550:, published in 1610, that these bodies were "known to no one before the Author recently perceived them". By occluding Jupiter itself behind a high tree limb perpendicular to the satellites'
231:
Shen and Gan together made fairly detailed observations of the five major planets during the 4th century. Gan De made some of the first detailed observations of
Jupiter in recorded history.
524:
had recorded reports of
Jupiter's moons visible with the naked eye in exceptional conditions in particular places. Smyth wrote in 1844 that sightings of the moons typically mentioned the
495:. He concluded that the Galiean moons of Jupiter are visible to the human eye under good conditions, and that Gan's report was an accurate account of a naked-eye observation of either
184:
of
Jupiter, usually invisible without the aid of telescopes. In the 20th century, a fragment of Gan's work, in a later compilation of astronomical texts, was identified by
544:
of "four planets swiftly revolving about
Jupiter at differing distances and periods" (the Galilean moons), was therefore unlikely to have been correct to write in his
568:, a light red colour), since neither's colour is distinguishable by the human eye alone, and even using a telescope their colour appears uniform with Jupiter's.
241:
536:"and various other fine-climate places as the spots where such a feat is frequently done" by those endowed with "visual organs of extraordinary power".
510:
Since
Ganymede is larger and brighter than is Callisto, Xi reasoned that it was likely Ganymede to which Gan's "small reddish star" refers. Writing in
483:
to simulate the brightnesses of
Jupiter and its moons in their relative positions from the earth as reported in the astronomical publications of
722:
809:
1033:
554:
to prevent the planet's glare from obscuring them, one or more of the
Galilean moons might be spotted in favorable conditions.
471:
449:. It was very large and bright. Apparently, there was a small reddish star appended to its side. This is called 'an alliance'."
637:. Further citation from another work dated to the 5th century by Ruan Xiaoxu gives an account indicating that he was from the
1043:
434:"In the year of chan yan . . . , Jupiter was in Zi, it rose in the morning and went under in the evening together with the
1048:
584:, it records the motion of Jupiter, Saturn, Venus and other planets in their orbits between 246 BC and 177 BC.
690:
Peng, Yoke Ho (2000). Li, Qi and Shu: An
Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Courier Dover Publications.
249:), an 8th-century CE text whose compilation dates to the period between 718 and 726, and the titles of two treatises –
1063:
1001:
982:
963:
933:
767:
695:
666:
442:
177:. His writings are lost, but some of his works' titles and fragments quoted from them are known from later texts.
267:
1068:
1058:
418:(in reality 11.9 years), quotes Gan's notes on the "stars" observed in 365 BC, when Jupiter appeared in the
1053:
1038:
446:
438:
953:
162:
861:
551:
517:
423:
836:
561:
star" is not explained; it is not known why Gan might have referred to either moon as "reddish" (
414:, which details the apparent positions of Jupiter during the course of a conjectural twelve year
362:
742:
917:
762:
Hockey, Thomas A. (1999). Galileo's Planet: Observing
Jupiter Before Photography. CRC Press.
435:
209:
170:
877:
734:
577:
541:
322:
1010:
X. Zezong, The
Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo,
633:; however, according to a 4th-century BCE testimony by Xu Guang, he was actually from the
173:
to have compiled a star catalogue. He also made observations of the planets, particularly
8:
926:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
608:
521:
480:
881:
738:
188:
as describing a naked-eye observation of either of the two largest and brightest moons,
895:
525:
815:
997:
978:
959:
929:
763:
691:
662:
593:
504:
205:
104:
96:
899:
885:
546:
511:
484:
298:
126:
61:
38:
794:. However, the book is generally not considered to be the more reliable than the
598:
537:
500:
496:
415:
353:
193:
189:
723:"The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo"
476:
391:
372:
181:
158:
82:
1027:
921:
576:
In 1973, a similar catalogue by Gan De and Shi Shen was uncovered within the
419:
503:– the two brightest and most visibly distinct moons – in summer 364 BC= 9637
787:
638:
488:
68:
634:
630:
277:
212:, Gan De's work possesses high scientific value. He wrote two books, the
150:
265:) – are known. Other fragments of Gan's work exist as quotations in the
603:
529:
166:
157:, he is believed to be the first in history known by name to compile a
146:
142:
562:
890:
865:
718:
533:
466:
239:
All Gan's writings are lost, but some fragments are preserved in the
185:
20:
285:; volume 26), but most of his surviving corpus was preserved in the
814:. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. Archived from
779:
154:
783:
479:
of Jupiter, an interpretation hitherto unrecognized. Xi used the
174:
134:
798:, due to the anachronistic of name of places, etc. in the texts.
