173:
122:
109:. Positive selection ensures that any T-cells with a high enough affinity for MHC bound peptide survive and goes on to negative selection, while negative selection induces death in T-cells which bind self-peptide-MHC complex too strongly. Ultimately, the T-cells differentiate and mature to become either T helper cells or T cytotoxic cells. At this point the T cells leave the primary lymphoid organ and enter the blood stream.
1154:
73:
of selection. MHC restriction is significant for T cells to function properly when it leaves the thymus because it allows T cell receptors to bind to MHC and detect cells that are infected by intracellular pathogens, viral proteins and bearing genetic defects. Two models explaining how restriction arose are the germline model and the selection model.
181:
is directed to TCRs by co-receptors CD4 and CD8 when they recognize MHC molecules. Since TCRs interact better with Lck when they are binding to the MHC molecules that are binding to the co-receptors in a ternary complex, T cells that can interact with MHCs bound to by the co-receptors can activate the Lck kinase and receive a survival signal.
194:
thymus, to some extent evolutionary pressure selects for germline TCR sequences that bind MHC molecules. On the other hand, as suggested by the selection model, T cell maturation requires the TCRs to bind to the same MHC molecules as the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor during T cell selection, thus imposing MHC restriction.
138:
The imposition of MHC restriction on the highly variable TCR has caused heated debate. Two models have been proposed to explain the imposition of MHC restriction. The
Germline model proposes that MHC restriction is hard-wired in the TCR Germline sequence due to co-evolution of TCR and MHC to interact
112:
The interaction between TCRs and peptide-MHC complex is significant in maintaining the immune system against foreign antigens. MHC restriction allows TCRs to detect host cells that are infected by pathogens, contains non-self proteins or bears foreign DNA. However, MHC restriction is also responsible
72:
MHC restriction in T cells occurs during their development in the thymus, specifically positive selection. Only the thymocytes (developing T cells in the thymus) that are capable of binding, with an appropriate affinity, with the MHC molecules can receive a survival signal and go on to the next level
60:
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that is significant in the immune system to activate other immune cells. T-cells will recognize foreign peptides through T-cell receptors (TCRs) on the surface of the T cells, and then perform different roles depending on the type of T cell they are in order to defend
38:
When foreign proteins enter a cell, they are broken into smaller pieces called peptides. These peptides, also known as antigens, can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria. Foreign peptides are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the
180:
During positive selection, co-receptors CD4 and CD8 initiate a signaling cascade following MHC binding. This involves the recruitment of Lck, a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell maturation that is associated with the cytoplasmic tail of the CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Selection model argues that Lck
85:
The TCRs of T cells recognize linear peptide antigens only if coupled with a MHC molecule. In other words, the ligands of TCRs are specific peptide-MHC complexes. MHC restriction is particularly important for self-tolerance, which makes sure that the immune system does not target self-antigens. When
56:
molecules but not others. The fact that the TCR will recognize only some MHC molecules but not others contributes to "MHC restriction". The biological reason of MHC restriction is to prevent supernumerary wandering lymphocytes generation, hence energy saving and economy of cell-building materials.
147:
The
Germline hypothesis suggests that the ability to bind to MHC is intrinsic and encoded within the germline DNA that are coding for TCRs. This is because of evolutionary pressure selects for TCRs that are capable of binding to MHC and selects against those that are not capable of binding to MHC.
76:
The germline model suggests that MHC restriction is a result of evolutionary pressure favoring T cell receptors that are capable of binding to MHC. The selection model suggests that not all T cell receptors show MHC restriction, however only the T cell receptors with MHC restriction are expressed
129:
The peptide-MHC complex presents a surface that looks like an altered self to the TCR. The surface consisting of two α helices from the MHC and a bound peptide sequence is projected away from the host cell to the T cells, whose TCRs are projected away from the T cells towards the host cells. In
193:
A reconciliation of the two models was offered later on suggesting that both co-receptor and germline predisposition to MHC binding play significant roles in imposing MHC restriction. Since only those T cells that are capable of binding to MHCs are selected for during positive selection in the
151:
Evidence from X-ray crystallography has shown comparable binding topologies between various TCR and MHC-peptide complexes. In addition, conserved interactions between TCR and specific MHCs support the hypothesis that MHC restriction is related to the co-evolution of TCR and MHC to some extent.
