2675:
1043:
131:
271:
Seleznyov, Nikolai N., “Un clerc syro-occidental d’Arfad et le métropolitain de Jérusalem, de l’Église de l’Orient: Le livre “De l’unanimité de la foi” et sa recension en garshuni" (in
Russian: “Zapadnosirijskij knizhnik iz Afrada i ijerusalimskij mitropolit Cerkvi Vostoka: “Kniga obschnosti very” i
248:
Briquel-Chatonnet, F.; Desreumaux, A.; Binggeli, A., “Un cas très ancien de garshouni? Quelques réflexions sur le manuscrit BL Add. 14644” in: P. G. Borbone, A. Mengozzi, M. Tosco (éds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di
Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
267:
Ram, H., Qiṣṣat Mar Eliĭa (Die
Legende vom Hl. Elias). Als Beitrag zur Kenntnis der arabischen Vulgar-Dialekte Mesopotamiens nach der Handschrift Kod. Sachau 15 der Konigl. Bibliothek zu Berlin herausgegeben, ubersetzt und mit einer Schriftlehre versehen. Inaugural-Dissertation. Leipzig,
263:
Morozov, D.A., “Garshuni: Syriac script in
Christian Arabic texts” (in Russian: “Karshuni: Sirijskaja pisjmennostj v arabo-hristianskih tekstah”) in: 5-je chtenija pamiati N. F. Kaptereva: Rossija i pravoslavnyj Vostok (Moscow, 30-31 Oct. 2007). Moscow, 2007,
140:وَقَدْ فَاتَ ٱلْيَوْمُ بَعْدَ ٱلْيَوْمِ، وٱلْأُسْبُوعُ بًعْدَ ٱلْأُسْبُوعِ، وَلَمْ يَرْجِعْ ٱلْأَمِيرُ ٱلْأَكْبَرُ كَذَلِكَ، وَمَكَثَتِ ٱلْأَمِيرَة ٱلْمِسْكِيَنةُ مًضْطَرِبَةً مَشْغُولَةَ ٱلْبَالِ عَلَى أخَوَيْهَا. وَكُلَّمَا ٱسْتَيْقَظَتْ…
256:
in: F. M. Fales & G. F. Grassi (eds), CAMSEMUD 2007. Proceedings of the 13th
Italian Meeting of Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, held in Udine, May 21–24, 2007, Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2010,
188:
Today, Assyrians use the word 'garshuni' when referring to a spoken language written using something other than its corresponding script, i.e. spoken
Assyrian written using Latin script.
170:
have been written in the Syriac alphabet, and these are sometimes also referred to as "Garshunis". With several additional characters, the
Malayalam version is better known as
241:
Briquel-Chatonnet, F., “De l'intérêt de l'étude du garshouni et des manuscrits écrits selon ce système” in: L’Orient chrétien dans l’empire musulman: Hommage au professeur
253:
393:
70:, but the Arabic alphabet was not yet fully developed. There is evidence that writing Arabic in Garshuni influenced the style of modern Arabic script.
1016:
50:
writings using the Syriac alphabet. The word "Garshuni", derived from the word "grasha" which literally translates as "pulling", was used by
1080:
992:
386:
1206:
987:
927:
1131:
714:
1213:
303:
213:
588:
337:
379:
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699:
558:
1848:
1114:
982:
632:
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1073:
897:
492:
2704:
1613:
1164:
626:
999:
816:
675:
573:
567:
537:
66:
Garshuni originated in the seventh century, when Arabic was becoming the dominant spoken language in the
2257:
1736:
643:
543:
450:
2010:
2000:
1977:
618:
506:
425:
2709:
2699:
2678:
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1833:
1776:
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2135:
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2214:
2034:
1769:
1741:
1731:
1535:
1159:
354:
260:
Mingana, A., “Garshūni or Karshūni?” in: Journal of the Royal
Asiatic Society (1928) 891–893.
