42:
761:
556:
454:
473:
413:
810:
435:
608:
173:
511:
905:
972:
699:
568:
853:
55:
587:
492:
544:
1273:
530:
1895:
346:
The plant galls mostly develop directly after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown; discussion speculates as to chemical, mechanical, and viral triggers. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they
347:
are otherwise well-protected from external environmental effects. The host plants, and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, with about 70% of the known species parasitizing various types of
1528:
Yoshihisa Abe; George Melika; Graham N. Stone (January 2007). "The diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the
Oriental and eastern Palearctic regions, and their associated communities".
288:
The antennae are straight and consist of two or three segments. In many varieties, the backside of the mesosoma appears longitudinally banded. The wings are typically simply structured. The female's egg-depositing
375:
protects the developing gall wasp for the most vulnerable stage of its life cycle, but many other wasps have found a way to penetrate this defence and parasitise the gall and/or larva(e) within. Some of these
309:, with one two-sex generation and one parthenogenic generation annually, whereas some species produce very few males and reproduce only by parthenogenesis, possibly because of infection of the females'
648:. The latter type of gall is induced by this type of wasp not on the leaves, but on the roots of the oak. On the buds of young oak twigs, one can often find the hard-shelled galls of
1748:
Jack Hearn; Erik Gobbo; José Luis Nieves-Aldrey; et al. (3 October 2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships".
1686:
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017).
640:
which likewise can be found on the undersides of leaves, and are recognizable for their spheroidal shape and irregular red streaks. The oak potato gall wasp (
412:
669:
The external phylogeny of the
Cynipidae is based on Peters et al 2017. The Apocrita is within the "Sawflies" which are shown separately for simplicity here.
453:
2705:
1370:
2750:
607:
2660:
2480:
2423:
2715:
1590:; Richard Stouthamer (September 1998). "Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae".
3603:
2610:
1421:
1054:
472:
434:
2778:
2740:
2655:
2500:
1413:
1187:
3642:
3000:
2760:
2725:
2615:
1429:
1381:
1098:
1083:
721:
355:. Galls can be found on nearly all parts of such trees, including the leaves, buds, branches, and roots. Other species of gall wasps live in
555:
3238:
1437:
1136:
645:
363:, and many herbs. Species determination is usually much easier through observation of the galls produced rather than of the insect itself.
2783:
1919:
1389:
1236:
510:
339:
3739:
3577:
3693:
3616:
491:
1961:
1877:
1852:
1833:
567:
41:
3621:
1027:
The internal phylogeny of gall wasps in the cladogram is based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Hearn et al. 2023.
233:
inch) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North
America.
1655:
273:
in apocritan wasps, starting with the third abdominal segment proper. Together, the petiole and the gaster form the
3556:
3647:
3569:
3734:
333:
of most gall wasps develop in characteristic plant galls they induce themselves, but many species are instead
3629:
1574:
1905:
400:
Most species of gall wasps live as gall-formers on oaks. One of the best-known is the common oak gall wasp (
586:
3486:
3473:
1647:
760:
1899:
1672:
575:
480:
306:
17:
3706:
3491:
213:
for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generally very small creature (1–8 millimetres or
54:
3657:
1954:
1503:
406:), which induces characteristic, 2-cm in diameter, spherical galls on the undersides of oak leaves.
1790:
1356:
262:
246:
164:
1460:
The galls of several species, especially
Mediterranean variants, were once used as tanning agents.