160:
The selection hypothesis argues that instead of being an intrinsic property, MHC restriction is imposed on the T cells during positive thymic selection after random TCRs are produced. According to this model, T cells are capable of recognizing a variety of peptide epitopes independent of MHC
51:
molecule presenting self-antigens, i.e that its affinity is not too high. High affinity means it will be autoreactive, but no affinity means it will not bind strongly enough to the MHC. The selection process results in developed T cells with specific TCRs that might only respond to certain
148:
Since the emergence of TCR and MHC ~500 million years ago, there is ample opportunity for TCR and MHC to coevolve to recognize each other. Therefore, it is proposed that evolutionary pressure would lead to conserved amino acid sequences at regions of contact with MHCs on TCRs.
139:
with each other. The
Selection model suggests that MHC restriction is not a hard-wired property in the Germline sequences of TCRs, but imposed on them by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection. The relative importance of the two models are not yet determined.
77:
after thymus selection. In fact, both hypotheses are reflected in the determination of TCR restriction, such that both germline-encoded interactions between TCR and MHC and co-receptor interactions with CD4 or CD8 to signal T cell maturation occur during selection.
184:
Supporting this argument, genetically modified T cells without CD4 and CD8 co-receptors express MHC-independent TCRs. It follows that MHC restriction is imposed by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during positive selection of T cell selection.
130:
contrast with T cell receptors which recognize linear peptide epitopes, B cell receptors recognize a variety of conformational epitopes (including peptide, carbohydrate, lipid and DNA) with specific three-dimensional structures.
629:
Bjorkman, P. J.; Saper, M. A.; Samraoui, B.; Bennett, W. S.; Strominger, J. L.; Wiley, D. C. (1987-10-08). "The foreign antigen binding site and T cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens".
1043:
Tikhonova, Anastasia N.; Van
Laethem, François; Hanada, Ken-ichi; Lu, Jinghua; Pobezinsky, Leonid A.; Hong, Changwan; Guinter, Terry I.; Jeurling, Susanna K.; Bernhardt, Günter (2012-01-27).
983:
Van
Laethem, François; Tikhonova, Anastasia N.; Pobezinsky, Leonid A.; Tai, Xuguang; Kimura, Motoko Y.; Le Saout, Cécile; Guinter, Terry I.; Adams, Anthony; Sharrow, Susan O. (2013-09-12).
65:
are activated by peptide antigens only when the antigens are bound to self-MHC molecules, MHC restriction adds another dimension to the specificity of
1045:"αβ T Cell Receptors that Do Not Undergo Major Histocompatibility Complex-Specific Thymic Selection Possess Antibody-like Recognition Specificities"
210:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease. 5th edition. Janeway CA Jr, Travers P, Walport M, et al. New York: Garland Science; 2001.
161:
molecules before undergoing thymic selection. During thymic selection, only the T cells with affinity to MHC are signaled to survive after the
61:
the host from the foreign peptide, which may have come from pathogens like bacteria, viruses or parasites. Enforcing the restriction that
545:
B Adkins; C Mueller; C Y Okada; R A Reichert; I L Weissman; Spangrude, G. J. (1987-01-01). "Early Events in T-Cell
Maturation".
918:"Structural insights into the editing of germ-line–encoded interactions between T-cell receptor and MHC class II by Vα CDR3"
388:
Collins, Edward J.; Riddle, David S. (2008-08-26). "TCR-MHC docking orientation: natural selection, or thymic selection?".
43:(MHC). During T cell development, T cells go through a selection process in the thymus to ensure that the T cell receptor (
102:
if they express high affinity for self-antigens presented by an MHC molecule or express too low an affinity for self MHC.
