835:
444:
Besides storing the gas, the tank's design serves to establish the pressure of the gas system. With telescoping (multiple-lift) tanks, the innermost tank has an approximately 1 ft Ă 2 ft (30 cm Ă 61 cm) lip around the outside of the bottom edge, called a cup, which picks up water as it rises above the reservoir water level. This immediately engages a downward lip on the inner rim of the next outer lift, called a dip or grip, and as this grip sinks into the cup, it preserves the water seal as the inner tank continues to rise until the grip grounds on the cup, whereupon further injection of gas will start to raise that lift as well. Holders were built with as many as four lifts. An extra flying lift could be retrofitted into column or frame gas holders. This was an additional inner tank that extended above the standards, when the infrastructure would support the extra shear forces and weight. Though not exclusively, spiral guides were used.
491:
780:
795:
451:
569:
815:
761:
511:
975:
475:
1000:
729:
433:
holder, where the heavy columns were replaced by a lighter and more extensive framework. Vertical girders (standards) were intersected by horizontal girders and cross-braced. This could be bolted onto an underground or above-ground tank. The Cutler patented guide frame dispensed with the horizontal girders, using diagonal triangulated framing instead. Cable-guided gas holders, invented by Pease in 1880, had a limited use, but were useful on unstable ground where the rigid systems could buckle and jam the lift.
42:
1055:
745:
463:
414:
176:
535:
317:
1027:, Brisbane, opening in 2013, built around a now heritage-listed 1887 gas holder. Only the frame remains, inside of which is a plaza used as a public recreation zone and for occasional special events such as markets or concerts. At dusk each day a dynamic lighting display illuminates the frame. The former industrial site on the inner-city fringe became an urban renewal zone for upmarket housing centred on the Gasworks zone.
866:), built 600 of them from the 1870s up through 1941, when a monograph on the history of the company was published. They were built in nearly every US state, as well as elsewhere in North America, South America, and South Africa. Those 600, of both water tank type (541 units) and waterless type (59 units), held a combined capacity of 1.1 billion cubic feet (10âč). Latrobe's chapters that deal with B.H.'s gas holder
2690:
406:
985:
operated gas holders at its gasification plants in
California before natural gas pipelines were built. The San Francisco Beach Street Plant was built in 1899. The gas plant operated until 1931, but its associated gas holder was used with natural gas into the 1950s, when the property was redeveloped.
432:
Telescoping holders fall into two subcategories. The earlier of the telescoping variety were column-guided variations and were built starting in 1824. To guide the telescoping walls, or "lifts", they have an external frame, visible at a fixed height at all times. A refinement was the guide frame gas
276:
house, presenting a far greater danger than the original leak did; putting houses around gas holders was discontinued in the UK. In the United States, however, where gas needed to be protected from much more extreme weather, gasometer houses continued to be built and were architecturally decorative.
990:
Merced, Monterey, Oakland, Redding (gas holder demolished early 1960s), Redwood City (gas holder built early 1900s, demolished 1959), Salinas, San
Francisco Potrero Plant, Santa Rosa, St. Helena, Stockton, Vallejo, Willows; and likely existed at their other gasification plants in Colusa, Hollister,
275:
Because of safety concerns expressed by the Royal
Society, the size of gas holders was limited to 6,000 cubic feet (170 m) and they were enclosed in gasometer houses. In fact any small leak from an enclosed gas holder created a potentially explosive build-up of air and gas within the enclosing
424:
The earliest
Boulton and Watt gas holders had a single lift. The tank was above ground and was lined with wood; the lift was guided by tripods and cables. Pulleys and weights were supplied to regulate the gas pressure. Brick tanks were introduced in 1818, when a gas holder could have a capacity of
706:
In the UK as well as other
European countries, a movement to preserve classic gasometers has emerged in recent years, especially after Britain's National Grid announced in 2013 their plans to remove 76 gas holders, and soon afterwards, Southern and Scottish Gas networks announced that they would
443:
property of water to provide a seal. The whole tank floats in a circular or annular water reservoir, held up by the roughly constant pressure of a varying volume of gas, the pressure determined by the weight of the structure, and the water providing the seal for the gas within the moving walls.