461:
442:
266:
258:
3683:
322:
bacteria. The various generations differentiate both in their appearance and in the form of the
3413:
305:, in which a male is completely unnecessary, and partly two-sex propagation. Most species have
3678:
3608:
1915:
1750:
1508:
615:
3670:
3525:
3460:
1947:
1699:
420:
543:
8:
3451:
1747:
518:
402:
1703:
388:) to bore into the gall. These parasitoids may, in turn, be preyed upon by other wasps,
3729:
1640:
1592:
1587:
425:
49:
809:
187:
172:
3665:
3512:
2843:
2675:
2358:
1925:
1873:
1848:
1829:
1802:
1763:
1727:
1651:
1609:
1605:
1546:
782:
126:
3096:
3028:
2828:
2385:
2136:
1771:
1755:
1717:
1707:
1617:
1601:
1554:
1542:
1538:
971:
499:
3465:
529:
3517:
3478:
3057:
2558:
2461:
2367:
2069:
2053:
1493:
1464:
904:
389:
302:
3634:
698:
644:) has round galls that grow to about 4 cm. These are known colloquially as
3564:
3551:
3253:
3005:
2878:
2793:
2755:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2566:
2505:
2436:
2395:
2375:
2335:
2306:
2101:
1939:
756:
741:
1712:
1687:
3723:
3436:
3370:
3334:
3326:
3010:
2833:
2813:
2773:
2745:
2405:
2380:
2343:
2322:
2128:
1930:
1806:
1767:
1613:
1550:
1475:
1468:
951:
1775:
628:. Light lentiform galls on the undersides of the same leaves are induced by
3396:
3357:
3258:
3220:
3203:
2969:
2932:
2924:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2710:
2680:
2576:
2548:
2528:
2510:
2348:
2191:
2183:
2141:
2014:
1731:
1498:
1397:
1216:
920:
852:
847:
693:
314:
157:
1621:
1558:
3590:
3445:
3243:
3225:
3130:
3109:
3083:
2995:
2982:
2914:
2906:
2896:
2888:
2730:
2720:
2700:
2650:
2640:
2600:
2543:
2520:
2495:
2485:
2451:
2400:
2162:
2085:
1971:
1527:
676:
594:
381:
194:
106:
3504:
3365:
3349:
3341:
3330:
3322:
3301:
3248:
3125:
3117:
3075:
3049:
2977:
2857:
2823:
2735:
2695:
2685:
2670:
2533:
2415:
2390:
2314:
2278:
2154:
2077:
1872:. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. 1–176. Doctoral thesis.
1759:
1722:
1635:
900:
792:
385:
356:
290:
202:
136:
3595:
3538:
3318:
3314:
3268:
3233:
3159:
3151:
3138:
3088:
3062:
3020:
2990:
2870:
2865:
2838:
2803:
2788:
2690:
2665:
2620:
2592:
2538:
2490:
2446:
2441:
2233:
2225:
2204:
2002:
1990:
1642:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1488:
1445:
1365:
1272:
1220:
1155:
1151:
625:
377:
352:
334:
318:
278:
254:
86:
66:
3582:
3407:
1586:
1361:
The
Cynipidae contains two subfamilies, one extinct and one extant:
3543:
3499:
3430:
3263:
3036:
2946:
2765:
2605:
2254:
2212:
2170:
2120:
2114:
2093:
2025:
2008:
1405:
1267:
966:
711:
599:
282:
274:
242:
116:
3193:
3039:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
2061:
1575:
The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
270:
1743:
1741:
1577:
Stone et al. (2002) Annual Review of
Entomology Vol. 47: 633-668
261:, while the second abdominal segment forms a sort of shaft, the
3309:
2625:
1996:
1984:
1894:
689:
330:
310:
250:
96:
76:
3701:
3530:
2468:
1738:
1474:
Galls formed on oak trees are one of the main ingredients in
360:
210:
3201:
1580:
372:
323:
206:
245:, gall wasps have a distinctive body shape, the so-called
3285:
3180:
3172:
1685:
624:
These turn reddish in the fall and are commonly known as
348:
1934:
293:
is often seen protruding from the tip of the metasoma.
1521:
1639:
656:Galls do not cause significant harm to oak trees.
301:The reproduction of gall wasps is usually partly
3721:
1969:
337:of other gall wasps, such as those of the genus
632:; darker ones with bulging edges are formed by
296:
1955:
1433:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1417:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1401:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1385:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1570:
1568:
1441:Liljeblad, Nieves-Aldrey & Melika, 2011.
1865:
503:parthenogenetic generation, oak marble gall
1962:
1948:
1782:
384:use their long, hardened egg-laying tube (
40:
1721:
1711:
1688:"Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera"
1673:"Tree galls are rarely cause for concern"
1628:
1565:
1847:(in German). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
1664:
561:Acorn Plum Gall, cut in half, with larva
171:
1864:Phylogeny and Evolution of Gall Wasps (
1377:The Cynipinae consists of nine tribes:
14:
3722:
1788:
1675:. Michigan State University Extension.
