202:, a cognitive skills training company. The ShadowBox Training Method originated from a Master's thesis in 2008, conducted by now-retired fire battalion chief, Neil Hintze. Gary and Neil worked together to refine this method for training cognitive skill development. The goal of the ShadowBox method is to provide a flexible, scenario-based training technique, that allows trainees to see the world through the eyes of experts — without the experts having to be present. Klein and others report that ShadowBox training has been employed in the military, law enforcement, healthcare, social services, and petrochemical domains.
68:
190:
method of risk assessment in 1998. In 2007, he developed a naturalistic model of sensemaking, the Data/Frame model. In 2009, he presented a
Management by Discovery account of how people plan when faced with ill-defined goals. He described a multi-path model of insight in 2011. He has led teams
191:
that developed several methods of cognitive task analysis for uncovering the tacit knowledge that goes into decision making and for studying cognition in complex settings, including the
Critical Decision Method and the Knowledge Audit. He was one of the leaders of a team that redesigned the
138:(RPD) model has influenced changes in the ways the Marines and Army train their officers to make decisions. The concept of expertise has been central to the models he has developed, the research he has conducted, and the training and design efforts he has accomplished.
185:
During this third phase, Dr. Klein developed a
Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model in 1985 to describe how people actually make decisions in natural settings. This research was subsequently incorporated in Army doctrine for command and control. He presented a
177:
The third phase began in 1978 when he founded his own R&D company, Klein
Associates, to study a range of topics that are now described as the Naturalistic Decision Making framework. Klein Associates grew to 37 people by the time he sold it to
195:. Dr. Klein and his colleagues have also developed the Artificial Intelligence Quotient (AIQ) toolkit, including the Cognitive Tutorial, to help people better manage specific AI systems they need to manage.
367:
Klein, G., Calderwood, R., & Clinton-Cirocco, A. (2010). Rapid decision making on the fire ground: The original study plus a postscript. Journal of **Cognitive
Engineering and Decision Making, 4,
163:
He spent the first phase of his career in academia as an assistant professor of psychology at
Oakland University (1970–1974). He also spent a few years as associate professor of psychology at
613:
Klein, G., & Borders, J. (2016). The ShadowBox approach to cognitive skills training: An empirical evaluation. Journal of
Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 10(3), 268-280.
756:
214:
389:
Lipshitz, R., Klein, G., Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (2001). Focus article: Taking stock of naturalistic decision making. Journal of
Behavioral Decision Making, 14, 331–352.
380:
Klein, G., Phillips, J. K., Rall, E., & Peluso, D. A. (2007). A data/frame theory of sensemaking, In R. R. Hoffman (Ed.) Expertise out of
Context. Erlbaum: **Mahweh, NJ
748:
Daniel D. Frey and Kemper Lewis The
Deciding Factor: Design engineers make decisions for a living: Research looks for ways to make the process go smoother.
544:
778:
661:
386:
Klein, G., Ross, K. G., Moon, B. M., Klein, D. E., Hoffman, R. R., & Hollnagel, E. (2003). Macrocognition. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 18(3), 81–85.
747:
795:
512:
174:
meant that pilots needed to do more of their training in simulators, and Klein began his investigations into the way people develop expertise.
612:
130:. By studying experts such as firefighters in their natural environment, he discovered that laboratory models could not adequately describe
874:
829:
395:
Klinger, D. W., & Klein, G. (1999). Emergency response organizations: An accident waiting to happen. Ergonomics in Design, 7(3), 20–25.
770:
587:
361:
Klein, G., & Jarosz, A. (2011). A naturalistic study of insight. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 5, 335–351.
787:
371:
Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64, 515–526.
834:
849:
844:
859:
720:
711:
415:
383:
Klein, G., Pliske, R. M., Crandall, B., & Woods, D. (2005). Problem detection. Cognition, Technology, and Work, 7, 14–28.
145:(1964) and his Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of Pittsburgh (1969). He listed his main influences as
210:
869:
864:
854:
839:
170:
The second phase was spent working for the government as a research psychologist for the U.S. Air Force (1974–1978). The
364:
Klein, G. (2011). Critical thoughts about critical thinking. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12:3, 210–224.
288:
278:
268:
206:
330:
316:
302:
258:
248:
238:
765:
486:
775:
668:
253:
Streetlights and Shadows: Searching for the Keys to Adaptive Decision Making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2009
127:
179:
135:
20:
562:
19:
This article is about the decision making research psychologist. For other people of the same name, see
192:
263:
Working Minds: A Practitioner's Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book 2006
243:
The Power of Intuition: How to Use Your Gut Feelings to Make Better Decisions at Work. Currency, 2004
792:
519:
142:
273:
Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights. New York, NY: Public Affairs 2013
85:
392:
Klein, G., & Weick, K. (June 2000). Making better decisions. Across the Board, 37(6), 16–22.