1097:(a cylindrical pressure vessel with hemispherical ends). However, regulations brought in meant that all new bullets must be built several miles out of towns and cities, and the security of storing large amounts of high-pressure natural gas above ground made them unpopular with local people and
947:
for 32 years. The 307-foot-tall (94 m), 170-foot-diameter (52 m) structure, which could hold 7 million cubic feet (200,000 m), was a landmark due to its unusual marking scheme, which had a red-and-white checkerboard pattern from 200 feet (61 m) up. The structure was
901:
by the
Laclede Gas Light Company in the early 20th century. These gasometers remained in use until the early first decade of the 21st century, when the last one was decommissioned and abandoned in place. The most recently used gasometer in the United States was on the southeast side of
298:
The years between the two world wars were marked by improvements in storage, especially the waterless gas holder, and in distribution, with the advent of 2-to-4-inch (50 to 100 mm) steel pipes to convey gas at up to 50 psi (340 kPa) as feeder mains to the traditional
555:. It was 147 metres (482 ft) high and 80 metres (260 ft) in diameter, which gave it a capacity of 594,000 cubic metres (21,000,000 cu ft). There was a MAN type, built in 1934 in Chicago with a capacity of 566,000 cubic metres (20,000,000 cu ft).
283:. Gas holders were then built all around the UK in great numbers starting in the 1850s. The first were the two-lift column-supported type; later ones had four lifts and were frame-guided, and they could be retrofitted with an additional flying lift. The large gas holders at
392:
The water-sealed gas holder consists of a tank of water that rises and falls to take the gas. A watered gas holder consisted of two parts: a deep tank of water used to provide a seal, and a closed vessel (the lift) that rises above the water as the gas volume increased.
396:
Rigid waterless gas holders were a very early design that neither expanded or contracted. There are modern versions of the waterless gas holder, e.g. oil-sealed, grease-sealed and "dry seal" (membrane) types. They consist of a fixed cylinder capped by a moving piston.
377:
A gas holder provided storage for purified, metered gas. It acted as a buffer, removing the need for continuous gas production. The weight of the gas holder lift (cap) controlled the pressure of the gas in the mains and provided back pressure for the gas-making plant.
92:. The volume of the container follows the quantity of stored gas, with pressure coming from the weight of a movable cap. Typical volumes for large gas holders are about 50,000 cubic metres (1,800,000 cu ft), with 60-metre-diameter (200 ft) structures.
1707:
1074:. With a total height of 85 metres (279 ft) and a diameter of 54 metres (177 ft), it was operational for short period of time until in 1954 it was decommissioned. The structure remains in place and it is property of Gas Natural Fenosa.
542:
Dry-seal gas holders have a static cylindrical shell, within which a piston rises and falls. As it moves, a grease seal, tar/oil seal or a sealing membrane which is rolled out and in from the piston keeps the gas from escaping. The MAN type (by
853:
Gasometers are now comparatively rare in the US (where they were usually called gas holders); although hundreds were built between the 1870s and 1940s, many of those have since been demolished. The largest US-based builder of gas holders, the
1007:
Gasholders, though once common, have become rare in
Australia. Most gasworks within the country were demolished or repurposed, and few gasometers remain because of this. A good example of a largely intact gasometer is located at the
163:
and the term came to be used to label gas works, even though there may be several gas holders at any one gas works. However, the term "gasometer" is still discouraged for use in technical circles, where "gas holder" is preferred.
598:
Gas holders have been a major part of the skylines of low-rise
British cities for up to 200 years, due to their large distinctive shape and central location. They were originally used for balancing daily demand and generation of
1711:
290:
William Gadd of Gadd & Mason in
Manchester invented the spirally guided gas holder in 1890. Instead of external columns or guide frames, his design operated with spiral rails. The first commercial design was built in
893:
supplanted that system and the existing gas holders were used (in a less crucial capacity) for managing the pressure of the natural gas pipelines, until the holders reached the end of their useful lifespan.
711:, a leader in the campaign to preserve gasometers, has said that "Gasometers, by their very size and structure, cannot help but become landmarks. are singularly dramatic structures for all their emptiness."
1063:
1012:
site in
Tasmania. Though the gas bell has been removed, all other components are intact. The remains of two older 1860s gasometers are also visible on site but only the foundations remain. In
834:
510:
910:. Another pair of holders at the Newtown Holder Station, in Elmhurst, Queens, in New York City, was a popular landmark for traffic reporters until they were demolished in 1996 and became
490:
436:
Spiral-guided gas holders were built in the UK from 1890 until 1983. These have no frame, and each lift is guided by the one below, rotating as it goes up as dictated by helical runners.
203:. Coal gas was first used for municipal lighting, the gas being passed through wooden or metal pipes from the retort to the lantern. The first public piped gas supply was to thirteen
2390:
728:
95:
Gas holders now tend to be used for balancing purposes to ensure that gas pipes can be operated within a safe range of pressures, rather than for actually storing gas for later use.
666:
as part of a housing development. It has been fashioned into a park. Most gas holders are no longer used, and a program of dismantling is underway to release the land for reuse.
1016:
a beautiful ornate gasometer frame can be seen from the platform of the Macdonaldtown railway station which was built above the access tunnels of the adjoining gasworks site.
