411:. Also it has been proven that VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells in patients with Psoriasis participate in the development of the disease. The number of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells increase in the skin lesions of psoriasis patients but decreased in the blood. This finding indicates redistribution of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells from the blood to the skin compartment in psoriasis. The psoriasis severity is associated with lower level of Ī³9VĪ“2 T cells in the circulation, therefore a successful anti-psoriatic therapy leads to increase of peripheral VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells. The major outcome is that the measurement of these cells in blood and skin lesions can be used as a marker in order to follow up the psoriasis progression.
202:, IL-17 produced by the Ī³Ī“17 T cells will stimulate stromal cells expressing the IL-17 receptor to produce IL-33 in vivo, and therefore provide a molecular link to T reg cells expressing the IL-33 receptor ST2 in the adipose tissue, so ST2+ Treg cells will accumulate and this will lead to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. This recent finding explains the mechanism by which the number of T reg cells continuously increases during aging. On the other hand, it has been shown that, after exposing mice to cold, the production of TNF and IL-17 will act on the adipocytes uncoupling the protein
1079:). In most instances, the stimuli that trigger Vd1 expansion are not derived from pathogens but instead correspond to endogenous gene products presumably upregulated on infection. The antigens recognized by non-VĪ“2 T cells expanded in the above infectious contexts have not been characterized, but the fact that VĪ“1 T-cell responses are not blocked by monoclonal antibody directed against known classical or non-classical MHC molecules suggests recognition of a new class of conserved stress-induced antigens. A recent study of primary
738:
892:, and incidentally act as VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cell receptor agonists. However, increasing evidence suggests that these aminobisphosphonate 'antigens' are not recognised directly by VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells and in fact act indirectly, via their effects on the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway, leading to an accumulation of IPP. Finally, certain alkylated
585:
writers do not indicate which system they use. For example, the IMGT (International
Immunogenetics Information System) uses the Heilig notation, but does not indicate this fact on its website. This table refers to variable chain VĪ³ gene segments and to monoclonal antibodies that detect the corresponding VĪ³ protein chains. Note that
919:
class I and II or CD1 are required for Ī³Ī“ T cell activation suggesting the existence of a novel presenting element. Strong support for a direct recognition of non-peptide antigens by the VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR comes from studies which demonstrated that a transfected VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR can confer responsiveness onto a
761:
are unique to humans and primates and represent a minor and unconventional constituent of the leukocyte population in peripheral blood (0.5-5%), yet they are assumed to play an early and essential role in sensing 'danger' by invading pathogens as they expand dramatically in many acute infections and
584:
This table summarizes the nomenclature of mouse VĪ³ chains and indicates monoclonal antibodies often used to identify these chains. This system has been best described in strain C57BL/6 and might not apply well to other strains. There are two systems of nomenclature in use (Heilig; Garman), and many
175:
in acute infections. It was recently discovered that Ī³Ī“17 T cells can produce IL-17 even when the immune response is not induced. These cells are likely to be generated from fetal Ī³Ī“ thymocytes and as they egress from the thymus, they will progress to non-lymphoid tissues such as lungs, peritoneal
162:
Recent work has shown that human VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells are also capable of phagocytosis, a function previously exclusive to innate myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells This provides further evidence that the biology of Ī³Ī“ T cells spans both innate and adaptive immune
111:
The conditions that lead to responses of Ī³Ī“ T cells are not fully understood, and current concepts of them as 'first line of defense', 'regulatory cells', or 'bridge between innate and adaptive responses' only address facets of their complex behavior. In fact, Ī³Ī“ T cells form an entire lymphocyte
238:. They also interact with other innate and adaptive immune cells and modulate their functions. Ī³Ī“ T cell enhance or suppress inflammation, depending on the site and stage of disease. They rise from periphery and can be accumulated in inflamed tissue. These T cells can become active without
120:
and in the periphery. When mature, they develop into functionally distinct subsets that obey their own (mostly unknown) rules and have countless direct and indirect effects on healthy tissues and immune cells, pathogens and tissues enduring infections, and the host responses to them.
1055:
class-I-chain-related gene A (MICA) has also been proposed as an important tumor antigen recognized by VĪ“1 T cells. However, the very low affinity of MICAāVĪ“1 TCR interactions estimated by surface plasmon resonance analyses raises doubts about the functional relevance of MICA or MHC
159:. For example, according to this paradigm, large numbers of (human) VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes, and highly restricted intraepithelial VĪ“1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells bearing sentinels of danger.
307:, are damaged by autoreactive T cells. There is infiltration of both innate and adaptive immune cells in pancreas. Studies on mice showed that Ī³Ī“ T cells play a role in T1D pathogenesis. They infiltrate islets and may even co-operate with Ī±Ī² T cells to induce T1D.
280:. This cytokine induces Th17 cells differentiation, and dendritic cell- mediated production of IL-12 and IL-23 promotes differentiation of Th17 cells to Th1 cells, which produce IFNāĪ³. Matrix metalloproteinases and NO present in inflamed tissue damage and degrade
589:'s proposed nomenclature is not widely used, leaving considerable confusion in the literature. One advantage and weakness of the Hayday nomenclature is that it is based on the gene order in the B6 genome, but this might not apply to other strains.
49:
chains called Ī± (alpha) and Ī² (beta) TCR chains. In contrast, Ī³Ī“ T cells have a TCR that is made up of one Ī³ (gamma) chain and one Ī“ (delta) chain. This group of T cells is usually less common than Ī±Ī² T cells. Their highest abundance is in the gut
1109:. These receptors are expressed almost exclusively by natural killer (NK) cells and play a central role in triggering their activation, but it has been described that Ī³Ī“ T cells can express these receptors. These cells are named NKp46+/VĪ“1 IELs.
233:
is important for development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Main sources are Th17 CD4+ Ī±Ī² T cells, but Ī³Ī“ T cell subset plays role in autoimmune pathogenesis and regulation, too, because they contribute to production of IL-17A and other
257:. They regulate immunosuppressive functions of IELs and play role in development of tolerance. These so-called protective Ī³Ī“ T cells promote tissue repair and cell healing. Pathogens and other inflammation stimuli cause production of
1051:, MHC-like, or non-MHC molecules suggest recognition of a highly diverse and heterogeneous set of antigens by non-VĪ“2 cells, although cognate interactions between non-VĪ“2 TCRs and any of these antigens have not been shown yet.