824:
164:
591:
465:
377:
Klein, G. (2007). Performing a project PreMortem. Harvard Business Review, September, 18–19.
340:
with Roberta Calderwood and Beth W. Crandall Time Pressure, Skill, and Move Quality in Chess
819:
738:
8:
739:
Bruce Bower, Reworking Intuition: Business simulations spark rapid workplace renovations
701:
442:
354:
with Karen J. Peio Use of a Prediction Paradigm to Evaluate Proficient Decision Making
347:
with Calderwood, R. and MacGregor, D. Critical decision method for eliciting knowledge
326:
312:
298:
284:
274:
264:
254:
244:
234:
729:
641:
419:
150:
119:
58:
799:
782:
646:
625:
171:
131:
721:
Seeing through Expert Eyes: Ace decision makers may perceive distinctive worlds
374:
Klein, G. (2008). Naturalistic decision making. Human Factors, 50 (3), 456–460.
146:
813:
490:
123:
115:
67:
62:
54:
154:
95:
788:
The Recognition Primed Decision Model, An Alternative to the MDMP for GWOT
187:
81:
624:
Borders, Joseph; Polander, Noel; Klein, Gary; Wright, Corinne (2015).
804:
199:
160:
Since 2009, Klein has been a Senior Scientist at MacroCognition LLC.
126:) is a research psychologist famous for pioneering in the field of
696:
706:
757:
Brown, Paul B. What's Offline: Analyzing Failure Beforehand
623:
588:"Gary Klein, Ph.D. Senior Scientist, MacroCognition LLC"
416:"Academy Sharing Knowledge (ASK) Talks with Gary Klein"
283:
Snapshots of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2022
776:
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Fellow Profile
630:™: Flexible Training to Impart the Expert Mindset"
358:, Vol. 102, No. 3 (Autumn, 1989), pp. 321–331
349:Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on
309:Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making
293:Ed. (with Judith Orasanu, and Roberta Calderwood)
811:
766:MacroCognition, About Us: Gary Klein, Ph.D 2011
217:from the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
157:in an October 2013 interview with Bob Morris.
662:"Human Factors and Ergonomics Fellow Profile"
295:Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods
793:Naturalistic Decision Making, Human Factors
229:Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions
141:Klein received his B.A. in psychology from
645:
344:, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Winter, 1988), 481–493
134:under time pressure and uncertainty. His
466:"Gary Klein: an interview by Bob Morris"
743:Oct. 23, 2004; Vol. 166, No. 17, p. 263
337:Selected articles in refereed journals
812:
725:Vol. 154, No. 3, July 18, 1998, p. 44
702:Gary Klein's blog on Psychology Today
712:ASK Talks with Dr. Gary Klein. NASA
211:Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
875:20th-century American psychologists
830:21st-century American psychologists
545:"Recognition Primed Decision Model"
13:
771:Noblis, Profile: Gary Klein, Ph.D.
463:
356:The American Journal of Psychology
342:The American Journal of Psychology
207:American Psychological Association
14:
886:
690:
560:
440:
835:People from Yellow Springs, Ohio
489:. MacroCognition. Archived from
351:May/Jun 1989 Vol. 19, 3, 462–472
66:
16:American psychologist and author
850:University of Pittsburgh alumni
845:City College of New York alumni
654:
617:
518:. Human Factors. Archived from
220:
860:Wilberforce University faculty
606:
580:
563:"Analyzing Failure Beforehand"
554:
537:
513:"Naturalistic Decision Making"
505:
479:
457:
434:
408:
233:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999
1:
750:Mechanical Engineering Design
730:What's Your Intuition ?
707:Website of Macrocognition LLC
401:
215:Jack A. Kraft Innovator Award
697:Gary Klein's blog on insight
647:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.444
487:"About Us: Gary Klein, Ph.D"
323:Naturalistic Decision Making
321:Ed. (with Caroline Zsambok)
128:naturalistic decision making
7:
213:. In 2008, he received the
205:He is a Fellow of both the
180:Applied Research Associates
136:recognition-primed decision
114:(born February 5, 1944, in
21:Gary Klein (disambiguation)
10:
891:
870:21st-century American Jews
865:20th-century American Jews
855:Oakland University faculty
840:People from Fairborn, Ohio
193:White House Situation Room
18:
307:Ed. (with Eduardo Salas)
101:
91:
76:
37:
30:
590:. Noblis. Archived from
443:"What's Your Intuition?"
172:Arab oil embargo of 1973
143:City College of New York
798:March 27, 2014, at the
781:March 13, 2017, at the
86:Experimental Psychology
805:ShadowBox, LLC Website
667:. HFES. Archived from
634:Procedia Manufacturing
418:. NASA. Archived from
198:In 2015, Gary founded
165:Wilberforce University
105:Helen Klein (deceased)
550:. United States Army.