1471:was known for his study of gall wasps.
3412:
3411:
1943:
1679:
1634:
1022:
664:
3707:AC1F87FE-FFE1-FF80-FF61-FE98FA26B347
3658:a6cb1f49-6e79-4984-8f21-7ac51af844d8
3570:63c98969-f252-46a3-bfca-f0607b5a23ae
1843:Honomichl, K.; Bellmann, H. (1994).
1671:Kidd, Russell (September 10, 2012).
1670:
1828:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1454:
205:. Their common name comes from the
24:
1845:Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten
1817:
25:
3751:
1887:
1824:Gauld, I. D.; Bolton, B. (1988).
1893:
1789:Yudell, Michael (July 1, 1999).
1606:10.1046/J.1365-2540.1998.00385.X
1271:
970:
903:
851:
808:
759:
697:
606:
585:
566:
554:
542:
528:
509:
490:
471:
452:
433:
411:
265:. The petiole connects with the
53:
3740:Asexual reproduction in animals
3141:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
636:Also striking are the galls of
522:parthenogenetic generation gall
465:parthenogenetic generation gall
446:parthenogenetic generation gall
1543:10.1080/00305316.2007.10417504
13:
1:
3360:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
1514:
969:(stinging wasps, bees, ants)
366:
659:
424:parthenogenetic generation,
297:Reproduction and development
7:
1922:Featured Creatures Web site
1482:
1350:
277:, while the thorax and the
236:
10:
3756:
1354:
630:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
576:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
481:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
269:, which is the functional
3420:
3391:
3284:
3192:
3171:
3150:
3108:
3074:
3048:
3019:
2968:
2945:
2923:
2905:
2887:
2856:
2575:
2557:
2519:
2460:
2414:
2366:
2357:
2334:
2305:
2276:
2253:
2224:
2203:
2182:
2153:
2127:
2113:
2052:
2048:
2023:
1979:
1907:Andricus quercusclavigera
1713:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027
1265:
1258:
1234:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1185:
1178:
1149:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1045:
1038:
964:
949:
942:
918:
898:
891:
884:
845:
823:
803:
796:
786:
754:
739:
732:
725:
715:
687:
680:
163:
156:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
1357:List of Cynipidae genera
395:
257:) is conjoined with the
201:in the wasp superfamily
2144:(web-spinning sawflies)
1791:"Kinsey's Other Report"
613:Raspberry gall made by
462:Andricus quercuscalicis
443:Andricus quercuscalicis
307:alternating generations
3271:(thread-waisted wasps)
3099:(sierolomorphid wasps)
3031:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
2236:(parasitic wood wasps)
1867:Hymenoptera: Cynipidae
1866:
1862:Liljeblad, J. (2002).
654:Andricus quercustozae.
634:Neuroterus numismalis.
484:sexual generation gall
249:. The first abdominal
180:
3735:Gall-inducing insects
3679:Paleobiology Database
1751:Systematic Entomology
1355:Further information:
616:Diastrophus nebulosus
177:Diastrophus nebulosus
175:
3565:Fauna Europaea (new)
1902:at Wikimedia Commons
638:Cynips longiventris,
619:, larvae inside gall
421:Andricus fecundatrix
188:traditionally called
2080:(cimbicid sawflies)
1911:A. quercuscornigera
1704:2017CBio...27.1013P
1504:Common spangle gall
1463:Before his work in
579:common spangle gall
519:Cynips longiventris
403:Cynips quercusfolii
179:on a raspberry gall
2165:(cedar wood wasps)
2088:(conifer sawflies)
1760:10.1111/SYEN.12611
1588:Menno Schilthuizen
1023:Internal phylogeny
665:External phylogeny
426:oak artichoke gall
181:
165:at least 80 genera
3717:
3716:
3666:Open Tree of Life
3414:Taxon identifiers
3405:
3404:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3338:
3305:
3295:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3229:
3228:(cockroach wasps)
3214:
3184:
3163:
3142:
3134:
3121:
3100:
3097:Sierolomorphidae
3092:
3066:
3040:
3032:
3029:Rhopalosomatidae
2986:
2941:
2940:
2874:
2852:
2851:
2844:Trichogrammatidae
2769:
2706:Eutrichosomatidae
2676:Epichrysomallidae
2596:
2586:
2474:
2432:
2359:Proctotrupomorpha
2326:
2325:(ichneumon wasps)
2318:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2174:
2166:
2145:
2105:
2104:(common sawflies)
2097:
2096:(pergid sawflies)
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
1926:Wikispecies entry
1898:Media related to
1879:978-91-7265-494-5
1854:978-3-437-25020-0
1835:978-0-19-858521-3
1638:(2007). "Galls".