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2163:
2083:
1563:
972:
806:
781:
1204:
8:
2462:
2272:
2145:
1968:
1519:
1433:
1370:
1047:
1021:
876:
861:
821:
402:
74:
1361:
73:
After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some
2630:
2316:
2232:
2029:
1954:
1693:
1679:
932:
836:
766:
480:
167:
105:
1699:
1496:
1478:
1271:
361:
242:
2377:
2050:
1990:
1753:
1645:
1556:
1199:
977:
741:
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299:
163:
2130:
1660:
1487:
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2196:
2177:
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2019:
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1580:
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410:
159:
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67:
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1877:
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2510:
2447:
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2185:
2125:
1985:
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1816:
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1622:
1604:
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112:
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37:
27:
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2024:
1809:
1184:
1126:
1035:
902:
892:
846:
786:
518:
496:
55:
254:“The History of Garshuni as a Writing System: Evidence from the Rabbula Codex”
2693:
2623:
2618:
2604:
2550:
2485:
2467:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2301:
2120:
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2100:
2063:
1924:
1919:
1843:
1799:
1655:
1629:
1154:
1141:
1009:
695:
554:
245:(Studia arabica III). Versailles: Editions de Paris, 2005, pp. 463–475.
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2555:
2495:
2475:
2435:
2348:
2343:
2110:
2105:
1995:
1718:
1704:
1408:
1318:
1291:
851:
811:
771:
529:
219:
181:
For the analogous Jewish practice of writing Arabic in Hebrew letters, see
51:
2421:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1443:
1434:
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1416:
1406:
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1362:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1262:
321:
Gorgias
Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
2490:
2420:
2382:
2326:
2078:
1239:
871:
82:
1379:
1325:
1298:
276:. Paris-Moscow, 2010, pp. 34–87 (text in Garshuni: pp. 45–72).
273:
1640:
1549:
1415:
796:
231: – Writing with the Arabic or Hebrew script for European languages
1505:
1451:
1442:
1397:
1390:
1343:
1336:
1307:
371:
2545:
751:
228:
124:
116:
1469:
1280:
130:
2530:
2520:
1223:
1004:
746:
2413:
1058:
366:
342:
58:", denoting the writing of one language in the script of another.
2565:
1229:
1042:
831:
207:
171:
104:
Madnhâyâ (the
Eastern Syriac script, often called "Assyrian" or "
2480:
2408:
1104:
1089:
605:
202:
175:
78:
47:
2560:
2515:
2505:
1424:
1352:
1234:
965:
776:
609:
298:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. volume 1, 291 ff.
2535:
134:
Garshuni script of the sertâ variety used for a story in
338:
Commentary on Pentateuch(Torah) / Manuscript on Garshuni
224:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
174:
and had been in use till early 20th century among the
77:communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the
2691:
345:is a manuscript in Garshuni, dating back to 1740
111:Sertâ (the Western Syriac script, often called "
617:
296:Turras Mamlla: A Grammar of the Syriac Language
1074:
387:
272:jejo rukopisnaja redakcija na karshuni") in:
41:
31:
362:Garshuni works at the World Digital Library
222: – Jewish varieties of Arabic language
1081:
1067:
1017:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations
394:
380:
178:Syriac Christian clergymen and followers.
123:The Syriac alphabet is extended by use of
101:Estrangelâ (the Classical Syriac script),
16:Arabic writings using the Syriac alphabet
129:
988:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
401:
343:"The Unique Explanation of the Secrets'
2692:
715:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India
150:Occasionally, other languages such as
1062:
375:
293:
214:The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran
85:, who commonly use the Sertâ script.
32:
1088:
348:
139:
42:
13:
2666:Languages between parentheses are
88:
14:
2721:
993:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
664:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
331:
2674:
2673:
1041:
658:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
652:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
235:
145:
97:has three principal varieties:
2670:of the language on their left.
983:Assyrian independence movement
633:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
312:
287:
1:
280:
274:Symbol 58: Syriaca et Arabica
1165:Ancient South Arabian script
1132:Influence on other languages
7:
2422:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1205:
1000:Terms for Syriac Christians
817:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa
676:Assyrian Church of the East
574:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
568:Assyrian Evangelical Church
538:Assyrian Church of the East
191:
10:
2726:
544:Ancient Church of the East
127:to write Arabic Garshuni.