96:Research Psychologist
594:on November 20, 2012
761:September 22, 2007
567:The New York Times
493:on August 27, 2012
674:on March 13, 2017
525:on March 27, 2014
109:
108:
882:
716:Issue 20 undated
684:
683:
681:
679:
673:
666:
658:
652:
651:
649:
621:
615:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
558:
552:
551:
549:
541:
535:
534:
532:
530:
524:
517:
509:
503:
502:
500:
498:
483:
477:
476:
474:
472:
461:
455:
454:
452:
450:
438:
432:
431:
429:
427:
412:
151:Adriaan de Groot
71:
70:
51:
48:February 5, 1944
47:
45:
28:
27:
890:
889:
885:
884:
883:
881:
880:
879:
810:
809:
800:Wayback Machine
783:Wayback Machine
693:
688:
687:
677:
675:
671:
664:
660:
659:
655:
622:
618:
611:
607:
597:
595:
586:
585:
581:
571:
569:
559:
555:
547:
543:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
515:
511:
510:
506:
496:
494:
485:
484:
480:
470:
468:
462:
458:
448:
446:
439:
435:
425:
423:
422:on May 26, 2013
414:
413:
409:
404:
223:
182:(ARA) in 2005.
132:decision making
72:
65:
52:
49:
43:
41:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
888:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
808:
807:
802:
790:
785:
773:
768:
763:
759:New York Times
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
704:
699:
692:
691:External links
689:
686:
685:
653:
616:
605:
579:
553:
536:
504:
478:
456:
445:. Fast Company
433:
406:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
365:
362:
359:
352:
345:
335:
334:
333:
325:Erlbaum, 1996
319:
311:Erlbaum, 2001
305:
291:
289:978-0262544429
281:
279:978-1610392518
271:
269:978-0262532815
261:
251:
241:
222:
219:
147:Hubert Dreyfus
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
78:
74:
73:
53:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
887:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:Living people
823:
821:
818:
817:
815:
806:
803:
801:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
760:
755:
753:
751:
746:
744:
742:
737:
735:
733:
728:
726:
724:
719:
717:
715:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
670:
663:
657:
648:
643:
640:: 1574–1579.
639:
635:
631:
629:
620:
614:
609:
593:
589:
583:
568:
564:
561:Brown, Paul.
557:
546:
540:
521:
514:
508:
492:
488:
482:
467:
464:Morris, Bob.
460:
444:
441:Breen, Bill.
437:
421:
417:
411:
407:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
338:
336:
332:
331:0-8058-1874-X
328:
324:
320:
318:
317:0-8058-3538-5
314:
310:
306:
304:
303:0-89391-943-8
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
260:
259:0-262-01339-8
256:
252:
250:
249:0-385-50289-3
246:
242:
240:
239:0-262-61146-5
236:
232:
228:
227:
225:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
200:ShadowBox LLC
196:
194:
189:
183:
181:
175:
173:
168:
166:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:New York City
113:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
64:
60:
56:
55:New York City
50:(age 80)
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
758:
749:
741:Science Week
740:
734:August, 2000
732:Fast Company
731:
723:Science News
722:
713:
678:September 6,
676:. Retrieved
669:the original
656:
637:
633:
627:
619:
608:
598:September 6,
596:. Retrieved
592:the original
582:
572:September 6,
570:. Retrieved
566:
556:
539:
529:September 6,
527:. Retrieved
520:the original
507:
497:September 6,
495:. Retrieved
491:the original
481:
471:November 14,
469:. Retrieved
459:
449:September 6,
447:. Retrieved
436:
426:September 6,
424:. Retrieved
420:the original
410:
355:
348:
341:
322:
308:
297:Ablex, 1993
294:
230:
221:Publications
204:
197:
184:
176:
169:
162:
159:
155:Karl Duncker
140:
111:
110:
25:
820:1944 births
84:, Ph.D. in
814:Categories
752:March 2005
402:References
112:Gary Klein
92:Occupation
82:Psychology
44:1944-02-05
32:Gary Klein
188:PreMortem
167:in Ohio.
77:Education
796:Archived
779:Archived
626:"Shadow
368:186–209.
209:and the
120:New York
80:B.A. in
59:New York
329:
315:
301:
287:
277:
267:
257:
247:
237:
226:Books
153:, and
102:Spouse
672:(PDF)
665:(PDF)
548:(PDF)
523:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
680:2012
600:2012
574:2012
531:2012
499:2012
473:2013
451:2012
428:2012
327:ISBN
313:ISBN
299:ISBN
285:ISBN
275:ISBN
265:ISBN
255:ISBN
245:ISBN
235:ISBN
124:U.S.
63:U.S.
38:Born
714:ASK
642:doi
628:Box
816::
636:.
632:.
565:.
149:,
122:,
118:,
61:,
57:,
46:)
682:.
650:.
644::
638:3
602:.
576:.
533:.
501:.
475:.
453:.
430:.
231:.
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
