Jewish diaspora - Knowledge

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involve other groups in the Levant". The authors found strong evidence that modern Levant populations descend from two major apparent ancestral populations. One set of genetic characteristics which is shared with modern-day Europeans and Central Asians is most prominent in the Levant amongst "Lebanese, Armenians, Cypriots, Druze and Jews, as well as Turks, Iranians and Caucasian populations". The second set of inherited genetic characteristics is shared with populations in other parts of the Middle East as well as some African populations. Levant populations in this category today include "Palestinians, Jordanians, Syrians, as well as North Africans, Ethiopians, Saudis, and Bedouins". Concerning this second component of ancestry, the authors remark that while it correlates with "the pattern of the Islamic expansion", and that "a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners," they also say that "its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event". The authors also found a strong correlation between religion and apparent ancestry in the Levant:

3157:'s conquests, spurred on by the opportunities they expected to find. The proportion of Jews in the diaspora in relation to the size of the nation as a whole increased steadily throughout the Hellenistic era and reached astonishing dimensions in the early Roman period, particularly in Alexandria. It was not least for this reason that the Jewish people became a major political factor, especially since the Jews in the diaspora, notwithstanding strong cultural, social and religious tensions, remained firmly united with their homeland. Smallwood writes that, 'It is reasonable to conjecture that many, such as the settlement in Puteoli attested in 4 BCE went back to the late (pre-Roman Empire) Roman Republic or early Empire and originated in voluntary emigration and the lure of trade and commerce." Many Jews migrated to Rome from Alexandria due to flourishing trade relations between the cities. Dating the numerous settlements is difficult. Some settlements may have resulted from Jewish emigration following the defeat of Jewish revolts. Others, such as the Jewish community in Rome, were far older, dating back to at least the mid second century BCE, although it expanded greatly following 7981:, 2009 pp. 3–4, 233–34: "The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple period did so voluntarily. Even where initial deportation came under duress, the relocated families remained in their new residences for generations—long after the issue of forced dislocation had become obsolete. No single objective impelled them; there were multiple motives. Overpopulation in Palestine may have been a factor for some, indebtedness for others. But hardship need not have been the spur for most. The new and expanded communities that sprang up in the wake of Alexander’s conquests served as magnets for migration. And Jews made their way to locations in both the eastern and western Mediterranean. Large numbers found employment as mercenaries, military colonists, or enlisted men in the regular forces. Others seized opportunities in business, commerce, or agriculture. All lands were open to them." 9611:"The vast bulk of Jews who dwelled abroad in the Second Temple period did so voluntarily. Even where initial deportation came under duress, the relocated families remained in their new residences for generations—long after the issue of forced dislocation had become obsolete. No single objective impelled them; there were multiple motives. Overpopulation in Palestine may have been a factor for some, indebtedness for others. But hardship need not have been the spur for most. The new and expanded communities that sprang up in the wake of Alexander’s conquests served as magnets for migration. And Jews made their way to locations in both the eastern and western Mediterranean. Large numbers found employment as mercenaries, military colonists, or enlisted men in the regular forces. Others seized opportunities in business, commerce, or agriculture. All lands were open to them." 3942:) cluster with neighboring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene Israel and the Levant." "The most parsimonious explanation for these observations is a common genetic origin, which is consistent with an historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant." In conclusion the authors are stating that the genetic results are concordant "with the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". Regarding the samples he used Behar points out that "Our conclusion favoring common ancestry (of Jewish people) over recent admixture is further supported by the fact that our sample contains individuals that are known not to be admixed in the most recent one or two generations." 9091:, p. 44-45: "Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel." 2419: 3153:

flourish. By means of all kinds of contacts, and particularly thanks to the development of commerce, Hellenism infiltrated on all sides in varying degrees. The ports of the Mediterranean coast were indispensable to commerce and, from the very beginning of the Hellenistic period, underwent great development. In the Western diaspora Greek quickly became dominant in Jewish life and little sign remains of profound contact with Hebrew or Aramaic, the latter probably being the more prevalent. Jews migrated to new Greek settlements that arose in the Eastern Mediterranean and former subject areas of the Persian Empire on the heels of

3562:(516 BCE – 70 CE) cannot explain more than a fraction of the eventual diaspora. Rather, the Jewish diaspora during this time period was created from various factors, including through the creation of political and war refugees, enslavement, deportation, overpopulation, indebtedness, military employment, and opportunities in business, commerce, and agriculture. Avrum Ehrlich also states that already well before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, more Jews lived in the Diaspora than in Israel. Jonathan Adelman estimated that around 60% of Jews lived in the diaspora during the Second Temple period. According to Gruen: 2720:' by dwelling in the midst of gentiles, or of enduring the pain of exile from one's homeland. The conditions of diaspora in the former case were premised on the free exercise of citizenship or resident alien status. Galut implies by comparison living as a denigrated minority, stripped of such rights, in the host society. Sometimes diaspora and galut are defined as 'voluntary' as opposed to 'involuntary' exile. Diaspora, it has been argued, has a political edge, referring to geopolitical dispersion, which may be involuntary, but which can assume, under different conditions, a positive nuance. Galut is more 4727:

who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of the non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."

9079:, p. 19: "While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of the Jews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus." 9527:'Every historian knew that the myth combining destruction and expulsion was very much alive in the mind of the public, having derived from a religious tradition and become firmly rooted in secular consciousness. In the popular discourse, as in the political statements and the educational system, the expulsion of the people of Israel after the fall of the kingdom was carved in stone. Most intelligent scholars evaded this dubious area with professional elegance; here and there, as though unwittingly, they supplemented their writings with alternative explanations of the prolonged exile.' 9186:, 2016 p.487:’Despite the fact that the actions of Hadrian were of a political nature, their intention was not to bring about the eliminating of Judaism, at least not according to Hadrian’s perceptions. Some of the Jewish population in the Judeaean mountains regarded Roman conquest and the general policy of the emperor carried out by Tineius Rufus, the local governor, as sufficient cause for another revolt against Rome. Yet the territorial limitations of the Second Revolt testify that most of the Jewish population in Judea did not regard these activities as a reason for rebellion.’ 2380: 3693:). The Mamluks severely oppressed the Jews and greatly mismanaged the economy, resulting in a period of great social and economic decline. The result was large-scale migration from Palestine, and the population declined. The Jewish population shrunk especially heavily, as did the Christian population. Though some Jewish immigration from Europe, North Africa, and Syria also occurred in this period, which potentially saved the collapsing Jewish community of Palestine from disappearing altogether, Jews were reduced to an even smaller minority of the population. 3361: 3479:

incorporating the province, now called Syro-Palaestina, into the Roman world system. These political measures were, according to Menachem Mor, devoid of any intention to eliminate Judaism, indeed, the pagan reframing of Jerusalem may have been a strategic move designed to challenge, rather, the growing threat, pretensions and influence of converts to Christianity, for whom Jerusalem was likewise a crucial symbol of their faith. Implementation of these plans led to violent opposition, and triggered a full-scale insurrection with the

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central positions in Jewish historical scholarship. No "nationalist" Jewish historian has ever tried to conceal the well-known fact that conversions to Judaism had a major impact on Jewish history in the ancient period and in the early Middle Ages. Although the myth of an exile from the Jewish homeland (Palestine) does exist in popular Israeli culture, it is negligible in serious Jewish historical discussions. Important groups in the Jewish national movement expressed reservations regarding this myth or denied it completely.

7720: 7642: 9040:—there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the Empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of *himself* be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East." 5403:, countered "that no historian of the Jewish national movement has ever really believed that the origins of the Jews are ethnically and biologically "pure." No "nationalist" Jewish historian has ever tried to conceal the well-known fact that conversions to Judaism had a major impact on Jewish history in the ancient period and in the early Middle Ages. Although the myth of an exile from the Jewish homeland (Palestine) does exist in popular Israeli culture, it is negligible in serious Jewish historical discussions. 4276: 4309: 3552:

centuries, starting with the Assyrian destruction of Israel, the Babylonian destruction of Judah, the Roman destruction of Judea, and the subsequent rule of Christians and Muslims. After the revolt, the Jewish religious and cultural center shifted to the Babylonian Jewish community and its scholars. For the generations that followed, the destruction of the Second Temple event came to represent a fundamental insight about the Jews who had become a dispossessed and persecuted people for much of their history.

7629: 7707: 7694: 7681: 7655: 7616: 7603: 7590: 7564: 7551: 7525: 7499: 7473: 5580:, which devastated the Jewish community of Judea. Despite popular conception, Jews have had a continuous presence in the Land of Israel, despite the exile of the majority of Judeans. The Jerusalem Talmud was signed in the fourth century, hundreds of years after the revolt. Moreover, many Jews remained in Israel even centuries later, including during the Byzantine period (many remnants of synagogues are found from this period). Jews have been a majority or a significant plurality in 5526: 3960:

combined set of approaches suggests that the observations of Ashkenazi proximity to European and Middle Eastern populations in population structure analyses reflect actual genetic proximity of Ashkenazi Jews to populations with predominantly European and Middle Eastern ancestry components, and lack of visible introgression from the region of the Khazar Khaganate—particularly among the northern Volga and North Caucasus populations—into the Ashkenazi community."

8139:, 2009 pp.61-63, p.61:’Diaspora is a political notion; it suggests geopolitical dispersion, perhaps involuntary. However, with changed circumstances, a population may come to see virtue in diasporic life. Diaspora-as oppposed to galut-may thus acquire a positive charge. Galut rings of teleology, not politics. It suggests dislocation, a sense of being uprooted, in the wrong place. Perhaps the community has been punished; perhaps awful things happen in our world 14165: 4216:) as being equally binding on Jews, and mandated by God. In Rabbinical Judaism, the Oral Law forms the basis of religion, morality, and Jewish life. Karaite Jews rely on the use of sound reasoning and the application of linguistic tools to determine the correct meaning of the Tanakh; while Rabbinical Judaism looks towards the Oral law codified in the Talmud, to provide the Jewish community with an accurate understanding of the Hebrew Scriptures. 7767: 2873:(Diaspora) follows the Greek usage and is considered a positive phenomenon that continues the prophetic call of Israel to be a 'light unto the nations' and establish homes and families among the gentiles. The prophet Jeremiah issues this call to the preexilic emigrants in Egypt. . . Galut is a religious–nationalist term, which implies exile from the homeland as a result of collective sins, an exile that will be redeemed at YHWH’s pleasure. 7538: 7512: 7486: 7460: 4096: 14179: 7753: 7733: 7668: 7577: 2928: 3570:. The era of the Second Temple brought the issue into sharp focus, inescapably so. The Temple still stood, a reminder of the hallowed past, and, through most of the era, a Jewish regime existed in Palestine. Yet the Jews of the diaspora, from Italy to Iran, far outnumbered those in the homeland. Although Jerusalem loomed large in their self-perception as a nation, few of them had seen it, and few were likely to. 7384:(50,000). These numbers reflect the "core" Jewish population, defined as being "not inclusive of non-Jewish members of Jewish households, persons of Jewish ancestry who profess another monotheistic religion, other non-Jews of Jewish ancestry, and other non-Jews who may be interested in Jewish matters." Jewish populations also remain in Middle Eastern and North African countries outside of Israel, particularly 3582:, the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, followed by the dissolution, in 132 CE, of Jewish sovereignty over the territory renamed Syria Palaestina, had launched the second dispersion of the diaspora, the first being the Babylonian exile of 586 BCE. She writes that, "Although many Jews had lived outside Judea even before that , the ending of home rule set in motion the world’s longest diaspora." 3524:, where autonomous Jewish communities continued to flourish, lured by the promise of economic prosperity and the ability to lead a full Jewish life there. Between the 3rd and 7th centuries, estimates indicate that the Babylonian Jewish community numbered approximately one million, which may have been the largest Jewish diaspora population of the time, possibly outnumbering those in the Land of Israel. 2584:(516 BCE – 70 CE) was created from various factors, including through the creation of political and war refugees, enslavement, deportation, overpopulation, indebtedness, military employment, and opportunities in business, commerce, and agriculture. Before the middle of the first century CE, in addition to Judea, Syria and Babylonia, large Jewish communities existed in the Roman provinces of Egypt, 3422:, was in Parthia (Persia), Babylonia (Iraq), Arabia, as well as some Jews beyond the Euphrates and in Adiabene (Kurdistan). In Josephus' own words, he had informed "the remotest Arabians" about the destruction. Jewish communities also existed in southern Europe, Anatolia, Syria, and North Africa. Jewish pilgrims from the diaspora, undeterred by the rebellion, had actually come to Jerusalem for 9131:

Capitolina, after himself (his full name was Publius Aelius Hadrianus) and Jupiter Capitolinus, the chief god of the Roman pantheon. This was presumably both intended and understood as a humiliating insult to the defeated God of Israel, who had previously occupied the site, and by extension to the people who persisted in worshiping Him. It also rendered the restoration of His Temple moot.’

3010:, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus, but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem. 7453:, also notes that "Unlike our estimates of Jewish populations in individual countries, the data reported here on urban Jewish populations do not fully adjust for possible double counting due to multiple residences. The differences in the United States may be quite significant, in the range of tens of thousands, involving both major and minor metropolitan areas." 4734:, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most people in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of 3528:

Palestinian sages refused to consider Babylonian scholars their equals and would not ordain Babylonian students in their academies, fearing they would return to Babylon as rabbis. Significant Jewish emigration to Babylon adversely affected the Jewish academies of Palestine, and by the end of the third century they were reliant on donations from Babylon.

3889:; they were probably merchants who followed the Roman Legions during their conquests. However, for the most part, modern Ashkenazi Jews originated with Jews who migrated or were forcibly taken from the Middle East to southern Europe in antiquity, where they established Jewish communities before moving into northern France and lower Germany during the 4164:

themselves comprise three distinctly different groups, though the distinction is one of religious law and liturgy rather than of ethnicity. Traditionally the genesis of the Yemenite Jewish community came after the Babylonian exile, though the community most probably emerged during Roman times, and it was significantly reinforced during the reign of

5461:, whose culture lacked any clearly defined philosophy. Rather, it adopted the philosophies of all the preceding cultures, causing Roman culture to be in a constant flux. Although the Roman Empire has fallen, the Jews are still in the exile of Edom, and indeed, one can find this phenomenon of ever-changing trends dominating modern 3897:. They also descend to a lesser degree from Jewish immigrants from Babylon, Persia, and North Africa who migrated to Europe in the Middle Ages. The Ashkenazi Jews later migrated from Germany (and elsewhere in Central Europe) into Eastern Europe as a result of persecution. Some Ashkenazi Jews also have minor ancestry from 3658:

many Jews to migrate from rural areas to towns. Social and economic discrimination caused significant Jewish emigration from Palestine, and Muslim civil wars in the 8th and 9th centuries pushed many Jews out of the country. By the end of the 11th century the Jewish population of Palestine had declined substantially.

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matrilineal manner. Goldstein argues that the Technion and Ramban mtDNA studies fail to actually establish a statistically significant maternal link between modern Jews and historic Middle Eastern populations. This differs from the patrilineal case, where Goldstein said there is no doubt of a Middle Eastern origin.

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picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction.'

3287:; compare: Bringmann: Klaus: Geschichte der Juden im Altertum, Stuttgart 2005, S. 202. Bringmann talks about 8,000 Jews who lived in the city of Rome.). Many sources say that the Jews constituted a full one-tenth (10%) of the population of the ancient city of Rome itself. Finally, if the sums confiscated by the 3512:

diaspora numbers. Jewish prisoners sold as slaves in the diaspora and their children were eventually manumitted and joined local free communities. It has been argued that the archaeological evidence is suggestive of a Roman genocide taking place during the Second revolt. A significant movement of gentiles and

3487:, by some other peoples, perhaps Arabs who had recently been subjected by Trajan. The revolt was crushed, with the Jewish population of Judea devastated. Jewish war captives were again captured and sold into slavery by the Romans. According to Jewish tradition, the Romans deported twelve boatloads of Jews to 3450:, a rebellion by Jewish diaspora communities in Roman territories in the Eastern Mediterranean and Mesopotamia, led to the destruction of Jewish communities in Crete, Cyprus, and North Africa in 117 CE, and consequently the dispersal of Jews already living outside of Judea to further reaches of the Empire. 4726:

believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders,

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A 2014 study by Fernández et al. found that Ashkenazi Jews display a frequency of haplogroup K in their maternal (mitochondrial) DNA, suggesting an ancient Near Eastern matrilineal origin, similar to the results of the Behar study in 2006. Fernández noted that this observation clearly contradicts the

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Another 2013 study, made by Doron M. Behar of the Rambam Health Care Campus in Israel and others, suggests that: "Cumulatively, our analyses point strongly to ancestry of Ashkenazi Jews primarily from European and Middle Eastern populations and not from populations in or near the Caucasus region. The

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The effect that the destruction of Jerusalem had on the Jewish diaspora has been a topic of considerable scholarly discussion. David Aberbach has argued that much of the European Jewish diaspora, by which he means exile or voluntary migration, originated with the Jewish wars which occurred between 66

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My response to Sand's arguments is that no historian of the Jewish national movement has ever really believed that the origins of the Jews are ethnically and biologically "pure." Sand applies marginal positions to the entire body of Jewish historiography and, in doing so, denies the existence of the

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communities that immigrated to the US in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as more recent influxes of Persian and other Mizrahi Jewish immigrants. The American Jewish community is considered to contain the highest percentage of mixed marriages between Jews and non-Jews, resulting in

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still retain memories of their Sephardic, Ashkenazi and Mizrahi origins, mixed Jewish marriages among the communities are very common. There are also smaller groups of Yemenite Jews, Indian Jews and others, who still retain a semi-separate communal life. There are also approximately 50,000 adherents

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p.14:"As another element of retaliation, the Romans renamed the province of Judaea "Syria Palestina" to erase any linguistic connection with the rebellious Jews. As mentioned earlier, the name "Palestine" in itself was not new, having already served in Assyrian and Egyptian sources to designate the

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prior to immigrating to Ottoman Palestine and Israel. Their geographic and social isolation from the rest of the Jewish community over the course of many centuries allowed them to develop a liturgy and set of practices that are significantly distinct from those of other Oriental Jewish groups; they

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A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by Costa et al., reached the conclusion that the four major female founders and most of the minor female founders had ancestry in prehistoric Europe, rather than the Near East or Caucasus. According to the study these findings 'point to a significant role

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have roughly 30% European ancestry with the rest being Middle Eastern. According to Hammer, the Ashkenazi population expanded through a series of bottlenecks—events that squeeze a population down to small numbers—perhaps as it migrated from the Middle East after the destruction of the Second Temple

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allowed and encouraged Jews to settle in Jerusalem. It was the first time in about 500 years that Jews were allowed to freely enter and worship in their holiest city. In 717, new restrictions were imposed against non-Muslims that negatively affected the Jews. Heavy taxes on agricultural land forced

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resulted in Christian migration into Palestine and the development of a firm Christian majority. Judaism was the only non-Christian religion tolerated, but the Jews were discriminated against in various ways. They were prohibited from building new houses of worship, holding public office, or owning

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states that it is only after the destruction of Jerusalem that Jews are found in northern Europe and along the western Mediterranean coast. Howard Adelman and Elazar Barkan challenge the "widespread notion" the Jews in Judea were only expelled after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and

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Behar, Doron M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Rosset, Saharon; Parik, Jüri; Rootsi, Siiri; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Kutuev, Ildus; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Balanovsky, Oleg; Semino, Ornella; Pereira, Luisa; Comas, David; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva;

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Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon,

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1984p=?: 'Hadrian visited Palestine in 130, as part of a tour of the eastern provinces of the Empire. It now seems likely, though not absolutely certain, that it was on this occasion that he announced his intention to restore Jerusalem, not as a Jewish city, but as a Roman colony to be named Aelia

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Palestine and Babylon were both great centers of Jewish scholarship during this time, but tensions between scholars in these two communities grew as many Jewish scholars in Palestine feared that the centrality of the land to the Jewish religion would be lost with continuing Jewish emigration. Many