19:
For the Chinese Jupiter probe previously known as Gan De, see
626:
955:
Biographies of Ancient Chinese Scientists Series One" Gan De
778:
Another 2 volumes preserved texts attributed to Gan De and
378:
208:. As the earliest attempt to document the sky during the
977:. Shanghai: Shanghai Shudian Chubanshe. pp. 56–58.
325:
division where the celestial sphere is divided by 360°.
321:
days. At the time, most ancient astronomers adopted the
996:. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Press. p. 648.
180:
Gan De may have been the first to describe one of the
661:
Deng, Yinke. (2005). Chinese Ancient Inventions.
475:
identifying the "small reddish star" with one of the
101:
87:
73:
975:
Discoveries and Studies on the Bamboo and Silk Texts
242:
Great Tang Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
169:who is the first known in the Western tradition of
811:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
328:
161:, preceded by the anonymous authors of the early
1025:
807:
16:4th-century BC Chinese astronomer and astrologer
204:Gan was one of the earliest practitioners of
43:
958:. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe. pp. 25–27.
827:, p.706 (Table 15.8) and p.316 (Table 5.8.1)
994:Great Lexicon on Chinese Arts of Necromancy
991:
972:
951:
889:
911:
909:
796:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
455:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
412:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
292:
287:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
915:
557:However, the description of the "small
405:
1026:
860:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
103:
906:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
830:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
866:"Was Galileo 2,000 Years Too Late?"
644:
141:(Gan Gong), was an ancient Chinese
137:4th century BC), also known as the
13:
841:
717:
218:Treatise on Astronomical Astrology
14:
1080:
992:Gu Jianqing; et al. (1991).
700:
540:, describing his discovery using
259:Astronomical Star Prognostication
792:Treatise on Stars of Gan and Shi
571:
297:Shi Shen and Gan De divided the
952:Du Shiran; et al. (1992).
629:27 stated that he was from the
426:, the Chinese lunar mansion of
808:K. P. Seidelmann, ed. (1992).
801:
772:
756:
684:
671:
620:
329:Planetary periodic comparisons
268:Records of the Grand Historian
102:
88:
74:
44:
1:
1034:4th-century BC Chinese people
945:
790:, more commonly known as the
782:and were incorporated to the
580:. Arranged under the name of
469:published a paper in 1981 in
465:The historian and astronomer
311:°, as a tropical year has 365
7:
1044:Ancient Chinese astronomers
587:
222:Astronomic Star Observation
10:
1085:
1049:4th-century BC astronomers
837:NSSDC "Mercury Fact Sheet"
582:Divination of Five Planets
342:Predictions by Gan and Shi
165:and followed by the Greek
163:Babylonian star catalogues
18:
928:. Springer. p. 342.
130:
116:
95:
81:
67:
60:
55:
51:
37:
33:
28:
1064:Scientists from Shandong
727:Acta Astrophysica Sinica
614:
516:in 1982, the astronomer
493:Astrophysical Quantities
472:Acta Astrophysica Sinica
234:
220:. Gan De also wrote the
916:Yi-Long, Huang (1997).
679:Gan's Treatise on Stars
345:Modern day calculation
199:
1014:2 (3) (1982): 664–667.
463:
542:refracting telescopes
432:
422:of the constellation
293:Celestial comparisons
275:; volume 27) and the
210:Warring States period
171:Hellenistic astronomy
1069:People of Qi (state)
1059:Discoverers of moons
973:Ma Linghong (2002).
578:Mawangdui Silk Texts
406:Satellite of Jupiter
1054:Chinese astrologers
1039:Ancient astrologers
882:1982Natur.296..199H
739:1981AcApS...1...85X
609:Nicolaus Copernicus
522:William Henry Smyth
481:Beijing Planetarium
214:Treatise on Jupiter
526:Apennine Mountains
410:Chapter 23 of the
263:Tian Wen Xing Zhan
247:Kai Yuan Zhan Jing
196:in summer 365 BC.
1020:, February, 1981.
1018:Sky and Telescope
721:(February 1981).
594:Chinese star maps
532:in Italy and the
520:pointed out that
403:
402:
216:and the 8-volume
206:Chinese astronomy
120:
119:
112:
111:
62:Standard Mandarin
1076:
1007:
988:
969:
940:
939:
913:
904:
903:
893:
891:10.1038/296199a0
862:Hughes, David W.