871:
is reduced 10,000-fold; whether IPP represents a physiological 'danger' signal of stressed or transformed cells is still unclear. Of pharmacological interest and with bioactivities comparable to that of IPP are synthetic
451:. Therefore, the effectiveness of immunotherapy based on Ī³Ī“ T cells is limited. Their invariant nature implies that immunotherapies that rely on them would not require customization for individual patients.
2683:
Thedrez A, Sabourin C, Gertner J, Devilder MC, Allain-Maillet S, FourniƩ JJ, et al. (February 2007). "Self/non-self discrimination by human gammadelta T cells: simple solutions for a complex issue?".
191:, therefore they are able to control the maintenance of core body temperature. Using aging mice as a model, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that act under thermoneutrality circumstances (
2358:"The bisphosphonate acute phase response: rapid and copious production of proinflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood gd T cells in response to aminobisphosphonates is inhibited by statins"
99:
compartment of mice skin. Originally referred to as Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy1+DEC), these cells are more commonly known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC). DETCs arise during
1120:. It is acknowledged that this subset can control the metastasis, so the higher levels of this population, the less probabilities for the tumor to progress and proliferate to other tissues.
971:. So the stimulation of VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells with phosphoantigens results in expression of multiple markers which are associated with APC, like MHC I and II molecules, co-stimulatory molecules (
1116:, in order to follow-up its progression. Lower frequencies of NKp46+/VĪ“1 IELs in healthy intestinal tissues surrounding the tumor mass, associate with a higher tumor progression and
407:
play an essential role in the disease development. In response to IL-23, the adipose gamma T cells will produce IL-17, and this interleukin promotes development and progression of
991:). Thus activated VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells behave like APCs (Ī³Ī“ T-APC) and present antigens to Ī±Ī² T cells. This leads to turn of naĆÆve CD4+ and CD8+ Ī±Ī² T cells into effector cells. The
911:
bind directly to the VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR or if a presenting element exists. There is evidence for a requirement for a species-specific cell-cell contact. However, none of the known
225:
or autoreactive T cells is present during such disease. The role of Ī³Ī“ T cell in autoimmune disease is to help B cells to produce autoantibodies, through proinflammatory
920:
hitherto unresponsive cell; furthermore, antibodies to the Ī³Ī“ TCR block recognition. Thus, the presence of a functional VĪ³9/VĪ“2 TCR appears mandatory for a response to
140:, where B and T cells coordinate a slower but highly antigen-specific immune response leading to long-lasting memory against subsequent challenges by the same antigen.
2880:
391:. In the mice models, different subsets of Ī³Ī“ T cells were identified. The most abundant were the ones producing IL-17. IL-17 induces Th17 cells and Th17 response.
439:) showed that they are tolerated and safe, but some studies report that Ī³Ī“ T cells cause cancer development for example through production of IL-17 in the
3164:
1353:
Morita CT, Mariuzza RA, Brenner MB (2000). "Antigen recognition by human gamma delta T cells: pattern recognition by the adaptive immune system".
2515:"Activated gammadelta T cells express the natural cytotoxicity receptor natural killer p 44 and show cytotoxic activity against myeloma cells"
2564:"NKp46-expressing human gut-resident intraepithelial VĪ“1 T cell subpopulation exhibits high antitumor activity against colorectal cancer"
2128:"Regulatory and effector functions of gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells and their therapeutic potential in adoptive cellular therapy for cancer"
534:) and CD86-CTLA-4 interaction between APCs and Ī³Ī“ T cells. They also impair effector immune cells (DC, NK, iNKT, CD8+ T cells) through
151:
to produce junctional diversity and can develop a memory phenotype. However, the various subsets may also be considered part of the
487:
3157:
1954:"Promoting angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment: the secret life of murine lymphoid IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells"
2794:
1850:
Barros MS, de AraĆŗjo ND, MagalhĆ£es-Gama F, Pereira
Ribeiro TL, Alves Hanna FS, TarragƓ AM, et al. (22 September 2021).
3013:
315:
RA is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by accumulation of self-reactive T cells, which are induced by inflammation in
17:
3150:
2226:
Garman RD, Doherty PJ, Raulet DH (June 1986). "Diversity, rearrangement, and expression of murine T cell gamma genes".
1015:
activity, a process describing the uptake of exogenous antigen and its routing to the MHC I pathway for induction CD8+
1112:
The major outcome of this study is the clinical relevance of this cells, which can be used a prognostic marker in the
1800:"Identification of a novel proinflammatory human skin-homing VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cell subset with a potential role in psoriasis"
1204:
132:, Ī³Ī“ T cells exhibit several characteristics that place them at the border between the more evolutionarily primitive
65:
molecules that activate Ī³Ī“ T cells are largely unknown. Ī³Ī“ T cells are peculiar in that they do not seem to require
3496:
3049:
1052:
1048:
916:
70:
2175:
Heilig JS, Tonegawa S (1986). "Diversity of murine gamma genes and expression in fetal and adult T lymphocytes".
448:
3491:
1007:. But in the case of a low Ī³Ī“ T-APC: CD4+ ratio it leads to differentiation of some naĆÆve Ī±Ī² T cells into Th2 (
3434:
2972:
253:Ī³Ī“ T cells are a major T cell subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) present in the epithelial layer of
2513:
von
Lilienfeld-Toal M, Nattermann J, Feldmann G, Sievers E, Frank S, Strehl J, Schmidt-Wolf IG (June 2006).
3094:
3064:
3044:
2075:
de AraĆŗjo ND, Gama FM, de Souza Barros M, Ribeiro TL, Alves FS, Xabregas LA, et al. (7 January 2021).
741:
Mouse Vgamma locus for C57BL/6 genome; drawn to scale. Chromosome 13: 1.927 to 1.440 Megabp Heilig notation
156:
1318:
Born WK, Reardon CL, O'Brien RL (February 2006). "The function of gammadelta T cells in innate immunity".