284:"MHC restriction is imposed on a diverse T cell receptor repertoire by CD4 and CD8 co-receptors during thymic selection"
240:
1158:
53:
48:
40:
28:
985:"Lck Availability during Thymic Selection Determines the Recognition Specificity of the T Cell Repertoire"
859:
Scott-Browne, James P.; White, Janice; Kappler, John W.; Gapin, Laurent; Marrack, Philippa (2009).
753:
Yin, Lei; Scott-Browne, James; Kappler, John W.; Gapin, Laurent; Marrack, Philippa (2012-11-01).
1174:
582:"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see)"
916:
Deng, Lu; Langley, Ries J.; Wang, Qian; Topalian, Suzanne L.; Mariuzza, Roy A. (2012-09-11).
812:"Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures"
929:
872:
639:
8:
933:
876:
722:
689:
643:
558:
1077:
1044:
1017:
984:
960:
917:
893:
860:
836:
811:
787:
754:
735:
663:
606:
581:
468:
443:
421:
365:
340:
316:
283:
246:
232:
264:
Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001-01-01).
1131:
1123:
1082:
1064:
1022:
1004:
965:
947:
898:
841:
792:
774:
727:
709:
655:
611:
562:
527:
519:
473:
413:
405:
370:
321:
303:
250:
236:
106:
105:
T cell maturation involves two distinct developmental stages: positive selection and
739:
667:
425:
1113:
1072:
1056:
1012:
996:
955:
937:
888:
880:
831:
823:
782:
766:
717:
701:
647:
601:
593:
554:
509:
463:
455:
397:
360:
352:
311:
295:
228:
223:
Nesmiyanov, P (2020). "Antigen
Presentation and Major Histocompatibility Complex".
1118:
1101:
1060:
861:"Germline-encoded amino acids in the αβ T-cell receptor control thymic selection"
66:
44:
339:
Christopher Garcia, K; Adams, Jarrett J; Feng, Dan; Ely, Lauren K (2009-01-16).
1000:
265:
211:
169:
co-receptors also bind to the MHC molecule. This is called positive selection.
705:
401:
1168:
1127:
1068:
1008:
951:
778:
713:
523:
514:
497:
459:
409:
307:
299:
282:
Van
Laethem, François; Tikhonova, Anastasia N.; Singer, Alfred (2012-01-09).
125:
HLA-A projected away from the cell surface and presenting a peptide sequence.
942:
580:
Klein, Ludger; Kyewski, Bruno; Allen, Paul M.; Hogquist, Kristin A. (2014).
1135:
1086:
1026:
969:
902:
845:
796:
731:
615:
531:
477:
417:
374:
325:
659:
566:
172:
341:"The molecular basis of TCR germline bias for MHC is surprisingly simple"
95:
87:
31:
molecule and a foreign peptide bound to it, but will only respond to the
884:
263:
770:
544:
1102:"Late Arrival: Recruiting Coreceptors to the T Cell Receptor Complex"
651:
356:
121:
99:
827:
597:
176:
Interaction of TCR and co-receptors CD4 and CD8 with MHC molecules.
982:
62:
32:
69:
so that an antigen is recognized only as peptide-MHC complexes.
1153:
91:
24:
338:
858:
690:"T cell receptor bias for MHC: co-evolution or co-receptors?"
1042:
628:
444:"Reconciling views on T cell receptor germline bias for MHC"
1100:
Merwe, P. Anton van der; Cordoba, Shaun-Paul (2011-01-28).
752:
281:
579:
166:
162:
915:
113:
for chronic autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity.
266:"Antigen Recognition by B-cell and T-cell Receptors"
688:Rangarajan, Sneha; Mariuzza, Roy A. (2014-03-17).
687:
1166:
922:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
810:Flajnik, Martin F.; Kasahara, Masanori (2010).
809:
755:"T cells and their eons-old obsession with MHC"
35:when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule.
387:
1099:
212:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10757/
222:
90:are developing and differentiating in the
1117:
1076:
1016:
959:
941:
892:
835:
786:
721:
605:
513:
467:
364:
315:
116:
171:
120:
225:Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences
1167:
1038:
1036:
683:
681:
679:
677:
495:
441:
491:
489:
487:
442:Garcia, K. Christopher (2012-09-01).