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1371:Hodiernocynipinae
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1270:(oak gall wasps)
1247:
1246:
1167:
1166:
1109:
1108:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
983:
982:
931:
930:
873:
872:
864:
863:
850:and other groups
834:
833:
783:Proctotrupomorpha
772:
771:
642:Biorrhiza pallida
170:
169:
152:
127:Proctotrupomorpha
16:(Redirected from
3747:
3710:
3709:
3697:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3635:NBNSYS0000159810
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3409:
3408:
3359:
3351:
3344:(plasterer bees)
3343:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3270:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3211:(sphecoid wasps)
3208:
3199:
3198:
3182:
3161:
3140:
3132:
3119:
3098:
3090:
3064:
3038:
3030:
2984:
2966:
2965:
2872:
2829:Tanaostigmatidae
2767:
2751:Melanosomellidae
2594:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2430:
2386:Neuroscelionidae
2364:
2363:
2324:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2274:
2273:
2235:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2164:
2143:
2137:Megalodontesidae
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2070:Blasticotomidae
2064:(argid sawflies)
2063:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1931:Family Cynipidae
1897:
1883:
1869:
1858:
1839:
1811:
1810:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1698:(7): 1013–1018.
1683:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1531:Oriental Insects
1525:
1509:Silk button gall
1455:In human culture
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1223:oak gall wasps)
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1181:
1180:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1030:
974:
945:
944:
907:
894:
893:
887:
886:
855:
812:
799:
798:
789:
788:
763:
735:
734:
728:
727:
718:
717:
701:
683:
682:
673:
672:
650:Andricus kollari
610:
589:
570:
558:
546:
532:
513:
500:Andricus kollari
494:
475:
456:
437:
415:
390:hyperparasitoids
232:
231:
227:
222:
221:
217:
150:
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3375:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3276:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3188:
3167:
3162:(scoliid wasps)
3146:
3104:
3070:
3065:(tiphiid wasps)
3058:Bradynobaenidae
3044:
3015:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2937:
2919:
2901:
2883:
2848:
2661:Cynipencyrtidae
2583:(chalcid wasps)
2582:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2559:Mymarommatoidea
2553:
2515:
2481:Proctorenyxidae
2466:
2465:
2462:Proctotrupoidea
2456:
2424:Austrocynipidae
2410:
2368:Platygastroidea
2353:
2330:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2220:
2215:(stem sawflies)
2199:
2178:
2149:
2123:
2109:
2102:Tenthredinidae
2072:(fern sawflies)
2054:Tenthredinoidea
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2019:
1975:
1968:
1890:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1836:
1826:The Hymenoptera
1823:
1820:
1818:Further reading
1815:
1814:
1795:Natural History
1787:
1783:
1746:
1739:
1692:Current Biology
1684:
1680:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1648:Greenwood Press
1633:
1629:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1494:Oak marble gall
1485:
1465:human sexuality
1457:
1409:Billberg, 1820.
