1926:
1899:
1895:
1822:
1497:
1459:
1224:
1068:
1052:
1032:
1011:
750:
746:
724:
540:
338:
330:
260:
239:
1172:"The Times Guide to the House of Commons, 1970", Times Newspapers Ltd, 1970, p. 231.
1883:
1808:
1798:
1101:
1064:
999:
753:, and in regard to European illustrations purporting to be copied from the Chinese
734:
652:
566:
459:
431:
322:
185:
1936:
Hartz, Bill. In the Hall of Ma'at. Weighing the Evidence for Alternative History:
819:
172:, extended his discovery hypothesis to the European continent. In his third book,
1944:
685:
reached Italy and brought books and globes that, to a great extent, launched the
547:, tried to reach the North and South Poles, and circumnavigated the world before
1803:
1786:
1772:
1556:"Zheng He in the Americas and Other Unlikely Tales of Exploration and Discovery"
1911:
1681:
1592:
1529:"Joint Statement on the Claims by Gavin Menzies Regarding the Zheng He Voyages"
787:
694:
578:
574:
557:
517:
381:
377:
365:
1003:
916:
912:
Zheng He in the Americas and Other Unlikely Tales of Exploration and Discovery
1971:
1930:
1861: – Website set up by an international group of academics and researchers
1501:
1463:
773:
415:
223:. Menzies dropped out of school when he was fifteen years old and joined the
207:, on which Gavin Menzies claims to have been stationed as an officer in 1959.
143:
83:
1813:
1082:
708:
617:
Unfortunately, this reckless manner of dealing with evidence is typical of
513:
403:
318:
1887:
372:, China with his wife Marcella for their twenty-fifth wedding anniversary.
1950:
1105:
1051:
686:
411:
280:
269:
114:
Who Discovered America?: The Untold Story of the Peopling of the Americas
539:, discovered Australia, New Zealand, the Americas, Antarctica, and the
264:
232:
224:
1526:
426:
1251:"Naval Officers (RN, RNR & RNVR) 20th Century (non-World War II)"
791:
544:
455:
447:
443:
136:
1220:
Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions
1028:
Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-religions
590:
536:
528:
476:
439:
385:
305:
Menzies retired the next year, and campaigned unsuccessfully as an
299:
196:
177:
154:
1955:"A Chinese whopper – no evidence of a Chinese city in New Zealand"
720:
451:
369:
216:
1527:
Guo-Ping, J; Pereira, M; Rivers PJ; Ming-Yang S; Wade G (2006).
108:
The Lost Empire of Atlantis: History's Greatest Mystery Revealed
1658:
503:
290:, which was moored at a pier. This collision punched a hole in
1839:
888:
421:
697:
in Rome. Menzies then claims that materials from the Chinese
942:"1421: The Year China Discovered the World by Gavin Menzies"
344:
153:, in which he asserts that the fleets of Chinese Admiral
466:
The finished copy of the book was published in 2002 as
252:
In 1959, by his own account, Menzies was an officer on
593:
and professional historians have universally rejected
1429:. HM Courts & Tribunals Service. 15 December 2014
1031:(Reprint ed.). Reaktion Books. pp. 12, 19.
749:, questions the rigor of Menzies' application of the
1743:"Columbus debunker sets sights on Leonardo da Vinci"
1223:. London, England: Reaktion Books. pp. 96–103.
1736:
1734:
1732:
1709:"History News Network Celebrates Bad History Books"
1682:"What is the Least Credible History Book in Print?"
860:"Gavin Menzies: August 14th 1937– April 12th, 2020"
667:as the third-least credible history book in print.
520:, the fleets of Admiral Zheng He, commanded by the
1701:
772:Albrecht Heeffer investigated Menzies' claim that
1628:
879:
877:
259:on a voyage from Singapore to Africa, around the
18:British naval officer and author of pseudohistory
1969:
1729:
677:In 2008 Menzies released a second book entitled
1355:"Gavin Menzies: Mad as a Snake or a Visionary?"