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and then kings, the Jewish state displayed even a certain luster and annexed several territories. Soon, however, discord within the royal family and the growing disaffection of the pious towards rulers who no longer evinced any appreciation of the real aspirations of their subjects made the Jewish

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are drawn from two completely different lexicons. The first refers to episodes, precise and datable, in the history of the people of Israel, when the latter was subjected to a foreign occupation, such as that of Babylon, in which most of the occurrences are found. The second, perhaps with a single

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Behar, Doron; Metspalu, Mait; Baran, Yael; Kopelman, Naama; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Gladstein, Ariella; Tzur, Shay; Sahakyan, Havhannes; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tambets, Kristiina; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Kusniarevich, Aljona; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovsky, Elena; Kovacevic, Lejla;

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Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; Saharon Rosset; Jüri Parik; Siiri Rootsi; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Ildus Kutuev; Guennady Yudkovsky; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; Oleg Balanovsky; Ornella Semino; Luisa Pereira; David Comas; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Tudor Parfitt;

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2012 p.243:'Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This

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A study by Haber, et al., (2013) noted that while previous studies of the Levant, which had focused mainly on diaspora Jewish populations, showed that the "Jews form a distinctive cluster in the Middle East", these studies did not make clear "whether the factors driving this structure would also

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asserted that the "alleged decree of Cyrus" regarding Judah, "cannot be considered authentic", but that there was a "general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites". He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle" taking place over decades,

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Experts dismiss the popular notion that the Jews were expelled from Palestine in one fell swoop in A.D. 70. Yet while the destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple by the Romans did not create the Diaspora, it caused a momentous change in the Jews' sense of themselves and their position in the

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2005 p. 33: "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the

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argues that diaspora in antiquity connoted emigration from an ancestral mother city, with the emigrant community maintaining its cultural ties with the place of origin. Just as the Greek city exported its surplus population, so did Jerusalem, while remaining the cultural and religious centre or

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with the largest Jewish populations are listed below though one source at jewishtemples.org, states that "It is difficult to come up with exact population figures on a country by country basis, let alone city by city around the world. Figures for Russia and other CIS countries are but educated

4676:(Jews). They view the term "Jews" as a designation for followers of Judaism, which they assert is a related but an altered and amended religion which was brought back by the exiled Israelite returnees, and is therefore not the true religion of the ancient Israelites, which according to them is 4024:, which would also be the fate for those who had migrated to Spanish and Portuguese ruled Latin America. Sephardic Jews evolved to form most of North Africa's Jewish communities of the modern era, as well as the bulk of the Turkish, Syrian, Galilean and Jerusalemite Jews of the Ottoman period. 3954:

all Jews (Sephardi and Ashkenazi) cluster in one branch; Druze from Mount Lebanon and Druze from Mount Carmel are depicted on a private branch; and Lebanese Christians form a private branch with the Christian populations of Armenia and Cyprus placing the Lebanese Muslims as an outer group. The

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David Goldstein, a Duke University geneticist and director of the Duke Center for Human Genome Variation, has said that the work of the Technion and Ramban team served only to confirm that genetic drift played a major role in shaping Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited in a

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The military defeats of the Jews in Judaea in 70 CE and again in 135 CE, with large numbers of Jewish captives from Judea sold into slavery and an increase in voluntary Jewish emigration from Judea as a result of the wars, meant a drop in Palestine's Jewish population was balanced by a rise in

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prior to the arrival of the Roman army, and many became trapped in the city and died during the siege. According to Josephus, about 97,000 Jewish captives from Judea were sold into slavery by the Romans during the revolt. Many other Jews fled from Judea to other areas around the Mediterranean.

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which expelled the Jews from Spain. They are sometimes referred to as White Jews, although that usage is generally considered pejorative or discriminatory and it is instead used to refer to relatively recent Jewish immigrants (end of the 15th century onwards), who are predominantly Sephardim.

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In 2006, a study by Doron Behar and Karl Skorecki of the Technion and Ramban Medical Center in Haifa, Israel demonstrated that the vast majority of Ashkenazi Jews, both men and women, have Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Nicholas Wades' 2010 Autosomal study Ashkenazi Jews share a common

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gives a figure of one million Jews living in Egypt. John R. Bartlett rejects Baron's figures entirely, arguing that we have no clue as to the size of the Jewish demographic in the ancient world. The Romans did not distinguish between Jews inside and outside of the Land of Israel/Judaea. They

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As early as the third century BCE Jewish communities sprang up in the Aegean islands, Greece, Asia Minor, Cyrenaica, Italy and Egypt. In Palestine, under the favourable auspices of the long period of peace—almost a whole century—which followed the advent of the Ptolemies, the new ways were to

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is incorrect in his claim that the original Jews living in Israel were not exiled by the Romans, instead arguing that this view is negligible among serious Jewish study scholars. These scholars argue that the growth of diaspora Jewish communities was a gradual process that occurred over the

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includes two texts said to be decrees allowing the deported Jews to return to their homeland after decades and ordering the Temple rebuilt. The differences in content and tone of the two decrees, one in Hebrew and one in Aramaic, have caused some scholars to question their authenticity. The

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was by far the most important of the Egyptian Jewish communities. The Jews in the Egyptian diaspora were on a par with their Ptolemaic counterparts and close ties existed for them with Jerusalem. As in other Hellenistic diasporas, the Egyptian diaspora was one of choice not of imposition.

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as the single religious authority for the Jewish people. Linguistic principles and contextual exegesis are used in arriving at the correct meaning of the Torah. Karaite Jews strive to adhere to the plain or most obvious understanding of the text when interpreting the Tanakh. By contrast,

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and foreign cults. It is commonly held that this was done as an insult to the Jews and as a means of erasing the land's Jewish identity, Others argued that this project was expressive of an intention of establishing administratively and culturally a firm Roman imperial presence, and thus

10300:

Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura R.; Platt, Daniel E.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Wells, R. Spencer; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre A. (28 February 2013).

3637:

promised to restore Jewish rights, the Jews aided him in ousting the Persians. Heraclius subsequently went back on his word and ordered a general massacre of the Jewish population, devastating the Jewish communities of Jerusalem and the Galilee. As a result, many Jews fled to Egypt.

3577:

contends the Babylonian captivity created a promise of return in the Jewish consciousness which had the effect of enhancing the Jewish self-perception of Exile after the destruction of the Second Temple, albeit their dispersion was due to an array of non-exilic factors. According to

3234:

discoveries from year to year augment the number of known Jewish communities but must be viewed with caution due to the lack of precise evidence of their numbers. According to the ancient Jewish historian Josephus, the next most dense Jewish population after the Land of Israel and

8975: 4746:

Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient

8530:

Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, in The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition (Translated by William Whiston, A.M.; Peabody Massachusetts:Hendrickson Publishers, 1987; Fifth Printing:Jan.1991 Bk. 12, chapters. 1, 2, pp. 308-309 (Bk. 12: verses 7, 9,

3929:

In June 2010, Behar et al. "shows that most Jewish samples form a remarkably tight subcluster with common genetic origin, that overlies Druze and Cypriot samples but not samples from other Levantine populations or paired diaspora host populations. In contrast, Ethiopian Jews

3089:

took Judea, he led 120,000 Jewish captives to Egypt, and many other Jews, attracted by Ptolemy's liberal and tolerant policies and Egypt's fertile soil, emigrated from Judea to Egypt of their own free will. Ptolemy settled the Jews in Egypt to employ them as mercenaries.

10813:

Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Ene; Kivisild, Toomas; Rosset, Saharon; Tzur, Shay; Hadid, Yarin; Yudkovsky, Guennady; Rosengarten, Dror; Pereira, Luisa; Amorim, Antonio; Kutuev, Ildus; Gurwitz, David; Bonne-Tamir, Batsheva; Villems, Richard; Skorecki, Karl (30 April 2008).

10353:

Marjanovic, Damir; Mihailov, Evelin; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Traintaphyllidis, Costas; King, Roy; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Antonio; Hammer, Michael; Metspalu, Ene; Skorecki, Karl; Rosset, Saharon; Halperin, Eran; Villems, Richard; Rosenberg, Noah (1 December 2013).

3052:

as the focus of their identity. As this little nucleus increased in numbers with the accession of recruits from various quarters, it awoke to a consciousness of itself, and strove once again for national independence and political enfranchisement and sovereignty.

3700:

conquered Palestine, after which the region entered a period of relative stability. At the start of Ottoman rule in 1517, the estimated Jewish population was 5,000, composed of both descendants of Jews who had never left the land and migrants from the diaspora.

3669:

and the few thousand survivors were sold into slavery. Some of the Jews sold into slavery later had their freedom bought by Jewish communities in Italy and Egypt, and the redeemed slaves were taken to Egypt. Some Jewish prisoners of war were also deported to

3409:

with Roman assistance, and there was likely an influx of Jewish slaves taken into the diaspora by Roman forces. In 53 BCE, a minor Jewish revolt was suppressed and the Romans subsequently sold Jewish war captives into slavery. Roman rule continued until the

3161:

in 62 BCE. In 6 CE the Romans annexed Judaea. Only the Jews in Babylonia remained outside of Roman rule. Unlike the Greek speaking Hellenized Jews in the west the Jewish communities in Babylonian and Judea continued the use of Aramaic as a primary language.

5347:

According to Schweid, Bialik meant that the "seed" was the potential of the Jewish people. Preserved in the diaspora, this seed could only give rise to deformed results; however, once conditions changed the seed could still provide a plentiful harvest.

3080:

and Roman governments down to the early decades of the second century CE, when the revolt against Trajan destroyed them. Their presence was buttressed by numerous Jewish administrators who joined them in Egypt's military and urban centres. According to

5509:. The Jewish tradition maintains that the Roman exile would be the last, and that after the people of Israel returned to their land, they would never be exiled again. This statement is based on the verse: "(You paying for) Your sin is over daughter of 3341:

of 116–117 CE resulted in the near-total destruction of Jewish communities in Cyrenaica and Egypt. By the third century, Jewish communities began to re-establish themselves in Egypt and Cyrenaica, primarily through immigration from the Land of Israel.

3645:. One estimate placed the Jewish population of Palestine at between 300,000 and 400,000 at the time. However, this is contrary to other estimates which place it at 150,000 to 200,000 at the time of the revolt against Heraclius. According to historian 2889:. The latter denoted social and political exile, whereas the former, while consequential on the latter, was a psycho-spiritual framework that was not wholly dependent on the conditions of life in diasporic exile, since one could technically remain in 4039:

of the classic period. The term Mizrahi is used in Israel in the language of politics, media and some social scientists for Jews from the Arab world and adjacent, primarily Muslim-majority countries. The definition of Mizrahi includes the modern

3979:

reconquered Spain from the Arabs and ordered the Jews to convert to Catholicism, leave the country or face execution without trial. Those who chose not to convert, between 40,000 and 100,000, were expelled from Spain in 1492 in the wake of the

2692:

Diaspora has been a common phenomenon for many peoples since antiquity, but what is particular about the Jewish instance is the pronounced negative, religious, indeed metaphysical connotations traditionally attached to dispersion and exile

8972: 8932: 3398:. After the city fell to Pompey's forces, thousands of Jewish prisoners of war were brought from Judea to Rome and sold into slavery. After these Jewish slaves were manumitted, they settled permanently in Rome on the right bank of the 2604:. This watershed moment, the elimination of the symbolic centre of Judaism and Jewish identity motivated many Jews to formulate a new self-definition and adjust their existence to the prospect of an indefinite period of displacement. 4618:

released in December 2008 "attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced) driven by historical episodes of religious intolerance, which ultimately led to the integration of the Anusim's descendants.

5434:

exile was one of emotional temptation. The Persians were hedonists who declared that the purpose of life is to pursue indulgence and lusts—"Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we may die." They were lopsided towards the quality of

3520:, civil wars in the Roman Empire caused great economic disruption, and taxes imposed to finance these wars impacted the Jewish population of Palestine heavily. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Babylon under the more tolerant 11727:, by Sergio DellaPergola, ed. Dashefsky, Arnold, Sheskin, Ira M., published by Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ), North American Jewish Data Bank, The Jewish Federations of North America, November 2010 2732:, and in this sense a cultural condition not premised on any particular history, as opposed to galut, which is more descriptive of an existential situation, that properly of exile, conveying a particular psychological outlook. 10437: 4020:. Some relocated to the United States, establishing the country's first organized community of Jews and erecting the United States' first synagogue. Nevertheless, the majority of Sephardim remained in Spain and Portugal as 4321:

from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, who were already living in North Africa before the Jewish exodus from the Iberian Peninsula—and to a smaller degree members of the Ashkenazi Jewish communities, who survived WWII and the

4523:

traded in diamonds, precious stones and corals, they had very good relations with the rulers of Golkonda, they maintained trade connections with Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke

3805:, when Yehud became a disputed province of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria. In the early part of the 2nd century BCE, a revolt against the Seleucids led to the establishment of an independent Jewish kingdom under the 3507:

was composed. This ban struck a blow at Jewish national identity within Palestine, while the Romans however continued to allow Jews in the diaspora their distinct national and religious identity throughout the Empire.

5445:

was highly cultured and sophisticated. Although the Greeks had a strong sense of aesthetics, they were highly pompous, and they viewed aesthetics as an end in itself. They were excessively attached to the quality of

11924: 4231:. Karaite Jews are widely regarded as being halachically Jewish by the Orthodox Rabbinate. Similarly, members of the rabbinic community are considered Jews by the Moetzet Hakhamim, if they are patrilineally Jewish. 3491:. Voluntary Jewish emigration from Judea in the aftermath of the Bar-Kokhba revolt also expanded Jewish communities in the diaspora. Jews were forbidden entrance to Jerusalem on pain of death, except for the day of 4697:

studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly

3909:(15th–16th centuries). Ashkenazi Jews are of mixed Middle Eastern and European ancestry, as they derive part of their ancestry from non-Jewish Europeans who intermixed with Jews of migrant Middle Eastern origin. 8046:, 2004 pp.60-61:'What was unique was the tendency to conflate dispersion with Exile, and to endow the combined experience of dispersion and Exile with a strong metaphysical and religious negative evaluation of 4015:

settled in Hamburg and Altona Germany in the early 16th century, eventually appropriating Ashkenazic Jewish rituals into their religious practice. One famous figure from the Sephardic Ashkenazic population is

4316:

The Jews of modern France number around 400,000 persons, largely descendants of North African communities, some of which were Sephardic communities that had come from Spain and Portugal—others were Arab and

9391: 3418:

and the burning and destruction of the Temple, the centre of the national and religious life of the Jews throughout the world. The Jewish diaspora at the time of the Temple's destruction, according to

10681:

Hammer, M. F.; Redd, A. J.; Wood, E. T.; Bonner, M. R.; Jarjanazi, H.; Karafet, T.; Santachiara-Benerecetti, S.; Oppenheim, A.; Jobling, M. A.; Jenkins, T.; Ostrer, H.; Bonne-Tamir, B. (6 June 2000).

4191:

of varying communities have affiliated with the Karaite community throughout the millennia. As such, Karaite Jews are less an ethnic division, than they are members of a particular branch of Judaism.

2866:, where it refers to the scattering of Israel, i.e., the Ten Northern Tribes of Israel as opposed to the Southern Kingdom of Judah, although James (1:1) refers to the scattering of all twelve tribes. 4714:. This is consistent with Jewish traditions which place most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at 4458:: "...throughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand Israelites. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the 10895:

Atzmon, Gil; Hao, Li; Pe'er, Itsik; Velez, Christopher; Pearlman, Alexander; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Morrow, Bernice; Friedman, Eitan; Oddoux, Carole; Burns, Edward; Ostrer, Harry (June 2010).

5568:, or the "New Israel". In actually, in the period that followed the destruction of the Temple, Jews had many freedoms. The people of Israel had religious, economic and cultural autonomy, and the 3102:(modern-day eastern Libya) around the third century BCE, during the rule of Ptolemy I of Egypt, who sent them to secure the region for his kingdom. By the early first century BCE, the geographer 3767:

for the Sephardim), their shared religion and ancestry, as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, has been responsible for a unified sense of cultural and religious

2674:

for the Sephardim), their shared religion and ancestry, as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, has been responsible for a unified sense of cultural and religious

3665:, Jews in Palestine, along with Muslims, were indiscriminately massacred and sold into slavery by the Crusaders. The majority of Jerusalem's Jewish population was killed during the Crusader 4550:

The Georgian Jews are considered ethnically and culturally distinct from neighboring Mountain Jews. They were also traditionally a highly separate group from the Ashkenazi Jews in Georgia.

3558:

contends that focusing on the destruction of the Temple misses the point that already before this, the diaspora was well-established. Gruen argues compulsory dislocation of Jews during the

3845:, following takeover of Samaria. The success of mass-conversions is however questionable, as most groups retained their tribal separations and mostly turned Hellenistic or Christian, with 5560:, the concept of the exile beginning after the destruction of the Second Jewish Temple was developed by early Christians, who saw the destruction of the Temple as a punishment for Jewish 4296:, which doesn't require or see the Jews as direct descendants of the ethnic Jews or Biblical Israelites, but rather adherents of the Jewish faith in its Reformist version, in contrast to 3321:. However, contemporary scholars now accept that Bar Hebraeus based his figure on a census of total Roman citizens and thus, included non-Jews. The figure of 6,944,000 being recorded in 4076:. Some also include the North-African Sephardic communities and Yemenite Jews under the definition of Mizrahi, but do that from rather political generalization than ancestral reasons. 3024:

Although most of the Jewish people during this period, especially the wealthy families, were to be found in Babylonia, the existence they led there, under the successive rulers of the

11263: 2809:

exception that remains debatable, is never used to speak of the past and does not concern Babylon; the instrument of dispersion is never the historical sovereign of another country.

10428: 4500:

Jews who originally immigrated to India from Sepharad (Spain and Portugal) during the 15th and 16th centuries in order to flee forced conversion or persecution in the wake of the

8902:

Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Horbury, William; Sturdy, John; Katz, Steven T.; Hart, Mitchell Bryan; Michels, Tony; Karp, Jonathan; Sutcliffe, Adam; Chazan, Robert:

11914: 2813:

is the word for chastisement, but the dispersion in question has not occurred yet: it is potential, conditional on the Jews not respecting the law of God. . . It follows that

11918: 4775:

origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular

10142: 4702:. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in 4582:. Many, known as "Anusim" ('forced-ones'), continued practicing Judaism in secret while living outwardly as ordinary Christians. The best known Anusim communities were the 10378:"Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands" 10030: 3317:

considered the figure convincing. The figure of seven million within and one million outside the Roman world in the mid-first century became widely accepted, including by

8058:

was defined as a partial, suspe4nded existence, but at the same time it had to be nurtured in order to guarantee the survival of the Jewish people until the Redemption.'

1038: 4004:. Selânik, which is today known as Thessaloniki and found in modern-day Greece, had a large and flourishing Sephardic community as was the community of Maltese Jews in 3222:, enumerated among the provinces of the Jewish diaspora almost all the Hellenized and non-Hellenized countries of the Orient. This enumeration was far from complete as 9878: 4723: 5374:

and they saw the movement as a project to rescue the Jewish nation rather than as a project to only rescue Jews. For them, Zionism was the "Rebirth of the Nation".

11559: 8835: 10376:

Eva Fernández; Alejandro Pérez-Pérez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbón (5 June 2014).

1616: 11979: 11420: 5267: 1271: 966: 11635: 8364:"In the beginning, when the Torah was forgotten by Israel, Ezra came from Babylonia and reestablished it. Later the Torah became forgotten again. Then came 5573: 5557: 3955:

predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen.