437:
435:
277:
275:
694:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1033:
674:
559:10.1146/annurev.iy.05.040187.001545
498:"Putting a face to MHC restriction"
13:
484:
432:
272:
233:10.1016/B978-0-12-818731-9.00029-X
155:
17:MHC-restricted antigen recognition
14:
1186:
1146:
188:
142:
1152:
41:major histocompatibility complex
29:major histocompatibility complex
1093:
976:
909:
852:
803:
746:
622:
573:
80:
538:
381:
332:
257:
216:
204:
1:
197:
133:
1119:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.001
1061:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.013
496:Parham, Peter (2005-01-01).
23:, refers to the fact that a
7:
547:Annual Review of Immunology
10:
1191:
1001:10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.009
706:10.1007/s00018-014-1600-9
586:Nature Reviews Immunology
402:10.1007/s12026-008-8040-2
27:can interact with a self-
515:10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.3
460:10.1016/j.it.2012.05.005
300:10.1016/j.it.2012.05.006
943:10.1073/pnas.1207186109
816:Nature Reviews Genetics
177:
126:
117:Structural specificity
759:Immunological Reviews
502:Journal of Immunology
175:
124:
47:) will not recognize
1161:at Wikimedia Commons
448:Trends in Immunology
390:Immunologic Research
288:Trends in Immunology
934:2012PNAS..10914960D
928:(37): 14960–14965.
885:10.1038/nature07812
877:2009Natur.458.1043S
871:(7241): 1043–1046.
644:1987Natur.329..512B
268:. Garland Science.
178:
127:
107:negative selection
1157:Media related to
771:10.1111/imr.12004
700:(16): 3059–3068.
638:(6139): 512–518.
345:Nature Immunology
98:, T cells die by
1182:
1156:
1140:
1139:
1121:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1020:
995:(6): 1326–1341.
980:
974:
973:
963:
945:
913:
907:
906:
896:
856:
850:
849:
839:
807:
801:
800:
790:
750:
744:
743:
725:
685:
672:
671:
652:10.1038/329512a0
626:
620:
619:
609:
577:
571:
570:
542:
536:
535:
517:
493:
482:
481:
471:
439:
430:
429:
385:
379:
378:
368:
357:10.1038/ni.f.219
336:
330:
329:
319:
279:
270:
269:
261:
255:
254:
220:
214:
208:
67:T cell receptors
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1164:
1159:MHC restriction
1149:
1144:
1143:
1098:
1094:
1041:
1034:
981:
977:
914:
910:
857:
853:
828:10.1038/nrg2703
808:
804:
751:
747:
686:
675:
627:
623:
598:10.1038/nri3667
578:
574:
543:
539:
494:
485:
440:
433:
386:
382:
337:
333:
280:
273:
262:
258:
243:
221:
217:
209:
205:
200:
191:
158:
156:Selection model
145:
136:
119:
83:
21:MHC restriction
12:
11:
5:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1142:
1141:
1092:
1032:
975:
908:
851:
802:
745:
673:
621:
592:(6): 377–391.
572:
553:(1): 325–365.
537:
483:
454:(9): 429–436.
431:
396:(3): 267–294.
380:
351:(2): 143–147.
331:
294:(9): 437–441.
271:
256:
241:
215:
202:
201:
199:
196:
190:
189:Reconciliation
187:
157:
154:
144:
143:Germline model
141:
135:
132:
118:
115:
82:
79:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1187:
1176:
1175:Immune system
1173:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
682:
680:
678:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
617:
613:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
436:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
376:
372:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
327:
323:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:
276:
267:
260:
252:
248:
244:
242:9780128012383
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
213:
207:
203:
195:
186:
182:
174:
170:
168:
164:
153:
149:
140:
131:
123:
114:
110:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
58:
55:
50:
46:
42:
36:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1055:(1): 79–91.
1052:
1048:
992:
988:
978:
925:
921:
911:
868:
864:
854:
822:(1): 47–59.
819:
815:
805:
765:(1): 49–60.