551:
was patented in 1952: it used a flexible curtain that was suspended from the piston. The largest low-pressure gas holder built was the Klonne gas holder built in 1938 in
991:
Lodi, Madera, Marysville, Modesto, Napa, Oakdale, Oroville, Red Bluff, Sacramento, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Selma, Tracy, Turlock, Watsonville and Woodland.
279:
The telescopic gas holder was first invented in 1824. The cup and dip (grip) seal was patented by Hutchinson in 1833, and the first working example was built in
794:
843:
986:
Gas holders also previously existed at Chico (demolished 1951), Daly City, Eureka, Fresno, Long Beach (1927-1997), Los Angeles, including two within sight of
814:
779:
1196:
Luigi Fiorinoa; Raffaele Landolfob; Federico Massimo Mazzolani (2014). "The Refurbishment of Gasometers as a Relevant Witness of Industrial Archaeology".
595:
and historical archives for the city. Many sites, however, were never used for the production of 'town gas', so the land contamination is relatively low.
159:
but a container, but the name was retained and came into general use. Gas holders were marked as gasometers on the large-scale maps issued by the British
234:
at the Soho manufactory in Birmingham in 1777, and in 1792 he built a retort to heat coal to produce the gas that illuminated his home and office in
760:
303:. Municipal gas works became superfluous in the later 20th century, but gas holders and production plants were still in use in steel works in 2016.
2441:
1071:
300:
2060:
1786:
1598:
462:
272:
on New Year's Eve in 1813. Public gas lights were seen as a means to reduce crime and until the 1840s they were regulated by police authorities.
2135:
2160:
1836:
2185:
1985:
1903:
2235:
2210:
2110:
2085:
2035:
2010:
1886:
1319:
1960:
1861:
547:) was introduced in 1915: it was polygonal and used a tar/oil seal. The Klonne dry seal gas holder was circular and used a grease seal. The
219:, and this delayed both further installation of street lighting and the installation of gas for domestic illumination, heating and cooking.
1811:
2260:
1046:
football matches played at the famous ground showed the gasholder dominating the landscape. It was demolished in late 1977/early 1978.
611:, their use steadily diminished as the pipe network could both store gas under pressure, and eventually satisfy peak demand directly.
964:
450:
257:, where eight gas holders were installed. This was shortly followed by one in Sowerby Bridge, constructed by Clegg for Henry Lodge.
1345:
1278:
1274:
474:
655:
1565:
951:
Approximately a dozen brick or concrete structures built in the latter half of the 19th-century to house gasholders, known as
744:
295:, Cheshire, in the same year. By the end of the 19th century most towns in Britain had their own gas works and gas holders.
1763:
167:
The spelling "gas holder" is used by the BBC, among other institutions, but the variant "gasholder" is more commonly used.
253:
went on to install retorts in individual factories and other workplaces. The earliest was in 1805, at Lee & Phillips,
222:
Many people experimented with coal distillation to produce a flammable gas, including Jean Tardin (1618), Clayton (1684),
1732:
2364:
2468:
2408:
1774:
364:
246:
for this purpose. A gasometer was incorporated into the first small gasworks built for the Soho manufactory in 1798.
346:
2422:
1764:
Concord Monitor: "Collapse of entrance roof at historic gasholder building reflects its problems" (March 29, 2016)
1621:
691:
In the past, holder stations would have an operator living on site controlling their movement. However, with the
381:
They are the only storage method that keeps gas at district pressure (the pressure required in local gas mains).
2311:
342:
2838:
2514:
1035:
2431:
2320:
1087:
608:
2495:
338:
155:, in 1782, as the name for his gas holders. Murdoch's associates objected that his "gasometer" was not a
1737:
944:
847:
548:
261:
35:
2417:
2833:
1927:
1541:
1039:
982:
719:
670:
17:
2442:
Visits_to_Works 1894_Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers: including Manchester and Salford Gas Works
1093:
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s it was thought that gas holders could be replaced with high-pressure
971:. It is unusual because the inner workings of the structure, including the cap, are still in place.
2594:
1094:
873:
A general pattern of development in the US gas industry was that from the 1870s through the 1940s,
870:
provide additional details that are useful to readers interested in the US gas industry's history.