3251:, where 10,000 to 18,000 Jews were massacred during the great insurrection. The ancient Jewish philosopher Philo gives the number of Jewish inhabitants in 3040:, was obscure and devoid of political influence. The poorest but most fervent of the exiles returned to Judah / the Land of Israel during the reign of the 3291:

Lucius Valerius Flaccus in the year 62/61 BCE represented the tax of a didrachma per head for a single year, it would imply that the Jewish population of

1158: 4578:

During the history of the Jewish diaspora, Jews who lived in Christian Europe were often attacked by the local Christian population, and they were often

2797:'s reference to the deportation of the Judean elite to Babylonia. Stéphane Dufoix, in surveying the textual evidence, draws the following conclusion: 2366: 10799: 3975:

are Jews whose ancestors lived in Spain or Portugal. Some 300,000 Jews resided in Spain before the Spanish Inquisition in the 15th century, when the

3743:. These groups have parallel histories sharing many cultural similarities as well as a series of massacres, persecutions and expulsions, such as the 2650:. These groups have parallel histories sharing many cultural similarities as well as a series of massacres, persecutions and expulsions, such as the 130: 11520: 13669: 11599: 7217: 4382:

Bukharan Jews are an ethnic group from Central Asia who historically practised Judaism and spoke Bukhori, a dialect of the Tajik-Persian language.

3283:, there were over 7,000 Jews in Rome (though this is only the number that is said to have escorted the envoys who came to demand the deposition of 2705:

though covering a similar semantic range, bear some distinct differences in connotation. The former has no traditional equivalent in Hebrew usage.

1153: 8793: 2869:

In modern times, the contrasting meanings of diaspora/galut have given rise to controversy among Jews. Bowman states this in the following terms,

14059: 10286: 5411:

Rabbi Tzvi Elimelech of Dinov (Bnei Yissaschar, Chodesh Kislev, 2:25) explains that each exile was characterized by a different negative aspect:

4870:, meanwhile, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent. 4257:, most of whom live in Israel, but their exact numbers are not known, because most Karaites have not participated in any religious censuses. The 3414:, or the Great Revolt, a Jewish uprising to fight for independence, which began in 66 CE and was eventually crushed in 73 CE, culminating in the 1401: 10897:"Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry" 3696:

The result of these waves of emigration and expulsion was that the Jewish population of Palestine was reduced to a few thousand by the time the

3015:

rather than a single event. There is no sudden expansion of the population base of 30,000 and no credible indication of any special interest in

4633:

The Samaritans, who comprised a comparatively large group in classical times, now number 745 people, and today they live in two communities in

4300:, the mainstream practice in Israel, which considers the Jews as a closed ethnoreligious community with very strict procedures for conversion. 4227:

of the same era. Karaite Jews hold the entire Hebrew Bible to be a religious authority. As such, the vast majority of Karaites believe in the

12742: 5750: 3984:. Sephardic Jews subsequently migrated to North Africa (Maghreb), Christian Europe (Netherlands, Britain, France and Poland), throughout the 1655: 8516:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities,

8096:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities,

2914: 10946:"Ashkenazi Jewish mtDNA haplogroup distribution varies among distinct subpopulations: lessons of population substructure in a closed group" 9461: 6311: 3752: 2659: 9463:

The European Jews, Patriotism and the Liberal State 1789-1939: A Study of Literature and Social Psychology Routledge Jewish Studies Series

5450:, beauty. This was also related to an appreciation of the intellect's transcendence over the body, which reveals the beauty of the spirit. 3600:. There was still a significant Jewish population there, and Jews probably constituted a majority of the population until some time after 14019: 12472: 12379: 12213: 10015: 4795:. Jews were found to be more closely related to groups in the north of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to Arabs. 4292:

both increased assimilation and a significant influx of non-Jews becoming identified as Jews. The most widespread practice in the U.S is

4168:

in the 6th century CE and during later Muslim conquests in the 7th century CE, which drove the Arab Jewish tribes out of central Arabia.

3946:

for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities" and their intermarriage with Jewish men of Middle Eastern origin.

640: 603: 11766: 10634:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" 9627:

p. 126: "In fact, well before the destruction of the Second Temple (70 CE), more Jews lived in the Diaspora than in the Land of Israel."

3048:

as their center, they organized themselves into a community, animated by a remarkable religious ardor and a tenacious attachment to the

12537: 9947: 5329:. Underlying this attitude was the feeling that the diaspora restricted the full growth of Jewish national life. For instance the poet 3369: 5588:

by the Crusaders and the 18 years of Jordanian rule of eastern Jerusalem, in which Jerusalem's historic Jewish quarter was expelled).

3130:

nation easy prey for the ambitions of the now increasingly autocratic and imperial Romans, the successors of the Seleucids. In 63 BCE

12401: 11617: 7188: 6232: 5785: 5272: 3992:. In the Ottoman Empire, the Sephardim mostly settled in the European portion of the Empire, and mainly in the major cities such as: 3622: 1579: 11211:

Parfitt, Tudor; Hammer, Michael F.; Skorecki, Karl; Villems, Richard (July 2010). "The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people".

3653:. The land gradually came to have an Arab majority as Arab tribes migrated there. Jewish communities initially grew and flourished. 12566: 12457: 12314: 11984: 11951: 7786: 7404:. In general, these populations are shrinking due to low growth rates and high rates of emigration (particularly since the 1960s). 7305: 7017: 5597: 3609: 1602: 3755:. Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as 2757:), translating 'ləza‘ăwāh', whose root suggests 'trouble, terror'. In these contexts it never translated any term in the original 2662:. Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as 14065: 12462: 12452: 12208: 6458: 6119: 5131: 5071: 4838:), estimated that up to 19.8% of the modern population of Iberia and at least 10% of the modern population of Ibero-America, has 3964:

results of the 2013 study led by Costa, Richards et al. that suggested a European source for 3 exclusively Ashkenazi K lineages.

3304: 952: 10034: 8724: 4219:

The differences between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism go back more than a thousand years. Rabbinical Judaism originates from the

3633:, where the Jews were permitted autonomous rule until 617, when the Persians reneged on their alliance. After Byzantine Emperor 13165: 12619: 11689: 11671: 11653: 8751: 5980: 5105: 4035:

are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus, largely originating from the

2359: 1529: 1464: 1346: 9675: 8707:

A Social and Religious History of the Jews, by Salo Wittmayer Baron ... Volume 1 of A Social and Religious History of the Jews

13160: 12367: 12362: 11336: 9922: 9648: 9556: 9411: 8855: 8813: 8495: 8447: 8392: 3809:

dynasty. The Hasmoneans adopted a deliberate policy of imitating and reconstituting the Davidic kingdom, and as part of this

650: 8877: 4261:, though somewhat disputed as the descendants of the ancient Israelites, are widely recognized in Israel as Ethiopian Jews. 3566:

Perhaps three to five million Jews dwelled outside Palestine in the roughly four centuries that stretched from Alexander to

12384: 12095: 8518: 8339: 8155: 8098: 5066: 5021: 5002: 4564:

The Krymchaks are Jewish ethno-religious communities of Crimea derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Orthodox Judaism.

1088: 13069: 11572: 13180: 13175: 12599: 12047: 12029: 11879: 6667: 5051: 1356: 1173: 1163: 403: 9882: 4614:. Many of the Anusim's descendants left Judaism over the years. The results of a genetic study of the population of the 3849:

perhaps being the only exception to merge into the Jewish society under Herodian dynasty and in the following period of

13992: 12869: 12067: 11466: 11458: 9731: 9703: 9681:"the dispersal of the Jews, even in ancient times, was connected with an array of factors, none of them clearly exilic" 9532: 9488: 9444: 8887: 8677: 8484:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud - A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1,

8004: 7992: 7123: 5379: 5351:

In this matter Sternhell distinguishes two schools of thought in Zionism. One was the liberal or utilitarian school of

5221: 4057: 3775: 3169:

addressed the "chosen people," saying: "Every land is full of thee and every sea." The most diverse witnesses, such as

1752: 1702: 1667: 1361: 1226: 1093: 13020: 12874: 11830: 11639: 11323: 11293: 10609: 10499: 9985: 9852: 9758: 9471: 9283: 9021: 8761: 8734: 8689: 8595: 8568: 8415: 8349: 7434:

has stated that he intends to, "support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations." The

7321: 5953: 4579: 4143: 3869:

is a general category of Jewish populations who immigrated to what is now Germany and northeastern France during the

2619:. After four years of devastating warfare, the uprising was suppressed, and Jews were forbidden access to Jerusalem. 2352: 1444: 1406: 1381: 1301: 1286: 1133: 1073: 1028: 4125: 3778:. The worldwide Jewish population (comprising the Middle East and the rest of Europe) was estimated at 1.2 million. 3468:, decided to rebuild the city in 130 CE, and settle it, circumstantial evidence suggesting it was he who renamed it 12929: 12837: 7263: 7094: 6934: 6769: 5308: 4117: 2597: 2565:, in which portions of the population of the Kingdom of Judah were deported in 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE by the 1737: 1719: 1625: 1519: 1371: 1366: 1291: 1256: 1123: 5481:, sovereignty, the lowest Sefirah, which can be received from any of the others, and can act as a medium for them. 14094: 13288: 12372: 12319: 12309: 12223: 12004: 10082:

Grossman, Abraham (1998), "The Sank of Babylon and the Rise of the New Jewish Centers in the 11th Century Europe"

8992: 7781: 7242: 7192: 6205: 6065: 5777: 5262: 3618: 3591: 2255: 2154: 1709: 1692: 1645: 1544: 1454: 1391: 1341: 1321: 1316: 1236: 1210: 1185: 1063: 1053: 1043: 1023: 1018: 12970: 12530: 10466:"Mountain Jews - Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion" 8075: 7791: 7283: 7271: 7267: 7255: 7238: 7234: 7213: 7184: 7049: 6696: 6640: 6536: 6236: 6092: 5897: 5868: 5812: 5723: 5696: 5121: 5100: 5056: 4950: 4121: 1728: 1714: 1682: 1662: 1630: 1574: 1549: 1524: 1504: 1494: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1449: 1439: 1434: 1411: 1326: 1311: 1231: 1190: 1143: 1138: 1058: 1003: 9624: 9240:

Alessandro Galimberti, 'Hadrian, Eleusus, and the Begi nning of Christian Apologetics' in Marco Rizzi (ed.),

9028:, pages 254–256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37–41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the 2905:

thought to the contrary that such a state's function would be to 'sustain Jewish nationhood' in the diaspora.

14071: 13392: 12218: 7275: 7259: 7225: 7209: 6961: 6870: 6841: 6346: 6151: 6038: 6011: 6007: 5839: 5781: 3642: 3061: 2149: 1687: 1672: 1635: 1597: 1569: 1559: 1554: 1539: 1534: 1514: 1499: 1484: 1459: 1425: 1396: 1296: 1281: 1205: 1195: 1113: 1083: 1008: 994: 7959:, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Macmillan Reference (US) 2007, pp. 352–63. 14134: 14002: 13997: 13185: 13170: 12934: 12889: 12634: 12389: 12228: 11974: 11944: 11707: 10683:"Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" 10604:

The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 28.

8541: 8235: 7811: 7412: 7221: 6615: 6561: 6377: 6350: 6342: 6178: 5926: 5277: 5090: 4397: 3325:. Louis Feldman, previously an active supporter of the figure, now states that he and Baron were mistaken. 3208: 3204: 3057: 1757: 1677: 1640: 1564: 1509: 1376: 1351: 1276: 1251: 1241: 1180: 1103: 1098: 1078: 1068: 1048: 1033: 926: 630: 394: 389: 11188: 11111: 7438:

opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the region's founding in 1934. An estimated 75,000 Jews live in

5572:

demonstrated the unity of Israel and their political-military power at that time. Therefore, according to

4446:. As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Black Jews in southern India. The Jewish traveler, 2901:

and his follows thought that the establishment of a Jewish state would put an end to the diasporic exile,

14099: 14084: 12965: 12825: 12238: 12233: 12077: 12057: 11535: 10750:

Nebel Almut; Filon Dvora; Brinkmann Bernd; Majumder Partha P.; Faerman Marina; Oppenheim Ariella (2001).

8067:'Diaspora is a relatively new English word and has no traditional Hebrew equivalent.¹.Howard Wettstein, 7431: 7205: 6404: 5061: 3517: 2983: 2948: 2511: 1747: 1742: 1697: 1650: 1336: 1306: 1266: 1261: 1118: 424: 10632:

Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (12 December 2008).

10465: 9222:

Giovanni Battista Bazzana, 'Bar Kochba’s Revolt and Hadrian’s Religious Policy,’ in Marco Rizzi (ed.),

8842:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 67–70, 14053: 13947: 13598: 13492: 13200: 13133: 12694: 12584: 12019: 12014: 9127: 9108: 8585: 5651: 5191: 4599: 4508:

The Paradesi Jews of Cochin are a community of Sephardic Jews whose ancestors settled among the larger

3612:

against a corrupt governor from 351 to 352 which was put down. In the 5th century, the collapse of the

3533: 3415: 3406: 3391: 3383: 3158: 3118: 2593: 2221: 2066: 1774: 1168: 364: 354: 90: 11738: 5537: 3435: 14169: 14109: 14007: 13987: 13857: 13782: 13642: 13509: 13195: 13155: 12523: 12161: 11366: 10877: 10489: 10056: 9398:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 8834:

Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),

8753:

The Hidden Heritage of Diaspora Judaism: Volume 20 of Contributions to biblical exegesis and theology

7344:, which hosts the largest Jewish population in the world with 7.2 million. Israel is followed by the 5585: 5078: 3666: 3541:

in 135 CE. They also contend it is "misleading" that the expulsion from Judea created the diaspora.

2335: 2028: 1879: 1820: 711: 11902: 11495: 11062:"The Origin of Eastern European Jews Revealed by Autosomal, Sex Chromosomal and mtDNA Polymorphisms" 9590: 2716:) for the outlying communities. It could have two senses in Biblical terms, the idea of becoming a ' 14205: 14089: 13920: 13219: 13094: 9378:

Jewish and Christian Views on Bodily Pleasure: Their Origins and Relevance in the Twentieth-Century

8800:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 2, 8116: 8023: 7978: 7842: 7796: 7408: 5442: 5395:, particularly with regard to the formation of the Khazar Kingdom out of converted gentile tribes. 5201: 5158: 5126: 5083: 4938: 4879: 4228: 4106: 3686: 3685:). Some Jewish immigration from the diaspora subsequently took place, but this came to an end when 2038: 2018: 1128: 608: 149: 11724: 7450: 5419:

was characterized by physical suffering and oppression. The Babylonians were lopsided towards the

14042: 14031: 13625: 13546: 13251: 13150: 13089: 12975: 12948: 12329: 11994: 11989: 11937: 11795: 9342: 9122: 9009: 7801: 4689: 4110: 3720: 3710: 3516:

into villages formerly with a Jewish majority appears to have taken place thereafter. During the

3439: 3382:("Judaea is enslaved/conquered") and leading newly enslaved Jews, while displaying spoils of the 3091: 2627: 2589: 2179: 2169: 2134: 2013: 2003: 1786: 957: 899: 733: 412: 369: 84: 10798:

Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA by Tony Nick Frudakis P:383

14078: 14048: 13111: 12355: 12156: 11387: 9664:

The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History

8612:

The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History

8035: 4412:

who have assimilated into Chinese society while preserving some Jewish traditions and customs.

3902: 3443: 3411: 3355: 2717: 2554: 2452: 2298: 2033: 1947: 1013: 565: 184: 154: 11774: 10001: 9845:

Social and Religious History of the Jews, Volume 3: High Middle Ages: Heirs of Rome and Persia

9663: 9513: 9377: 9337: 9319: 9273: 9178: 8915: 8903: 8611: 8511: 8482: 8405: 8230: 8152: 8111: 8091: 14104: 14025: 13807: 13514: 13397: 13138: 13128: 13121: 13106: 12992: 12427: 12406: 12345: 12340: 12166: 12100: 11767:"Jewish Map of the United States - Comenetz 2011 - [North American Jewish Data Bank]" 10280: 9975: 9961: 9748: 9638: 9361: 9356: 9299: 9241: 9223: 9163: 9141: 9103: 8959: 8467: 8274: 8251: 8168: 8129: 8068: 8038: 7816: 7435: 5231: 4799: 4641:, and they still regard themselves as descendants of the tribes of Ephraim (named by them as 4270: 3850: 3810: 3601: 3351: 3126: 2566: 2189: 2184: 2129: 1917: 832: 560: 547: 442: 159: 17: 11412: 9801: 9050: 8435: 7975: 7348:

with approximately 6.3 million. Other countries with significant Jewish populations include

4248:

from Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East. While a significant portion of

3134:

invaded Jerusalem, the Jewish people lost their political sovereignty and independence, and

14139: 14129: 13632: 12604: 12087: 12072: 11408: 11353: 11220: 10827: 10694: 10242: 10179: 7401: 6802: 5584:

in the millennia since their exile with few exceptions (including the period following the

5301: 5196: 5095: 4654: 3905:(11th–12th centuries) and later during Christian reconquests (13th–15th centuries) and the 3613: 3559: 3460:. Sixty years later, Hadrian, who had been instrumental in the expulsion from Palestine of 3322: 3314: 3187: 2975: 2922: 2729: 2581: 2562: 2519: 2260: 2212: 1952: 1810: 623: 488: 477: 435: 11621: 11139:

Nebel, A; Filon, D; Brinkmann, B; Majumder, PP; Faerman, M; Oppenheim, A (November 2001).

8916:

The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations

4783:, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and 4017: 3608:

in the 4th century. The ban on Jewish settlement in Jerusalem was maintained. There was a

2728:

defines diaspora as a state where people have a dual cultural allegiance, productive of a

2379: 8: 13787: 13755: 13681: 13590: 13536: 13143: 12943: 12677: 12642: 12432: 12272: 12105: 11746: 11531: 11512: 10375: 10354: 10164: 10120: 9196:

Golan, David (1986). "Hadrian's Decision to supplant 'Jerusalem' by 'Aelia Capitolina'".

9105:

A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel,

9037: 5330: 5211: 5175: 4928: 3906: 3723:

which today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the

3200: 3182: 3165:

As early as the middle of the 2nd century BCE the Jewish author of the third book of the

3154: 3147: 3045: 2585: 2542: 2313: 2008: 686: 553: 456: 449: 379: 267: 142: 11445: 11224: 10831: 10698: 10246: 10183: 8660: 2630:

that today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the

14119: 14114: 13925: 13647: 13524: 13519: 13504: 13474: 13427: 13350: 13256: 13116: 12689: 12594: 12561: 12447: 12062: 12042: 11866: 11483: 11244: 11165: 11140: 11088: 11061: 11014: 10989: 10921: 10896: 10850: 10815: 10776: 10751: 10749: 10658: 10633: 10404: 10377: 10329: 10302: 10263: 10230: 10211: 9205: 9146: 8301: 7445: 7424: 7313: 7201: 6266: 5226: 4784: 4447: 4201: 3802: 3744: 3596:

In the 4th century, the Roman Empire split and Palestine came under the control of the

3464:

after his bloody repression of Jews in the diaspora in 117 CE, on visiting the area of

3178: 3041: 3025: 2956: 2918: 2651: 2507: 2427: 2164: 2114: 2061: 2056: 1970: 1840: 1108: 937: 696: 616: 470: 36: 13402: 13278: 9818:"Contemporary Jewry: A Survey of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political Conditions" 9787: 4244:

Jews of Israel comprise an increasingly mixed wide range of Jewish communities making

3470: 2839:

describes Galut as "fundamentally a theological category The modern Hebrew concept of

13903: 13834: 13716: 13701: 13484: 13355: 13320: 12609: 12479: 12350: 12265: 12188: 12151: 12115: 11836: 11826: 11600:"Global Jewish population hits 15,7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel" 11462: 11319: 11289: 11236: 11170: 11116: 11093: 11019: 10967: 10926: 10855: 10781: 10732: 10727: 10682: 10663: 10605: 10495: 10409: 10334: 10268: 10203: 10195: 9981: 9941: 9848: 9754: 9727: 9699: 9644: 9467: 9440: 9407: 9321:

The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations,

9279: 9246: 9228: 9017: 8883: 8851: 8809: 8757: 8730: 8685: 8615: 8591: 8564: 8491: 8443: 8411: 8388: 8345: 8000: 5577: 5569: 5466: 5400: 5388: 4974: 4807: 4772: 4768: 4715: 4615: 4435: 3976: 3768: 3538: 3480: 3166: 3077: 3073: 2971: 2963:. The Jewish proper diaspora began with the Babylonian exile in the 6th century BCE. 2936: 2874: 2675: 2608: 2570: 2308: 2250: 2230: 2047: 1607: 1246: 706: 577: 507: 384: 297: 164: 11908: 11693: 11675: 11657: 10537:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)

10167: 7932: 7905: 4908: 2418: 13969: 13937: 13898: 13869: 13852: 13802: 13603: 13412: 13345: 13298: 13246: 13214: 13205: 13190: 13064: 13039: 13015: 12899: 12830: 12747: 12614: 12260: 12146: 12141: 12120: 12052: 11999: 11516: 11248: 11228: 11160: 11152: 11141:"The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East" 11083: 11073: 11042: 11009: 11001: 10957: 10916: 10908: 10873: 10845: 10835: 10771: 10763: 10752:"The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East" 10722: 10712: 10702: 10653: 10645: 10399: 10389: 10324: 10314: 10258: 10250: 10215: 10187: 9908:

Goitein, S.D. "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders."