1359:
1353:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1248:
1168:
1110:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
932:
874:
865:
835:
825:other families
773:
667:
662:
620:
611:
602:
590:
581:
580:
571:
562:
559:
550:
549:Acorn Plum Gall
547:
538:
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495:
486:
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476:
467:
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457:
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438:
429:
428:
416:
398:
369:
303:parthenogenesis
299:
239:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:they induce on
151:Latreille, 1802
149:
52:
28:
27:Family of wasps
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3698:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3561:
3552:Fauna Europaea
3548:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3442:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3335:stingless bees
3327:carpenter bees
3307:
3298:
3296:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Pemphredonidae
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3133:(spider wasps)
3128:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:(flower wasps)
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:Sclerogibbidae
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2985:(cuckoo wasps)
2980:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
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2918:
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2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2879:Gasteruptiidae
2876:
2873:(ensign wasps)
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:Pelecinellidae
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2756:Metapelmatidae
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Hetreulophidae
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Chrysolampidae
2643:
2638:
2636:Chalcedectidae
2633:
2631:Cerocephalidae
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2567:Mymarommatidae
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:Proctotrupidae
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Diplolepididae
2434:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Platygastridae
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Geoscelionidae
2372:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2336:Ceraphronoidea
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:Ichneumonidae
2320:
2311:
2309:
2307:Ichneumonoidea
2300:
2271:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2230:
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2222:
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1889:
1888:External links
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1781:
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1657:978-0313339226
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1600:(3): 270–274.
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1449:Ashmead, 1896.
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1425:Ashmead, 1903.
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1393:Ashmead, 1903.
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757:Ichneumonoidea
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742:Ceraphronoidea
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368:
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298:
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238:
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197:of the family
168:
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3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3372:
3371:Stenotritidae
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:Megachilidae
3356:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3287:
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3257:
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3200:
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3157:
3155:
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3149:
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3135:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3120:(velvet ants)
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
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3051:
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3041:
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3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3011:Scolebythidae
3009:
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3002:
2999:
2997:
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2967:
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2925:Trigonaloidea
2922:
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2834:Tetracampidae
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2814:Signiphoridae
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2800:
2797:
2795:
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2787:
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2777:
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2774:Neanastatidae
2772:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Megastigmidae
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2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
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2611:Baeomorphidae
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2406:Sparasionidae
2404:
2402:
2399:
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2381:Janzenellidae
2379:
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2374:
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2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Ceraphronidae
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
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2227:
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2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:Xiphydriidae
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2184:Xiphydrioidea
2181:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:Pamphiliidae
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:Pamphilioidea
2126:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
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2098:
2092:
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2084:
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1497:
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1477:
1476:iron gall ink
1473:
1470:
1469:Alfred Kinsey
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1447:
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1439:
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1431:
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1422:Eschatocerini
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1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:Eschatocerini
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
988:
987:
979:
978:
975:
973:
968:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
952:Trigonaloidea
947:
946:
940:
939:
936:
935:
927:
926:
923:
922:
916:
915:
912:
911:
908:
906:
902:
896:
895:
889:
888:
882:
881:
878:
877:
869:
868:
860:
859:
856:
854:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
830:
829:
826:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
811:
807:
801:
800:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
768:
767:
764:
762:
758:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
737:
736:
730:
729:
723:
720:
719:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
700:
695:
691:
685:
684:
678:
675:
674:
670:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
617:
609:
604:
601:
597:
596:
588:
583:
578:
577:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
540:
531:
526:
521:
520:
512:
507:
502:
501:
493:
488:
483:
482:
474:
469:
464:
463:
455:
450:
445:
444:
436:
431:
427:
423:
422:
414:
409:
408:
407:
405:
404:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
343:
341:
336:
332:
327:
326:they induce.
