524:. More recently, the fish have become a favourite system for studying the molecular genetics of evolutionary change in wild populations and a powerful "supermodel" for combining evolutionary studies at molecular, developmental, population genetic, and ecological levels. The nearly complete genome sequence of a reference freshwater stickleback was described in 2012, along with set of genetic variants commonly found in 21 marine and freshwater populations around the world. Some variants, and several chromosome inversions, consistently distinguish marine and freshwater populations, helping identify a genome-wide set of changes contributing to repeated adaptation of sticklebacks to marine and freshwater environments. The adaptations seen in oceanic threespine sticklebacks make them an ideal organism for the study of parallel evolution.
485:
species but multiple studies have confirmed male mate choice within stickleback species. Males show a choosiness similar to females as to what female they are willing to court and mate. Male sticklebacks have been observed to show preference towards female sticklebacks that are larger and longer. This is believed to be because larger females on average produce larger eggs, which leads to a greater offspring survival and fitness. In addition, male sticklebacks have also been observed to prefer females with more distended or bloated stomachs. The benefits of this is also due to larger eggs and thus offspring survival and fitness
49:
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71:
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attract females to the nest. Females signal their readiness to mate with solitary rather than shoaling behaviour, a head-up posture; their bellies are also obviously distended with eggs. Courtship typically involves a zig-zag 'dance' where the male approaches the female in an erratic side-to-side pattern, and dorsal pricking of the female's abdomen. A female lays her eggs inside the nest, where the male
484:
In some species, such as the three-spined stickleback, the large investment in both nesting site and guarding of eggs by males limits the number of females a male can mate with. This introduces the ability for selection to favor male mate choice. Male mate choice is rarely studied or observed in many
455:
However, there is also evidence that attractive male red coloration may be a faulty signal of male quality. Male sticklebacks that are more attractive to females due to carotenoid colorants may under-allocate carotenoids to their germline cells. Since carotinoids are beneficial antioxidants, their
442:
Typically, the sex with the greatest parental investment has the strongest mate preferences. Stickleback species exhibit mutual mate choice in which both the male and female have strong mate preferences. This is due in part to the strong parental investment on behalf of the male in guarding the eggs.
407:), which can reach 22 cm (approx. 8.8 inches). Body form varies with habitat: sticklebacks in shallow lakes have developed a deep body specialized to enable feeding on benthic invertebrates, whilst those in deep oligotrophic lakes have adapted to feed on plankton and have a more slimlined body.
429:
them. The male then guards the eggs until they hatch 7–14 days later (depending on temperature), and may continue to guard the fry after they hatch. This large investment in both the nesting site and guarding of the eggs limits the number of females a male can mate with however males spawn multiple
424:
All stickleback species show similar, unusual mating behaviour. Freshwater males develop a red colouration, and although this may be seen in oceanic and benthic species these tend to remain dull-coloured. The male then constructs a nest from weeds held together by spiggin, a kidney secretion, then
451:
Female sticklebacks show a strong preference to male stickleback with bright red coloration under their throats. Females mate both more often with males with brighter red coloration and give on average, larger eggs to be fertilized by these males. This preference has led to brighter red coloring.
1612:
Jones, Felicity C.; Grabherr, Manfred G.; Chan, Yingguang Frank; Russell, Pamela; Mauceli, Evan; Johnson, Jeremy; Swofford, Ross; Pirun, Mono; Zody, Michael C.; White, Simon; Birney, Ewan; Searle, Stephen; Schmutz, Jeremy; Grimwood, Jane; Dickson, Mark C.; Myers, Richard M.; Miller, Craig T.;
910:
Colosimo, Pamela F.; Hosemann, Kim E.; Balabhadra, Sarita; Villarreal, Guadalupe; Dickson, Mark; Grimwood, Jane; Schmutz, Jeremy; Myers, Richard M.; Schluter, Dolph; Kingsley, David M. (2005). "Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of ectodysplasin alleles".
415:
Research has shown that
Sticklebacks display distinct personality traits, specifically in the area of taking a risk, and, can be considered bold or shy. These personality traits were determined to directly influence if they would lead, and if discouraged, attempt to lead again.
475:
Female mate choice has also been seen to be condition dependent. Females are almost always the more choosy sex in most species. Female sticklebacks though, have been found to be less choosy of mates when in poor physical condition and inversely, more choosy in good condition.