9399: 9324: 9306: 9183: 8843: 8801: 8507: 8478: 8365: 8256:

State of Israel, Diaspora, and Jewish Continuity: Essays on the "ever-dying People,

8247: 8173: 8043: 7711: 7620: 7301: 5416: 5325:, the rejection of life in the diaspora is a central assumption in all currents of 5170: 5153: 4945: 4831: 4587: 4297: 4288: 4180: 4036: 3894: 3890: 3682: 3597: 3114: 3037: 3011: 2994: 2967: 2851: 2616: 2515: 2278: 2159: 2119: 2083: 1781: 1331: 842: 598: 502: 417: 307: 99: 10451: 9926: 9564: 9403: 9159: 9100: 8847: 8805: 8054:

was seen as basically negative, explained in terms of sin and punishment. Life in

4470:." These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in 2854:, who to some degree argued for the acceptance of the Jewish presence outside the 2522:

during the 6th century BCE. While in exile, the Judahites became known as "Jews" (

13879: 13874: 13686: 13613: 13446: 13417: 13340: 13330: 13293: 13268: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13059: 13054: 13044: 13029: 12820: 12737: 12662: 12652: 12422: 12252: 12176: 12171: 10840: 10394: 10319: 10231:"A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages" 9817: 8979: 8938: 8563:. Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 120. 8369: 8318: 8134:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1,

7910: 7297: 6899: 5565: 5462: 5322: 5294: 4960: 4892: 4867: 4780: 4533: 4501: 4475: 4275: 4254: 4192: 4176: 3981: 3878: 3748: 3719:, due to increasing geographical dispersion and re-settlement, Jews divided into 3678: 3521: 3403: 3284: 3280: 3094:

subsequently emancipated the Jews taken to Egypt as captives and settled them in

3086: 3072:

of a colony of Jewish mercenaries, a military class that successively served the

3029: 2998: 2836: 2655: 2553:

with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, concluding a three-year siege of

2443: 2423: 2240: 2199: 2194: 2174: 2096: 2090: 2023: 1975: 1815: 1796: 676: 588: 571: 115: 11672:"Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic" 11656:. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. November 15, 2004. Archived from 10816:"Counting the Founders: The Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora" 9625:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1

8643:

E. Mary Smallwood (2008) "The Diaspora in the Roman period before A.D. 70." In:

8587:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1

4308: 2434:

from a later period: 'they that carried us away captive required of us a song'.)

14210: 14183: 14158: 13979: 13886: 13844: 13824: 13812: 13792: 13706: 13696: 13664: 13657: 13637: 13608: 13580: 13575: 13541: 13451: 13375: 13365: 13303: 13101: 13049: 12960: 12955: 12717: 12712: 12647: 12576: 12442: 12110: 12009: 11960: 10912: 10649: 9612: 9029: 8487: 8148: 7971: 7806: 7772: 7758: 7628: 7357: 5506: 5392: 5360: 5252: 4983: 4791:

have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern

4735: 4703: 4658: 4529: 4525: 4293: 4061: 3985: 3866: 3798: 3756: 3697: 3626: 3579: 3555: 3135: 3017: 3007: 2987: 2855: 2794: 2725: 2663: 2600:

in 70 CE. During the siege, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and most of

2538: 2496: 2340: 2139: 1994: 1874: 1853: 1830: 1825: 1803: 1791: 1386: 867: 801: 766: 744: 681: 519: 497: 359: 338: 314: 80: 62: 11674:. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. August 30, 2004. Archived from 11005: 10429:"Spain invites descendants of Sephardic Jews expelled 500 years ago to return" 4590:, although they existed throughout Europe. In the centuries since the rise of 2754: 14199: 13952: 13797: 13724: 13531: 13465: 13438: 13387: 13335: 13308: 13283: 13273: 13034: 12980: 12914: 12894: 12884: 12879: 12852: 12798: 12727: 12672: 12467: 10355:"No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews" 10199: 10100: 9552: 9392:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 7887: 7706: 7693: 7680: 7654: 7615: 7602: 7589: 7563: 7555: 7550: 7524: 7498: 7477: 7472: 7345: 7309: 7251: 6315: 5536: with: Requires quotes from early Christian theologians. You can help by 5494: 5486: 5474: 5396: 5352: 5148: 5031: 5016: 4965: 4923: 4839: 4827: 4776: 4739: 4672:("Children of Israel" or "Israelites"), but they do not regard themselves as 4583: 4545: 4491: 4377: 4335: 4284: 4188: 4085: 4073: 4069: 4049: 3989: 3972: 3914: 3898: 3662: 3544: 3492: 3461: 3446:(37–41) was the "first open break between Rome and the Jews". Meanwhile, the 3373: 3365: 3318: 3288: 3227: 3107: 2944: 2898: 2863: 2844: 2740: 2708: 2577: 2558: 2288: 2283: 1489: 1416: 942: 791: 786: 781: 771: 749: 701: 463: 302: 207: 169: 120: 11840: 11737:

Aronson, Janet Krasner; Brookner, Matthew A.; Saxe, Leonard (October 2021).

10962: 10945: 10944:

Feder, Jeanette; Ovadia, Ofer; Glaser, Benjamin; Mishmar, Dan (April 2007).

9788:"The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of the Roman Dominion" 8276:

Converging Alternatives: The Bund and the Zionist Labor Movement, 1897-1985,

5367:

would never disappear and they saw Zionism as a rational solution for Jews.

4223:

of the Second Temple period. Karaite Judaism may have its origins among the

3771:

between Sephardim and Ashkenazim from the late Roman period to the present.

3098:, or specialized colonies, as Jewish military units. Jews began settling in 2678:

between Sephardim and Ashkenazim from the late Roman period to the present.

13932: 13729: 13691: 13652: 13241: 12985: 12924: 12904: 12864: 12847: 12815: 12803: 12764: 12682: 12657: 12504: 12125: 11692:. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. May 24, 2004. Archived from 11638:. Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS. June 1, 2007. Archived from 11240: 11174: 11097: 11078: 11023: 10971: 10930: 10859: 10785: 10736: 10707: 10667: 10413: 10338: 10303:"Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture" 10272: 10207: 9124:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,

8040:

Explorations in Jewish Historical Experience: The Civilizational Dimension,

7594: 7381: 7325: 6491: 5490: 5458: 5364: 5282: 5206: 5163: 5036: 5026: 5011: 4883: 4863: 4764: 4743: 4719: 4694: 4677: 4595: 4474:

beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries. They are known to have developed

4459: 4431: 4391: 4361: 4249: 4065: 4053: 4032: 3997: 3886: 3736: 3690: 3605: 3574: 3310: 3065: 2894: 2829:(exile), a term with strongly negative connotations, often contrasted with 2762: 2643: 2503: 2318: 2144: 1985: 1980: 1938: 1891: 985: 852: 837: 796: 761: 374: 216: 11046: 9396:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

8840:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

8798:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

8436:""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return" 7737: 2825:

and post-Talmudic Rabbinic literature, this phenomenon was referred to as

2753:(‘thou shalt be a diaspora (or dispersion) in all kingdoms of the earth’, 2592:. The Judean population revolted against the Roman Empire in 66 CE in the 13942: 13457: 13382: 13360: 13263: 12857: 12786: 12781: 12769: 12759: 9719: 9691: 9528: 9432: 7503: 7420: 7416: 6930: 6588: 5465:. The Romans and the various nations who inherited their rule (e.g., the 5384: 5370:

The other was the organic nationalist school. It was prevalent among the

4855: 4847: 4843: 4811: 4779:), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly 4699: 4509: 4439: 4427: 4421: 4318: 4258: 4184: 4045: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3874: 3870: 3740: 3716: 3548: 3500: 3484: 3276: 2979: 2960: 2647: 2623: 2303: 2245: 1910: 816: 811: 806: 776: 11870: 11857:

Feldman, Louis H. (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine".

11562:

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved on 2013-11-13

11232: 10191: 8305: 8292:

Jakobovits, Immanuel (1982). "Religious Responses to Jewish Statehood".

5525: 3360: 14036: 13743: 13325: 12919: 12667: 12589: 12484: 12037: 11573:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide | The Jewish Agency" 10528:

Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998

10254: 10016:"Jewish & Non-Jewish Population of Israel/Palestine (1517-Present)" 9209: 8879:

Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History, Enhanced, Volume I: 1

8279: 7329: 7317: 5356: 5041: 4988: 4752: 4662: 4628: 4349: 4041: 3842: 3826: 3650: 3513: 3331: 3256: 3106:

identified Jews as one of the four main groups residing in the city of

2952: 2902: 2744: 2576:

A Jewish diaspora existed for several centuries before the fall of the

2488: 1961: 975: 904: 862: 691: 671: 230: 137: 57: 11850:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diasporaː Origins, Experiences, and Culture

10808: 10806: 10566:(ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65 9977:

Reclaiming Israel's History: Roots, Rights, and the Struggle for Peace

9300:'The Roman State and Jewish Diaspora Communities in the Antonine Age,' 8680:. In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein; William Horbury (eds.). 8512:'Jewish Diaspora in the Greek World, The Principles of Acculturation,' 8092:'Jewish Diaspora in the Greek World: The Principles of Acculturation,' 7995:. In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein; William Horbury (eds.). 3495:. There was a further shift of the center of religious authority from 3295:

numbered 45,000 adult males, for a total of at least 180,000 persons.

2978:) and the deportation of a considerable portion of its inhabitants to 13957: 13422: 13313: 13224: 12842: 12776: 12277: 12181: 11454: 11037:

Katsnelson, Alla (3 June 2010). "Jews worldwide share genetic ties".

8630:

Hegermann, Harald (2008) "The Diaspora in the Hellenistic Age." In:

7698: 7685: 7542: 7490: 7373: 7361: 5581: 5498: 4760: 4759:" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the 4638: 4559: 4497: 4479: 4323: 4224: 4220: 4165: 4011:

A small number of Sephardic refugees who fled via the Netherlands as

3818: 3806: 3760: 3728: 3724: 3646: 3634: 3630: 3629:

prior to modern times. Jewish rebels aided the Persians in capturing

3488: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3338: 3268: 3264: 3236: 3231: 3215: 3122: 3099: 3069: 2940: 2736: 2721: 2667: 2635: 2631: 2601: 2550: 2431: 2124: 2109: 1199: 1147: 909: 857: 847: 528: 524: 514: 429: 189: 12793: 10717: 5564:, and by extension as an affirmation of the Christians as God's new 4187:. They are distinguished by the form of Judaism which they observe. 4095: 877: 13676: 13618: 13563: 13558: 13229: 12515: 12437: 12297: 11156: 10803: 10767: 8928: 8136: 7724: 7464: 7428: 7293: 6990: 6926: 6724: 4993: 4859: 4823: 4792: 4731: 4430:, with possible roots that are claimed to date back to the time of 4357: 4353: 4345: 4205: 4021: 3993: 3882: 3846: 3838: 3830: 3822: 3814: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3292: 3248: 3219: 3196: 3095: 3082: 2859: 2687: 2293: 1903: 1835: 666: 174: 125: 8833: 8682:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3

7997:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3

7766: 3625:. It was the last serious attempt by Jews to gain autonomy in the 3113:

While communities in Alexandria and Rome dated back to before the

2915:

Elephantine papyri and ostraca § Jewish temple at Elephantine

2626:, due to increasing migration and resettlement, Jews divided into 13891: 13775: 13770: 13760: 13748: 13568: 13553: 13497: 13432: 13407: 13370: 13234: 12909: 12808: 12732: 12624: 12550: 12292: 12287: 11929: 11620:. Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. October 8, 2004. Archived from 10588:

Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue",

9560: 9033: 8941:. 1.0.2 – via PACE: Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement. 8217: 7659: 7646: 7568: 7439: 7397: 7393: 7369: 7279: 6814: 6806: 6798: 5561: 5478: 5447: 5424: 5420: 5326: 5143: 4955: 4748: 4707: 4603: 4467: 4401: 4209: 4156: 4012: 3813:

their neighbours in the Land of Israel. The conversions included

3504: 3244: 3033: 2927: 2847: 2612: 2546: 2478: 2269: 2235: 2104: 1898: 887: 882: 754: 645: 540: 536: 532: 281: 276: 253: 235: 110: 105: 95: 73: 48: 11711: 10073:

Ben-Jacob, Abraham (1985), "The History of the Babylonian Jews".

8410:. Leiden: Brill. p. 112 (Cyrus edict section pp. 111–131). 4528:(i.e. Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned to speak 3704: 13962: 13829: 13765: 12394: 12302: 12282: 11708:"Jewish Temples – World Jewish Population and Temple Directory" 11654:"Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community" 11349: 11284:

E. Schweid, "Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist Thought", in

11209: 10166:

Michael F. Hammer; Karl Skorecki; Richard Villems (July 2010).

9960:

Kedar, Benjamin Z., Phillips, Jonathan, Riley-Smith, Jonathan:

9358:

Land, Center and Diaspora: Jewish Constructs in Late Antiquity,

9153: 9121:

William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

7821: 7732: 7719: 7672: 7667: 7641: 7633: 7607: 7576: 7537: 7511: 7485: 7459: 7385: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7349: 7341: 6431: 5470: 5436: 5431: 5371: 5257: 5247: 5046: 4900: 4873: 4835: 4815: 4803: 4756: 4634: 4611: 4607: 4573: 4520: 4513: 4471: 4463: 4451: 4443: 4426:

Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews, are the oldest group of

4245: 4213: 4196: 3732: 3671: 3395: 3279:

must also have been large. At the commencement of the reign of

3272: 3192: 3170: 3131: 3103: 2822: 2758: 2639: 2506:, the term "Exile" denotes the fate of the Israelites who were 2499:) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe. 1929: 1924: 1884: 1869: 980: 872: 292: 258: 244: 179: 11264:"Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews" 10299: 8993:"Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews" 8464:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period,

2588:, and in Rome itself. In 6 CE the region was organized as the 13913: 13908: 13862: 13817: 13738: 13733: 12997: 12752: 12722: 11865:. Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion: 1–23. 10630: 9536: 8944: 8238:, 1990 p.129:'Galut is fundamentally a theological category.' 7581: 7529: 7516: 5591: 5502: 5216: 5136: 4851: 4819: 4711: 4650: 4610:, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually 4591: 4409: 4405: 4160: 4005: 4001: 3919: 3834: 3764: 3567: 3496: 3399: 3326: 3252: 3240: 3223: 3174: 3049: 2858:

as a modern reality and an inevitability. The Greek term for

2831: 2748: 2747:, where it occurs 14 times, starting with a passage reading: 2671: 892: 321: 225: 194: 9679:(Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, Oxford University Press 2009) pp. 17–18 9304:

Jewish and Christian Communal Identities in the Roman World,

3677:

Relief for the Jewish population of Palestine came when the

3427:

Josephus wrote that 30,000 Jews were deported from Judea to

3402:

as traders. In 37 BCE, the forces of the Jewish client king

14012: 12546: 11138: 10812: 10494:

by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27.

8258: 8232:

Exploring Jewish Ethics: Papers on Covenant Responsibility,

7389: 6810: 5510: 5454: 4365: 3654: 3585: 3438:

began is a question of scholarly debate, however historian

3117:, the population in the Jewish diaspora expanded after the 3002: 2701:, which entered usage as late as 1876, and the Hebrew word 2492: 44: 10351: 3881:. There is evidence that groups of Jews had immigrated to 10228: 9180:

The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE,

9082: 4341: 3786:

After the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, Judah (

3681:

defeated the Crusaders and conquered Palestine (see 1187

3263:

To judge by the later accounts of wholesale massacres in

2997:

after the Neo-Babylonian Empire was in turn conquered by

2697:), two conditions which were conflated. The English term 10983: 10981: 10943: 10615: 10511:

Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.)

8904:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period

2843:תפוצות, "scattered", was introduced in the 1930s by the 2817:

belongs, not to the domain of history, but of theology.'

2735:

The Greek word διασπορά (dispersion) first appears as a

10894: 10452:"Karaite FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Karaism" 9615:, "Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans", pages 2-3) 2615:, a revolt connected with the renaming of Jerusalem as 2514:

during the 8th century BCE, and the Judahites from the

10554:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107. 9640:

The Rise of Israel: A History of a Revolutionary State

8749: 8514:

in Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian Skoggard (eds.)

8094:

in Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, Ian Skoggard (eds.)

3199:, all mention Jewish populations in the cities of the 11421:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum

10978: 10541:, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80. 9070: 8655: 8653: 4718:, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as 4179:

are Jews who used to live mostly in Egypt, Iraq, and

3064:, apparently with the settlement there, either under 2482: 10680: 10526:

India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle,

9832:

A History of Palestine from 135 A.D. to Modern Times

8704: 7917: 7748: 4661:, sometimes in important ways, and less so from the 3913:

ancestry with other Jewish groups and Ashkenazi and

3792: 3313:

gave a figure of 6,944,000 Jews in the Roman world.

2541:, the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel begun by 2529: 2472: 2457: 1908: 1889: 312: 11739:"2020 Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Population Study" 11736: 11718: 10550:

Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)

10515:, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212. 10091:

Frishman, Asher (2008), "The First Asheknazi Jews".