325:
321:
320:
316:
315:endosymbiotic
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:hymenopterans
192:
189:
185:
178:
174:
166:
162:
159:
155:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:Superfamily:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3421:
3397:Unicalcarida
3352:(sweat bees)
3304:(mason bees)
3259:Philanthidae
3226:Ampulicidae
3221:Ammoplanidae
3204:Spheciformes
3202:
2983:Chrysididae
2970:Chrysidoidea
2933:Trigonalidae
2907:Megalyroidea
2889:Stephanoidea
2819:Spalangiidae
2809:Pteromalidae
2799:Perilampidae
2779:Neodiparidae
2768:(fairyflies)
2741:Macromesidae
2711:Herbertiidae
2681:Eucharitidae
2656:Coelocybidae
2577:Chalcidoidea
2549:Monomachidae
2529:Austroniidae
2511:Vanhorniidae
2501:Peradeniidae
2431:(gall wasps)
2428:
2349:Megaspilidae
2277:
2194:(wood wasps)
2163:Anaxyelidae
2086:Diprionidae
2024:
2015:Holometabola
2013:Superorder:
2007:Infraclass:
1972:Hymenopteran
1910:
1906:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1749:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1666:
1641:
1630:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1499:Knopper gall
1414:Diastrophini
1398:Ceroptresini
1376:
1360:
1266:
1235:
1217:Ceroptresini
1215:
1188:Diastrophini
1186:
1158:gall wasps)
1150:
1135:
1097:
1082:
1053:
1034:
1026:
965:
950:
921:Stephanoidea
919:
899:
848:Chalcidoidea
846:
824:
805:
804:
755:
740:
694:paraphyletic
688:
668:
653:
649:
646:oak potatoes
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
614:
593:
574:
517:
498:
479:
460:
441:
419:
401:
399:
370:
345:
338:
328:
317:
300:
287:
281:make up the
240:
198:
190:
183:
182:
176:
146:
123:Infraorder:
29:
3591:iNaturalist
3446:Wikispecies
3350:Halictidae
3342:Colletidae
3331:orchid bees
3323:cuckoo bees
3302:Andrenidae
3244:Crabronidae
3181:Formicidae
3173:Formicoidea
3131:Pompilidae
3118:Mutillidae
3110:Pompiloidea
3084:Chyphotidae
3001:Plumariidae
2996:Embolemidae
2915:Megalyridae
2897:Stephanidae
2761:Moranilidae
2731:Leucospidae
2726:Idioporidae
2721:Heydeniidae
2701:Eurytomidae
2651:Cleonymidae
2641:Chalcididae
2616:Boucekiidae
2601:Aphelinidae
2595:(fig wasps)
2544:Maamingidae
2521:Diaprioidea
2496:Pelecinidae
2486:Roproniidae
2452:Liopteridae
2401:Scelionidae
2317:(braconids)
2315:Braconidae
2173:(horntails)
2078:Cimbicidae
1723:2434/801122
1636:Piper, Ross
1430:Phanacidini
1382:Aulacideini
1099:Aulacideini
1084:Phanacidini
722:Parasitoida
677:Hymenoptera
595:Hopea ponga
382:parasitoids
351:, inducing
324:plant galls
107:Hymenoptera
3724:Categories
3395:See also:
3366:Melittidae
3319:bumblebees
3315:honey bees
3286:Anthophila
3269:Sphecidae
3249:Mellinidae
3239:Bembicidae
3160:Scoliidae
3152:Scolioidea
3139:Sapygidae
3126:Myrmosidae
3089:Thynnidae
3076:Thynnoidea
3063:Tiphiidae
3050:Tiphioidea
2978:Bethylidae
2871:Evaniidae
2858:Evanioidea
2824:Systasidae
2766:Mymaridae
2736:Lyciscidae
2696:Eupelmidae
2686:Eulophidae
2671:Encyrtidae
2593:Agaonidae
2534:Diapriidae
2429:Cynipidae
2416:Cynipoidea
2391:Nixoniidae
2234:Orussidae
2226:Orussoidea
2171:Siricidae
2155:Siricoidea
2001:Subclass:
1991:Arthropoda
1776:Q123440111
1515:References
1438:Qwaqwaiini
1137:Qwaqwaiini
901:Evanioidea
793:Cynipoidea
626:oak apples
386:ovipositor
378:inquilines
367:Parasitism
357:eucalyptus
335:inquilines
291:ovipositor
247:wasp waist
203:Cynipoidea
184:Gall wasps