859:
327:
107:
1070:. It was built in 1948 by MAN, and it was used to store coke gas produced by a near factory named
2641:
963:, is one of the largest remaining examples. As of early 2021, efforts were under way to save the
331:
212:
1939:
2729:
2624:
2619:
2604:
2461:
1542:"Gasholder No 4, former Bromley-by-Bow gasworks, Non Civil Parish - 1190911 | Historic England"
968:
956:
223:
2629:
2614:
1102:
987:
1491:
2828:
1114:
1024:
915:
156:
85:
1195:
8:
2734:
1569:
1474:
1124:
1083:
1009:
940:
766:
632:
284:
211:, in 1807. The credit for this installation goes to the German inventor and entrepreneur
113:
81:
1353:
695:
systems now used on these sites, such an operator is obsolete. The tallest gasometer in
2744:
2704:
2305:
1101:. Bullets are gradually being decommissioned. It is also possible to store natural gas
936:
920:
663:
269:
254:
133:
1516:
568:
2526:
2509:
2454:
2293:
1708:"Last Days for Brooklyn's Giants; Twin Tanks Carry a Love-Hate Reputation to the End"
1282:
1119:
1031:
1020:
932:
785:
708:
588:
239:
208:
200:
125:
103:
1209:
974:
1742:
1205:
1043:
874:
867:
801:
715:
651:
644:
584:
389:
There are two basic types of gas holder: the water-sealed and the rigid waterless.
231:
117:
89:
2599:
2412:
999:
952:
839:
692:
662:
was being created, with Gas holder No 8 being re-erected on a nearby site behind
227:
160:
148:
1054:
41:
2561:
1456:
1224:
960:
129:
2689:
2822:
2760:
911:
592:
552:
46:
2405:
1023:
is a commercial, residential, and retail development adjoining the river at
939:, built in 1935. Another large MAN-type gas holder was erected just east of
906:, but it has been demolished along with the adjoining Citizens Energy Group
2785:
2770:
2556:
2541:
2536:
2395:
903:
890:
659:
265:
250:
175:
152:
1135:
534:
468:
When the lift is engaged, it carries up with it a gas-tight seal of water.
413:
2807:
2802:
2709:
2586:
2551:
1733:"Donor Gives $ 500K To Save Concord's Historic Gasholder From Demolition"
1129:
886:
805:
681:
674:
604:
497:
69:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2765:
907:
700:
624:
616:
440:
426:
264:
in Great Peter Street, Westminster, in 1812, with wooden pipes laid to
2797:
2719:
2571:
2406:
Gasometer Augsburg in Germany and a list of many Gasometers in Europe
1067:
898:
882:
855:
821:
751:
636:
620:
292:
204:
77:
31:
2436:
316:
2739:
2724:
2675:
2576:
2546:
2531:
2504:
2477:
2399:
2339:
878:
770:
600:
580:
216:
188:
180:
73:
1775:
Concord Monitor: "Gasholder future still uncertain" (Jan. 6, 2019)
2659:
2649:
1672:
1098:
863:
735:
640:
591:, have been converted into other uses such as living space and a
517:
516:
Spiral-guided gas holders at the former Meadow Lane Gas Works in
235:
50:
2297:
1243:
931:
type), the first extremely large one by B.H. was the one at the
2654:
2566:
2521:
1013:
928:
696:
685:
612:
544:
192:
136:, a short-lived piece of medical equipment that incorporated a
1138:â a theatre in Copenhagen which was formerly a huge gas holder
1062:
This gasholder once operated by Gas del Estado is located in
628:
573:
521:
501:
280:
260:
The first independent commercial gas works were built by the
1689:
1687:
707:
demolish 111 others. Christopher Costelloe, director of the
405:
2609:
2446:
1153:
481:
196:
1787:"Former Beach Street Manufactured Gas PlantâSan Francisco"
1626:
1622:
Lonely Planet: "St Petersburg world's biggest planetarium"
1583:
1326:
1297:
885:, and in the second half of the 20th century, the rise of
820:
Decommissioned gas holder next to a spherical gas tank in
504:, first of a former twin holder station built around 1900.
1684:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1255:
1165:
914:. The demolition of two larger "Maspeth Tanks" in nearby
429:
devised a tank with a central rod-and-tube guide system.
1662:
1660:
1658:
1177:
669:
One of the largest remaining groups of gasholders is at
734:
The gas holders of Provan Gas Works, on the skyline in
1638:
1400:
1398:
1385:
1383:
844:
Saratoga Gas, Electric Light and Power Company Complex
587:
for other purposes, but some gas holders, such as the
1655:
1105:, and this is widely practised throughout the world.
1003:
Gasometer and Arden St Oval, North Melbourne, in 1928
2340:"History of the Gasholder-a Powerpoint Presentation"
1434:
1422:
1410:
1086:
such as salt caverns. For short-term local storage,
30:"Gasometer" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1395:
1380:
1368:
877:plants were common in many locales, producing both
699:is 117 metres (384 ft) tall and is located in
1030:For many years, a huge gasholder towered over the
978:Long Beach California Airport and Gasholder 1920's
738:; pipework and the booster house can also be seen.