9698:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. 9439:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–4. 8385:

History of the Jewish People: The Second Temple Era

8073:

Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity,

10552:Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture 10427: 8960:Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity 8650: 8634:, Vol. 2. Eds.: Davies and Finkelstein.PP. 115–166 8583: 8337: 3641:In 638, Palestine came under Muslim rule with the 2881:In Zionist debates a distinction was made between 11534:: North American Jewish Data Bank. Archived from 9134: 9043: 8675: 7990: 7427:, says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city. 5387:argued that the formation of the "Jewish-Israeli 3211:for pre-Roman (and post-) diasporic populations. 14197: 11921:on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner 11636:"From Tractors to Torah in Russia's Jewish Land" 11059: 10168:"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people" 9726:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. 8776: 8722: 7340:As of 2023, about 8.5 million Jews live outside 3044:(c. 550–330 BCE). There, with the reconstructed 2877:is closely connected with the concept of galut.’ 2681: 11255: 10988:Ostrer, Harry; Skorecki, Karl (February 2013). 10687:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10621:Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973 10600: 10598: 10491:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities 10136: 10134: 9480: 9143:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine, 8678:"The Diaspora in the Roman period before CE 70" 8170:The Dispersion: A History of the Word Diaspora, 7993:"The Diaspora in the Roman period before CE 70" 5439:, attraction and kindness (albeit to the self). 5342:If seed like this is withered in its soil. ... 4279:European Jewish immigrants arriving in New York 3649:, the majority of the population was Jewish or 2982:, the Jews had two principal cultural centers: 10990:"The population genetics of the Jewish people" 10987: 9724:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora 9696:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora 9459: 9437:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora 8438:. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). 8344:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 61–62. 3255:as one million, one-eighth of the population. 12531: 11945: 11403: 11401: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10121:"New Light on Origins of Ashkenazi in Europe" 9750:An Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations 9390:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 8999:. August 6, 2012 – via www.reuters.com. 8333: 8331: 8153:'Diasporic Philosophy and Counter-Education,' 5399:, then dean of the humanities faculty of the 5302: 4454:(Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his 3873:and until modern times used to adhere to the 3841:. Attempts were also made to incorporate the 3774:By 1764 there were about 750,000 Jews in the 3705:Post-Roman period Jewish diaspora populations 3390:Roman rule in Judea began in 63 BCE with the 3141: 2495:out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the 2360: 11511: 10595: 10131: 8792:Katz, Steven (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 8626: 8624: 8407:Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah 5391:" had inculcated a "period of silencing" in 5340:How burned, how blasted must our portion be, 5338:And my heart weeps for my unhappy people ... 4842:ancestry within the last few centuries. The 4496:Paradesi Jews are mainly the descendants of 4462:and the prophets, and to a small extent the 4344:from the eastern and northern slopes of the 3787: 2769: 2523: 2467: 14020:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 11820: 11553: 10743: 10369: 10285:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 10094: 10031:"Timeline: Jewish life in Poland from 1098" 9339:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 8718: 8716: 8442:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. 8440:Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period 8142: 4124:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3801:. This status continued into the following 3377: 2862:(διασπορά) also appears three times in the 604:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12538: 12524: 11952: 11938: 11909:World Jewish Congress – Jewish Communities 11398: 11036: 10153: 9380:, p. 148 (2018), Wipf and Stock Publishers 9312: 8906:, p.168 (1984), Cambridge University Press 8669: 8647:, Volume 3. Editors Davis and Finkelstein. 8429: 8427: 8328: 8291: 5592:Historical comparison of Jewish population 5576:, the Jewish exile only started after the 5309: 5295: 4802:origin (those who are descendants of the " 4657:, which differs in some respects from the 3753:expulsion from Arab countries in 1948–1973 3370:Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish People 3334:from Jews both in and outside of Israel. 2931:Routes of Jewish expulsion and deportation 2660:expulsion from Arab countries in 1948–1973 2549:in 733 BCE. This process was completed by 2367: 2353: 11507: 11505: 11164: 11087: 11077: 11013: 10961: 10920: 10866: 10849: 10839: 10775: 10726: 10716: 10706: 10657: 10539:Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement 10403: 10393: 10328: 10318: 10262: 9806:, p. 9 (1997). Cambridge University Press 9657: 9591:"Book Calls Jewish People an 'Invention'" 9547: 9545: 9372: 9370: 9198:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 8709:. Columbia University Press. p. 132. 8621: 8558: 8472: 8086: 8084: 5273:Demographic history of Palestine (region) 5268:History of the Jews in the Land of Israel 4649:). Samaritans adhere to a version of the 4144:Learn how and when to remove this message 3298: 2750:ἔση διασπορὰ ἐν πάσαις βασιλείαις τῆς γῆς 12567:Index of Jewish history-related articles 11877: 11823:New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora 11439: 11437: 11382: 11380: 11189:"Jews Are a 'Race,' Genes Reveal –" 10872: 10579:. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew) 10114: 10112: 9507: 9453: 9088: 8726:Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities 8713: 8269: 8267: 8021:Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans, 7984: 7787:Historical Jewish population comparisons 5598:Historical Jewish population comparisons 5516: 4396:The Kaifeng Jews are members of a small 4307: 4274: 3727:of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the 3586:Byzantine, Islamic, and Crusader periods 3456:had been left in ruins from the time of 3359: 3138:subjected the Jewish people to tribute. 2926: 2793:in 15 passages, and first occurs in the 2724:, and connotes a sense of uprootedness. 2634:of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the 2417: 2378: 14066:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 12703: 11856: 11847: 11825:. New York: New York University Press. 11821:Aviv, Caryn S.; Schneer, David (2005). 11443: 11413:"Distribution of the Jews in the World" 11288:, ed. By Reinharz & Shapira, 1996, 10143:"Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity" 9775:The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule 9746: 9636: 9517:(Howard Adelman, Elazar Barkan, p. 159) 9495:. The Times Literary Supplement Limited 9486: 9076: 9036:' heyday and the trouble caused by the 8875: 8770: 8743: 8577: 8433: 8424: 8130:‘Diaspora, Exile, and Jewish Identity,’ 7976:Diaspora: Jews Amidst Greeks and Romans 5406: 4946:Jews who remained in the Land of Israel 3345: 3305:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 2561:. The next experience of exile was the 14: 14198: 11594: 11592: 11502: 11407: 11261: 11053: 10901:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10756:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10638:The American Journal of Human Genetics 10222: 9946:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 9551: 9542: 9367: 9330: 9271: 9112:coastal plain of the southern Levant." 8869: 8387:p.143, Mesorah Publications, New York 8368:the Babylonian and reestablished it." 8341:Religions of the Hellenistic-Roman Age 8081: 4798:The studies also show that persons of 12519: 11933: 11798:. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/. 2013 11434: 11388:"STATISTICS - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 11377: 11112:"Did Modern Jews Originate in Italy?" 10569: 10109: 10028: 9847:. Columbia University Press. p. 237. 9815: 9718: 9690: 9431: 9389: 9195: 8882:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 262. 8698: 8519:Springer Science & Business Media 8264: 8156:Springer Science & Business Media 8099:Springer Science & Business Media 7857:. A Hebrew-based variant spelling is 7449:guesses." The source cited here, the 7289: 7247: 5513:, he will not exile you (any)more" . 4516:, a coastal southern state of India. 3483:(132–136 CE), assisted, according to 2908: 2580:in 70 CE. The Jewish diaspora in the 12545: 12096:Timeline of the Second Temple period 11925:The Diaspora and Israel – Rich Cohen 10513:Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora 10359:Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints 10140: 10118: 9973: 9747:Kessler, Edward (18 February 2010). 9677:The Ten Lost Tribes: A World History 9583: 9487:GOODMAN, MARTIN (26 February 2010). 8927: 8791: 8659:Jacobs, Joseph and Schulim, Oscher: 7845:- or Yiddish-based variants include 7230: 7197: 7180: 5520: 5489:commemorates the destruction of the 4622: 4122:adding citations to reliable sources 4089: 3621:, which broke out in 614 during the 3267:, the number of Jewish residents in 11589: 11060:Zoossmann-Diskin, Avshalom (2010). 10564:The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela 10119:Wade, Nicholas (January 14, 2006). 9383: 9051:"DIASPORA - JewishEncyclopedia.com" 8836:"The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce" 8785: 8756:. Peeters Publishers. p. 202. 8542:"Egypt Virtual Jewish History Tour" 7451:2010 World Jewish Population Survey 4668:The Samaritans consider themselves 3788: 3781: 2770: 2524: 2468: 2447: 27:Dispersion of Jews around the globe 24: 14013:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 13993:American Jewish Historical Society 11980:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 11959: 11725:World Jewish Population Study 2010 11690:"Planting Jewish roots in Siberia" 11618:"A Jewish revival in Birobidzhan?" 11459:The Jewish People Policy Institute 10950:European Journal of Human Genetics 10229:M. D. Costa and 16 others (2013). 9533:The Invention of the Jewish People 9038:census after Archelaus' banishment 9032:empire. Until then—if one accepts 9016:, Harvard University Press, 1976, 8827: 8779:Judaism And Hellenism Reconsidered 8729:. Routledge. London and New york. 8552: 7955:Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. "Galut." 5380:The Invention of the Jewish People 5222:Ministry of Aliyah and Integration 4874:Zionist "negation of the Diaspora" 4683: 3503:in the western Galilee, where the 25: 14222: 11896: 11528:Current Jewish Population Reports 4645:) and Manasseh (named by them as 4580:forced to convert to Christianity 4434:. The Cochin Jews settled in the 3967: 3918:in 70 CE, to Italy, reaching the 3861: 395:Historical population comparisons 14177: 14164: 14163: 11913:Research and articles about the 11788: 11759: 11730: 11700: 11682: 11664: 11646: 11628: 11610: 11565: 11359: 11343: 11329: 11308: 11299: 11278: 11262:Begley, Sharon (6 August 2012). 11203: 11181: 11132: 11104: 11030: 10937: 10888: 10792: 10674: 10624: 10582: 10557: 10544: 10531: 10518: 10505: 10483: 10458: 10444: 10440:from the original on 2022-01-12. 10420: 10345: 10293: 10085: 10076: 10067: 10049: 10033:. Jewish Journal. Archived from 10022: 10008: 9994: 9967: 9954: 9915: 9902: 9897:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 9866:A History of Palestine: 634–1099 9803:A History of Palestine, 634–1099 9777:, Jerusalem 1984 chapters XI–XII 9637:Adelman, Jonathan (2008-03-25). 9597:. November 23, 2009. p. 2. 9278:. Associated University Presse. 8645:The Cambridge History of Judaism 8632:The Cambridge History of Judaism 8584:Mark Avrum Ehrlich, ed. (2009). 8321:Student's History of the Hebrews 8113:Being Jewish in the New Germany, 7765: 7751: 7731: 7718: 7705: 7692: 7679: 7666: 7653: 7640: 7627: 7614: 7601: 7588: 7575: 7562: 7549: 7536: 7523: 7510: 7497: 7484: 7471: 7458: 5524: 4907: 4539: 4485: 4371: 4329: 4264: 4094: 4079: 3901:exiled from Spain, first during 3617:slaves. The 7th century saw the 1039:Democratic Republic of the Congo 953:Historical population by country 12310:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 12068:Judah's revolts against Babylon 11848:Ehrlich, M. Avrum, ed. (2009). 11813: 11796:"Brazil – Modern-Day Community" 11521:"World Jewish Population, 2010" 10141:Wade, Nicholas (June 9, 2010). 9889: 9871: 9858: 9837: 9824: 9809: 9794: 9780: 9767: 9740: 9712: 9684: 9669: 9630: 9618: 9605: 9521: 9425: 9349: 9292: 9265: 9252: 9234: 9216: 9189: 9171: 9165:The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered 9115: 9094: 9061: 9026:The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula 9003: 8985: 8965: 8952: 8921: 8909: 8896: 8750:Leonard Victor Rutgers (1998). 8637: 8604: 8534: 8524: 8501: 8456: 8397: 8377: 8358: 8312: 8285: 8241: 8223: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8161: 8122: 8104: 8061: 7782:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 4385: 4239: 4171: 4027: 3619:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 3592:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 14085:Relations with other religions 9753:. Cambridge University Press. 9014:A History of the Jewish People 8684:. Cambridge University Press. 8076:University of California Press 8029: 8013: 7999:. Cambridge University Press. 7965: 7961:Gale Virtual Reference Library 7949: 7925: 7911:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 7898: 7880: 7835: 7792:Homeland for the Jewish people 5122:Revival of the Hebrew language 4951:Homeland for the Jewish people 4415: 4360:. They are the descendants of 4312:Expulsion of French Jews, 1182 4303: 4208:(codified and recorded in the 3988:and even the newly discovered 3856: 3799:province of the Persian empire 3776:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3745:expulsion from England in 1290 3689:took over Palestine (see 1291 3376:of Roman soldiers celebrating 3364:Copy of relief panel from the 3062:last century of pharaonic rule 2718:guiding light unto the nations 2652:expulsion from England in 1290 13: 1: 14072:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11905:at the JewishEncyclopedia.com 11880:"When Palestine Meant Israel" 9912:3 (1952), pp. 162–177, pg 163 9879:"HISTORY: Foreign Domination" 9843:Salo Wittmayer Baron (1957). 9493:The Times Literary Supplement 9404:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 9150:Jewish people and that land.' 8848:10.1017/chol9780521772488.004 8806:10.1017/chol9780521772488.002 8705:Salo Wittmayer Baron (1937). 8220:) 41a, ref. "Assur l'adam..." 8069:'Coming to Terms with Exile.' 7868: 4234: 3811:forcibly converted to Judaism 3643:Muslim conquest of the Levant 2682:Origins and uses of the terms 610:Christianity and Judaism 14003:Leo Baeck Institute New York 13998:American Sephardi Federation 12390:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 11316:The Founding Myths of Israel 10841:10.1371/journal.pone.0002062 10395:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401 10320:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316 10029:Ulman, Jane (June 7, 2007). 8546:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 8521:, 2004 pp.192ff. pp.192-193. 8404:Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). 8403: 8236:Wayne State University Press 8132:in M. Avrum Ehrlich (ed.), 7873: 7812:Jewish population by country 7047: 6722: 6489: 6264: 5649: 5427:, strength and bodily might. 5278:Historical Jewish population 4553: 4159:are Jews who were living in 3825:, the peoples of the former 3749:expulsion from Spain in 1492 3209:History of the Jews in China 3205:History of the Jews in India 2656:expulsion from Spain in 1492 2426:: Judahites from Lachish in 7: 12826:Constantinopolitan Karaites 11884:Biblical Archaeology Review 11859:Hebrew Union College Annual 9302:in Yair Furstenberg (ed.), 9272:Dubnov, Simon (June 1980). 9243:Hadrian and the Christians, 9225:Hadrian and the Christians, 8559:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). 8338:Antonia Tripolitis (2002). 8071:in Howard Wettstein (ed.) 7918: 7744: 7432:Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov 7413:Autonomous Oblast of Russia 5132:Hebraization of place names 4442:, now part of the state of 3793: 3518:Crisis of the Third Century 3125:princes, who were at first 2966:After the overthrow of the 2530: 2483: 2473: 2458: 2383:Map of the Jewish diaspora. 1909: 1890: 1617:Latin America and Caribbean 313: 10: 14227: 14054:National Library of Israel 12695:Zionism, race and genetics 11392:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 11337:"Lessons from the Dreidel" 11286:Essential Papers on Zionsm 10913:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 10650:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 10002:"Ottoman Rule (1517-1917)" 9128:Cambridge University Press 9109:Princeton University Press 9055:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 8945: 8676:E. Mary Smallwood (1984). 8325:, Abingdon Press, New York 8252:'On the concept of Galut,' 7991:E. Mary Smallwood (1984). 7122: 7093: 7016: 6989: 6960: 6925: 6898: 6869: 6840: 6797: 6768: 6695: 6666: 6639: 6614: 6587: 6560: 6535: 6457: 6430: 6403: 6376: 6341: 6310: 6231: 6204: 6177: 6150: 6118: 6091: 6064: 6037: 6006: 5979: 5952: 5925: 5896: 5867: 5838: 5811: 5776: 5749: 5722: 5695: 5595: 5192:World Zionist Organization 4877: 4687: 4626: 4600:forced to convert to Islam 4594:, many Jews living in the 4571: 4557: 4543: 4489: 4419: 4389: 4375: 4333: 4268: 4083: 3708: 3589: 3349: 3302: 3145: 3142:Early diaspora populations 2993:Deportees returned to the 2912: 2749: 2739:in the translation of the 2685: 2609:Bar Kokhba led a rebellion 2596:, which culminated in the 2222:Jewish political movements 1919:Conversion to Judaism 14152: 14008:Yeshiva University Museum 13988:Center for Jewish History 13978: 13843: 13715: 13589: 13483: 13014: 12633: 12575: 12557: 12495: 12415: 12328: 12251: 12199: 12134: 12086: 12028: 11967: 11919:Israel-Diaspora relations 11191:. Forward.com. 4 May 2012 11006:10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6 10878:"Is There a Jewish Gene?" 10018:. Jewish Virtual Library. 9964:, p. 82 (2016), Routledge 9910:Journal of Jewish Studies 9666:: Gruen, Erich S., p. 285 9231:, 2010 pp.85-109 p.89-91. 8777:Louis H. Feldman (2006). 8723:John R. Bartlett (2002). 8561:The Jews under Roman Rule 8151:in Ilan Gur-Ze'ev (ed.), 5586:Siege of Jerusalem (1099) 4567: 3537:the Jewish defeat during 3499:, as rabbis regrouped in 625:Hinduism and Judaism 12600:Ancient Israel and Judah 12320:Revolt against Heraclius 12048:Ancient Israel and Judah 12030:Ancient Israel and Judah 11878:Jacobson, David (2001), 11444:Fischer, Shlomo (2011). 11417:Vatican Diplomatic Files 10882:New York Review of Books 9557:"Inventing an invention" 9067:Galimnberti, 2010, p.73. 8946:Ἀράβων τε τοὺς πορρωτάτω 8117:Rutgers University Press 8024:Harvard University Press 7979:Harvard University Press 7828: 7797:Jewish Agency for Israel 7409:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 7335: 5443:Hellenistic civilization 5202:Jewish Agency for Israel 5127:Hebraization of surnames 4880:Negation of the Diaspora 4229:resurrection of the dead 3721:distinct regional groups 3309:The 13th-century author 3058:Jewish diaspora in Egypt 2628:distinct regional groups 2598:destruction of Jerusalem 2590:Roman province of Judaea 2537:The first exile was the 2430:, playing the lyre (cf. 451:Temple in Jerusalem 144:Bar and bat mitzvah 12976:North African Sephardim 12949:Jewish tribes of Arabia 12005:Expulsions and exoduses 11519:; Sheskin, Ira (eds.). 10963:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201764 10105:Encyclopedia Britannica 10061:Encyclopædia Britannica 9460:David Aberbach (2012). 9343:Oxford University Press 9168:Mohr Siebeck 2003 p.33. 9010:Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson 7937:Encyclopedia Britannica 7802:Jewish ethnic divisions 5485:The Jewish fast day of 5477:) are lopsided towards 5359:. Especially after the 4862:, and a portion of the 4690:Genetic studies on Jews 4536:from the Malabar Jews. 3759:for the Ashkenazim and 3711:Jewish ethnic divisions 3444:"Crisis under Caligula" 3440:Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson 3337:The suppression of the 3230:were not included. The 3068:or during the reign of 3001:. The biblical book of 2666:for the Ashkenazim and 2487:) is the dispersion of 413:Twelve Tribes of Israel 14079:Holocaust Encyclopedia 14049:Jewish Virtual Library 12356:Invasion of Banu Nadir 12157:First Jewish-Roman War 11771:www.jewishdatabank.org 11447:Annual Assessment 2010 11371:Jewish Virtual Library 11079:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57 10708:10.1073/pnas.100115997 9980:. Simon and Schuster. 