3082:
3077:
2917:
3320:
1488:"Ī³Ī“ T cells producing interleukin-17A regulate adipose regulatory T cell homeostasis and thermogenesis"
1105:(intraepithelial lymphocytes) which express high levels of a natural cytotoxic receptor (NCR) which is
1102:
823:
55:
2787:
2464:"Characterization of Adaptive Ī³Ī“ T Cells in Ugandan Infants During Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection"
929:
860:
814:
88:
antigen recognition. They are of an invariant nature. They may be triggered by alarm signals such as
3142:
2051:
992:
924:
although the basis for the huge differences in bioactivity between closely related molecules like
3500:
3258:
3121:
1486:
Kohlgruber AC, Gal-Oz ST, LaMarche NM, Shimazaki M, Duquette D, Koay HF, et al. (May 2018).
1059:
Non-VĪ“2 Ī³Ī“ T cells are expanded in various infectious contexts involving intracellular bacteria (
936:
2619:(April 2000). " cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection".
900:, however only at millimolar concentrations, i.e. with potencies 10-10-fold lower than those of
3522:
3240:
3176:
2964:
2462:
Tuengel J, Ranchal S, Maslova A, Aulakh G, Papadopoulou M, Drissler S, et al. (Oct 2021).
1798:
Laggner U, Di Meglio P, Perera GK, Hundhausen C, Lacy KE, Ali N, et al. (September 2011).
1159:
1098:
832:
810:
483:
440:
388:
144:
137:
999:
response, in the most of cases to pro-inflammatory Th1 response with subsequent production of
3469:
3325:
3303:
3003:
2980:
2956:
1149:
1011:) or Th0 (IL-4 plus IFN-Ī³) cells. Human VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells are also cells with excellent antigen
523:
129:
1700:"Ī³Ī“ T cells are essential effectors of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse model"
103:
and express an invariant and canonical VĪ³3 VĪ“1 T-cell receptor (using Garman nomenclature).
3486:
3419:
3330:
3254:
3027:
2844:
2780:
2562:
Mikulak J, Oriolo F, Bruni E, Roberto A, Colombo FS, Villa A, et al. (December 2019).
2184:
2003:"Expansion and functions of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment"
1154:
921:
912:
908:
424:
152:
133:
100:
2272:(2000). " cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection".
179:
The Ī³Ī“17 T that will accumulate in the adipose tissue (dermis) will not only controls the
45:(TCR) on their surface. Most T cells are Ī±Ī² (alpha beta) T cells with TCR composed of two
8:
3546:
3481:
3464:
3298:
3216:
3036:
2875:
1398:"Human gamma delta T cells: a lymphoid lineage cell capable of professional phagocytosis"
1084:
384:
273:
is responsible for cell-mediated production of antimicrobial peptides and tissue repair.
148:
2431:
2406:
2188:
3366:
2995:
2760:
2709:
2588:
2563:
2539:
2514:
2490:
2463:
2444:
2382:
2357:
2338:
2251:
2208:
2157:
2103:
2076:
2027:
2002:
1983:
1929:
1902:
1878:
1851:
1824:
1799:
1775:
1748:
1724:
1699:
1627:
1600:
1578:
1525:
1512:
1487:
1463:
1438:
1378:
1300:
1012:
836:
423:
and high cytokine secretion of Ī³Ī“ T cells suggest that these cells can be effective in
214:
89:
66:
2325:
2308:
1187:
Holtmeier W, Kabelitz (2005). "ĪĪ“ T Cells Link Innate and
Adaptive Immune Responses".
867:
and ubiquitously present in all living cells (including human cells), yet its potency
3414:
3180:
3059:
2940:
2859:
2839:
2764:
2752:
2744:
2723:
2701:
2697:
2671:
2636:
2632:
2593:
2544:
2530:
2495:
2436:
2387:
2373:
2330:
2289:
2285:
2243:
2239:
2200:
2149:
2108:
2032:
1975:
1934:
1883:
1829:
1780:
1729:
1676:
1632:
1570:
1517:
1468:
1419:
1370:
1335:
1292:
1287:
1270:
1251:
1210:
1200:
1164:
1113:
1016:
964:
184:
2713:
2448:
2255:
2161:
1396:
Wu Y, Wu W, Wong WM, Ward E, Thrasher AJ, Goldblatt D, et al. (November 2009).
1304:
510:
and induction of anti-tumor response. Ī³Ī“ T cells also interact with DCs and develop
3593:
3534:
3474:
3446:
3441:
3409:
3396:
3386:
2932:
2908:
2736:
2693:
2661:
2628:
2583:
2575:
2534:
2526:
2485:
2475:
2426:
2418:
2377:
2369:
2342:
2320:
2281:
2235:
2212:
2192:
2139:
2098:
2088:
2077:"Translating Unconventional T Cells and Their Roles in Leukemia Antitumor Immunity"
2022:
2014:
1987:
1965:
1924:
1914:
1873:
1863:
1819:
1811:
1770:
1760:
1719:
1711:
1666:
1622:
1612:
1582:
1560:
1552:
1529:
1507:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1409:
1382:
1362:
1327:
1282:
1241:
1192:
1144:
1083:
infection in infants found increased VĪ“1 T cells that also expressed the typically
507:
491:
372:
96:
399:
Psoriasis is one of the autoimmune diseases in which the Ī³Ī“ T cells together with
3429:
2924:
2018:
1695:
1246:
1229:
1080:
1076:
935:
These VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells can also behave like professional antigen-presenting cells (
873:
857:, are unable to produce HMB-PP and do not specifically activate VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells.
428:
262:
239:
42:
136:
that permits a rapid beneficial response to a variety of foreign agents and the
3456:
3401:
3342:
3262:
3235:
2740:
2579:
1134:
847:
539:
499:
320:
316:
281:
277:
266:
222:
172:
2422:
1919:
1868:
1556:
1543:
Papotto PH, Silva-Santos B (May 2018). "Got my Ī³Ī“17 T cells to keep me warm".