137:Cynipoidea
113:Suborder:
87:Arthropoda
35:Gall wasp
18:Gall wasps
3730:Cynipidae
3694:cynipidae
3479:Cynipidae
3466:Cynipidae
3452:Cynipidae
3422:Cynipidae
3234:Astatidae
3037:Vespidae
3021:Vespoidea
2991:Dryinidae
2866:Aulacidae
2839:Torymidae
2804:Pirenidae
2789:Ormyridae
2784:Ooderidae
2691:Eunotidae
2666:Diparidae
2621:Calesidae
2539:Ismaridae
2491:Heloridae
2447:Ibaliidae
2442:Figitidae
2213:Cephidae
2205:Cephoidea
2115:Xyeloidea
2094:Pergidae
2003:Pterygota
1983:Kingdom:
1900:Cynipidae
1807:0028-0712
1768:0307-6970
1622:Q56609382
1614:0018-067X
1559:Q56853717
1551:0030-5316
1489:Oak apple
1446:Synergini
1366:Cynipinae
1221:inquiline
1156:inquiline
1152:Synergini
1035:Cynipidae
806:Cynipidae
660:Evolution
592:Galls on
353:oak galls
319:Wolbachia
279:propodeum
255:propodeum
241:Like all
199:Cynipidae
191:gallflies
158:Diversity
147:Cynipidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
3500:BugGuide
3431:Wikidata
3264:Psenidae
2606:Azotidae
2121:Xyelidae
2062:Argidae
2009:Neoptera
1989:Phylum:
1985:Animalia
1974:families
1935:BugGuide
1772:Wikidata
1732:28343967
1618:Wikidata
1593:Heredity
1555:Wikidata
1483:See also
1406:Cynipini
1390:Aylacini
1351:Taxonomy
1268:Cynipini
1237:Aylacini
967:Aculeata
712:Apocrita
690:Sawflies
600:Peravoor
536:oak gall
340:Synergus
283:mesosoma
275:metasoma
243:Apocrita
237:Features
143:Family:
117:Apocrita
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
3437:Q640774
3194:Apoidea
1997:Insecta
1995:Class:
1970:Extant
1914:on the
1700:Bibcode
311:gametes
271:abdomen
263:petiole
228:⁄
218:⁄
186:, also
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
3684:150413
3671:241305
3655:NZOR:
3622:154031
3609:105054
3544:1CYNIF
3310:Apidae
3292:(bees)
3183:(ants)
2626:Ceidae
2469:s.str.
1876:
1851:
1832:
1805:
1774:
1766:
1730:
1654:
1620:
1612:
1557:
1549:
331:larvae
267:gaster
259:thorax
251:tergum
211:plants
193:, are
3702:Plazi
3691:PPE:
3648:73401
3604:IRMNG
3596:55594
3557:11332
3505:14878
1801:(6).
396:Types
361:maple
253:(the
207:galls
3643:NCBI
3617:ITIS
3583:4339
3578:GBIF
3539:EPPO
3531:7495
3487:BOLD
1920:IFAS
1909:and
1874:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1803:ISSN
1764:ISSN
1728:PMID
1652:ISBN
1610:ISSN
1547:ISSN
652:and
380:and
373:gall
329:The
3630:NBN
3526:EoL
3518:8VX
3513:CoL
3492:659
3474:AFD
3461:ADW
1933:at
1799:108
1756:doi
1718:hdl
1708:doi
1602:doi
1539:doi
598:at
349:oak
313:by
3726::
3704::
3681::
3668::
3645::
3632::
3619::
3606::
3593::
3580::
3567::
3554::
3541::
3528::
3515::
3502::
3489::
3476::
3463::
3448::
3433::
3333:,
3329:,
3325:,
3321:,
3317:,
1918:/
1916:UF
1797:.
1793:.
1770:.
1762:.
1754:.
1740:^
1726:.
1716:.
1706:.
1696:27
1694:.
1690:.
1650:.
1646:.
1616:.
1608:.
1598:81
1596:.
1567:^
1553:.
1545:.
1535:41
1533:.
1467:,
696:)
392:.
371:A
359:,
285:.
230:16
220:32
3337:)
3313:(
2961:a
2959:t
2957:a
2955:e
2953:l
2951:u
2949:c
2947:A
2471:)
2467:(
2297:a
2295:c
2293:i
2291:t
2289:i
2287:s
2285:a
2283:r
2281:a
2279:P
2269:a
2267:t
2265:i
2263:r
2261:c
2259:o
2257:p
2255:A
2040:a
2038:t
2036:y
2034:h
2032:p
2030:m
2028:y
2026:S
1963:e
1956:t
1949:v
1882:.
1870:)
1857:.
1838:.
1809:.
1778:.
1758::
1734:.
1720::
1710::
1702::
1660:.
1624:.
1604::
1561:.
1541::
1478:.
1373:†
1219:(
1154:(
692:(
342:.
226:5
223:–
216:1
20:)
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