9816:Cohen, Israel (1950). 9249:, 2010 pp.71-84, p.74. 8876:Kleiner, Fred (2010). 8383:Hersh Goldwurm (1982) 8101:, 2004 pp.192ff. p.193 8036:Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt 7892:Jewish English Lexicon 5751:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5345: 5003:Aliyah in modern times 4313: 4280: 3957: 3879:Ashkenazi prayer style 3735:(Spain and Portugal), 3623:Byzantine–Sasanian War 3610:minor Jewish rebellion 3572: 3442:has proposed that the 3412:First Jewish-Roman War 3387: 3378: 3356:Judea (Roman province) 3299:Under the Roman Empire 2932: 2879: 2819: 2789:appears 42 times, and 2642:(Spain and Portugal), 2594:First Jewish–Roman War 2435: 2415: 14026:Encyclopaedia Judaica 13808:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 12993:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 12743:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 12407:Medieval antisemitism 12346:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 12341:Siege of Banu Qurayza 12315:Revolt against Gallus 12101:Second Temple Judaism 11560:2010 Brazilian census 11409:Taylor, Myron Charles 11047:10.1038/news.2010.277 10577:From Cochin to Israel 10235:Nature Communications 9830:James Parkes (1949). 9362:Bloomsbury Publishing 9309:, 2016 pp.75-86 p.75. 8434:Becking, Bob (2006). 8319:Laura A Knott (1922) 8203:Stéphane Dufoix, p.49 8128:Howard K. Wettstein, 8078:2002 (pp. 47-59 p.47 7957:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7916:: “Etymology: Hebrew 7817:World Jewish Congress 7436:Birobidzhan Synagogue 5517:In Christian theology 5505:of the Jews from the 5335: 5232:Am Yisrael Foundation 5079:from the Soviet Union 5052:from Muslim countries 4814:) throughout today's 4800:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 4519:The Paradesi Jews of 4512:community located in 4311: 4283:The ancestry of most 4278: 4271:List of American Jews 3952: 3922:in the 10th century. 3564: 3363: 3146:Further information: 3121:in 62 BCE. Under the 2930: 2871: 2799: 2774:), which lies behind 2567:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2421: 2382: 1159:São Tomé and Príncipe 1154:Republic of the Congo 548:Second Temple Judaism 419:Kingdom of Judah 390:Modern historiography 12605:Second Temple period 12368:Sephardic Golden Age 12162:Battle of Beth Horon 12088:Second Temple period 12073:Babylonian captivity 11577:www.jewishagency.org 11515:(November 2, 2010). 11513:DellaPergola, Sergio 10436:. 11 February 2014. 9974:Brog, David (2009). 9539:2009 pp.129ff. p.143 9515:No Return, No Refuge 8261:, 1998 pp.96ff. p.80 8229:Eugene B. Borowitz, 7933:"Diaspora | Judaism" 5407:Mystical explanation 5197:Jewish National Fund 4785:Sub-Saharan Africans 4655:Samaritan Pentateuch 4118:improve this section 3903:Islamic persecutions 3614:Western Roman Empire 3560:Second Temple period 3392:capture of Jerusalem 3346:Destruction of Judea 3330:collected an annual 3315:Salo Wittmayer Baron 3188:Acts of the Apostles 2976:Babylonian captivity 2923:Babylonian captivity 2730:double consciousness 2582:second Temple period 2563:Babylonian captivity 2261:World Agudath Israel 1402:United Arab Emirates 489:Second Temple period 479:Babylonian captivity 14043:Jewish Encyclopedia 13788:Hekhalot literature 13599:Religious movements 13134:Judeo-Tripolitanian 12106:Hellenistic Judaism 12015:Political movements 11915:diaspora experience 11852:. Oxford: ABC Clio. 11747:Brandeis University 11696:on August 27, 2009. 11604:The Times of Israel 11541:on February 9, 2012 11532:Storrs, Connecticut 11233:10.1038/nature09103 11225:2010Natur.466..238B 10876:(6 December 2012). 10832:2008PLoSO...3.2062B 10699:2000PNAS...97.6769H 10434:www.telegraph.co.uk 10247:2013NatCo...4.2543C 10192:10.1038/nature09103 10184:2010Natur.466..238B 9318:E. Mary Smallwood, 9275:History of the Jews 8982:, Book 6, Chapter 9 8958:Wettstein, Howard: 8665:Jewish Encyclopedia 8176:, 2016 pp.28ff, 40. 7465:Gush Dan (Tel Aviv) 7411:continues to be an 5501:and the subsequent 5331:Hayim Nahman Bialik 5212:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 4929:Gathering of Israel 4478:, a dialect of the 3907:Spanish Inquisition 3674:in southern Italy. 3323:Eusebius' Chronicon 3201:Mediterranean basin 3185:(the author of the 3155:Alexander the Great 3148:Hellenistic Judaism 3046:Temple in Jerusalem 2714:ir-va-em be-yisrael 2586:Crete and Cyrenaica 2543:Tiglath-Pileser III 554:Hellenistic Judaism 132:Land of Israel 91:Principles of faith 14184:Judaism portal 14120:Jews and Halloween 14115:Jews and Christmas 13505:Rabbinic authority 13257:Judaeo-Piedmontese 12690:Xueta Christianity 12595:Origins of Judaism 12562:Outline of Judaism 12063:Assyrian Captivity 12043:Origins of Judaism 11985:Population history 11642:on April 11, 2013. 11318:, 1998, pp. 3–36, 10590:The Jerusalem Post 10255:10.1038/ncomms3543 10147:The New York Times 10125:The New York Times 10057:"Herodian Dynasty" 9962:Crusades: Volume 3 9834:. Victor Gollancz. 9595:The New York Times 9260:In Ishmael's House 9147:Getty Publications 8978:2018-11-16 at the 8971:Flavius Josephus: 8050:. . In most cases 8026:, 2009 pp. 233–34: 7914:. Merriam-Webster. 7446:Metropolitan areas 7425:Mordechai Scheiner 5574:Aharon Oppenheimer 5558:Aharon Oppenheimer 5106:from Latin America 5022:during World War I 4448:Benjamin of Tudela 4340:Mountain Jews are 4314: 4281: 4202:Rabbinical Judaism 3803:Hellenistic period 3667:Siege of Jerusalem 3436:Roman Anti-Judaism 3416:Siege of Jerusalem 3407:captured Jerusalem 3388: 3384:siege of Jerusalem 3339:diaspora uprisings 3243:, particularly in 2933: 2919:Assyrian captivity 2909:Pre-Roman diaspora 2569:under the rule of 2436: 2428:Assyrian captivity 2416: 2115:Jewish Koine Greek 1657:Dominican Republic 938:Judaism by country 617:Jews and Christmas 472:Assyrian captivity 14193: 14192: 14159:extinct languages 14060:YIVO Encyclopedia 13835:Hebrew literature 13803:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 13643:Reconstructionist 13321:Judaeo-Portuguese 13010: 13009: 12966:Eastern Sephardim 12610:Synagogal Judaism 12513: 12512: 12505:WP:Jewish history 12363:Under Muslim rule 12351:Battle of Khaybar 12266:Synagogal Judaism 12247: 12246: 12189:Bar Kokhba revolt 12152:Jewish-Roman Wars 12116:Hasmonean kingdom 12058:Kingdom of Israel 11517:Dashefsky, Arnold 11219:(7303): 238–242. 11145:Am. J. Hum. Genet 11041:: news.2010.277. 10874:Lewontin, Richard 10693:(12): 6769–6774. 9650:978-1-135-97414-5 9489:"Secta and natio" 9413:978-0-521-77248-8 9258:Gilbert, Martin: 9247:Walter de Gruyter 9229:Walter de Gruyter 8943:(Preface) Greek: 8857:978-0-521-77248-8 8815:978-0-521-77248-8 8616:Walter de Gruyter 8496:978-0-567-08998-4 8449:978-1-57506-104-7 8393:978-0-899-06455-0 8212:See for example, 8167:Stéphane Dufoix, 8110:Jeffrey M. Peck, 7177: 7176: 6463: 6124: 5578:Bar Kochba revolt 5570:Bar Kochba revolt 5554: 5553: 5467:Holy Roman Empire 5401:Hebrew University 5389:collective memory 5377:In the 2008 book 5363:, they held that 5319: 5318: 4975:Pre-Modern Aliyah 4808:forced to convert 4781:southern European 4755:residents of the 4716:mitochondrial DNA 4623:Modern Samaritans 4616:Iberian Peninsula 4436:Kingdom of Cochin 4154: 4153: 4146: 4018:Glückel of Hameln 3938:(Bene Israel and 3851:Jewish–Roman Wars 3757:Central Europeans 3539:Bar Kokhba revolt 3481:Bar Kokhba revolt 3352:Jewish–Roman wars 3218:, in a letter to 3167:Oracula Sibyllina 3159:Pompey’s campaign 3119:Pompey's campaign 2972:Nebuchadnezzar II 2949:Kingdom of Israel 2875:Jewish messianism 2755:Deuteronomy 28:25 2664:Central Europeans 2571:Nebuchadnezzar II 2512:Kingdom of Israel 2456: 2395: + 1,000,000 2377: 2376: 2326: 2325: 2074: 2073: 1821:Reconstructionist 1765: 1764: 917: 916: 724: 723: 561:Jewish–Roman wars 509:Hasmonean dynasty 425:Kingdom of Israel 329: 328: 16:(Redirected from 14218: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14167: 14166: 13299:Judeo-Golpaygani 12900:Palestinian Jews 12875:Alexandrian Jews 12831:Crimean Karaites 12748:Unterlander Jews 12701: 12700: 12615:Rabbinic Judaism 12540: 12533: 12526: 12517: 12516: 12501: 12337:Mohammedan Wars 12261:Rabbinic Judaism 12214:Byzantine Empire 12167:Galilee campaign 12147:Judean Civil War 12142:Maccabean Revolt 12135:Wars and revolts 12132: 12131: 12121:Herodian kingdom 12078:Babylonian Yehud 12053:Kingdom of Judah 11990:Military history 11954: 11947: 11940: 11931: 11930: 11891: 11874: 11853: 11844: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11773:. Archived from 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11743:www.brandeis.edu 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11710:. Archived from 11704: 11698: 11697: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11678:on May 18, 2011. 11668: 11662: 11661: 11660:on May 18, 2011. 11650: 11644: 11643: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11624:on May 10, 2011. 11614: 11608: 11607: 11596: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11540: 11525: 11509: 11500: 11499: 11493: 11489: 11487: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11452: 11441: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11427: 11405: 11396: 11395: 11384: 11375: 11374: 11363: 11357: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11333: 11327: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11297: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11266:. In.reuters.com 11259: 11253: 11252: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11168: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11120:. 8 October 2013 11108: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11081: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11034: 11028: 11027: 11017: 10985: 10976: 10975: 10965: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10853: 10843: 10810: 10801: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10779: 10747: 10741: 10740: 10730: 10720: 10710: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10661: 10628: 10622: 10619: 10613: 10602: 10593: 10586: 10580: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10548: 10542: 10535: 10529: 10522: 10516: 10509: 10503: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10472:. 26 August 2010 10462: 10456: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10431: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10407: 10397: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10332: 10322: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10284: 10276: 10266: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10178:(7303): 238–42. 10162: 10151: 10150: 10138: 10129: 10128: 10116: 10107: 10098: 10092: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10006: 10005: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9971: 9965: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9945: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9925:. Archived from 9919: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9881:. Archived from 9875: 9869: 9862: 9856: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9813: 9807: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9688: 9682: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9574: 9572: 9563:. Archived from 9555:(July 6, 2008). 9549: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9387: 9381: 9376:Cherry, Robert: 9374: 9365: 9353: 9347: 9334: 9328: 9325:Brill Publishers 9316: 9310: 9298:Martin Goodman, 9296: 9290: 9289: 9269: 9263: 9256: 9250: 9238: 9232: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9193: 9187: 9175: 9169: 9157: 9151: 9138: 9132: 9119: 9113: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9047: 9041: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8989: 8983: 8969: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8939:Whiston, William 8937:. Translated by 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8873: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8720: 8711: 8710: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8673: 8667: 8657: 8648: 8641: 8635: 8628: 8619: 8618:GmbH & Co KG 8614:, p. 28 (2016). 8610:Gruen, Erich S.: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8505: 8499: 8479:Lester L. Grabbe 8476: 8470: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8401: 8395: 8381: 8375: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8335: 8326: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8289: 8283: 8271: 8262: 8248:Simon Rawidowicz 8245: 8239: 8227: 8221: 8210: 8204: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8186: 8185:Dufoix pp.41,46. 8183: 8177: 8165: 8159: 8146: 8140: 8126: 8120: 8108: 8102: 8088: 8079: 8065: 8059: 8033: 8027: 8017: 8011: 8010: 7988: 7982: 7969: 7963: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7915: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7884: 7862: 7839: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7736: 7735: 7723: 7722: 7710: 7709: 7697: 7696: 7684: 7683: 7671: 7670: 7658: 7657: 7645: 7644: 7632: 7631: 7621:Washington, D.C. 7619: 7618: 7606: 7605: 7593: 7592: 7580: 7579: 7567: 7566: 7554: 7553: 7541: 7540: 7528: 7527: 7515: 7514: 7502: 7501: 7489: 7488: 7476: 7475: 7463: 7462: 7292: 7250: 7233: 7200: 7183: 6461: 6122: 5602: 5601: 5549: 5546: 5528: 5521: 5417:Babylonian exile 5311: 5304: 5297: 5171:Development town 5154:One Million Plan 4911: 4888: 4887: 4840:Sephardic Jewish 4832:Hispanic America 4588:Jews of Portugal 4298:Orthodox Judaism 4289:Ashkenazi Jewish 4149: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4098: 4090: 4037:Babylonian Jewry 3895:Late Middle Ages 3796: 3791: 3790: 3782:Classical period 3683:Battle of Hattin 3598:Byzantine Empire 3381: 3374:triumphal parade 3372:, depicting the 3115:Maccabean Revolt 3012:Lester L. Grabbe 2974:of Babylon (see 2968:Kingdom of Judah 2947:, conquered the 2935:In 722 BCE, the 2852:Simon Rawidowicz 2773: 2772: 2752: 2751: 2617:Aelia Capitolina 2533: 2527: 2526: 2520:taken into exile 2516:Kingdom of Judah 2508:taken into exile 2502:In terms of the 2486: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2218: 2217: 2099: 1920: 1914: 1895: 1859: 1858: 1806: 1753:New Zealand 1705: 1668:El Salvador 1658: 1590:Northern America 1582: 1176: 932: 931: 843:Crimean Karaites 739: 738: 717: 715: 636: 634: 626: 620: 611: 599:Rabbinic Judaism 580: 574: 568: 556: 544: 510: 503:Maccabean Revolt 480: 473: 467: 459: 452: 446: 438: 420: 344: 343: 318: 213: 212: 145: 133: 32: 31: 21: 14226: 14225: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14215: 14206:Jewish diaspora 14196: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14178: 14176: 14148: 13974: 13839: 13711: 13585: 13479: 13294:Judeo-Borujerdi 13269:Judeo-Malayalam 13215:Judeo-Aragonese 13186:Lishanid Noshan 13018: 13006: 12738:Oberlander Jews 12699: 12629: 12571: 12553: 12544: 12514: 12509: 12499: 12491: 12480:Israeli history 12423:Jewish question 12411: 12324: 12253:Rabbinic period 12243: 12195: 12177:Diaspora revolt 12172:Siege of Masada 12130: 12082: 12024: 11995:Genetic history 11963: 11958: 11903:Jewish Diaspora 11899: 11894: 11833: 11816: 11811: 11810: 11801: 11799: 11794: 11793: 11789: 11780: 11778: 11765: 11764: 11760: 11751: 11749: 11735: 11731: 11723: 11719: 11706: 11705: 11701: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11652: 11651: 11647: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11616: 11615: 11611: 11598: 11597: 11590: 11581: 11579: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11523: 11510: 11503: 11491: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11450: 11442: 11435: 11425: 11423: 11406: 11399: 11386: 11385: 11378: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11348: 11344: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11313: 11309: 11305:Schweid, p. 157 11304: 11300: 11283: 11279: 11269: 11267: 11260: 11256: 11208: 11204: 11194: 11192: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11151:(5): 1095–112. 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11058: 11054: 11035: 11031: 10986: 10979: 10942: 10938: 10893: 10889: 10871: 10867: 10811: 10804: 10797: 10793: 10762:(5): 1095–112. 10748: 10744: 10679: 10675: 10629: 10625: 10620: 10616: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10583: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10549: 10545: 10536: 10532: 10523: 10519: 10510: 10506: 10488: 10484: 10475: 10473: 10470:Tablet Magazine 10464: 10463: 10459: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10388:(6): e1004401. 10374: 10370: 10350: 10346: 10313:(2): e1003316. 10298: 10294: 10278: 10277: 10227: 10223: 10163: 10154: 10139: 10132: 10117: 10110: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10055: 10054: 10050: 10040: 10038: 10037:on May 29, 2016 10027: 10023: 10014: 10013: 10009: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9972: 9968: 9959: 9955: 9939: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9923:"Archived copy" 9921: 9920: 9916: 9907: 9903: 9894: 9890: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9863: 9859: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9814: 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8529: 8525: 8506: 8502: 8488:T & T Clark 8477: 8473: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8382: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8336: 8329: 8317: 8313: 8290: 8286: 8272: 8265: 8246: 8242: 8228: 8224: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8166: 8162: 8147: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8109: 8105: 8090:Steven Bowman, 8089: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8034: 8030: 8018: 8014: 8007: 7989: 7985: 7970: 7966: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7939: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7730: 7717: 7704: 7691: 7678: 7665: 7652: 7639: 7626: 7613: 7600: 7587: 7574: 7561: 7548: 7535: 7522: 7509: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7356:(398,000), the 7338: 7287: 7245: 7228: 7195: 6900:Central America 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5534:needs expansion 5519: 5463:western society 5409: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5323:Eliezer Schweid 5315: 5263:Jewish refugees 5227:Nefesh B'Nefesh 5159:Immigrant camps 4961:Jewish question 4886: 4878:Main articles: 4876: 4868:Southern Africa 4710:and the French 4692: 4686: 4684:Genetic studies 4631: 4625: 4612:moved to Israel 4576: 4570: 4562: 4556: 4548: 4542: 4534:Judeo-Malayalam 4502:Alhambra Decree 4494: 4488: 4476:Judeo-Malayalam 4424: 4418: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4338: 4332: 4306: 4273: 4267: 4255:Karaite Judaism 4242: 4237: 4195:recognizes the 4193:Karaite Judaism 4174: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4115: 4099: 4088: 4082: 4030: 3982:Alhambra decree 3977:Reyes Católicos 3970: 3875:Yiddish culture 3864: 3859: 3784: 3769:Jewish identity 3713: 3707: 3679:Ayyubid dynasty 3594: 3588: 3522:Sassanid Empire 3474:, with a Roman 3471:Ælia Capitolina 3431:by the Romans. 