1503:
1331:
831:
parasites, but is absent from the human host. Bacterial species that lack the
522:Ī³Ī“ T cells perform a regulatory and suppressive role in the TME expression of
3587:
3424:
3313:
3131:
3113:
2951:
2913:
2834:
2748:
2616:
2356:
Hewitt RE, Lissina A, Green AE, Slay ES, Price DA, Sewell AK (January 2005).
2269:
1815:
1765:
1715:
1671:
1654:
1617:
1454:
1414:
1397:
1139:
1024:
1008:
996:
963:). It means that the stimulation with IPP or HMB-PP induces migration to the
932:
cannot be explained by conventional epitope presentation/recognition models.
841:
791:
771:
586:
559:
535:
258:
218:
188:
125:
2512:
2307:
Eberl M, Hintz M, Reichenberg A, Kollas AK, Wiesner J, Jomaa H (June 2003).
1849:
737:
367:Ī³Ī“ T cells are involved in development of this autoimmune disease. They are
3391:
3376:
3371:
3308:
3206:
2946:
2854:
2849:
2756:
2705:
2675:
2666:
2649:
2640:
2597:
2548:
2499:
2440:
2391:
2334:
2293:
2153:
2112:
2093:
2036:
1979:
1938:
1887:
1833:
1784:
1733:
1680:
1636:
1574:
1521:
1472:
1423:
1374:
1339:
1296:
1214:
1129:
1060:
940:
885:
775:
767:
547:
511:
444:
199:
192:
124:
Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant TCRs, such as
46:
2309:"Microbial isoprenoid biosynthesis and human gammadelta T cell activation"
2247:
2204:
1970:
1953:
1366:
1255:
801:
Of note, all VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells recognize the same small microbial compound (
3126:
2829:
2824:
2052:""Off-the-shelf" cancer immunotherapy inches closer with new mouse study"
1439:"The natural and the inducible: interleukin (IL)-17-producing Ī³Ī“ T cells"
968:
881:
877:
787:
779:
555:
551:
475:
471:
436:
344:
340:
332:
328:
324:
180:
81:
242:
ligand ā they can induce inflammation in autoimmune diseases very fast.
3514:
3267:
3173:
2803:
1565:
1117:
944:
889:
546:. Also IL-17 secreted by Ī³Ī“ T cells has pro-tumorogenic role (enhanced
463:
348:
235:
206:, which is required for inducing a UCP1-dependent thermogenic program.
113:
2480:
2144:
2127:
1196:
939:). It seems that human VĪ³9VĪ“2 T cells are characterized by a specific
296:
171:
Recently, it was believed that Ī³Ī“17 T cells were only able to produce
3572:
3277:
3172:
3099:
3054:
2902:
2196:
1227:
783:
479:
467:
408:
368:
356:
226:
1228:
Bergstresser PR, Sullivan S, Streilein JW, Tigelaar RE (July 1985).
1019:. Thus activated cytotoxic T cells can effectively kill infected or
319:
and joints. RA patients have higher numbers of Ī³Ī“ T cells producing
245:Ī³Ī“ T cells have clinical association with many autoimmune diseases.
3562:
3347:
3335:
3293:
3247:
3211:
2868:
2819:
2074:
1271:"Skin gammadelta T-cell functions in homeostasis and wound healing"
1191:. Chemical Immunology and Allergy. Vol. 86. pp. 151ā183.
1064:
853:
432:
420:
400:
387:, and these cells accumulate in demyelinated areas of CNS and make
300:
270:
1601:"Ī³Ī“ T Lymphocytes: An Effector Cell in Autoimmunity and Infection"
1004:
1000:
543:
495:
3567:
3381:
3230:
3201:
3087:
1852:"Ī³Ī“ T Cells for Leukemia Immunotherapy: New and Expanding Trends"
1485:
1230:"Origin and function of Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in mice"
943:
migration program, including multiple receptors for inflammatory
904:, thereby raising questions about their physiological relevance.
828:
821:
is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including
795:
304:
77:
74:
62:
1903:"Gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development?"
1797:
447:
and cell growth or because their ability to increase numbers of
3539:
3527:
3272:
3223:
2890:
2811:
2650:"Immunosurveillance and immunoregulation by gammadelta T cells"
1028:
925:
901:
864:
818:
806:
531:
254:
230:
117:
51:
38:
2772:
2682:
454:Ī³Ī“ T cells can be divided into effector and regulatory cells:
351:
induced by inflammatory cytokines, together with RANKL, cause
2724:"Unconventional Ī³Ī“ T cells 'the new black' in cancer therapy"
1106:
1088:
1056:
class-I-chain-related gene B (MICB) recognition by VĪ“1 TCRs.
1020:
980:
948:
893:
756:
527:
503:
380:
376:
336:
85:
641:
17D1; can detect VĪ³6VĪ“1 when pretreated with GL3 antibodies
2461:
2306:
1092:
988:
984:
976:
972:
960:
956:
952:
404:
352:
203:
195:) or after cold exposure have recently been acknowledged.
2561:
1747:
Cruz MS, Diamond A, Russell A, Jameson JM (6 June 2018).
1746:
1693:
1072:
292:
474:, Ī³Ī“ T cells interact with stress-induced molecules on
2355:
1749:"Human Ī±Ī² and Ī³Ī“ T Cells in Skin Immunity and Disease"
1317:
1047:
TCRs and the existence of VĪ“1 clones reactive against
323:. It leads to production of inflammatory cytokines by
84:. Ī³Ī“ T cells are believed to have a prominent role in
1694:
Markle JG, Mortin-Toth S, Wong AS, Geng L, Hayday A,
1352:
565:
762:
may exceed all other lymphocytes within a few days,
2225:
1542:
1097:A recent study has identified a specific subset of
379:. Patients have increased numbers of Ī³Ī“ T cells in
2722:
1655:"Role of gamma-delta (Ī³Ī“) T cells in autoimmunity"
248:
112:system that develops under the influence of other
1186:
624:536; 17D1 specific for VĪ³5(Heilig)+VĪ“1 clonotype
570:
375:, cells that participate in the myelinization of
276:On the other hand, pathogenic Ī³Ī“ T cells produce
3585:
896:have been described to activate VĪ³9/VĪ“2 T cells
1648:
1646:
1598:
1594:
1592:
805:)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (
106:
2174:
1436:
494:deposited on tumor cells). Ī³Ī“ T cells secrete
478:and secrete cytotoxic molecules, inflammatory
54:, within a population of lymphocytes known as
3158:
2788:
1268:
1067:) as well as extracellular bacteria, such as
95:A Ī³Ī“-T-cell sub-population exists within the
2407:"Ī³Ī“ T-APCs: a novel tool for immunotherapy?"
