422:
NKT cells recognize protected microbial lipid agents which are presented by CD1d-expressing antigen presenting cells. This serves as a pathway for NKT cells to fight against infections and enhance the humoral immunity. The NKT cells provide support and help to B cells which act as a microbial defense
370:
While iNKT cells are not very numerous, their unique properties makes them an important regulatory cell that can influence how the immune system develops. They are known to play a role in chronic inflammatory diseases like autoimmune disease, asthma and metabolic syndrome. In human autoimmune
339:
iNKT cells develop in the thymus, and distribute to the periphery. They are most commonly found in the liver, but are also found in the thymus, spleen, peripheral blood, bone marrow and fat tissue. In comparison to mice, humans have fewer iNKT cells and have a wide variation in the amount of
129:. The best-known NKT cells differ from conventional αβ T cells in that their T-cell receptors are far more limited in diversity ('invariant' or 'type 1' NKT). They and other CD1d-restricted T cells ('type 2' NKT) recognize lipids and glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules, a member of the
330:
class I-like antigen presenting molecule. These cells are conserved between humans and mice. The highly conserved TCR is made of Va24-Ja18 paired with Vb11 in humans, which is specific for glycolipid antigens. The best known antigen of iNKT cells is
371:
diseases, their numbers are decreased in peripheral blood. It is not clear whether this is a cause or effect of the disease. Absence of microbe exposure in early development led to increased iNKT cells and immune morbidity in a mouse model.
295:α chain. These are referred to as type I or invariant NKT cells (iNKT) cells. They are notable for their ability to respond rapidly to danger signals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once activated, they engage in effector functions, like
108:
The term "NK T cells" was first used in mice to define a subset of T cells that expressed the natural killer (NK) cell-associated marker NK1.1 (CD161). It is now generally accepted that the term "NKT cells" refers to
879:
Kawano, T.; Cui, J.; Koezuka, Y.; Toura, I.; Kaneko, Y.; Motoki, K.; Ueno, H.; Nakagawa, R.; Sato, H. (1997-11-28). "CD1d-restricted and TCR-mediated activation of valpha14 NKT cells by glycosylceramides".
125:
NKT cells are a subset of T cells that coexpress an αβ T-cell receptor, but also express a variety of molecular markers that are typically associated with NK cells, such as
1240:
Schmeel LC, Schmeel FC, Coch C, Schmidt-Wolf IG (2014). "Cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) in cancer immunotherapy: report of the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC)".
1088:
Olszak, Torsten; An, Dingding; Zeissig, Sebastian; Vera, Miguel
Pinilla; Richter, Julia; Franke, Andre; Glickman, Jonathan N.; Siebert, Reiner; Baron, Rebecca M. (2012-04-27).
343:
Currently, there are five major distinct iNKT cell subsets. These subset cells produce a different set of cytokines once activated. The subtypes iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 mirror
458:
The clinical potential of NKT cells lies in the rapid release of cytokines (such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-4) that promote or suppress different immune responses.
828:
Brennan, Patrick J.; Brigl, Manfred; Brenner, Michael B. (2013-02-01). "Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions".
355:
dependent regulatory functions. Once activated iNKT cells can impact the type and strength of an immune response. They engage in cross talk with other immune cells, like
1422:
154:
NKT cells include both NK1.1 and NK1.1, as well as CD4, CD4, CD8 and CD8 cells. Natural killer T cells can share other features with NK cells, as well, such as
1706:
480:
1283:
388:
1155:"Natural killer T (NKT)-B-cell interactions promote prolonged antibody responses and long-term memory to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides"
635:"Effects of alphagalactosylceramide (KRN7000), interleukin-12 and interleukin-7 on phenotype and cytokine profile of human Va24 Vb11 T cells"
1223:
1299:
988:
Berzins, Stuart P.; Smyth, Mark J.; Baxter, Alan G. (2011-02-01). "Presumed guilty: natural killer T cell defects and human disease".
367:. Activation occurs by engagement with their invariant TCR. iNKT cells can also be indirectly activated through cytokine signaling.
727:"The BTB-zinc finger transcriptional regulator PLZF controls the development of invariant natural killer T cell effector functions"
633:
Van der Vliet, HJ; Nishi N; Koezuka Y; Peyrat MA; Von
Blomberg BM; Van den Eertwegh AJ; Pinedo HM; Giaccone G; Scheper RJ (1999).