3404:Herod the Great 3358: 3348: 3307: 3301: 3281:Caesar Augustus 3150: 3144: 2999:Cyrus the Great 2943:, successor to 2925: 2911: 2845:Jewish-American 2837:Eugene Borowitz 2761:drawn from the 2690: 2684: 2676:Jewish identity 2440:Jewish diaspora 2424:Lachish reliefs 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2401: + 100,000 2398: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2328: 2327: 2215: 2205: 2204: 2195:Judeo-Malayalam 2175:Judaeo-Georgian 2095: 2086: 2076: 2075: 1976:Yiddish theatre 1918: 1856: 1846: 1845: 1804: 1777: 1767: 1766: 1703: 1656: 1580: 1174: 958:Genetic studies 929: 919: 918: 736: 726: 725: 713: 712: 632: 631: 624: 614: 609: 591:and Middle Ages 589:Rabbinic period 576: 570: 563: 551: 522: 508: 478: 471: 462: 454: 450: 441: 436:in Judaism 433: 418: 341: 331: 330: 210: 200: 199: 143: 131: 76: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14224: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14187: 14173: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14126:non-Christian 14124: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14063: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14022: 14017: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13984: 13982: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13972: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13960: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13911: 13901: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13860: 13849: 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13825:Shulchan Aruch 13822: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13813:Sefer Yetzirah 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13793:Pardes Rimonim 13790: 13783:Kabbalah texts 13780: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13727: 13721: 13719: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13629: 13628: 13623: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13595: 13593: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13576:Land of Israel 13573: 13572: 13571: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13489: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13454: 13452:Judeo-Alsatian 13444: 13443: 13442: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13304:Judeo-Hamedani 13301: 13296: 13291: 13281: 13279:Judaeo-Occitan 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13238: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13220:Jewish English 13217: 13212: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13151:Judaeo-Aramaic 13148: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13139:Judeo-Tunisian 13136: 13131: 13129:Judeo-Moroccan 13126: 13125: 13124: 13122:Judeo-Baghdadi 13109: 13104: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13026: 13024: 13012: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13005: 13004: 13003: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12978: 12973: 12971:Livornese Jews 12968: 12958: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12828: 12818: 12813: 12812: 12811: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12784: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12767: 12757: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12718:Afrikaner-Jode 12709: 12707: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12686: 12685: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12639: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12581: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12543: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12520: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12443:Reform Judaism 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12402:Ottoman Empire 12399: 12398: 12397: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12334: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12269: 12268: 12257: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12205: 12203: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12149: 12144: 12138: 12136: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12111:Yehud Medinata 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11975:Historiography 11971: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11961:Jewish history 11957: 11956: 11949: 11942: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11911: 11906: 11898: 11897:External links 11895: 11893: 11892: 11875: 11854: 11845: 11831: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11787: 11758: 11729: 11717: 11714:on 2007-09-13. 11699: 11681: 11663: 11645: 11627: 11609: 11588: 11564: 11552: 11501: 11468:978-9657549025 11467: 11433: 11397: 11376: 11367:"The Diaspora" 11358: 11342: 11328: 11314:Z. Sternhell, 11307: 11298: 11277: 11254: 11202: 11180: 11157:10.1086/324070 11131: 11103: 11052: 11029: 11000:(2): 119–127. 10994:Human Genetics 10977: 10956:(4): 498–500. 10936: 10907:(6): 850–859. 10887: 10865: 10802: 10791: 10768:10.1086/324070 10742: 10673: 10644:(6): 725–736. 10623: 10614: 10594: 10581: 10575:Weil, Shalva. 10568: 10556: 10543: 10530: 10524:Weil, Shalva. 10517: 10504: 10482: 10457: 10443: 10419: 10368: 10344: 10292: 10221: 10152: 10130: 10108: 10103:- Definition, 10093: 10084: 10075: 10066: 10048: 10021: 10007: 9993: 9986: 9966: 9953: 9914: 9901: 9888: 9885:on 2013-06-15. 9870: 9857: 9836: 9823: 9808: 9793: 9779: 9773:M. Avi-Yonah, 9766: 9759: 9739: 9733:978-0190240943 9732: 9711: 9705:978-0190240943 9704: 9683: 9668: 9656: 9649: 9629: 9617: 9613:Erich S. Gruen 9604: 9582: 9553:Bartal, Israel 9541: 9520: 9506: 9479: 9472: 9452: 9446:978-0190240943 9445: 9424: 9412: 9382: 9366: 9355:Isaiah Gafni, 9348: 9336:J. E. Taylor 9329: 9311: 9291: 9284: 9264: 9251: 9233: 9215: 9204:(2): 226–239. 9188: 9177:Menahem Mor, 9170: 9152: 9133: 9114: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9060: 9042: 9030:Julio-Claudian 9002: 8984: 8973:The Judean War 8964: 8951: 8934:The Jewish War 8920: 8908: 8895: 8889:978-1439085783 8888: 8868: 8856: 8826: 8814: 8794:"Introduction" 8784: 8769: 8762: 8742: 8735: 8712: 8697: 8690: 8668: 8649: 8636: 8620: 8603: 8596: 8576: 8569: 8551: 8533: 8523: 8500: 8498:, 2004 p.355. 8471: 8455: 8448: 8423: 8416: 8396: 8376: 8357: 8350: 8327: 8311: 8300:(3): 188–204. 8284: 8263: 8240: 8222: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8160: 8149:Daniel Boyarin 8141: 8121: 8103: 8080: 8060: 8028: 8012: 8006:978-0521243773 8005: 7983: 7972:Erich S. Gruen 7964: 7948: 7924: 7897: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7807:Jewish history 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773:Society portal 7762: 7759:Judaism portal 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7728: 7715: 7702: 7689: 7676: 7663: 7650: 7637: 7624: 7611: 7598: 7585: 7572: 7559: 7546: 7533: 7520: 7507: 7494: 7481: 7468: 7380:(90,000), and 7358:United Kingdom 7337: 7334: 7189:Czech republic 7175: 7174: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6459:Russian Empire 6455: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6233:United Kingdom 6229: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6120:Russian Empire 6116: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5786:Ottoman Empire 5774: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596:Main article: 5593: 5590: 5552: 5551: 5531: 5529: 5518: 5515: 5507:Land of Israel 5483: 5482: 5451: 5440: 5428: 5408: 5405: 5393:Jewish history 5361:Dreyfus Affair 5336: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5240:Related topics 5237: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5006: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4984:Return to Zion 4978: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4875: 4872: 4771:and others of 4704:Eastern Europe 4700:Middle Eastern 4688:Main article: 4685: 4682: 4659:Masoretic text 4627:Main article: 4624: 4621: 4602:, such as the 4572:Main article: 4569: 4566: 4558:Main article: 4555: 4552: 4544:Main article: 4541: 4538: 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4450:, speaking of 4420:Main article: 4417: 4414: 4390:Main article: 4387: 4384: 4376:Main article: 4373: 4370: 4334:Main article: 4331: 4328: 4305: 4302: 4294:Reform Judaism 4266: 4263: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4173: 4170: 4152: 4151: 4102: 4100: 4093: 4084:Main article: 4081: 4078: 4062:Bukharian Jews 4029: 4026: 3986:Ottoman Empire 3969: 3968:Sephardic Jews 3966: 3867:Ashkenazi Jews 3863: 3862:Ashkenazi Jews 3860: 3858: 3855: 3783: 3780: 3709:Main article: 3706: 3703: 3698:Ottoman Empire 3627:Land of Israel 3587: 3584: 3580:Hasia R. Diner 3556:Erich S. Gruen 3547:contends that 3534:Martin Goodman 3347: 3344: 3300: 3297: 3143: 3140: 3008:Cyrus Cylinder 2988:land of Israel 2970:in 586 BCE by 2910: 2907: 2856:Land of Israel 2835:(redemption). 2726:Daniel Boyarin 2686:Main article: 2683: 2680: 2539:Assyrian exile 2497:Land of Israel 2409: 2407: + 10,000 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2273: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2256:Territorialism 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2140:Judaeo-Spanish 2137: 2135:Judaeo-Iranian 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2087: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581:United Kingdom 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1014:Bilad-el-Sudan 1011: 1006: 998: 997: 991: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 970: 969: 967:Land of Israel 963: 962: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 915: 914: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 827: 826: 825:Related groups 822: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 758: 757: 752: 737: 732: 731: 728: 727: 722: 721: 720: 719: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 682:Jewish atheism 679: 674: 669: 661: 660: 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633:Islamic–Jewish 628: 621: 606: 601: 593: 592: 585: 584: 583: 582: 558: 545: 517: 512: 505: 500: 498:Yehud Medinata 492: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 475: 468: 460: 447: 439: 427: 422: 415: 407: 406: 404:Ancient Israel 400: 399: 398: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 360:Land of Israel 357: 349: 348: 342: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 326: 325: 324: 319: 315:Shulchan Aruch 310: 305: 300: 295: 287: 286: 285: 284: 279: 271: 270: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 248: 247: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 220: 219: 211: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 140: 135: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 93: 88: 81:God in Judaism 77: 72: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14223: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14186: 14185: 14174: 14172: 14171: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14156: 14151: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14110:Protestantism 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14080: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14061: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14027: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13977: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13798:Sefer HaBahir 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13757: 13754: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13725:Sifrei Kodesh 13723: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13627: 13624: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13581:Who is a Jew? 13579: 13577: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13510:Chosen people 13508: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13476: 13473: 13467: 13466:Scots-Yiddish 13464: 13460: 13459: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13439:Klezmer-loshn 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13309:Judeo-Shirazi 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13284:Judeo-Persian 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13274:Judeo-Marathi 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13252:Judeo-Italian 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13107:Judeo-Amazigh 13105: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13017: 13013: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12930:Hadhrami Jews 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12895:Mountain Jews 12893: 12891: 12890:Egyptian Jews 12888: 12886: 12885:Bukharan Jews 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12673:Lists of Jews 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12541: 12536: 12534: 12529: 12527: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12506: 12503: 12498: 12497: 12494: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12468:The Holocaust 12466: 12465: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12458:United States 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12438:Enlightenment 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12198: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12027: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11955: 11950: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11936: 11935: 11932: 11926: 11923: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11832:9780814740170 11828: 11824: 11819: 11818: 11797: 11791: 11777:on 2013-01-16 11776: 11772: 11768: 11762: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11613: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11593: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11561: 11556: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11506: 11497: 11485: 11470: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11449: 11448: 11440: 11438: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11402: 11393: 11389: 11383: 11381: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11355: 11351: 11346: 11339:. Chabad.org. 11338: 11332: 11325: 11324:0-691-01694-1 11321: 11317: 11311: 11302: 11295: 11294:0-8147-7449-0 11291: 11287: 11281: 11265: 11258: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11206: 11190: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11135: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11107: 11099: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11033: 11025: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10984: 10982: 10973: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10807: 10800: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10746: 10738: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10618: 10611: 10610:965-278-179-7 10607: 10601: 10599: 10591: 10585: 10578: 10572: 10565: 10560: 10553: 10547: 10540: 10534: 10527: 10521: 10514: 10508: 10501: 10500:965-278-179-7 10497: 10493: 10492: 10486: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10453: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10423: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10382:PLOS Genetics 10379: 10372: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10307:PLOS Genetics 10304: 10296: 10288: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10135: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10113: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10088: 10079: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10003: 9997: 9989: 9987:9781621576099 9983: 9979: 9978: 9970: 9963: 9957: 9949: 9943: 9929:on 2019-09-24 9928: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9853:9780231088404 9850: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9789: 9783: 9776: 9770: 9762: 9760:9781139487306 9756: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9680: 9678: 9672: 9665: 9660: 9652: 9646: 9643:. Routledge. 9642: 9641: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9614: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9579: 9567:on 2009-03-03 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9546: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9475: 9473:9781136158957 9469: 9466:. Routledge. 9465: 9464: 9456: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9352: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9287: 9285:9780845366592 9281: 9277: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9160:Peter Schäfer 9156: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9140:Ariel Lewin, 9137: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9118: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9101:Gudrun Krämer 9097: 9090: 9089:Jacobson 2001 9085: 9078: 9073: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9022:0-674-39731-2 9019: 9015: 9011: 9006: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8872: 8859: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8763:9789042906662 8759: 8755: 8754: 8746: 8738: 8736:9780203446348 8732: 8728: 8727: 8719: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8691:9780521243773 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8646: 8640: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8599: 8597:9781851098736 8593: 8589: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8570:90-04-04491-4 8566: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8527: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8508:Steven Bowman 8504: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8451: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8428: 8419: 8417:9789004115095 8413: 8409: 8408: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8353: 8351:9780802849137 8347: 8343: 8342: 8334: 8332: 8324: 8322: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8273:Yosef Gorny 8270: 8268: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8200: 8191: 8182: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8119:, 2006 p 154. 8118: 8115: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8022: 8016: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7920: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7763: 7760: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7557: 7556:San Francisco 7552: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7479: 7478:New York City 7474: 7469: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346:United States 7343: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7252:Baltic states 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:United States 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5566:chosen people 5563: 5559: 5556:According to 5548: 5539: 5535: 5532:This section 5530: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453:The exile of 5452: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397:Israel Bartal 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353:Theodor Herzl 5349: 5343: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321:According to 5312: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184:Organizations 5183: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149:Youth village 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:from Ethiopia 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4966:Law of Return 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Promised Land 4922: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4828:Ibero-America 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:Moroccan Jews 4774: 4770: 4766: 4765:North African 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732:autosomal DNA 4728: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653:known as the 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4584:Jews of Spain 4581: 4575: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4547: 4546:Georgian Jews 4540:Georgian Jews 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510:Cochin Jewish 4506: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4492:Paradesi Jews 4486:Paradesi Jews 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428:Jews in India 4423: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400:community in 4399: 4393: 4383: 4379: 4378:Bukharan Jews 4372:Bukharan Jews 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4336:Mountain Jews 4330:Mountain Jews 4327: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4287:goes back to 4286: 4285:American Jews 4277: 4272: 4265:American Jews 4262: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Rabbinic Jews 4186: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4145: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4103:This section 4101: 4097: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4086:Yemenite Jews 4080:Yemenite Jews 4077: 4075: 4074:Georgian Jews 4071: 4070:Mountain Jews 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050:Lebanese Jews 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:Latin America 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3973:Sephardi Jews 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3915:Sephardi Jews 3910: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:Sephardi Jews 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3663:First Crusade 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3604:converted to 3603: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3545:Israel Bartal 3542: 3540: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3462:Marcius Turbo 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434:Exactly when 3432: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:Arch of Titus 3362: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Louis Feldman 3316: 3312: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:arose in the 3059: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:Shalmaneser V 2942: 2938: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2899:Theodor Herzl 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864:New Testament 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2795:2 Kings 17:23 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2743:known as the 2742: 2741:Old Testament 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2709:Steven Bowman 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2578:Second Temple 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:Shalmaneser V 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2413: + 1,000 2381: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2180:Judeo-Aramaic 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2170:Judeo-Italian 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2150:Ghardaïa Sign 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775:Denominations 1771: 1770: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1603:United States 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1089:Guinea-Bissau 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 992: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 968: 965: 964: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Lists of Jews 941: 939: 936: 935: 934: 933: 928: 923: 922: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 829: 828: 824: 823: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 729: 718: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702:The Holocaust 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662: 658: 657: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 629: 627: 622: 618: 612: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 595: 594: 590: 587: 586: 579: 573: 567: 562: 559: 555: 549: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 494: 493: 490: 487: 486: 481: 476: 474: 469: 465: 461: 458: 453: 448: 444: 440: 437: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408: 405: 402: 401: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 350: 346: 345: 340: 335: 334: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 309: 306: 304: 303:Mishneh Torah 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 249: 246: 243: 242: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 203: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 141: 139: 136: 134: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 78: 75: 70: 69: 64: 63:Who is a Jew? 61: 59: 56: 55: 54: 53: 50: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 14175: 14168: 14154: 14077: 14070: 14058: 14041: 14024: 13858:perspectives 13692:Samaritanism 13653:Neo-Hasidism 13633:Conservative 13547:Names of God 13456: 13437: 13247:Judaeo-Greek 13242:Judeo-Gascon 13181:Lishán Didán 13176:Lishana Deni 13144:Judeo-Yemeni 13112:Judeo-Arabic 12986:Meshuchrarim 12905:Persian Jews 12838:Kurdish Jews 12816:Kaifeng Jews 12765:Beta Abraham 12728:Galitzianers 12704: 12683:Antisemitism 12658:Israeli Jews 12643:Assimilation 12463:World War II 12453:Soviet Union 12433:Emancipation 12428:Disabilities 12209:Roman Empire 12200: 12126:Roman Judaea 11887: 11883: 11862: 11858: 11849: 11822: 11814:Bibliography 11800:. Retrieved 11790: 11779:. Retrieved 11775:the original 11770: 11761: 11750:. Retrieved 11742: 11732: 11720: 11712:the original 11702: 11694:the original 11684: 11676:the original 11666: 11658:the original 11648: 11640:the original 11630: 11622:the original 11612: 11603: 11580:. Retrieved 11576: 11567: 11555: 11543:. Retrieved 11536:the original 11527: 11472:. Retrieved 11446: 11424:. Retrieved 11416: 11391: 11370: 11361: 11354:Lamentations 11345: 11331: 11315: 11310: 11301: 11285: 11280: 11268:. Retrieved 11257: 11216: 11212: 11205: 11193:. Retrieved 11183: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11122:. Retrieved 11115: 11106: 11069: 11065: 11055: 11038: 11032: 10997: 10993: 10953: 10949: 10939: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10881: 10868: 10826:(4): e2062. 