1951:
1643:
1589:
1395:
462:After infiltrating a tumor as a response to
343:(RANKL causes conversion of precursors into
143:Ī³Ī“ T cells may be considered a component of
1599:Shiromizu CM, Jancic CC (16 October 2018).
1182:
1180:
3165:
3151:
2795:
2781:
2404:
1900:
863:itself is structurally closely related to
310:
155:in which a specific TCR can function as a
2665:
2587:
2538:
2489:
2479:
2430:
2398:
2381:
2324:
2143:
2102:
2092:
2026:
2000:
1969:
1928:
1918:
1877:
1867:
1823:
1774:
1764:
1723:
1670:
1626:
1616:
1564:
1511:
1462:
1413:
1286:
1245:
1034:
995:, induced by Ī³Ī“ T-APC, most often led to
486:cells. They can also lyse tumor cells by
2654:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
2001:Qu P, Wang LZ, Lin PC (September 2016).
1437:Chien YH, Zeng X, Prinz I (April 2013).
1234:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1177:
884:(Aredia), that are widely used to treat
736:
488:antibodyādependent cellular cytotoxicity
362:
359:erosion, which leads to RA development.
3035:
2647:
2125:
1845:
1843:
1652:
517:
166:
14:
3586:
2720:
2615:
2268:
2049:
1269:Jameson J, Havran WL (February 2007).
1262:
1039:The extensive structural diversity of
502:, which leads to higher expression of
287:
3146:
2776:
1901:Zhao Y, Niu C, Cui J (January 2018).
967:, specifically to the T cell area of
835:and synthesize IPP via the classical
750:
490:(ADCC) (through binding Fc region of
457:
2519:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
2411:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2362:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1840:
1355:Springer Seminars in Immunopathology
1023:cells. This fact can be used in the
907:It is still not clear whether these
3014:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
699:peripheral lymphoid tissues;JĪ³4CĪ³4
265:, it induces Ī³Ī“ T cells to produce
176:cavity, dermis, tongue and uterus.
24:
2608:
678:most common form in intestinal IEL
579:
566:Gene families in different species
419:Non-MHC restricted recognition of
217:results from abnormal response of
25:
3605:
1907:Journal of Translational Medicine
809:), a natural intermediate of the
347:). Matrix metalloproteinases and
284:, leading to development of IBD.
3050:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
2698:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00468.x
2633:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.975
2531:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03078.x
2374:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02665.x
2286:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.975
2126:Paul S, Lal G (September 2016).
1288:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00483.x
1189:Mechanisms of Epithelial Defense
554:, expansion and polarization of
449:myeloid derived suppressor cells
71:major-histocompatibility-complex
2802:
2555:
2506:
2455:
2349:
2300:
2262:
2219:
2168:
2132:International Journal of Cancer
2119:
2068:
2043:
1994:
1945:
1894:
1791:
1740:
1687:
1653:Paul S, Lal G (February 2015).
295:is an autoimmune disease where
249:Inflammatory bowel diseases IBD
209:
3492:Immunoglobulin class switching
2405:Moser B, Eberl M (July 2011).
2081:Journal of Immunology Research
2050:Irving, Michael (2023-11-13).
1958:European Journal of Immunology
1536:
1479:
1430:
1389:
1346:
1311:
1221:
745:
427:. Trials in numerous cancers (
13:
1:
2326:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00483-6
1320:Current Opinion in Immunology
1170:
3095:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
3083:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
3078:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
3065:Uterine natural killer cells
3045:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2240:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90787-7
2019:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.022
1952:Silva-Santos B (July 2010).
1659:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1247:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12275516
394:
157:pattern recognition receptor
107:Innate and adaptive immunity
7:
2721:Dolgin, Elie (2022-06-01).
2621:Annual Review of Immunology
2274:Annual Review of Immunology
1123:
644:reproductive mucosa;JĪ³1CĪ³1
591:
56:intraepithelial lymphocytes
10:
3610:
3321:Polyclonal B cell response
2741:10.1038/s41587-022-01363-6
2648:Girardi M (January 2006).
2580:10.1172/jci.insight.125884
979:) and adhesion receptors (
824:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
80:, although some recognize
3555:
3513:
3455:
3356:
3286:
3194:
3187:
3112:
3073:
3026:
2994:
2898:
2889:
2810:
2423:10.1007/s00018-011-0706-6
1920:10.1186/s12967-017-1378-2
1869:10.3389/fimmu.2021.729085
1557:10.1038/s41590-018-0090-6
1504:10.1038/s41590-018-0094-2
1332:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.007
1031:and infectious diseases.