858:
839:
834:
828:
826:
824:
823:
805:
799:
776:
770:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
741:. Archived from
715:
698:
688:
682:
675:
669:
659:
642:
624:
547:Sidereus Nuncius
485:Bryant Tuckerman
461:
460:
333:
332:
320:
319:
315:
310:
309:
305:
299:celestial sphere
226:Tianwen xingzhan
132:
108:
107:
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91:
90:
77:
76:
53:
52:
47:
46:
26:
25:
1084:
1083:
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1073:
1024:
1023:
1012:Chinese Physics
1004:
985:
966:
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842:
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777:
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748:
746:
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689:
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676:
672:
660:
645:
625:
621:
617:
599:Galileo Galilei
590:
574:
538:Galileo Galilei
462:
458:
453:
416:sidereal period
408:
354:sidereal period
331:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
295:
237:
202:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1066:
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1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1002:
989:
983:
970:
964:
947:
944:
942:
941:
934:
905:
840:
829:
800:
771:
755:
699:
683:
677:also known as
670:
643:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
589:
586:
573:
570:
477:Galilean moons
451:
436:lunar mansions
407:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
392:synodic period
389:
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384:
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373:synodic period
370:
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347:
346:
343:
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294:
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236:
233:
201:
198:
182:Galilean moons
159:star catalogue
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
99:
93:
92:
85:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
58:
57:
56:Transcriptions
49:
48:
41:
35:
34:
31:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1016:
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1005:
1003:7-306-00313-5
999:
995:
990:
986:
984:7-80622-944-2
980:
976:
971:
967:
965:7-03-002926-7
961:
957:
956:
950:
949:
937:
935:0-7923-4066-3
931:
927:
923:
922:Helaine Selin
919:
912:
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883:
879:
876:(5854): 199.
875:
871:
867:
863:
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853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
838:
833:
818:on 2007-07-15
817:
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812:
804:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
769:
768:0-7503-0448-0
765:
759:
745:on 2020-11-04
744:
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732:
728:
724:
720:
719:Xi, Zezong Z.
714:
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696:0-486-41445-0
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572:Related texts
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567:
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552:orbital plane
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153:. Along with
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1011:
993:
974:
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925:
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869:
832:
820:. Retrieved
816:the original
810:
803:
795:
791:
788:Song dynasty
784:Daoist Canon
774:
758:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
730:
726:
686:
678:
673:
639:State of Chu
622:
581:
575:
565:
558:
556:
545:
518:David Hughes
512:
509:
492:
489:Clabon Allen
470:
464:
454:
433:
427:
411:
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399:115.88 days
383:583.92 days
296:
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149:born in the
138:
122:
121:
69:Hanyu Pinyin
786:during the
635:State of Lu
631:State of Qi
278:Book of Han
151:State of Qi
1028:Categories
946:References
822:2007-08-08
749:2018-08-02
604:Hipparchus
530:Mount Etna
361:11.862615
251:On Jupiter
167:Hipparchus
147:astrologer
143:astronomer
83:Wade–Giles
733:(2): 87.
534:Caribbean
467:Xi Zezong
186:Xi Zezong
21:Tianwen-4
918:"Gan De"
864:(1982).
780:Shi Shen
588:See also
501:Ganymede
497:Callisto
452:—
424:Aquarius
396:136 days
358:12 years
301:into 365
194:Callisto
190:Ganymede
155:Shi Shen
139:Lord Gan
924:(ed.).
900:5313894
878:Bibcode
735:Bibcode
559:reddish
388:Mercury
377:587.25
350:Jupiter
323:Babylon
316:⁄
306:⁄
224:(天文星占,
175:Jupiter
127:Chinese
39:Chinese
1000:
981:
962:
932:
898:
870:Nature
766:
694:
665:
513:Nature
339:Period
336:Planet
283:Hanshu
257:) and
129::
123:Gan De
89:Kan Te
75:Gān Dé
29:Gan De
920:. In
896:S2CID
627:Shiji
615:Notes
459:xxiii
369:Venus
363:years
273:Shiji
235:Works
998:ISBN
979:ISBN
960:ISBN
930:ISBN
764:ISBN
692:ISBN
663:ISBN
528:and
487:and
445:and
379:days
200:Life
145:and
886:doi
874:296
566:chi
499:or
491:'s
447:Wēi
428:Wēi
228:).
192:or
135:fl.
97:IPA
1030::
908:^
894:.
884:.
872:.
868:.
843:^
729:.
725:.
702:^
646:^
507:.
505:HE
457:,
443:Xū
441:,
439:Nǚ
430::
289:.
133:;
131:甘德
45:甘德
1006:.
987:.
968:.
938:.
902:.
888::
880::
825:.
752:.
737::
731:1
681:.
641:.
563:赤
318:4
314:1
308:4
304:1
281:(
271:(
261:(
253:(
245:(
125:(
23:.
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