647:in the UK) are noted for having many gas holders.
199:in the absence of air, the process being known as
658:in London were specially dismantled when the new
179:A two-lift braced column-supported gas holder in
120:with the precision he required. He published his
2820:
106:devised the first gas holder, which he called a
2300:Also republished in 2012 as ISBN 978-1258493202
1566:"National Grid Gasholder Demolition Case Study"
1225:"Will the UK's Gas Holders Be Missed? BBC News"
788:, converted for residential and commercial use
2462:
1084:gas is stored in large underground reservoirs
456:A two-lift telescopic gas holder, half raised
425:20,000 cubic feet (570 m). The engineer
147:The anglicisation "gasometer" was adopted by
1314:
1312:
583:and gas storage makes the land difficult to
2391:Use of gasometers in Oil & Gas industry
2261:"PG&E's manufactured gas plant program"
1596:
1267:
529:
400:
345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
238:. His system lacked a storage method until
215:. Digging up streets to lay pipes required
2469:
2455:
2161:"Former St. Helena manufactured gas plant"
2136:"Former Santa Rosa manufactured gas plant"
1887:"Former Fresno - 1 Manufactured Gas Plant"
688:, Ireland, was converted into apartments.
45:30,000 m (1,100,000 cu ft)
1837:"Former Daly City manufactured gas plant"
1309:
965:Concord Gas Light Company Gasholder House
365:Learn how and when to remove this message
2186:"Former Stockton manufactured gas plant"
1986:"Former Monterey manufactured gas plant"
1904:"Former Fresno-2 Manufactured Gas Plant"
1517:"Historic Gasholder No8 at King's Cross"
1077:
1053:
998:
973:
955:, still exist in the United States. The
833:
677:, believed to be the largest in Europe.
567:
533:
412:
404:
174:
40:
27:Large container for storing gaseous fuel
2365:"Steel making provides energy solution"
2287:
2236:"Former Willows manufactured gas plant"
2211:"Former Vallejo manufactured gas plant"
2086:"Former Salinas manufactured gas plant"
2036:"Former Redding manufactured gas plant"
2011:"Former Oakland manufactured gas plant"
1693:
1678:
1666:
1649:
1632:
1281:. Places names â M to N. Archived from
1279:Greater Manchester County Record Office
116:. It enabled him to weigh the gas in a
14:
2821:
2337:
2318:
1961:"Former Merced manufactured gas plant"
1862:"Former Eureka manufactured gas plant"
1812:"Former Colusa manufactured gas plant"
1705:
1457:"Will the UK's gas holders be missed?"
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1332:
1303:
1261:
1249:
1183:
1171:
1159:
650:Some of these gas holders have become
226:, Leuven (1785) and Pickel (D)(1786).
2450:
2288:Latrobe, Ferdinand Claiborne (1941).
572:The gas holder from 1912, located in
524:â these were constructed around 1965.
1451:
1449:
1132:, similar utility storage structures
897:Several gas holders were erected in
545:Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-NĂŒrnberg AG
343:adding citations to reliable sources
310:
1222:
1058:Gas holder, Buenos Aires, Argentina
417:The tank with an internal cone, or
49:gas holder at Rautaruukki Steel in
24:
2357:
1534:
1064:Villa MaipĂș, Partido de San MartĂn
943:, by B.H. in 1949 and operated by
538:A dry-seal Wiggins-type gas holder
25:
2850:
2423:"The rise and fall of gasometers"
2384:
1940:"Gasometers of Early Los Angeles"
1475:"archiseek: The Gasworks, Dublin"
1446:
480:Two column-guided gas holders at
2688:
2418:Gasometer Schlieren, Switzerland
2292:. Baltimore: Ivan R. Drechsler.
2061:"Former Redwood City gas holder"
829:
813:
793:
778:
759:
743:
727:
509:
489:
473:
461:
449:
315:
68:, is a large container in which
2253:
2228:
2203:
2178:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2078:
2053:
2028:
2003:
1978:
1953:
1932:
1921:
1879:
1854:
1829:
1804:
1779:
1768:
1757:
1725:
1699:
1615:
1590:
1576:
1558:
1509:
1484:
1467:
1338:
1210:10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.035
439:Both telescoping types use the
2396:Condemned: The great gasometer
1928:"Former natural gas reservoir"
1275:"Greater Manchester Gazetteer"
1216:
1189:
579:The pollution associated with
558:
249:William Murdoch and his pupil
207:installed along the length of
13:
1:
2515:Underground coal gasification
1706:Newman, Andy (July 9, 2001).