61:
2653:
2646:Islam and Arabic language
2639:
2574:
2461:
2391:
2370:
2295:
2213:
2195:
2156:
2049:
2009:
1976:
1967:
1940:
1900:
1891:
1865:
1752:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1573:
1527:
1518:
1255:
1140:
1097:
1030:
952:
885:
734:
694:
673:
642:
602:(active 1st century–1601)
587:
553:
528:
505:
472:
449:
424:
409:
2587:Arabic script in Unicode
2322:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
1682:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
857:Dionysius of Vattasseril
721:Believers Eastern Church
515:Chaldean Catholic Church
367:Syriac–Garshuni glossary
1849:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1048:Christianity portal
802:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
709:Mar Thoma Syrian Church
589:Saint Thomas Christians
249:2006, pp. 141–147.
842:Ignatius Andrew Akijan
827:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel
685:Chaldean Syrian Church
459:Syriac Orthodox Church
440:Syriac Catholic Church
351:"The Festive Maronite"
323:. Gorgias Press. 2011.
294:Kiraz, George (2012).
183:Judeo-Arabic languages
142:
2453:Quranic Arabic Corpus
1160:Ancient North Arabian
355:World Digital Library
133:
2404:Sun and moon letters
1564:Pre-classical Arabic
973:Assyrian nationalism
918:Koy Sanjaq Christian
903:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
893:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
807:Dionysius bar Salibi
782:Philoxenus of Mabbug
635:(West Syriac) (1932)
629:(East Syriac) (1665)
2705:Syriac Christianity
2258:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1737:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1022:Syriac sacral music
877:Baselios Paulose II
862:Geevarghese Ivanios
822:Abraham of Angamaly
627:Syro-Malabar Church
403:Syriac Christianity
349:Dib, Yūsuf (1888).
2631:MacArabic encoding
898:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
837:Abraham Koorilos I
767:Severus of Antioch
700:Eastern Protestant
559:Eastern Protestant
487:"Nestorian Church"
481:Church of the East
143:
54:to coin the term "
2687:
2686:
2662:extinct languages
2601:MS-DOS codepages
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2045:
2044:
1963:
1962:
1861:
1860:
1557:Old Hijazi Arabic
1056:
1055:
978:Assyrian homeland
966:Assyrian genocide
742:Ephrem the Syrian
730:
729:
644:Oriental Orthodox
583:
582:
468:
467:
451:Oriental Orthodox
417:Church of Antioch
305:978-1-4632-0183-8
257:pp. 297–304.
164:Kurdish languages
2717:
2677:
2676:
2425:
1974:
1973:
1898:
1897:
1834:Western Algerian
1781:Eastern Algerian
1777:Algerian Saharan
1707:(Lesser Kabylia)
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1543:Nabataean Arabic
1525:
1524:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1412:
1402:
1394:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1340:
1330:
1322:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1247:Maltese alphabet
1210:
1190:Algerian Braille
1180:Eastern numerals
1150:Nabataean script
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1046:
1045:
933:Syriac Malayalam
867:Coorilos Paulose
792:Isaac the Syrian
619:Eastern Catholic
615:
614:
598:Malankara Church
507:Eastern Catholic
503:
502:
426:Eastern Catholic
422:
421:
396:
389:
382:
373:
372:
358:
325:
324:
316:
310:
309:
291:
225:
141:
75:Syriac Christian
68:Fertile Crescent
45:
44:
35:
34:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2710:Arabic language
2700:Syriac alphabet
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2649:
2635:
2582:Arabic keyboard
2570:
2465:
2457:
2442:Mater lectionis
2436:Triliteral root
2387:
2358:
2299:
2291:
2209:
2191:
2152:
2041:
2005:
1959:
1936:
1887:
1857:
1748:
1728:Judeo-Maghrebi
1596:
1590:
1586:Modern Standard
1569:
1514:
1251:
1195:Maltese Braille
1175:Arabic numerals
1136:
1093:
1087:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1034:* Defunct with
1026:
960:Assyrian people
948:
881:
762:Jacob of Serugh
757:Jacob Baradaeus
726:
690:
669:
638:
603:
601:
594:
592:
579:
549:
524:
490:
484:
477:
464:
445:
434:Maronite Church
414:
405:
400:
334:
329:
328:
318:
317:
313:
306:
292:
288:
283:
264:pp. 70–72.