762:
758:
748:
697:
693:
635:
631:
624:
589:
585:
575:
550:
546:
540:
505:
501:
451:
447:
393:
389:
383:
348:
344:
334:
291:
287:
259:
224:
218:
206:
192:
183:
179:
159:
150:
146:
137:
128:
111:
104:
84:
81:Introduction
75:
71:
59:
37:
20:
16:
15:
96:bone marrow
88:lymphocytes
1112:(1): 1–3.
508:(1): 3–5.
198:References
134:Imposition
1128:1074-7613
1069:1074-7613
1009:0092-8674
952:0027-8424
779:1600-065X
714:1420-682X
524:0022-1767
410:0257-277X
308:1471-4906
251:234948691
227:: 90–98.
100:apoptosis
1169:Category
1136:21272780
1106:Immunity
1087:22209676
1049:Immunity
1027:24034254
970:22930819
903:19262510
846:19997068
797:23046122
740:15214132
732:24633202
723:11113676
668:19220084
616:24830344
532:15611221
478:22771140
426:33347746
418:18726714
375:19148199
326:22771139
86:primary
1078:3268851
1018:3792650
961:3443186
930:Bibcode
894:2679808
873:Bibcode
837:3805090
788:3963424
660:2443855
640:Bibcode
607:4757912
567:3109456
469:3983780
366:3982143
317:3427466
63:T cells
33:antigen
1134:
1126:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1025:
1015:
1007:
968:
958:
950:
901:
891:
865:Nature
844:
834:
795:
785:
777:
738:
730:
720:
712:
666:
658:
632:Nature
614:
604:
565:
530:
522:
476:
466:
424:
416:
408:
373:
363:
324:
314:
306:
249:
239:
92:thymus
25:T cell
736:S2CID
664:S2CID
422:S2CID
247:S2CID
19:, or
1132:PMID
1124:ISSN
1083:PMID
1065:ISSN
1023:PMID
1005:ISSN
989:Cell
966:PMID
948:ISSN
899:PMID
842:PMID
793:PMID
775:ISSN
728:PMID
710:ISSN
656:PMID
612:PMID
563:PMID
528:PMID
520:ISSN
474:PMID
414:PMID
406:ISSN
371:PMID
322:PMID
304:ISSN
237:ISBN
1114:doi
1073:PMC
1057:doi
1013:PMC
997:doi
993:154
956:PMC
938:doi
926:109
889:PMC
881:doi
869:458
832:PMC
824:doi
783:PMC
767:doi
763:250
718:PMC
702:doi
648:doi
636:329
602:PMC
594:doi
555:doi
510:doi
506:174
464:PMC
456:doi
398:doi
361:PMC
353:doi
312:PMC
296:doi
229:doi
167:CD8
165:or
163:CD4
94:or
54:MHC
49:MHC
45:TCR
1171::
1130:.
1122:.
1110:34
1108:.
1104:.
1081:.
1071:.
1063:.
1053:36
1051:.
1047:.
1035:^
1021:.
1011:.
1003:.
991:.
987:.
964:.
954:.
946:.
936:.
924:.
920:.
897:.
887:.
879:.
867:.
863:.
840:.
830:.
820:11
818:.
814:.
791:.
781:.
773:.
761:.
757:.
734:.
726:.
716:.
708:.
698:71
696:.
692:.
676:^
662:.
654:.
646:.
634:.
610:.
600:.
590:14
588:.
584:.
561:.
549:.
526:.
518:.
504:.
500:.
486:^
472:.
462:.
452:33
450:.
446:.
434:^
420:.
412:.
404:.
394:41
392:.
369:.
359:.
349:10
347:.
343:.
320:.
310:.
302:.
292:33
290:.
286:.
274:^
245:.
235:.
1138:.
1116::
1089:.
1059::
1029:.
999::
972:.
940::
932::
905:.
883::
875::
848:.
826::
799:.
769::
742:.
704::
670:.
650::
642::
618:.
596::
569:.
557::
551:5
534:.
512::
480:.
458::
428:.
400::
377:.
355::
328:.
298::
253:.
231::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.