1320:"Gasometers: A Brief History"
1142:
1036:North Melbourne Football Club
750:Gasometer of the MAN type in
2476:
2321:"Gasholders and their tanks"
2111:"Former Potrero Power Plant"
1597:O'Hagan, Sean (2015-06-14).
1049:
994:
187:Before the mid-20th century
122:TraitĂ© ĂlĂ©mentaire de Chimie
98:
7:
1223:Ram, Ed (9 February 2015).
1108:
306:
287:, were built in the 1860s.
10:
2855:
2432:Gasholders and their tanks
2310:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1738:New Hampshire Public Radio
1681:, pp. 88â89, 140â141.
945:Baltimore Gas and Electric
862:(since 1927 a division of
848:Saratoga Springs, New York
549:dry-seal Wiggins gasholder
262:Gas Light and Coke Company
230:was successful. He joined
170:
36:Gasometer (disambiguation)
29:
2753:
2697:
2686:
2668:
2640:
2585:
2491:
2484:
2437:Early London Gas Industry
1090:is the preferred method.
1042:. Television coverage of
1040:Victorian Football League
1034:, the home ground of the
948:demolished in July 1984.
838:Rare extant 19th-century
804:, Russia, converted to a
720:Awakenings Techno parties
654:. The gas holders behind
563:
2369:newsteelconstruction.com
2338:Thomas, Russell (2014).
2319:Thomas, Russell (2010).
860:Bartlett-Hayward Company
773:cricket ground in London
660:Channel Tunnel Rail Link
607:and construction of the
530:Dry-seal-type gas holder
401:Water-sealed gas holders
384:
140:. Watt then adapted the
112:, to assist his work in
2290:Iron Men and Their Dogs
1492:"St Pancras Gasometers"
927:Of the waterless type (
213:Frederick Albert Winsor
2730:Natural-gas processing
1584:"Gasometer Oberhausen"
1546:historicengland.org.uk
1198:Engineering Structures
1059:
1004:
979:
969:Concord, New Hampshire
957:Troy Gas Light Company
850:
609:national grid pipework
576:
539:
421:
410:
224:Jean-Pierre Minckelers
184:
144:for coal gas storage.
53:
34:. For other uses, see
2492:Manufactured fuel gas
1078:Other storage systems
1057:
1002:
977:
837:
571:
537:
416:
408:
178:
44:
2839:Petroleum production
1350:motherwellbridge.com
1115:Gasometer Oberhausen
916:Greenpoint, Brooklyn
656:King's Cross station
409:Gas holder schematic
339:improve this section
242:adapted a Lavoisier
132:in constructing the
90:ambient temperatures
86:atmospheric pressure
2735:Natural gas storage
1599:"Gasworks wondersâŠ"
1285:on 11 February 2011
1125:Natural gas storage
1019:In Queensland, the
1010:Launceston Gasworks
941:Baltimore, Maryland
918:, was described by
767:The Oval Gasholders
603:. With the move to
285:Kings Cross, London
134:pneumatic apparatus
114:pneumatic chemistry
2745:Pipeline transport
2705:Compressor station
2411:2021-05-11 at the
2402:, January 28, 1999
1696:, pp. 57â141.
1635:, p. xi-xiii.
1463:. 9 February 2015.
1356:on 4 December 2008
1252:, slides 8, 10-11.
1060:
1005:
980:
937:Ford Motor Company
921:The New York Times
851:
664:St Pancras station
645:largest gasometers
577:
540:
422:
411:
270:Westminster Bridge
255:Salford Twist Mill
185:
151:, the inventor of
128:collaborated with
64:, also known as a
54:
2816:
2815:
2684:
2683:
2527:Blast furnace gas
2510:Coal gasification
1745:. January 9, 2021
1346:"Gasholder types"
1120:Gashouse District
1032:Arden Street Oval
1021:Gasworks Newstead
933:River Rouge Plant
889:distribution via
875:gas manufacturing
786:Vienna Gasometers
714:The gasholder in
709:Victorian Society
589:Vienna Gasometers
375:
374:
367:
240:James Watt Junior
209:Pall Mall, London
201:coal gasification
126:James Watt Junior
104:Antoine Lavoisier
76:or formerly also
16:(Redirected from
2846:
2834:Gas technologies
2692:
2489:
2488:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2309:
2301:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1703:
1697:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:. Archived from
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1453:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:. Archived from
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1044:Australian Rules
953:gasholder houses
817:
802:Saint Petersburg
797:
782:
763:
747:
731:
652:listed buildings
513:
493:
477:
465:
453:
370:
363:
359:
356:
350:
319:
311:
232:Boulton and Watt
191:was produced in
118:pneumatic trough
21:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2749:
2693:
2680:
2664:
2636:
2581:
2493:
2480:
2475:
2426:Extrageographic
2413:Wayback Machine
2387:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2358:Further reading
2347:
2345:
2342:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2303:
2302:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1111:
1080:
1052:
997:
840:gasholder house
832:
825:
818:
809:
798:
789:
783:
774:
764:
755:
748:
739:
732:
718:has hosted the
693:process control
643:(which has the
566:
561:
532:
525:
514:
505:
494:
485:
478:
469:
466:
457:
454:
403:
387:
371:
360:
354:
351:
336:
320:
309:
301:cast-iron pipes
228:William Murdoch
173:
161:Ordnance Survey
149:William Murdoch
101:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2814:
2813:
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2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2698:Infrastructure
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
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2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Regasification
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
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2512:
2501:
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2466:
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2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2415:
2403:
2393:
2386:
2385:External links
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:. January 2010
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2335:
2316:
2284:
2283:
2278:
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2252:
2227:
2202:
2177:
2152:
2127:
2102:
2077:
2052:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1931:
1920:
1878:
1853:
1828:
1803:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1724:
1698:
1683:
1671:
1654:
1652:, p. 140.