243:Gérard Troupeau
238:
223:
198:Syriac language
194:
148:
95:Syriac alphabet
91:
89:Characteristics
64:
38:Arabic alphabet
28:Syriac alphabet
17:
12:
11:
5:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2664:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2592:ISO/IEC 8859-6
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Naskh (script)
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:Judeo-Tunisian
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2245:Judeo-Moroccan
2242:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2228:Judeo-Egyptian
2225:
2223:Judeo-Algerian
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2205:Bedouin Arabic
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:Moroccan koiné
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:Tunisian koiné
1786:Eastern Hilal
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:Judeo-Algerian
1765:Algerian koiné
1761:Central Hilal
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:Judeo-Tunisian
1739:
1734:
1732:Judeo-Moroccan
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Arabic Braille
1182:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1101:
1099:
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1036:schism of 1552
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787:Thomas of Cana
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56:garshunography
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2551:Sini (script)
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Ruqʿah script
2539:
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2486:Hijazi script
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2164:Central Asian
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Taʽizzi-Adeni
2134:
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2119:
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2023:
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2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
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1999:
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1994:
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1989:
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1715:Traras-Msirda
1714:
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1155:Arabic script
1153:
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1128:
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1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:Phoenicianism
1008:
1006:
1003:
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1001:
998:
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991:
989:
986:
984:
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979:
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828:
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748:
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733:
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719:
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631:
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586:
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569:
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560:
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536:
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531:
527:
520:
516:
513:
512:
510:
508:
504:
501:
498:
494:
488:
483:
482:
475:
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460:
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454:
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448:
441:
438:
435:
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431:
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423:
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418:
412:
408:
404:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
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368:
365:
363:
360:
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352:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
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322:
315:
307:
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297:
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286:
275:
270:
266:
262:
259:
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244:
240:
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230:
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204:
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169:
165:
161:
157:
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137:
132:
128:
126:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
59:
57:
53:
49:
39:
29:
25:
21:
2657:
2597:Windows-1256
2556:Taliq script
2496:Jeli Thuluth
2476:Ajami script
2440:
2344:Pidgin madam
2331:
2309:
2273:Judeo-Yemeni
2215:Judeo-Arabic
2197:Sociological
2184:
2146:Judeo-Yemeni
1969:Mesopotamian
1844:Libyan koiné
1628:
1621:
1614:Pre-Hilalian
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1536:Proto-Arabic
1534:
1169:Zabūr script
1122:Romanization
945:(Liturgical)
907:
852:Elias Mellus
812:Bar Hebraeus
772:Paul the Jew
596:
486:
479:
413:, legacy of
320:
319:"Garshuni".
314:
295:
289:
236:Bibliography
220:Judeo-Arabic
212:
187:
180:
149:
146:Similarities
122:
92:
72:
65:
52:George Kiraz
23:
19:
18:
2491:Jawi script
2463:Calligraphy
2392:Linguistics
2317:Gulf Pidgin
2233:Judeo-Iraqi
2174:Kashkadarya
2030:Judeo-Iraqi
1955:Palestinian
1866:Nile Valley
1528:Pre-Islamic
1240:Dagger alif
872:Thoma Darmo
735:Key figures
674:Nestorian (
476:, legacy of
474:East Syriac
411:West Syriac
83:Mesopotamia
2694:Categories
2378:Literature
2051:Peninsular
1991:Khuzestani
1721:(Mountain)
1641:Australian
1550:Old Arabic
1200:Diacritics
1127:Numerology
797:John Maron
696:Protestant
555:Protestant
281:References
125:diacritics
2668:varieties
2660:indicate
2575:Technical
2546:Shahmukhi
2501:Kairouani
2399:Phonology
2178:Khorasani
2168:Bakhtiari
2020:Anatolian
1950:Jordanian
1930:Damascene
1893:Levantine
1805:Hassaniya
1646:Cottenera
1581:Classical
1520:Varieties
1098:Overviews
886:Languages
752:Nestorius
593:legacy of
530:Nestorian
229:Aljamiado
168:Malayalam
106:Nestorian
2679:Category
2531:Nastaliq
2521:Muhaqqaq
2511:Maghrebi
2371:Academic
2311:Bimbashi
2267:Tunisene
2238:Baghdadi
2186:Shirvani
2126:Hadhrami
2084:Bahraini
2035:Baghdadi
1986:Baghdadi
1925:Aleppine
1915:Lebanese
1910:Cilician
1883:Sudanese
1873:Egyptian
1754:Hilalian
1712:Western
1690:Eastern
1687:Village
1666:Żurrieqi
1630:Sicilian
1623:Andalusi
1605:Maghrebi
1574:Literary
1226:(tanwin)
1224:Nunation
1110:Alphabet
1105:Language
1092:language
1005:Arameans
962:/Syriac
953:See also
913:Hertevin
908:Garshuni
747:Aphrahat
192:See also
176:Keralite
117:Maronite
113:Jacobite
24:Karshuni
20:Garshuni
2658:Italics
2566:Thuluth
2431:Grammar
2302:pidgins
2297:Creoles
2286:Sanʽani
2171:Bukhara
2131:Sanʽani
2094:Kuwaiti
2089:Emirati
2074:Dhofari
2059:Bahrani
2025:Cypriot
2013:(Qeltu)
1840:Sulaym
1827:Western
1822:Eastern
1700:Sfaxian
1696:(Sahel)
1651:Gozitan
1636:Maltese
1256:Letters
1230:Shaddah
1219:Harakat
1214:Tashkil
1142:Scripts
1115:History
832:Thoma I
208:Karsoni
172:Karsoni
160:Sogdian
156:Persian
152:Turkish
62:History
2481:Diwani
2468:Script
2426:(case)
2423:ʾIʿrāb
2409:Tajwid
2354:Bongor
2333:Maridi
2283:Habban
2157:Others
2141:Tihami
2121:Yemeni
2116:Shihhi
2101:Hejazi
2069:Bedawi
2064:Bareqi
1920:Syrian
1878:Saʽidi
1810:Nemadi
1796:Maqil
1694:Sahili
1661:Żejtun
1597:spoken
1595:Modern
1090:Arabic
943:Syriac
938:Turoyo
928:Senaya
923:Mlaḥsô
723:(2017)
717:(1961)
711:(1852)
687:(1701)
666:(1772)
660:(1912)
654:(1665)
606:Kerala
576:(1940)
570:(1870)
546:(1968)
540:(1552)
442:(1662)
302:
203:Arabic
162:, the
136:Arabic
115:" or "
79:Levant
48:Arabic
46:) are
43:كرشوني
33:ܓܪܫܘܢܝ
2640:Other
2561:Tawqi
2516:Mashq
2506:Kufic
2414:Imāla
2383:Names
2349:Turku
2277:Adeni
2111:Omani
2106:Najdi
2011:North
2001:South
1996:Shawi
1978:Gilit
1942:South
1902:North
1800:Fessi
1719:Jebli
1705:Jijel
1680:Tunis
1675:Urban
1656:Qormi
1265:ʾAlif
1235:Hamza
1207:i‘jām
777:Maron
610:India
485:(the
461:(512)
436:(685)
268:1906.
2536:Rasm
2339:Nubi
2327:Juba
2300:and
2280:Beda
2252:Wqal
2249:Kjal
2079:Gulf
1427:Ġayn
1418:ʿAyn
595:the
519:1552
497:1552
478:the
415:the
300:ISBN
166:and
93:The
81:and
2624:864
2619:720
2615:711
2612:710
2609:709
2605:708
2448:IPA
1508:Yāʾ
1499:Wāw
1490:Hāʾ
1481:Nūn
1472:Mīm
1463:Lām
1454:Kāf
1445:Qāf
1436:Fāʾ
1409:Ẓāʾ
1400:Ṭāʾ
1391:Ḍād
1382:Ṣād
1373:Šīn
1364:Sīn
1355:Zāy
1346:Rāʾ
1337:Ḏāl
1328:Dāl
1319:Ḫāʾ
1310:Ḥāʾ
1301:Ǧīm
1292:Ṯāʾ
1283:Tāʾ
1274:Bāʾ
604:in
493:410
119:").
108:"),
22:or
2696::
2466:·
608:,
353:.
185:.
158:,
154:,
138::
40::
36:,
30::
1082:e
1075:t
1068:v
702:)
698:(
678:)
591:,
561:)
557:(
521:)
517:(
499:)
495:–
491:(
489:)
395:e
388:t
381:v
357:.
308:.
26:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