399:), is about 4 inches, but few of them are more than 3 inches long. They mature sexually at a length of about 2 inches. Most other stickleback species are roughly similar in size or somewhat smaller. The only exception is the far larger
541:
1613:
Summers, Brian R.; Knecht, Anne K.; Brady, Shannon D.; Zhang, Haili; Pollen, Alex A.; Howes, Timothy; Amemiya, Chris; Lander, Eric S.; Di Palma, Federica; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Kingsley, David M.; Kingsley, D. M. (2012-04-04).
1521:
254:
recognises 16 species in the family, grouped in five genera. However, several of the species have a number of recognised subspecies, and the taxonomy of the family is thought to be in need of revision.
497:. When gravid females are given the choice between a courting unfamiliar non-sibling and a familiar brother, they prefer to mate with the non-sibling and thus avoid the disadvantages that accompany
536:
228:
Gasterostiformes with the sea horses and pipefishes making up the suborder
Syngnathoidei. More recent phylogenetic work has shown that the Gaterosteoidei is more closely related to the
452:
This association is possible because the red coloration can only be produced by males that are free of parasites. This is referred to in the
Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis.
501:. Eggs from inbred matings compared to eggs from outbred matings have a lower rate of fertilization and hatching, and fewer progeny survive to reproductive age.
1925:
1083:"Why is mutual mate choice not the norm? Operational sex ratios, sex roles and the evolution of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic signalling"
353:
Sticklebacks are endemic to the temperate zone and are most commonly found in the ocean, but some can be found in fresh water. The freshwater
1964:
1747:
1182:"Indirect fitness consequences of mate choice in sticklebacks: offspring of brighter males grow slowly but resist parasitic infections"
1899:
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769:
633:
1943:
1314:
Kim SY, Velando A (January 2020). "Attractive male sticklebacks carry more oxidative DNA damage in the soma and germline".
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1399:
1180:
Barber, Iain; Arnott, Stephen A.; Braithwaite, Victoria A.; Andrew, Jennifer; Huntingford, Felicity A. (2001-01-07).
894:
2003:
1878:
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1969:
1891:
793:"The evolution of variation and distributional patterns in European populations of the three-spined stickleback,
748:
Foster, Susan A.; Cresko, William A.; Johnson, Kevin P.; Tlusty, Michael U.; Willmott, Harleigh E. (1996-01-01).
383:. An unusual feature of sticklebacks is that they have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates.
240:. but in other phylogenetic classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales within the suborder
17:
1951:
1014:
1038:
Sargent, Robert Craig; Gross, Mart R.; Van Den Berghe, Eric P. (1986-04-01). "Male mate choice in fishes".
70:
31:
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338:
2008:
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and the viability of their offspring by choosing redder, but more deteriorated partners with reduced
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Sticklebacks are carnivorous, feeding on small animals such as insects, crustaceans and fish larvae.
312:
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347:
217:
147:
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1995:
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10,000–20,000 years ago, and have evolved features different from those of the marine species.
273:
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in 1831. It was long thought that the sticklebacks and their relatives made up a suborder, the
48:
379:
Sticklebacks are characterised by the presence of strong and clearly isolated spines in their
1990:
1930:
1135:"Mutual mate choice in sticklebacks: attractive males choose big females, which lay big eggs"
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dedicated to stickleback, which saved thousands of city residents from starvation during the
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1982:
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distribution in fresh, brackish and marine waters. They were thought to be related to the
1266:"Female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males"
8:
1729:
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1687:
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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Balshine, S.; Kempenaers, B.; Székely, T.; Kokko, H.; Johnstone, R. A. (2002-03-29).
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Orr, James W. & Pietsch, T.W. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
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The stickleback family, Gasterosteidae, was first proposed as a family by the French
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1231:"Female mate choice and male red coloration in a natural three-spined stickleback (
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Female three-spined sticklebacks adjust their courting behaviour to the risk of
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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Ricardo
Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017).
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Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
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Bakker, Theo C. M.; Künzler, Reto; Mazzi, Dominique (September 1999).
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1615:"The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks"
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1672:"Threespine Stickleback: A Model System For Evolutionary Genomics"
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Reid, Kerry; Bell, Michael A.; Veeramah, Krishna R. (2021-08-31).
1367:
1350:
268:
202:
198:
1473:"Inbreeding avoidance through non-random mating in sticklebacks"
1524:. In Ostlund-Nillson, S.; Mayer, I.; Huntingford, F.A. (eds.).