1248:
135:(14 August 1937 – 12 April 2020) was a British
1124:
1122:
874:
790:as does the treatment of a similar problem by
1522:
1520:
1518:
1279:
1277:
689:. He claims that a letter written in 1474 by
149:He was best known for his controversial book
1244:
1242:
1240:
971:
969:
967:
1316:. No. 57888. London. col C, p. 9.
1166:
1142:
1140:
1119:
1087:"The Alchemy of Turning Fiction into Truth"
422:Publication, claims, and commercial success
1653:
1651:
1547:
1515:
1410:
1286:Challenges to Menzies' nautical experience
1274:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1912:"The "Liu/Menzies" World Map: A Critique"
1812:
1802:
1629:Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia (25 June 2005),
1593:"The "Liu/Menzies" World Map: A Critique"
1488:"BEST SELLERS: January 26, 2003 – Page 2"
1237:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
985:
983:
964:
818:. Highbeam Research. 2006. Archived from
644:1421: The Year China Discovered the World
468:1421: The Year China Discovered the World
346:1421: The Year China Discovered the World
151:1421: The Year China Discovered the World
96:1421: The Year China Discovered the World
1553:
1249:Houterman, Hans; Koppes, Jeroen (2011).
1137:
935:
933:
458:, establishing colonies, and eventually
425:
355:
195:
1787:"Regiomontanus and Chinese Mathematics"
1784:
1648:
1326:
1131:1421: The Year China Discovered America
989:
561:best seller for several weeks in 2003.
498:1421: The Year China Discovered America
472:1421: The Year China Discovered America
351:
235:while he was commanding officer of the
1988:People educated at Charterhouse School
1970:
1864:
1740:
1616:
1216:
1175:
1081:
1024:
980:
975:
939:
796:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
783:Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections
434:accepted by mainstream historians. In
1949:
1679:
1311:
930:
816:"Contemporary Authors: Gavin Menzies"
745:, Professor of the History of Art at
681:. In it Menzies claims that in 1434
1909:
1680:Walsh, David Austin (16 July 2012).
1590:
1447:
1379:
315:1970 United Kingdom general election
1998:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
1382:"Did the Chinese Discover America?"
1380:Chua, Dan-Chyi (29 December 2008).
1329:"When the East Discovered the West"
1266:1968–1970, Commanding Officer, HMS
1154:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1128:
268:was involved in an incident in the
13:
1773:1434 – No Way – No Canal
1413:Zheng He. Images & Perceptions
1302:; see esp. note 5 of the Appendix.
14:
2044:
1833:
1531:. 1421exposed.com. Archived from
940:Gordon, Peter (30 January 2003).
887:. 1421exposed.com. Archived from
1631:"Did Chinese beat out Columbus?"
1069:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00649.x
763:National University of Singapore
739:Queen Mary, University of London
490:
382:twenty-fifth wedding anniversary
2018:Pre-1606 contact with Australia
2013:Royal Navy submarine commanders
1778:
1765:
1673:
1622:
1610:
1584:
1480:
1441:
1419:
1404:
1373:
1347:
1320:
1305:
1094:Journal of Scholarly Publishing
1075:
1045:
1327:Menzies, Gavin (11 May 2007).
1018:
903:
852:
834:
808:
360:Menzies was inspired to write
213:Orwell Park Preparatory School
180:did exist, in the form of the
1:
1448:Hitt, Jack (5 January 2003).
1133:(2008 ed.). p. 113.
801:
67:Author, retired naval officer
1741:Castle, Tim (29 July 2008).
1149:Interview with Gavin Menzies
737:in the United States and at
733:, a professor of history at
584:
191:
7:
1804:10.21825/philosophica.82169
1591:Wade, Geoff (Autumn 2007).
707:, published in 1313 by the
496:Presentation by Menzies on
174:The Lost Empire of Atlantis
160:prior to European explorer
10:
2049:
1938:Gavin's Fantasy Land, 1421
1785:Heeffer, Albrecht (2008).
1217:Fritze, Ronald H. (2009).
1025:Fritze, Ronald H. (2011).