1637:
1625:
1614:
1589:
1575:
1572:on 2012-07-23.
1557:
1533:
1508:
1483:
1466:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1367:
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1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1103:in liquid form
1079:
1076:
1072:Usina Corrales
1051:
1048:
996:
993:
961:Troy, New York
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
812:
810:
800:Gas holder in
799:
792:
790:
784:
777:
775:
765:
758:
756:
749:
742:
740:
733:
726:
680:A gasworks in
671:Bromley-by-Bow
574:Turku, Finland
565:
562:
560:
557:
531:
528:
527:
526:
515:
508:
506:
496:Gas holder at
495:
488:
486:
479:
472:
470:
467:
460:
458:
455:
448:
402:
399:
386:
383:
373:
372:
323:
321:
314:
308:
305:
172:
169:
130:Thomas Beddoes
100:
97:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2851:
2840:
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2787:
2784:
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2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Bunsen burner
2759:
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2756:
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2738:
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2256:
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2187:
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2156:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1714:on 2014-05-29
1713:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1669:, p. 88.
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1634:
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1522:
1518:
1512:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1443:, p. 10.
1442:
1437:
1431:, p. 27.
1430:
1425:
1419:, p. 11.
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1355:
1351:
1347:
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1270:
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1230:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1162:, slides 5-7.
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
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1017:
1015:
1011:
1001:
992:
989:
984:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
959:structure in
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
922:
917:
913:
912:Elmhurst Park
909:
905:
900:
895:
892:
891:gas pipelines
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
868:business line
865:
861:
857:
849:
845:
841:
836:
830:United States
823:
816:
811:
807:
803:
796:
791:
787:
781:
776:
772:
769:just outside
768:
762:
757:
753:
746:
741:
737:
730:
725:
724:
723:
721:
717:
712:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
596:
594:
593:shopping mall
590:
586:
582:
575:
570:
556:
554:
553:Gelsenkirchen
550:
546:
536:
523:
519:
512:
507:
503:
499:
492:
487:
483:
476:
471:
464:
459:
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437:
434:
430:
428:
420:
415:
407:
398:
394:
390:
382:
379:
369:
366:
358:
355:December 2021
348:
344:
340:
334:
333:
329:
324:This section
322:
318:
313:
312:
304:
302:
296:
294:
288:
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273:
271:
267:
263:
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241:
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233:
229:
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198:
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190:
183:, East London
182:
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154:
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143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:or town gas (
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
47:blast furnace
43:
37:
33:
19:
2786:Gas lighting
2771:Gas cylinder
2714:
2557:Producer gas
2542:Landfill gas
2537:Gasification
2425:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2346:. Retrieved
2327:. Retrieved
2289:
2282:Bibliography
2268:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
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1945:November 20,
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1694:Latrobe 1941
1679:Latrobe 1941
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1667:Latrobe 1941
1650:Latrobe 1941
1633:Latrobe 1941
1628:
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1606:. Retrieved
1603:the Guardian
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1407:, p. 9.
1392:, p. 8.
1377:, p. 1.
1370:
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1354:the original
1349:
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1306:, slides 17.