815:isopentenyl pyrophosphate
558:and their suppression of
506:, positive regulation of
414:
1816:10.4049/jimmunol.1100804
1766:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01304
1716:10.4049/jimmunol.1203502
1672:10.1189/jlb.3RU0914-443R
1618:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02389
1455:10.1016/j.it.2012.11.004
1415:10.4049/jimmunol.0901772
680:orthologous to human VĪ³1
3122:Hematopoietic stem cell
2881:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1856:Frontiers in Immunology
1753:Frontiers in Immunology
1605:Frontiers in Immunology
1114:colorectal cancer (CRC)
508:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
311:Rheumatoid arthritis RA
3435:Tolerance in pregnancy
3177:adaptive immune system
2667:10.1038/sj.jid.5700003
1160:Adaptive immune system
1150:Natural killer T cells
833:non-mevalonate pathway
811:non-mevalonate pathway
742:
441:tumor microenvironment
138:adaptive immune system
130:Natural Killer T cells
82:MHC class Ib molecules
73:(MHC) presentation of
3470:Somatic hypermutation
3304:Polyclonal antibodies
3299:Monoclonal antibodies
3028:Innate lymphoid cells
3004:Natural killer T cell
2686:Immunological Reviews
1971:10.1002/eji.201040707
1804:Journal of Immunology
1704:Journal of Immunology
1402:Journal of Immunology
1367:10.1007/s002810000042
1275:Immunological Reviews
1035:Human non-VĪ“2 T cells
922:non-peptidic antigens
909:non-peptidic antigens
740:
595:Heilig and Tonegawa's
524:transcription factors
363:Multiple sclerosis MS
187:but also an adaptive
3487:Junctional diversity
3255:Antigen presentation
2729:Nature Biotechnology
2094:10.1155/2021/6633824
1443:Trends in Immunology
1240:(1 Suppl): 85sā90s.
1155:Innate immune system
1069:Borrelia burgdorferi
874:aminobisphosphonates
817:(IPP) biosynthesis.
518:Regulatory functions
425:cancer immunotherapy
167:Murine thermogenesis
134:innate immune system
3482:V(D)J recombination
3465:Affinity maturation
3217:Antigenic variation
2996:Innate-like T cells
2876:Transitional B cell
2189:1986Natur.322..836H
1087:associated markers
385:cerebrospinal fluid
288:Type 1 diabetes T1D
198:When mice are in a
149:rearrange TCR genes
90:heat shock proteins
31:Gamma delta T cells
18:Gamma/delta T cells
1165:Regulatory T cells
1013:cross-presentation
913:antigen-presenting
837:mevalonate pathway
743:
696:2.11 Pereira 1995
604:"Hayday's system"
458:Effector functions
215:Autoimmune disease
185:regulatory T cells
67:antigen processing
3581:
3580:
3509:
3508:
3259:professional APCs
3140:
3139:
3108:
3107:
3022:
3021:
2481:10.3390/v13101987
2417:(14): 2443ā2452.
2183:(6082): 836ā840.
2145:10.1002/ijc.30109
1710:(11): 5392ā5401.
1545:Nature Immunology
1492:Nature Immunology
1197:10.1159/000086659
1145:Cytotoxic T cells
1017:cytotoxic T cells
965:lymphatic tissues
839:instead, such as
751:Human VĪ“2 T cells
735:
734:
571:Laboratory mice (
550:, recruitment of
484:adaptive immunity
443:, which promotes
145:adaptive immunity
101:fetal development
16:(Redirected from
3601:
3475:Clonal selection
3447:Immune privilege
3442:Immunodeficiency
3397:Cross-reactivity
3387:Hypersensitivity
3192:
3191:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3060:Adaptive NK cell
3033:
3032:
2896:
2895:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2726:
2717:
2679:
2669:
2644:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2197:10.1038/322836a0
2172:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2030:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1964:(7): 1873ā1876.
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1810:(5): 2783ā2793.
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1568:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1408:(9): 5622ā5629.
1393:
1387:
1386:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1184:
600:Garman's system
592:
373:oligodendrocytes
303:, which produce
221:. Production of
21:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3551:
3505:
3451:
3430:Clonal deletion
3358:
3352:
3282:
3183:
3171:
3141:
3136:
3104:
3069:
3018:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2885:
2863:
2806:
2801:
2771:
2627:(1): 975ā1026.
2611:
2609:Further reading
2606:
2605:
2560:
2556:
2511:
2507:
2460:
2456:
2403:
2399:
2354:
2350:
2305:
2301:
2267:
2263:
2224:
2220:
2173:
2169:
2124:
2120:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2048:
2044:
1999:
1995:
1950:
1946:
1899:
1895:
1848:
1841:
1796:
1792:
1745:
1741:
1692:
1688:
1651:
1644:
1597:
1590:
1541:
1537:
1484:
1480:
1435:
1431:
1394:
1390:
1351:
1347:
1316:
1312:
1267:
1263:
1226:
1222:
1207:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1126:
1081:cytomegalovirus
1077:cytomegalovirus
1037:
993:differentiation
915:molecules like
753:
748:
681:
679:
601:
596:
582:
580:Mouse VĪ³ chains
577:
568:
520:
460:
429:renal carcinoma
417:
397:
365:
313:
290:
263:dendritic cells
251:
212:
169:
153:innate immunity
109:
43:T-cell receptor
41:that have a Ī³Ī“
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3461:
3459:
3457:Immunogenetics
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3402:Co-stimulation
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:Immune complex
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Dendritic cell
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:Conformational
3238:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2735:(6): 805ā808.
2718:
2692:(1): 123ā135.
2680:
2645:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2554:
2525:(3): 528ā533.
2505:
2454:
2397:
2368:(1): 101ā111.
2348:
2299:
2261:
2234:(5): 733ā742.
2218:
2167:
2138:(5): 976ā985.
2118:
2067:
2042:
2013:(1): 253ā256.
2007:Cancer Letters
1993:
1944:
1893:
1839:
1790:
1739:
1686:
1665:(2): 259ā271.
1642:
1588:
1551:(5): 427ā429.
1535:
1498:(5): 464ā474.
1478:
1449:(4): 151ā154.
1429:
1388:
1361:(3): 191ā217.
1345:
1310:
1261:
1220:
1205:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Helper T cells
1137:
1135:Memory T cells
1132:
1125:
1122:
1101:-resident VĪ“1
1036:
1033:
848:Staphylococcus
752:
749:
747:
744:
733:
732:
731:JĪ³3-pseudoCĪ³3
729:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
676:
675:F2.67 Pereira
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
581:
578:
576:
569:
567:
564:
519:
516:
459:
456:
416:
413:
396:
393:
364:
361:
317:synovial fluid
312:
309:
289:
286:
282:basal membrane
250:
247:
223:autoantibodies
211:
208:
168:
165:
108:
105:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Clonal anergy
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:Microantibody
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3133:
3132:Prolymphocyte
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:Lymphopoiesis
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:Memory T cell
2950:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Cytotoxic CD8
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Marginal zone
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2319:(1ā3): 4ā10.