776:based his solution to the
691:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli
605:Public Broadcasting System
460:circumnavigating the globe
394:Royal Geographical Society
1775:. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
1004:10.1080/09512740600875135
778:Chinese remainder theorem
598:historian of exploration
577:died in 1424 and the new
489:
484:
317:, where—standing against
133:Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies
122:
89:
79:
71:
63:
51:
36:Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies
32:
25:
1875:Journal of World History
1749:. London. Archived from
731:Felipe Fernández-Armesto
610:Journal of World History
600:Felipe Fernández-Armesto
311:Wolverhampton South West
168:. Menzies' second book,
1943:14 October 2013 at the
1865:Finlay, Robert (2004),
1771:The 1421 myth exposed:
885:"The 1421 myth exposed"
2023:Ming treasure voyages.
1840:Gavin Menzies' website
648:
628:
463:
373:
208:
176:, Menzies claims that
1888:10.1353/jwh.2004.0018
1427:"Vexatious litigants"
946:Asian Review of Books
640:
615:
429:
408:Transworld Publishers
364:after a visit to the
359:
199:
1910:Wade, Geoff (2007),
1687:History News Network
1554:Newbrook, M (2004),
1450:"Goodbye, Columbus!"
1106:10.3138/jsp.39.4.354
780:on the Chinese work
661:History News Network
352:Writing and research
162:Christopher Columbus
158:visited the Americas
140:lieutenant-commander
2033:Sailors from London
2028:Vexatious litigants
2008:Atlantis proponents
1993:Writers from London
1960:The Southland Times
1753:on 23 December 2008
1568:(3), archived from
1496:. 26 January 2003.
1359:The Daily Telegraph
846:The Daily Telegraph
794:which predates the
717:Italian Renaissance
699:Book of Agriculture
683:Chinese delegations
516:of China under the
432:voyages of Zheng He
399:The Daily Telegraph
294:but did not damage
182:Minoan civilization
1905:on 9 November 2013
1714:The New York Times
1659:"Official website"
1635:The New York Times
1493:The New York Times
1455:The New York Times
992:The Pacific Review
822:on 5 November 2012
767:historical fiction
549:Ferdinand Magellan
543:; circumnavigated
464:
396:, which convinced
374:
335:honorary professor
327:vexatious litigant
229:Ferdinand Magellan
209:
166:Ferdinand Magellan
1953:(7 August 2019).
1572:on 27 August 2011
1255:unithistories.com
1230:978-1-86189-430-4
751:historical method
747:Oxford University
725:Leonardo da Vinci
711:scholar-official
541:Northeast Passage
509:
508:
339:Yunnan University
331:HM Courts Service
261:Cape of Good Hope
130:
129:
2040:
2003:Pseudohistorians
1964:
1933:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1898:, archived from
1871:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1619:, pp. 241f.
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1561:Skeptical Briefs
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1524:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:on 17 March 2012
1388:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:on 20 March 2012
1331:. Archived from
1324:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1289:, archived from
1281:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1214:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1129:Menzies, Gavin.
1126:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1063:(6): 1484–1495.
1049:
1043:
1042:
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
978:
973:
962:
961:
959:
957:
948:. Archived from
937:
928:
927:
926:
924:
919:on 17 March 2007
915:, archived from
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
891:on 28 March 2007
881:
872:
871:
869:
867:
856:
850:
849:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
812:
735:Tufts University
723:(1382–1453) and
653:Ronald H. Fritze
500:, April 25, 2003
494:
493:
482:
481:
430:Map showing the
406:, a division of
323:Chinese language
237:diesel submarine
186:Age of Discovery
126:Marcella Menzies
58:
44:
42:
23:
22:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
1968:
1967:
1945:Wayback Machine
1914:
1902:
1869:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1814:1854/LU-1092888
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1661:. Gavin Menzies
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1535:on 10 June 2007
1525:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1361:. 1 August 2008
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1293:on 10 June 2007
1283:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1127:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1057:History Compass
1053:Melleuish, Greg
1050:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1019:
988:
981:
974:
965:
955:
953:
938:
931:
922:
920:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
875:
865:
863:
862:. 18 April 2020
858:
857:
853:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
814:
813:
809:
804:
675:
663:readers ranked
587:
567:fleet's travels
491:
485:External videos
424:
354:
349:
194:
56:
46:
40:
38:
37:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1934:
1907:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1834:External links
1832:
1829:
1828:
1777:
1764:
1728:
1700:
1672:
1647:
1621:
1609:
1583:
1546:
1514:
1479:
1440:
1418:
1403:
1372:
1346:
1319:
1304:
1273:
1236:
1229:
1174:
1165:
1136:
1118:
1100:(4): 354–372.