1699:
582:
de Araújo, ND; Gama, FM; de Souza Barros, M; Ribeiro, TLP; Alves, FS; Xabregas, LA; Tarragô, AM; Malheiro, A; Costa, AG (2021).
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17:
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Bai, Li; Deng, Shenglou; Reboulet, Rachel; Mathew, Rebecca; Teytone, Luc; Savage, Paul B.; Bendelac, Albert (2013).
2038:
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682:
Vivier, E; Anfossi N (2004). "Inhibitory NK-cell receptors on T cells. Witness of the past, actors of the future".
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138:
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Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells express high levels of and are dependent on the transcriptional regulator
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1090:"Microbial Exposure During Early Life Has Persistent Effects on Natural Killer T Cell Function"
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141:(MHCs). As such, NKT cells are important in recognizing glycolipids from organisms such as
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2006:
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The best-known subset of CD1d-dependent NKT cells expresses an invariant T-cell receptor
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113:, present in mice and humans, some of which coexpress a heavily biased, semi-invariant
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455:. NKT cells have recently been implicated in the disease progression of human asthma.
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because their dysfunction or deficiency has been shown to lead to the development of
335:(αGalCer), which is a synthetic form of a chemical purified from the deep sea sponge
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776:"The transcription factor PLZF directs the effector program of the NKT cell lineage"
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584:"Translating Unconventional T Cells and Their Roles in Leukemia Antitumor Immunity"
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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subsets in cytokine production. In addition there are subtypes specialized in
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Classification of natural killer T cells into three groups has been proposed:
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1041:"Invariant natural killer T cells as sensors and managers of inflammation"
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501:"Natural Killer T cells: Roles in Tumor Immunosurveillance and Tolerance"
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Upon activation, NKT cells are able to produce large quantities of
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539:; Smyth MJ; Van Kaer L (2004). "NKT cells: what's in a name?".
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Most clinical trials with NKT cells have been performed with
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Van Kaer, Luc; Parekh, Vrajesh V.; Wu, Lan (2013-02-01).
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92:. Natural killer T cells should neither be confused with
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Savage AK, Constantinides MG, et al. (Sep 2008).
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NKT cells seem to be essential for several aspects of
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133:
family of antigen-presenting molecules, rather than
27:
T cells with some properties of natural killer cells
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481:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1310:Nature Reviews Web Focus on regulatory lymphocytes
987:
626:
933:"Development of invariant natural killer T cells"
322:iNKT cells recognize lipid antigens presented by
74:-presenting molecule that binds self and foreign
2127:
1038:
389:granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
725:Kovalovsky D, Uche OU, et al. (Sep 2008).
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82:. They constitute only approximately 1% of all
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1282:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1230:Harvard University Gazette, March 16, 2006.
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499:Jerud, ES; Bricard G; Porcelli SA (2006).
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423:and aid in targeting for B-cell vaccines.
56:that share properties of both T cells and
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60:. Many of these cells recognize the
1556:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
1305:Nature glossary on murine NKT cells
1221:Researchers uncover cause of asthma
24:
174:promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger
139:major histocompatibility complexes
25:
2167:
1293:
816:
179:
1592:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
651:10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00920.x
328:major histocompatibility complex
303:activation and differentiation,
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2034:Immunoglobulin class switching
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588:Journal of Immunology Research
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1:
937:Current Opinion in Immunology
931:Gapin, Laurent (2016-01-20).
902:10.1126/science.278.5343.1626
486:
463:cytokine-induced killer cells
52:are a heterogeneous group of
1637:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
1625:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
1620:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
1607:Uterine natural killer cells
1587:Cytokine-induced killer cell
792:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.011
391:, as well as multiple other
7:
535:Godfrey, DI; MacDonald HR;
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259:T-cell-receptor repertoire
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1863:Polyclonal B cell response
1300:NKT cell Journal Screening
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281:Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells
121:Molecular characterization
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1254:10.1007/s00432-014-1864-3
990:Nature Reviews Immunology
949:10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.001
830:Nature Reviews Immunology
445:autoinflammatory diseases
1057:10.1016/j.it.2012.08.009
340:circulating iNKT cells.
333:alpha-galactosylceramide
30:Not to be confused with
1664:Hematopoietic stem cell
1423:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1242:J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
1180:10.1073/pnas.1303218110
1114:10.1126/science.1219328
505:Transfus. Med. Hemother
176:for their development.