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:(June 2013).
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
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1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:3-8055-7862-8
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:Naive T cells
1128:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:and viruses (
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:immunotherapy
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:T helper cell
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
843:
842:Streptococcus
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
792:toxoplasmosis
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:salmonellosis
769:
765:
760:
758:
739:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:Skin, JĪ³1CĪ³1
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
599:
594:
593:
590:
588:
587:Adrian Hayday
574:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
482:and activate
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:retinoic acid
256:
246:
243:
241:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:immune system
216:
207:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
189:thermogenesis
186:
182:
177:
174:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
147:in that they
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:T cell subset
19:
3392:Inflammation
3377:Alloimmunity
3372:Autoimmunity
3357:Immunity vs.
3309:Autoantibody
3207:Superantigen
3008:
2732:
2728:
2689:
2685:
2660:(1): 25ā31.
2657:
2653:
2624:
2620:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2474:(10): 1987.
2471:
2467:
2457:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2316:
2313:FEBS Letters
2312:
2302:
2280:: 975ā1026.
2277:
2273:
2264:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2045:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1859:
1855:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1707:
1703:
1689:
1662:
1658:
1608:
1604:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1326:(1): 31ā38.
1323:
1319:
1313:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1188:
1111:
1096:
1068:
1061:mycobacteria
1058:
1044:
1040:
1038:
941:inflammatory
934:
906:
897:
886:osteoporosis
880:(Zometa) or
868:
859:
852:
846:
840:
822:
802:
800:
776:ehrlichiosis
768:tuberculosis
763:
759:/VĪ“2 T cells
755:
754:
661:lung;JĪ³1CĪ³1
583:
573:Mus musculus
572:
560:CD8+ T cells
548:angiogenesis
521:
512:Th1 response
466:produced by
461:
453:
445:angiogenesis
418:
398:
366:
314:
291:
275:
252:
244:
213:
210:Autoimmunity
200:steady state
197:
193:steady state
178:
170:
161:
142:
128:-restricted
123:
110:
94:
60:
47:glycoprotein
34:
30:
29:
3515:Lymphocytes
3174:Lymphocytic
3127:Lymphoblast
2825:Plasmablast
2804:Lymphocytes
2568:JCI Insight
2087:: 6633824.
1566:10451/49126
1281:: 114ā122.
969:lymph nodes
882:pamidronate
878:zoledronate
788:listeriosis
780:brucellosis
746:Human forms
607:antibodies
556:neutrophils
552:macrophages
476:tumor cells
472:macrophages
437:lung cancer
345:osteoclasts
341:osteoblasts
333:fibroblasts
329:macrophages
325:neutrophils
181:homeostasis
163:responses.
3556:Substances
3420:Peripheral
3408:Inaction:
3287:Antibodies
3268:Macrophage
3181:complement
2941:Regulatory
2914:Helper CD4
2840:Follicular
2061:2023-11-13
1862:: 729085.
1171:References
1118:metastasis
945:chemokines
890:metastases
464:chemokines
349:cathepsins
236:chemokines
114:leukocytes
35:Ī³Ī“ T cells
3573:Cytolysin
3563:Cytokines
3410:Tolerance
3359:tolerance
3278:Immunogen
3100:LTi cells
3055:Null cell
2903:Thymocyte
2765:249709518
2749:1546-1696
2617:Hayday AC
2270:Hayday AC
2056:New Atlas
1696:Danska JS
888:and bone
784:tularemia
610:comments
480:cytokines
468:monocytes
409:psoriasis
395:Psoriasis
369:cytotoxic
357:cartilage
227:cytokines
97:epidermal
63:antigenic
3588:Category
3523:Cellular
3367:Immunity
3365:Action:
3348:Paratope
3336:Idiotype
3326:Allotype
3294:Antibody
3248:Mimotope
3212:Allergen
3195:Antigens
3188:Lymphoid
3088:Nuocytes
3037:NK cells
2869:B10 cell
2757:35705714
2714:86017229
2706:17291284
2676:16417214
2641:10837080
2598:31689241
2549:16734623
2500:34696417
2449:22604758
2441:21573785
2432:11114695
2392:15606619
2335:12782281
2294:10837080
2256:46363401
2162:33681064
2154:27012367
2113:33506055
2037:26519756
1980:20549671
1939:29316940
1913:(1): 3.
1888:34630403
1834:21813772
1785:29928283
1759:: 1304.
1734:23626013
1681:25502468
1637:30386339
1611:: 2389.
1575:29670236
1522:29670241
1473:23266231
1424:19843947
1375:11116953
1340:16337364
1305:83853368
1297:17291283
1215:15976493
1124:See also
1065:listeria
898:in vitro
876:such as
869:in vitro
854:Borrelia
658:UC310A6
433:leukemia
421:antigens
371:against
301:pancreas
271:cytokine
78:epitopes
58:(IELs).
3594:T cells
3568:Opsonin
3547:NK cell
3535:Humoral
3415:Central
3382:Allergy
3331:Isotype
3231:Epitope
3202:Antigen
2891:T cells
2820:B1 cell
2812:B cells
2589:6975269
2540:1941970
2491:8537190
2468:Viruses
2383:1809263
2343:9930822
2248:3486721
2213:4338771
2205:2943999
2185:Bibcode
2104:7808823
2028:7477794
1988:7160235
1930:5761189
1879:8493128
1825:3187621
1776:5997830
1725:3836168
1628:6198062
1583:4937603
1530:4986319
1513:8299914
1464:3622789
1383:8146031
1256:2409184
1085:NK cell
829:malaria
796:malaria
715:JĪ³1CĪ³1
682:JĪ³1CĪ³1
597:system
389:plaques
305:insulin
299:of the
297:Ī² cells
269:. This
116:in the
92:(HSP).
75:peptide
39:T cells
3540:B cell
3528:T cell
3273:B cell
3236:Linear
3224:Hapten
2835:Memory
2830:Plasma
2763:
2755:
2747:
2712:
2704:
2674:
2639:
2596:
2586:
2574:(24).