1299:
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1283:the original
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337:Please help
325:
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251:Samuel Clegg
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166:
153:gas lighting
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102:
94:
65:
61:
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2829:Gas holders
2808:Pilot light
2803:Gas turbine
2710:Gas carrier
2587:Natural gas
2552:Pintsch gas
2265:www.pge.com
2240:www.pge.com
2215:www.pge.com
2190:www.pge.com
2165:www.pge.com
2140:www.pge.com
2115:www.pge.com
2090:www.pge.com
2065:www.pge.com
2040:www.pge.com
2015:www.pge.com
1990:www.pge.com
1965:www.pge.com
1908:www.pge.com
1891:www.pge.com
1866:www.pge.com
1841:www.pge.com
1816:www.pge.com
1791:www.pge.com
1749:January 12,
1441:Thomas 2014
1429:Thomas 2014
1417:Thomas 2010
1405:Thomas 2010
1390:Thomas 2010
1375:Thomas 2010
1335:, slide 12.
1333:Thomas 2014
1304:Thomas 2014
1264:, slide 11.
1262:Thomas 2014
1250:Thomas 2014
1204:: 252â265.
1184:Thomas 2014
1174:, slide 10.
1172:Thomas 2014
1160:Thomas 2014
1130:Water tower
924:at length.
887:natural gas
806:planetarium
682:South Lotts
675:East London
605:natural gas
559:By location
498:Cross Gates
484:, Germany.
195:by heating
70:natural gas
2823:Categories
2791:Gas mantle
2781:Gas heater
2776:Gas engine
2766:Gas burner
2715:Gas holder
1718:2014-05-27
1608:2022-10-22
1551:2022-10-22
1496:scribd.com
1231:. BBC News
1186:, slide 8.
1143:References
908:coke plant
701:Oberhausen
625:Birmingham
617:Manchester
441:manometric
427:John Malam
266:gas lights
58:gas holder
2798:Gas stove
2720:Gas meter
2572:Water gas
2306:cite book
1136:GasvĂŠrket
1068:Argentina
1050:Argentina
995:Australia
988:City Hall
899:St. Louis
883:water gas
856:Baltimore
824:, Germany
822:Pforzheim
754:, Germany
752:Stuttgart
716:Amsterdam
637:Salisbury
633:Newcastle
621:Sheffield
326:does not
293:Northwich
244:gazomĂštre
217:easements
205:gas lamps
142:gazomĂštre
138:gazomĂštre
124:in 1789.
109:gazomĂštre
99:Etymology
78:water gas
66:gasometer
62:gasholder
32:Gas meter
18:Gasometer
2740:Odorizer
2725:Gasworks
2676:Hydrogen
2577:Wood gas
2547:Mond gas
2532:Blau gas
2505:Coal gas
2478:Fuel gas
2428:magazine
2409:Archived
2400:BBC News
2298:42003970
1461:BBC News
1229:Magazine
1109:See also
1099:councils
1025:Newstead
983:PG&E
879:coal gas
771:The Oval
601:town gas
581:gasworks
419:dumpling
307:Function
189:coal gas
181:West Ham
74:coal gas
2660:Propane
2650:Autogas
2630:Bio-SNG
2496:History
1095:bullets
1038:in the
935:of the
864:Koppers
858:-based
842:at the
736:Glasgow
641:Glasgow
585:reclaim
518:Hunslet
347:removed
332:sources
236:Redruth
193:retorts
171:History
51:Finland
2655:Butane
2567:Syngas
2522:Biogas
2375:5 July
2348:25 May
2329:25 May
2296:
2270:23 Jan
2245:23 Jan
2220:23 Jan
2195:23 Jan
2170:23 Jan
2145:23 Jan
2120:23 Jan
2095:23 Jan
2070:23 Jan
2045:23 Jan
2020:23 Jan
1995:23 Jan
1970:23 Jan
1913:23 Jan
1896:23 Jan
1871:23 Jan
1846:23 Jan
1821:23 Jan
1796:23 Jan
1526:5 July
1501:5 July
1360:5 July
1289:9 July
1235:24 May
1014:Sydney
697:Europe
686:Dublin
639:, and
613:London
564:Europe
82:stored
2669:Other
2485:Types
2398:from
2343:(PDF)
2324:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1148:Notes
1082:Most
629:Leeds
522:Leeds
502:Leeds
385:Types
281:Leeds
157:meter
84:near
80:) is
2754:Uses
2610:HCNG
2377:2015
2350:2016
2331:2016
2312:link
2294:LCCN
2272:2019
2247:2019
2222:2019
2197:2019
2172:2019
2147:2019
2122:2019
2097:2019
2072:2019
2047:2019
2022:2019
1997:2019
1972:2019
1947:2022
1915:2019
1898:2019
1873:2019
1848:2019
1823:2019
1798:2019
1751:2021
1528:2015
1503:2015
1362:2015
1291:2007
1237:2016
881:and
482:BASF
330:any
328:cite
197:coal
2642:LPG
2625:SNG
2620:NGC
2615:LNG
2605:CNG
2600:CBM
2595:APG
1206:doi
967:in
929:MAN
846:in
673:in
341:by
268:on
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