1074:
1044:
1038:978-1861898173
1037:
1017:
998:(3): 359–384.
979:
963:
952:on 5 July 2003
929:
902:
873:
851:
848:. 14 May 2020.
833:
806:
805:
803:
800:
788:Sunzi Suanjing
695:Pope Eugene IV
674:
669:
636:MalhĂŁo Pereira
586:
583:
579:Hongxi Emperor
575:Yongle Emperor
558:New York Times
518:Yongle Emperor
507:
506:
487:
486:
470:(published as
423:
420:
378:Forbidden City
366:Forbidden City
353:
350:
348:
343:
200:Photograph of
193:
190:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
118:
117:
111:
105:
99:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
59:(aged 82)
53:
49:
48:
45:14 August 1937
34:
30:
29:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:(4): 273–80,
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1717:. 4 July 2012
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:(July 2008).
1084:
1083:Henige, David
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
977:
972:
970:
968:
951:
947:
943:
936:
934:
918:
914:
913:
906:
890:
886:
880:
878:
861:
855:
847:
843:
837:
821:
817:
811:
807:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
775:
774:Regiomontanus
770:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:(1452–1519).
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
666:
662:
657:
654:
647:
645:
639:
637:
632:
627:
624:
620:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
505:
501:
499:
488:
483:
480:
478:
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
419:
417:
416:fact checkers
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
395:
390:
387:
383:
379:
371:
367:
363:
358:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:candidate in
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
282:
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
257:
250:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
205:
198:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
147:
145:
144:pseudohistory
141:
138:
134:
125:
121:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
92:
90:Notable works
88:
85:
84:Pseudohistory
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:12 April 2020
54:
50:
35:
31:
27:Gavin Menzies
24:
21:
16:
1958:
1951:Esler, Lloyd
1922:
1919:E-Perimetron
1918:
1900:the original
1879:
1873:
1858:1421 Exposed
1857:
1794:
1791:Philosophica
1790:
1780:
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1719:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1638:, retrieved
1634:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1600:E-Perimetron
1599:
1586:
1574:, retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1505:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1474:
1467:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1386:The Asia Mag
1385:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1322:
1313:
1307:
1295:, retrieved
1291:the original
1285:
1267:
1265:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1219:
1168:
1157:, retrieved
1148:
1130:
1109:. Retrieved
1097:
1093:
1077:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1027:
1020:
995:
991:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
945:
921:, retrieved
917:the original
911:
905:
893:. Retrieved
889:the original
864:. Retrieved
854:
845:
836:
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
810:
795:
781:
771:
759:
754:
729:
709:Yuan-dynasty
702:
698:
678:
676:
671:
664:
658:
649:
643:
641:
633:
629:
622:
618:
616:
608:
594:
588:
563:
556:
552:
514:Ming dynasty
510:
497:
471:
467:
465:
435:
404:Bantam Press
397:
391:
375:
361:
345:
319:Enoch Powell
304:
295:
291:
286:
273:
263:, and on to
256:Newfoundland
255:
251:
246:
241:
221:Charterhouse
210:
204:Newfoundland
203:
173:
169:
150:
148:
132:
131:
113:
107:
101:
95:
57:(2020-04-12)
20:
15:
1983:2020 deaths
1978:1937 births
1617:Finlay 2004
976:Finlay 2004
743:Martin Kemp
687:Renaissance
591:Sinologists
589:Mainstream
412:ghostwriter
313:during the
307:independent
281:minesweeper
270:Philippines
72:Nationality
1972:Categories
1882:(2): 229,
1797:: 87–114.