111:CD1d-restricted T cells
1977:Tolerance in pregnancy
1719:adaptive immune system
2012:Somatic hypermutation
1846:Polyclonal antibodies
1841:Monoclonal antibodies
1570:Innate lymphoid cells
1546:Natural killer T cell
208:invariant NKT (iNKT)
117:and NK cell markers.
100:(cytotoxic T cells).
18:Natural Killer T cell
2029:Junctional diversity
1797:Antigen presentation
1045:Trends in Immunology
601:10.1155/2021/6633824
326:, a non-polymorphic
264:Vβ8.2, 7, 2 (mouse)
94:natural killer cells
58:natural killer cells
2024:V(D)J recombination
2007:Affinity maturation
1759:Antigenic variation
1538:Innate-like T cells
1418:Transitional B cell
1219:Cromie, William J.
1171:2013PNAS..11016097B
1165:(40): 16097–16102.
1106:2012Sci...336..489O
894:1997Sci...278.1626K
888:(5343): 1626–1629.
437:autoimmune diseases
351:-like function and
349:T follicular helper
337:Agelas mauritianus.
32:Natural killer cell
1226:2006-04-05 at the
313:cross-presentation
215:non-classical NKT
212:Vα24i NKT (human)
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1801:professional APCs
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1100:(6080): 489–493.
731:Nature Immunology
541:Nat. Rev. Immunol
518:10.1159/000090193
299:transactivation,
278:
277:
222:CD3 CD56 T cells
210:Vα14i NKT (mouse)
16:(Redirected from
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2017:Clonal selection
1989:Immune privilege
1984:Immunodeficiency
1939:Cross-reactivity
1929:Hypersensitivity
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1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1675:
1674:Prolymphocyte
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1656:Lymphopoiesis
1653:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:Memory T cell
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Cytotoxic CD8
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Marginal zone
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(5): 839–49.
1247:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
875:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
811:
807:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
758:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
670:
666:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
621:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
529:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:
491:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
466:
464:
459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
288:
273:
270:
268:Vβ11 (human)
261:
258:
257:
253:
250:
247:
242:
241:
237:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
219:
214:
205:
202:
201:
197:
194:
191:
189:
188:
185:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
145:
144:Mycobacterium
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
101:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:Killer T cell
33:
19:
1934:Inflammation
1919:Alloimmunity
1914:Autoimmunity
1899:Immunity vs.
1851:Autoantibody
1749:Superantigen
1545:
1278:cite journal
1245:
1241:
1235:
1215:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1051:(2): 50–58.
1048:
1044:
1034:
993:
989:
983:
940:
936:
926:
885:
881:
874:
833:
829:
783:
779:
769:
734:
730:
720:
687:
683:
677:
642:
638:
628:
591:
587:
577:
547:(3): 231–7.
544:
540:
537:Kronenberg M
511:(1): 18–36.
508:
504:
494:
460:
457:
430:
427:Significance
421:
378:
369:
342:
336:
321:
319:activation.
307:activation,
290:
238:MHC, other?
217:diverse NKT
203:Other names
183:
171:
169:production.
153:
149:tuberculosis
142:
124:
107:
104:Nomenclature
49:
45:
41:
40:
2146:Lymphocytes
2141:Human cells
2057:Lymphocytes
1716:Lymphocytic
1669:Lymphoblast
1367:Plasmablast
1346:Lymphocytes
594:: 6633824.
365:lymphocytes
361:neutrophils
266:Vα24-Jα18:
262:Vα14-Jα18:
245:reactivity
228:Restriction
195:Type 2 NKT
192:Type 1 NKT
80:glycolipids
2151:Immunology
2130:Categories
2098:Substances
1962:Peripheral
1950:Inaction:
1829:Antibodies
1810:Macrophage
1723:complement
1483:Regulatory
1456:Helper CD4
1382:Follicular
639:Immunology
487:References
397:chemokines
317:macrophage
285:See also:
163:expression
84:peripheral
2115:Cytolysin
2105:Cytokines
1952:Tolerance
1901:tolerance
1820:Immunogen
1642:LTi cells
1597:Null cell
1445:Thymocyte
1122:0036-8075
1010:1474-1733
957:1879-0372
943:: 68–74.