10823: 10819: 10794: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10690: 10686: 10676: 10641: 10637: 10626: 10617: 10589: 10584: 10576: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10551: 10546: 10538: 10533: 10525: 10520: 10512: 10507: 10490: 10485: 10474:. Retrieved 10469: 10460: 10446: 10433: 10422: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10362: 10358: 10347: 10310: 10306: 10295: 10281:cite journal 10238: 10234: 10224: 10175: 10171: 10146: 10124: 10104: 10096: 10087: 10078: 10069: 10060: 10051: 10039:. Retrieved 10035:the original 10024: 10010: 9996: 9976: 9969: 9956: 9931:. Retrieved 9927:the original 9917: 9909: 9904: 9896: 9891: 9883:the original 9873: 9865: 9860: 9844: 9839: 9831: 9826: 9811: 9802: 9800:Gil, Moshe: 9796: 9782: 9774: 9769: 9749: 9742: 9723: 9714: 9695: 9686: 9676: 9671: 9659: 9639: 9632: 9620: 9607: 9598: 9594: 9585: 9576: 9569:. Retrieved 9565:the original 9523: 9514: 9509: 9497:. Retrieved 9492: 9482: 9462: 9455: 9436: 9427: 9417:, retrieved 9395: 9385: 9364:, 1997 p.66. 9357: 9351: 9338: 9332: 9320: 9314: 9303: 9294: 9274: 9267: 9259: 9254: 9242: 9236: 9224: 9218: 9201: 9197: 9191: 9179: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9142: 9136: 9123: 9117: 9104: 9096: 9084: 9077:Feldman 1990 9072: 9063: 9054: 9045: 9025: 9013: 9005: 8996: 8987: 8967: 8954: 8933: 8923: 8911: 8898: 8878: 8871: 8861:, retrieved 8839: 8829: 8819:, retrieved 8797: 8787: 8778: 8772: 8752: 8745: 8725: 8706: 8700: 8681: 8671: 8664: 8644: 8639: 8631: 8606: 8590:. ABC-CLIO. 8586: 8579: 8560: 8554: 8545: 8536: 8526: 8515: 8503: 8483: 8474: 8466:vol.1 2004 8463: 8458: 8439: 8406: 8399: 8384: 8379: 8370: 8360: 8340: 8320: 8314: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8282:, 2012 p.50. 8275: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8225: 8213: 8208: 8199: 8194:Dufoix p.47. 8190: 8181: 8169: 8163: 8144: 8133: 8124: 8112: 8106: 8095: 8072: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8020: 8015: 7996: 7986: 7967: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7940:. Retrieved 7936: 7927: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7837: 7595:Philadelphia 7480:– 2,008,000 7444: 7406: 7382:South Africa 7339: 7326:Turkmenistan 7310:Central Asia 7290: 7248: 7231: 7198: 7181: 7178: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7048: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6723: 6668:South Africa 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6265: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5643:Jews, % 5633:Jews, % 5623:Jews, % 5613:Jews, % 5555: 5542: 5538:adding to it 5533: 5484: 5410: 5378: 5376: 5372:Zionist olim 5369: 5365:antisemitism 5350: 5346: 5337: 5320: 5283:Yom HaAliyah 5207:Youth Aliyah 5101:from Romania 4933: 4884:Diaspora Jew 4864:Lemba people 4797: 4788: 4729: 4724:Raphael Falk 4720:Harry Ostrer 4712:Rhine Valley 4693: 4678:Samaritanism 4673: 4670:Bnei Yisrael 4669: 4667: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4596:Muslim world 4577: 4563: 4549: 4518: 4507: 4495: 4460:law of Moses 4455: 4432:King Solomon 4425: 4408:province of 4395: 4392:Kaifeng Jews 4386:Kaifeng Jews 4381: 4362:Persian Jews 4339: 4315: 4282: 4250:Israeli Jews 4243: 4240:Israeli Jews 4218: 4175: 4172:Karaite Jews 4155: 4140: 4131: 4116:Please help 4104: 4066:Kurdish Jews 4054:Persian Jews 4033:Mizrahi Jews 4031: 4028:Mizrahi Jews 4010: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920:Rhine Valley 3911: 3865: 3829:cities, the 3785: 3773: 3737:North Africa 3714: 3695: 3691:Fall of Acre 3676: 3660: 3640: 3606:Christianity 3595: 3575:Israel Yuval 3573: 3565: 3554: 3543: 3532:and 135 CE. 3530: 3526: 3510: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3452: 3433: 3389: 3379:Judaea Capta 3336: 3311:Bar Hebraeus 3308: 3262: 3213: 3186: 3164: 3151: 3127:high priests 3112: 3092:Philadelphus 3066:Ashurbanipal 3055: 3023: 3016: 2992: 2965: 2934: 2895:Eretz Israel 2890: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2734: 2722:teleological 2713: 2712:metropolis ( 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2644:North Africa 2621: 2606: 2575: 2536: 2504:Hebrew Bible 2501: 2463: 2439: 2437: 2389: Israel 2319:Post-Zionism 2190:Judeo-Berber 2185:Judeo-Arabic 2145:Judeo-Gascon 1892:Pidyon haben 1811:Conservative 1357:Saudi Arabia 1175:South Africa 1164:Sierra Leone 986:Israeli Jews 947: 900:Mosaic Arabs 853:Kaifeng Jews 714:Arab–Israeli 687:Emancipation 566:Great Revolt 375:Anti-Judaism 370:Antisemitism 365:Name "Judea" 160:Baal teshuva 29: 14100:Catholicism 13682:Hellenistic 13520:Eschatology 13458:Lachoudisch 13383:Lotegorisch 13361:Lachoudisch 13351:Koiné Greek 13264:Judeo-Latin 13201:Palestinian 13095:Palestinian 12944:Mustaʿravim 12870:Afghan Jews 12858:Berber Jews 12782:Bene Israel 12770:Falash Mura 12760:Beta Israel 12678:Persecution 12620:Middle Ages 12330:Middle Ages 12239:Mesopotamia 11492:|work= 11326:, pp. 49–51 11066:Biol Direct 10041:October 31, 9864:Moshe Gil, 9571:October 22, 9529:Shlomo Sand 9327:2001 p.507. 8158:2011 p. 127 7504:Los Angeles 7467:– 2,980,000 7421:Birobidzhan 7417:Chief Rabbi 7376:(117,200), 7372:(125,000), 7368:(132,000), 7364:(171,000), 7360:(312,000), 7352:(440,000), 7278:(including 7170:13,428,300 7164:12,633,000 7159:15,371,822 7153:11,273,076 7124:New Zealand 6206:Switzerland 5981:Netherlands 5497:Temples in 5457:began with 5385:Shlomo Sand 5091:from Poland 5084:post-Soviet 4856:Beta Israel 4848:Cochin Jews 4844:Bene Israel 4812:Catholicism 4806:" who were 4730:Studies of 4440:South India 4422:Cochin Jews 4416:Cochin Jews 4319:Berber Jews 4304:French Jews 4259:Beta Israel 4204:regards an 4185:Middle Ages 4183:during the 4058:Afghan Jews 4046:Syrian Jews 3936:Indian Jews 3932:Beta Israel 3885:during the 3871:Middle Ages 3857:Middle Ages 3797:) became a 3741:Middle East 3717:Middle Ages 3715:During the 3661:During the 3602:Constantine 3549:Shlomo Sand 3485:Dio Cassius 3277:Mesopotamia 3203:. See also 3070:Psammeticus 3042:Achaemenids 3026:Achaemenids 2980:Mesopotamia 2961:Mesopotamia 2951:, and many 2782:, nor even 2763:Hebrew root 2648:Middle East 2624:Middle Ages 2622:During the 2607:In 132 CE, 2422:Scene from 2314:Revisionist 2304:Neo-Zionism 1911:Zeved habat 1704:Puerto Rico 1530:Netherlands 1362:South Korea 1347:Philippines 1227:Afghanistan 1094:Ivory Coast 868:Crypto-Jews 833:Bnei Anusim 812:Bene Israel 777:Beta Israel 734:Communities 641:Middle Ages 380:Persecution 155:Bereavement 14200:Categories 14095:Anabaptism 14037:Jew (word) 13904:Leadership 13717:Literature 13702:Secularism 13648:Humanistic 13515:Conversion 13485:Philosophy 13326:Judeo-Urdu 13090:Babylonian 12935:Saada Jews 12920:Adeni Jews 12713:Ashkenazim 12668:Samaritans 12635:Population 12590:Israelites 12485:New Yishuv 12473:Resistance 12038:Israelites 11802:2013-12-22 11781:2023-10-11 11752:2022-02-09 11582:2024-01-14 11124:21 October 11072:(57): 57. 10476:2015-12-27 9933:2020-10-20 9419:2024-09-10 8863:2024-08-07 8821:2024-08-07 8280:SUNY Press 7942:2018-07-12 7869:References 7843:Ashkenazic 7400:, and the 7330:Uzbekistan 7322:Tajikistan 7318:Kyrgyzstan 7314:Kazakhstan 7302:Azerbaijan 7040:5,275,000 7034:5,400,000 7028:4,975,000 7022:1,500,000 6450:5,413,800 6444:2,582,000 6137:1,897,000 6127:3,907,102 6043:1,316,776 5954:Luxembourg 5701:1,224,899 5487:Tisha B'Av 5357:Max Nordau 5114:Absorption 5042:Aliyah Bet 4989:Old Yishuv 4663:Septuagint 4629:Samaritans 4482:language. 4350:Azerbaijan 4269:See also: 4235:Modern era 4134:April 2021 4042:Iraqi Jews 3843:Samaritans 3827:Philistine 3751:, and the 3590:See also: 3514:Samaritans 3493:Tisha B'Av 3350:See also: 3332:temple tax 3303:See also: 3293:Asia Minor 3257:Alexandria 3232:epigraphic 3056:The first 3038:Sassanians 3036:, and the 2953:Israelites 2913:See also: 2903:Ahad Ha-am 2897:. Whereas 2887:golus/gola 2745:Septuagint 2658:, and the 2489:Israelites 2299:Maximalism 2251:Secularism 2231:Autonomism 2048:Literature 1841:Humanistic 1445:Azerbaijan 1407:Uzbekistan 1382:Tajikistan 1302:Kyrgyzstan 1287:Kazakhstan 1134:Mozambique 1109:Madagascar 1029:Cape Verde 981:New Yishuv 976:Old Yishuv 927:Population 905:Subbotniks 863:Samaritans 802:Romanyotim 745:Ashkenazim 692:Old Yishuv 672:Sabbateans 659:Modern era 651:Golden Age 578:Bar Kokhba 298:Beit Yosef 165:Philosophy 14157:indicate 14105:Mormonism 14090:Christian 13970:Symbolism 13958:Synagogue 13938:Mythology 13899:Education 13870:Astronomy 13853:Astrology 13670:relations 13475:Zarphatic 13423:Galitzish 13225:Yeshivish 13102:Catalanic 13065:Samaritan 13040:Ashkenazi 13021:Diasporic 13016:Languages 12961:Sephardim 12956:Romaniote 12843:Krymchaks 12777:Desi Jews 12653:Buddhists 12380:Byzantium 12278:Sanhedrin 12182:Kitos War 12000:Languages 11968:Overviews 11545:March 15, 11494:ignored ( 11484:cite book 11474:March 15, 11455:Jerusalem 11426:March 15, 10200:0028-0836 10101:Ashkenazi 9499:2 October 8294:Tradition 8254:, in his 8214:Kiddushin 7874:Citations 7738:São Paulo 7699:Cleveland 7686:San Diego 7662:– 120,000 7649:– 180,000 7636:– 195,000 7623:– 216,000 7610:– 229,000 7597:– 264,000 7584:– 284,000 7571:– 319,600 7558:– 346,000 7545:– 368,000 7543:Beersheba 7532:– 486,000 7519:– 671,000 7506:– 685,000 7493:– 705,000 7491:Jerusalem 7374:Australia 7362:Argentina 7264:Lithuania 7218:Macedonia 7095:Australia 6935:Venezuela 6770:Argentina 6758:6,039,600 6748:6,200,000 6741:4,739,769 6731:1,553,656 6300:5,741,500 6290:2,940,000 5685:1,455,900 5675:3,228,000 5668:9,237,314 5658:8,977,581 5582:Jerusalem 5545:June 2017 5499:Jerusalem 5475:Americans 5471:Europeans 5176:Austerity 5164:Ma'abarot 4761:Old World 4753:Israelite 4736:Ashkenazi 4639:West Bank 4560:Krymchaks 4554:Krymchaks 4498:Sephardic 4480:Malayalam 4456:Itinerary 4404:, in the 4348:, mainly 4324:Holocaust 4225:Sadducees 4221:Pharisees 4166:Dhu Nuwas 4105:does not 4022:Conversos 3887:Roman Era 3835:Ammonites 3819:Zabadeans 3815:Nabateans 3807:Hasmonean 3761:Hispanics 3729:Sephardic 3725:Ashkenazi 3651:Samaritan 3647:Moshe Gil 3635:Heraclius 3631:Jerusalem 3489:Cyrenaica 3458:Vespasian 3454:Jerusalem 3448:Kitos War 3285:Archelaus 3269:Cyrenaica 3237:Babylonia 3216:Agrippa I 3123:Hasmonean 3100:Cyrenaica 3087:Ptolemy I 3078:Ptolemaic 3034:Parthians 3030:Seleucids 2984:Babylonia 2941:Sargon II 2937:Assyrians 2850:academic 2737:neologism 2668:Hispanics 2636:Sephardic 2632:Ashkenazi 2602:Jerusalem 2557:begun by 2551:Sargon II 2525:יְהוּדִים 2518:who were 2510:from the 2466:(Hebrew: 2453:romanized 2448:תְּפוּצָה 2432:Psalm 137 2309:Religious 2165:Zarphatic 2155:Bukharian 2125:Judeo-Tat 2110:Yeshivish 2084:Languages 2039:Sephardic 2029:Israelite 2019:Ethiopian 2009:Ashkenazi 1948:Religious 1738:Australia 1720:Venezuela 1626:Argentina 1608:Greenland 1520:Lithuania 1372:Sri Lanka 1367:Singapore 1292:Kurdistan 1257:Indonesia 1247:Hong Kong 1200:Abayudaya 1124:Mauritius 858:Igbo Jews 848:Krymchaks 767:Sephardim 635:relations 529:Sadducees 525:Pharisees 515:Sanhedrin 430:Jerusalem 190:Synagogue 58:Etymology 14170:Category 14140:Hinduism 14130:Buddhism 14032:Genetics 13948:Politics 13921:Marriage 13880:Holidays 13875:Calendar 13756:Rabbinic 13732:/Hebrew 13677:Haymanot 13604:Orthodox 13591:Branches 13564:Kabbalah 13559:Haskalah 13537:Holiness 13413:dialects 13393:Shassagh 13356:Krymchak 13336:Kayliñña 13230:Yinglish 13206:Galilean 13196:Talmudic 13191:Biblical 13166:Betanure 13085:Biblical 13080:Mishnaic 13075:Medieval 13060:Tiberian 13055:Yemenite 13045:Sephardi 12981:Paradesi 12925:Ḥabbanim 12915:Teimanim 12880:Baghdadi 12853:Maghrebi 12821:Karaites 12799:Gruzínim 12787:Kochinim 12705:Diaspora 12663:Karaites 12648:Atheists 12585:Timeline 12500:See also 12385:Crusades 12373:Kairouan 12298:Savoraim 12224:Carthage 12201:Diaspora 12020:Timeline 11871:23508170 11841:60321977 11411:(1942). 11270:12 April 11241:20531471 11195:12 April 11175:11573163 11098:20925954 11024:23052947 10972:17245410 10931:20560205 10860:18446216 10820:PLOS ONE 10786:11573163 10737:10801975 10718:2381/362 10668:19061982 10438:Archived 10414:24901650 10339:23468648 10273:24104924 10241:: 2543. 10208:20531471 9942:cite web 9899:. p. 294 9895:Gil, M. 9722:(2021). 9694:(2021). 9435:(2021). 8976:Archived 8929:Josephus 8918:, p. 131 8781:. BRILL. 8468:pp.76ff. 8462:Grabbe, 8306:23260747 8137:ABC-CLIO 7906:"galuth" 7745:See also 7740:– 75,000 7727:– 80,000 7725:Montreal 7714:– 83,000 7701:– 87,000 7688:– 89,000 7675:– 95,000 7429:Governor 7402:Emirates 7294:Caucasus 7243:Slovakia 7193:Slovenia 7115:107,500 6991:Suriname 6927:Colombia 6891:375,000 6885:286,000 6862:107,329 6790:182,300 6784:282,000 6725:Americas 6682:118,000 6645:109,712 6589:Ethiopia 6476:254,000 6385:0.0067% 6257:293,200 6251:390,000 6241:250,000 6143:311,400 6123:(Europe) 6097:269,015 6066:Portugal 5985:103,988 5902:851,378 5889:119,000 5873:586,948 5860:483,500 5854:530,000 5790:390,018 5778:Bulgaria 4994:Perushim 4939:Negation 4934:Diaspora 4916:Concepts 4893:a series 4891:Part of 4860:Ethiopia 4846:and the 4824:Portugal 4793:Italians 4787:. Behar 4740:Sephardi 4637:and the 4606:Jews of 4604:Mashhadi 4586:and the 4358:Dagestan 4354:Chechnya 4346:Caucasus 4212:and the 4206:Oral Law 4013:Marranos 3994:Istanbul 3883:Germania 3877:and the 3847:Edomites 3839:Edomites 3831:Moabites 3823:Itureans 3789:יְהוּדָה 3739:and the 3731:Jews of 3429:Carthage 3424:Passover 3420:Josephus 3289:governor 3249:Damascus 3220:Caligula 3197:Josephus 3136:Gabinius 3096:cleruchs 3083:Josephus 2986:and the 2957:deported 2939:, under 2893:even in 2860:diaspora 2841:Tefutzot 2823:Talmudic 2815:diaspora 2811:Diaspora 2806:diaspora 2699:diaspora 2688:Diaspora 2646:and the 2638:Jews of 2611:against 2336:Category 2294:Kahanism 2241:Feminism 2213:Politics 2097:Biblical 2067:American 2014:Bukharan 2004:American 1904:Shidduch 1880:Clothing 1836:Haymanot 1782:Orthodox 1710:Suriname 1693:Paraguay 1646:Colombia 1545:Portugal 1455:Bulgaria 1392:Thailand 1342:Pakistan 1322:Mongolia 1317:Malaysia 1237:Cambodia 1211:Zimbabwe 1186:Tanzania 1064:Eswatini 1054:Ethiopia 1044:Djibouti 1024:Cameroon 1019:Botswana 948:Diaspora 910:Noahides 883:Marranos 807:Cochinim 792:Bukharim 782:Gruzinim 772:Teimanim 762:Mizrahim 750:Galician 716:conflict 677:Hasidism 667:Haskalah 572:Diaspora 443:timeline 355:Timeline 268:Rabbinic 175:Kabbalah 150:Marriage 126:Tzedakah 116:Holidays 74:Religion 37:a series 35:Part of 14155:Italics 13980:Studies 13926:Divorce 13892:Kashrut 13887:Cuisine 13845:Culture 13776:Midrash 13771:Tosefta 13761:Mishnah 13749:Ketuvim 13744:Nevi'im 13707:Schisms 13697:Science 13687:Karaite 13658:Renewal 13619:Litvaks 13614:Hasidic 13569:Sefirot 13554:Halakha 13525:Messiah 13498:Mitzvah 13493:Beliefs 13447:Western 13433:Poylish 13428:Litvish 13418:Eastern 13408:Yiddish 13403:Shuadit 13388:Qwareña 13376:Tetuani 13371:Haketia 13346:Knaanic 13341:Kivruli 13289:Bukhori 13235:Heblish 13171:Hulaulá 13161:Barzani 13117:Yahudic 13050:Mizrahi 12910:Urfalim 12865:Mizrahi 12809:Neofiti 12804:Italkim 12733:Lita'im 12625:Zionism 12577:History 12551:Judaism 12448:Zionism 12293:Amoraim 12288:Tannaim 12010:Schisms 11296:, p.133 11249:4307824 11221:Bibcode 11166:1274378 11117:Science 11089:2964539 11015:3543766 10922:3032072 10851:2323359 10828:Bibcode 10777:1274378 10695:Bibcode 10659:2668061 10592:. 2009. 10405:4046922 10330:3585000 10264:3806353 10243:Bibcode 10216:4307824 10180:Bibcode 9868:, p. 3. 9790:. 1902. 9561:Haaretz 9210:4435963 9034:Sejanus 8997:Reuters 8962:, p. 31 8218:tosafot 8019:Gruen, 7888:"golus" 7712:Phoenix 7660:Atlanta 7647:Toronto 7569:Chicago 7440:Siberia 7398:Tunisia 7394:Morocco 7370:Germany 7306:Georgia 7298:Armenia 7284:Ukraine 7280:Siberia 7272:Moldova 7268:Belarus 7256:Estonia 7239:Hungary 7235:Croatia 7214:Lebanon 7202:Albania 7185:Austria 7109:65,000 7099:15,122 7083:115,100 7050:Oceania 6982:39,400 6976:35,000 6953:14,700 6918:54,500 6875:22,500 6856:90,000 6833:41,400 6815:Uruguay 6807:Ecuador 6799:Bolivia 6774:20,000 6701:62,545 6697:Tunisia 6688:70,800 6672:50,000 6641:Morocco 6620:18,680 6593:50,000 6566:30,678 6541:51,044 6537:Algeria 6515:195,000 6508:593,736 6498:372,659 6482:18,600 6466:89,635 6453:74.62% 6447:86.82% 6423:10,400 6409:35,000 6382:18,228 6320:30,000 6283:774,049 6273:352,340 6237:Ireland 6224:17,600 6210:12,551 6197:12,000 6093:Romania 6046:16.25% 6030:16,200 5999:30,000 5945:28,400 5931:34,653 5918:52,900 5912:70,000 5898:Hungary 5883:30,000 5869:Germany 5844:86,885 5813:Denmark 5804:24,300 5742:30,300 5728:12,000 5724:Belgium 5715:13,000 5697:Austria 5645:(2010) 5640:(2010) 5638:Jews, № 5635:(1970) 5630:(1970) 5628:Jews, № 5625:(1942) 5620:(1942) 5618:Jews, № 5615:(1900) 5610:(1900) 5608:Jews, № 5605:Region 5562:deicide 5479:Malchut 5448:Tiferet 5432:Persian 5425:Gevurah 5421:Sefirah 5333:wrote: 5327:Zionism 5144:Kibbutz 5072:Lebanon 5067:Morocco 4956:Zionism 4773:Iberian 4769:Italian 4744:Mizrahi 4708:Germany 4674:Yehudim 4647:Manatch 4643:Aphrime 4468:Halacha 4402:Kaifeng 4210:Mishnah 4157:Temanim 4126:removed 4111:sources 3998:Selânik 3940:Cochini 3687:Mamluks 3505:Mishnah 3476:colonia 3368:in the 3245:Antioch 3239:was in 3085:, when 3074:Persian 2995:Samaria 2848:Zionist 2784:galuth. 2613:Hadrian 2555:Samaria 2547:Assyria 2531:Yehudim 2479:Yiddish 2469:גָּלוּת 2455:: 2279:General 2270:Zionism 2246:Leftism 2236:Bundism 2160:Knaanic 2120:Yevanic 2105:Yiddish 2062:Yiddish 2057:Israeli 2034:Mizrahi 2024:Israeli 1995:Cuisine 1971:Ancient 1953:Secular 1899:Kashrut 1875:Wedding 1862:Customs 1854:Culture 1831:Science 1826:Renewal 1816:Karaite 1797:Hasidic 1729:Oceania 1715:Uruguay 1683:Jamaica 1663:Ecuador 1631:Bolivia 1575:Ukraine 1550:Romania 1525:Moldova 1505:Hungary 1495:Germany 1490:Georgia 1480:Finland 1475:Estonia 1470:Denmark 1465:Czechia 1450:Belarus 1440:Austria 1435:Armenia 1412:Vietnam 1327:Myanmar 1312:Lebanon 1232:Bahrain 1191:Tunisia 1169:Somalia 1144:Nigeria 1139:Namibia 1129:Morocco 1059:Eritrea 1004:Algeria 888:Neofiti 797:Italkim 787:Juhurim 697:Zionism 646:Khazars 541:Sicarii 537:Zealots 533:Essenes 520:Schisms 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