1522:"The molecular genetics of evolutionary change in sticklebacks"
834:
Bell, Michael A. (1976). "Evolution of phenotypic diversity in
498:
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times. This introduces the ability for selection to favor male
358:
281:
92:
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1015:"Stickleback fish show initiative, personality and leadership"
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to these cells. Therefore, female sticklebacks may risk
263:
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of this fish were important in the early development of
236:, which means that this taxon would belong in the order
197:
but are now thought to be more closely related to the
838:
superspecies on the
Pacific Coast of North America".
1264:
Milinski, Manfred; Bakker, Theo C. M. (March 1990).
1133:
Kraak, Sarah B. M; Bakker, Theo C. M. (1998-10-01).
622:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
752:. In Sanderson, Michael J.; Hufford, Larry (eds.).
1348:
1229:Bakker, Theo C. M.; Mundwiler, Beat (1994-03-01).
2023:
1669:
1128:
1126:
391:The maximum size of the best-known species, the
1519:
1394:(2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
1351:"Condition-related mate choice in sticklebacks"
1228:
889:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 171–172.
750:"Patterns of homoplasy in behavioral evolution"
1466:
1464:
1462:
1263:
1559:"The synthesis and evolution of a supermodel"
1470:
1123:
1751:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1676:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1390:Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., eds. (1998).
651:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
56:Four marine species of stickleback from the
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628:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495.
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1526:Biology of the three-spine stickleback
1520:Kingsley, D.M.; Peichel, C.L. (2007).
960:
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642:
615:
460:cells can lead to increased oxidative
1760:
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878:
583:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
446:
434:. Some males die following spawning.
1892:b94c0bec-5c55-4643-91f4-131ab7743537
833:
756:. Academic Press. pp. 245–269.
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1688:10.1146/annurev-genom-111720-081402
1471:Frommen JG, Bakker TC (June 2006).
1425:"Mate choice by male sticklebacks,
955:
479:
24:
1423:Rowland, William J. (1982-11-01).
875:
25:
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537:Monument to the siege stickleback
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762:10.1016/b978-012618030-5/50012-5
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989:; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014).
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1:
1528:. CRC Press. pp. 41–81.
1445:10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80199-1
1052:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80123-3
564:
527:
244:or as a sister clade to the
32:Stickleback (disambiguation)
7:
1557:Gibson, Greg (2005-03-25).
248:in the order Zoarciformes.
208:
10:
2058:
966:"Three-spined stickleback"
872:The Repeater - NYTimes.com
401:fifteen-spined stickleback
29:
1768:
791:Münzing, Joachim (1963).
676:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
600:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
419:
348:three-spined sticklebacks
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160:
155:
66:Scientific classification
64:
55:
46:
41:
2042:Ray-finned fish families
714:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
655:BMC Evolutionary Biology
549:There is a sculpture in
393:three-spined stickleback
386:
218:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1748:Encyclopædia Britannica
1728:genome assembly in the
1577:10.1126/science.1109835
1534:10.1201/9781420004830-6
933:10.1126/science.1107239
724:. October 2012 version.
716:"Family Gasterosteidae"
60:coast of North America
1571:(5717). AAAS: 1890–1.
1489:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0432
1427:Gasterosteus aculeatus
1392:Encyclopedia of fishes
1233:Gasterosteus aculeatus
1198:10.1098/rspb.2000.1331
1151:10.1006/anbe.1998.0822
1099:10.1098/rstb.2001.0926
887:Encyclopedia of Fishes
836:Gasterosteus aculeatus
795:Gasterosteus aculeatus
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397:Gasterosteus aculeatus
350:
1991:Paleobiology Database
1251:10.1093/beheco/5.1.74
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1887:Fauna Europaea (new)
522:fixed action pattern
489:Inbreeding avoidance
456:under-allocation to
30:For other uses, see
1742:"Stickleback"
1730:UCSC Genome Browser
1639:10.1038/nature10944
1631:2012Natur.484...55.
1282:1990Natur.344..330M
993:Spinachia spinachia
925:2005Sci...307.1928C
667:2017BMCEE..17..162B
625:Fishes of the World
520:as an example of a
405:Spinachia spinachia
346:postage stamp with
1239:Behavioral Ecology
840:Systematic Zoology
547:
512:'s studies of the
447:Female mate choice
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2019:
2018:
1978:Open Tree of Life
1762:Taxon identifiers
1543:978-1-4200-0483-0
1328:10.1111/jeb.13552
1276:(6264): 330–333.
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411:Personality
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334:Description
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1598:2012-08-31
1024:2020-06-26
972:2012-08-31
777:2020-06-04
565:References
528:In culture
495:inbreeding
462:DNA damage
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234:Cottoidei
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215:zoologist
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