910:0036-8075
866:205491870
850:1474-1733
417:TNF-alpha
399:(such as
393:cytokines
243:α-GalCer
198:NKT-like
2065:Cellular
1909:Immunity
1907:Action:
1890:Paratope
1878:Idiotype
1868:Allotype
1836:Antibody
1790:Mimotope
1754:Allergen
1737:Antigens
1730:Lymphoid
1630:Nuocytes
1579:NK cells
1411:B10 cell
1270:11940173
1262:25381063
1224:Archived
1207:24043771
1189:23749719
1140:22442383
1075:23017731
1026:22580270
1018:21267014
975:26802287
858:23334244
810:18703361
780:Immunity
761:18660811
712:22320064
704:15039756
669:10594688
620:33506055
569:19442375
561:15039760
469:See also
447:such as
441:diabetes
439:such as
433:immunity
375:Function
274:diverse
271:diverse
167:granzyme
68:molecule
2136:T cells
2110:Opsonin
2089:NK cell
2077:Humoral
1957:Central
1924:Allergy
1873:Isotype
1773:Epitope
1744:Antigen
1433:T cells
1362:B1 cell
1354:B cells
1198:3791701
1167:Bibcode
1131:3437652
1102:Bibcode
1094:Science
1066:3615427
966:4801673
918:9374463
890:Bibcode
882:Science
801:2613001
752:2662733
660:2326955
611:7808823
465:(CIK).
453:cancers
345:Th Cell
135:peptide
90:T cells
72:antigen
54:T cells
2082:B cell
2070:T cell
1815:B cell
1778:Linear
1766:Hapten
1377:Memory
1372:Plasma
1268:
1260:
1205:
1195:
1187:
1138:
1128:
1120:
1073:
1063:
1024:
1016:
1008:
973:
963:
955:
916:
908:
864:
856:
848:
808:
798:
759:
749:
710:
702:
667:
657:
618:
608:
567:
559:
451:, and
415:, and
387:, and
305:B cell
301:T cell
76:lipids
1489:Naïve
1397:Pre-B
1392:Naïve
1266:S2CID
1185:JSTOR
1022:S2CID
862:S2CID
708:S2CID
565:S2CID
413:IL-21
409:IL-17
405:IL-13
353:IL-10
293:(TCR)
235:CD1d
232:CD1d
127:NK1.1
87:blood
70:, an
50:cells
1721:and
1449:αβ (
1406:cell
1284:link
1258:PMID
1203:PMID
1136:PMID
1118:ISSN
1071:PMID
1014:PMID
1006:ISSN
971:PMID
953:ISSN
914:PMID
906:ISSN
854:PMID
846:ISSN
806:PMID
757:PMID
700:PMID
665:PMID
616:PMID
592:2021
557:PMID
401:IL-2
395:and
385:IL-4
363:and
324:CD1d
165:and
160:CD56
158:and
156:CD16
96:nor
78:and
65:CD1d
2043:HLA
2039:MHC
1404:reg
1250:doi
1246:141
1193:PMC
1175:doi
1163:110
1126:PMC
1110:doi
1098:336
1061:PMC
1053:doi
998:doi
961:PMC
945:doi
898:doi
886:278
838:doi
796:PMC
788:doi
747:PMC
739:doi
692:doi
655:PMC
647:doi
606:PMC
596:doi
549:doi
513:doi
419:).
131:CD1
46:NKT
34:or
2132::
1803::
1551:γδ
1525:VM
1517:RM
1509:EM
1501:CM
1481:/
1479:17
1473:/
1465:/
1462:FH
1458:/
1280:}}
1276:{{
1264:.
1256:.
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1047:.
1043:.
1020:.
1012:.
1004:.
994:11
992:.
969:.
959:.
951:.
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935:.
912:.
904:.
896:.
884:.
860:.
852:.
844:.
834:13
832:.
818:^
804:.
794:.
784:29
782:.
778:.
755:.
745:.
733:.
729:.
706:.
698:.
686:.
663:.
653:.
643:98
641:.
637:.
614:.
604:.
590:.
586:.
563:.
555:.
543:.
527:^
509:33
507:.
503:.
443:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
383:,
359:,
297:NK
254:-
251:-
248:+
151:.
48:)
2041:/
1799:/
1708:e
1701:t
1694:v
1523:T
1515:T
1507:T
1499:T
1485:)
1477:h
1475:T
1471:3
1469:h
1467:T
1460:T
1402:B
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
1286:)
1272:.
1252::
1209:.
1177::
1169::
1142:.
1112::
1104::
1077:.
1055::
1028:.
1000::
977:.
947::
920:.
900::
892::
868:.
840::
812:.
790::
763:.
741::
735:9
714:.
694::
688:4
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649::
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598::
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551::
545:4
521:.
515::
137:-
44:(
38:.
20:)
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