2547:
2537:
2498:
2488:
2447:
2439:
2429:
2390:
2380:
2341:
2333:
2292:
2254:
2246:
2211:
2203:
2177:Nature
2160:
2152:
2111:
2101:
2035:
2025:
1986:
1978:
1937:
1927:
1886:
1876:
1832:
1822:
1783:
1773:
1732:
1722:
1679:
1635:
1625:
1581:
1573:
1528:
1520:
1510:
1471:
1461:
1422:
1381:
1373:
1338:
1303:
1295:
1254:
1213:
1203:
1029:cancer
926:HMB-PP
902:HMB-PP
894:amines
865:HMB-PP
851:, and
819:HMB-PP
807:HMB-PP
794:, and
726:GV5S3
723:VĪ³1.3
710:GV5S2
707:VĪ³1.2
693:GV5S1
690:VĪ³1.1
672:GV4S1
655:GV3S1
638:GV2S1
621:GV1S1
532:Helios
415:Cancer
335:, and
255:mucosa
231:IL-17A
118:thymus
52:mucosa
37:) are
2947:NaĆÆve
2855:Pre-B
2850:NaĆÆve
2761:S2CID
2710:S2CID
2445:S2CID
2339:S2CID
2252:S2CID
2209:S2CID
2158:S2CID
1984:S2CID
1579:S2CID
1526:S2CID
1379:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1107:NKp46
1089:NKG2C
1021:tumor
1005:TNF-Ī±
1001:IFN-Ī³
981:CD11a
949:CXCR3
544:TGF-Ī²
540:IL-10
528:FoxP3
504:MHC-I
500:IL-17
496:IFN-Ī³
381:brain
377:axons
337:RANKL
321:IL-17
278:IL-17
267:IL-22
173:IL-17
86:lipid
3179:and
2907:Ī±Ī² (
2864:cell
2753:PMID
2745:ISSN
2702:PMID
2672:PMID
2637:PMID
2594:PMID
2545:PMID
2496:PMID
2437:PMID
2388:PMID
2331:PMID
2290:PMID
2244:PMID
2228:Cell
2201:PMID
2150:PMID
2109:PMID
2085:2021
2033:PMID
1976:PMID
1935:PMID
1884:PMID
1830:PMID
1781:PMID
1730:PMID
1677:PMID
1633:PMID
1571:PMID
1518:PMID
1469:PMID
1420:PMID
1371:PMID
1336:PMID
1293:PMID
1252:PMID
1211:PMID
1201:ISBN
1103:IELs
1093:CD57
1091:and
1063:and
1043:and
1009:IL-4
1003:and
989:CD54
985:CD18
977:CD86
973:CD80
961:CCR5
959:and
957:CCR2
953:CCR1
928:and
827:and
764:e.g.
720:VĪ³3
704:VĪ³2
687:VĪ³1
669:VĪ³5
666:VĪ³7
652:VĪ³2
649:VĪ³4
635:VĪ³4
632:VĪ³6
618:VĪ³3
615:VĪ³5
542:and
536:IL-4
498:and
470:and
405:Th17
403:and
383:and
355:and
353:bone
331:and
204:UCP1
126:CD1d
69:and
61:The
3501:HLA
3497:MHC
2862:reg
2737:doi
2694:doi
2690:215
2662:doi
2658:126
2629:doi
2584:PMC
2576:doi
2535:PMC
2527:doi
2523:144
2486:PMC
2476:doi
2427:PMC
2419:doi
2378:PMC
2370:doi
2366:139
2321:doi
2317:544
2282:doi
2236:doi
2193:doi
2181:322
2140:doi
2136:139
2099:PMC
2089:doi
2023:PMC
2015:doi
2011:380
1966:doi
1925:PMC
1915:doi
1874:PMC
1864:doi
1820:PMC
1812:doi
1808:187
1771:PMC
1761:doi
1720:PMC
1712:doi
1708:190
1667:doi
1623:PMC
1613:doi
1561:hdl
1553:doi
1508:PMC
1500:doi
1459:PMC
1451:doi
1410:doi
1406:183
1363:doi
1328:doi
1283:doi
1279:215
1242:doi
1193:doi
1099:gut
1073:HIV
1053:MHC
1049:MHC
1045:VĪ“3
1041:VĪ“1
1027:of
937:APC
930:IPP
917:MHC
861:IPP
813:of
766:in
757:VĪ³9
562:).
492:IgG
401:Th1
339:by
293:T1D
261:by
240:TCR
229:.
183:of
3590::
3261::
3009:Ī³Ī“
2983:VM
2975:RM
2967:EM
2959:CM
2939:/
2937:17
2931:/
2923:/
2920:FH
2916:/
2759:.
2751:.
2743:.
2733:40
2731:.
2727:.
2708:.
2700:.
2688:.
2670:.
2656:.
2652:.
2635:.
2625:18
2623:.
2592:.
2582:.
2570:.
2566:.
2543:.
2533:.
2521:.
2517:.
2494:.
2484:.
2472:13
2470:.
2466:.
2443:.
2435:.
2425:.
2415:68
2413:.
2409:.
2386:.
2376:.
2364:.
2360:.
2337:.
2329:.
2315:.
2311:.
2288:.
2278:18
2276:.
2250:.
2242:.
2232:45
2230:.
2207:.
2199:.
2191:.
2179:.
2156:.
2148:.
2134:.
2130:.
2107:.
2097:.
2083:.
2079:.
2054:.
2031:.
2021:.
2009:.
2005:.
1982:.
1974:.
1962:40
1960:.
1956:.
1933:.
1923:.
1911:16
1909:.
1905:.
1882:.
1872:.
1860:12
1858:.
1854:.
1842:^
1828:.
1818:.
1806:.
1802:.
1779:.
1769:.
1755:.
1751:.
1728:.
1718:.
1706:.
1702:.
1675:.
1663:97
1661:.
1657:.
1645:^
1631:.
1621:.
1607:.
1603:.
1591:^
1577:.
1569:.
1559:.
1549:19
1547:.
1524:.
1516:.
1506:.
1496:19
1494:.
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