1757:26 January
1721:17 January
1576:10 October
1539:10 October
1396:2 November
1111:10 October
956:2 November
802:References
719:polymaths
659:A poll of
626:substance.
380:for their
341:in China.
265:Cape Verde
233:James Cook
225:Royal Navy
64:Occupation
41:1937-08-14
1931:1790-3769
1896:144478854
1851:Criticism
1823:170479588
1502:0362-4331
1464:0362-4331
1314:The Times
1012:144521610
895:2 October
792:Fibonacci
713:Wang Zhen
642:His book
585:Criticism
545:Greenland
533:Yang Qing
456:Australia
448:Greenland
444:Caribbean
292:Endurance
287:Endurance
285:USS
278:U.S. Navy
276:rammed a
254:HMS
240:HMS
202:HMS
192:Biography
137:submarine
1941:Archived
1507:12 March
1469:12 March
1365:22 March
1339:22 March
1297:22 March
1159:22 March
923:22 March
826:24 March
755:Nong Shu
704:Nong Shu
571:mandarin
537:Hong Bao
529:Zhou Man
525:Zhou Wen
522:captains
477:Zheng He
440:Americas
386:Zheng He
300:coxswain
178:Atlantis
155:Zheng He
1747:Reuters
1665:16 June
1433:16 June
1268:Rorqual
1260:23 June
721:Taccola
452:Pacific
370:Beijing
296:Rorqual
274:Rorqual
272:, when
242:Rorqual
217:Suffolk
75:English
1929:
1894:
1821:
1640:8 June
1606:: 270.
1500:
1475:rights
1462:
1227:
1035:
1010:
866:14 May
701:, the
535:, and
504:C-SPAN
454:, and
450:, the
442:, the
219:, and
123:Spouse
116:(2013)
110:(2011)
104:(2008)
98:(2002)
47:London
1915:(PDF)
1903:(PDF)
1892:S2CID
1870:(PDF)
1819:S2CID
1693:7 May
1596:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
1008:S2CID
80:Genre
1927:ISSN
1759:2011
1723:2015
1695:2020
1667:2019
1642:2010
1578:2009
1541:2009
1509:2011
1498:ISSN
1471:2011
1460:ISSN
1435:2019
1398:2023
1367:2011
1341:2011
1299:2007
1262:2011
1225:ISBN
1161:2007
1113:2013
1033:ISBN
958:2023
925:2007
897:2009
868:2020
828:2011
665:1421
623:1421
619:1421
595:1421
553:1421
436:1421
362:1421
247:1421
231:and
52:Died
33:Born
1884:doi
1809:hdl
1799:doi
1102:doi
1065:doi
1000:doi
368:in
337:at
329:by
215:in
1974::
1957:.
1921:,
1917:,
1890:,
1880:15
1878:,
1872:,
1817:.
1807:.
1795:82
1793:.
1789:.
1745:.
1731:^
1711:.
1684:.
1650:^
1633:,
1602:.
1598:.
1566:14
1564:,
1558:,
1517:^
1490:.
1473:.
1458:.
1452:.
1384:.
1357:.
1276:^
1264:.
1253:.
1239:^
1177:^
1152:,
1139:^
1121:^
1098:39
1096:.
1092:.
1059:.
1006:.
996:19
994:.
982:^
966:^
944:.
932:^
876:^
844:.
551:.
531:,
527:,
502:,
446:,
283:,
249:.
188:.
146:.
1963:.
1923:2
1886::
1825:.
1811::
1801::
1761:.
1725:.
1697:.
1669:.
1644:.
1604:2
1580:.
1543:.
1511:.
1437:.
1400:.
1369:.
1343:.
1233:.
1115:.
1104::
1071:.
1067::
1061:7
1041:.
1014:.
1002::
960:.
899:.
870:.
830:.
462:.
43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
