520:, the homes on the hill were built in such a way that the roofs of the houses below became the streets for the ones above; the cascading style of construction was many layers deep, and when the earthquake happened, the homes collapsed onto one another from above. Many people were killed immediately and buried under the rubble, and some were fortunate to be alive yet could not extricate themselves quickly from the debris. Some survivors were pulled from the ruins as many as six or seven days after the earthquake. The wounded and dying there were without much relief until January 19 when a temporary hospital was set up and a doctor hired who could distribute medicine and apply bandages.
420:
38:
438:
294:
474:
standards. The heavy damage in certain areas occurred for various reasons. Some cities were built on steep hillsides overlooking the plains (done for security reasons), while other sites were located on unstable soil where landslides had occurred previously. These conditions made assessing the intensity of the earthquake difficult, but
Ambraseys settled on a maximum value of VII–VIII (
457:, but many houses were damaged and others completely destroyed. The wintertime slowed communication in the area, and nearly eight days passed before reliable reports came in from Safed regarding the nature of damage there. The letters stated that the town, along with Tiberias and many other villages, had been overthrown.
473:
The types of homes that were built in that time and area, usually one story rubble masonry with heavy flat roofs that were often already damaged, were not resistant to even a small amount of shaking. Public structures like bridges and walls fared better, as they were usually constructed with higher
301:
The Dead Sea
Transform, also known as the Levant Fracture, produces strong but infrequent earthquakes, and all pre-instrumental information regarding the area shows that it was experiencing an inactive period during the twentieth century. Researchers M. Vered and H. L. Striem conducted a study on
310:
values. The 1927 event was both macroseismically and instrumentally recorded, and that provided a good opportunity to closely examine the macroseismic and instrumental epicenter location, estimates of its depth, and methods used in the macroseismic investigation. Once validated, the processes of
338:
mapped the intensity values reported from more than 120 locations within the affected area and used the values to create a relationship with a group of 158 earthquakes in nearby Turkey and northern Syria with known intensities and magnitudes to predict the
469:
was mostly destroyed, with thirty deaths occurring as people were crushed in their homes, and many more would have suffered the same had they not been at evening prayers at the church there, which was a small building that was not seriously damaged.
252:
argued that the event may have been more substantial. The event was well-documented by the nineteenth-century missionary, archaeologist, and author
William McClure Thomson. The region in which the earthquake occurred was formally part of the
543:(west of Damascus). The aftershocks were spread over a distance of 70 kilometers (43 mi) and that length matches the north–south region of the epicentral area that was mapped by Ambraseys and could indicate that the
272:
arrived in Beirut in 1833 for missionary work and was in the area at the time of the earthquake. He wrote, in fine detail, of the damage and personal tragedies he witnessed during his travels in the book
527:
heavy damage was sustained, though not quite as severe as in Safed, and 600 people were killed there, with many homes and the walls of the city being destroyed. The wounded were transported to
330:
had larger magnitudes than the 1837 event and have been associated with the
Yammouneh fault in Lebanon. However, no other earthquakes of similar size occurred in the Dead Sea zone after
539:
Three large aftershocks occurred several weeks after the main event. On
January 16 in the northern end, January 22 near the middle, and in the north again on May 20 near the city of
490:
up until the 1990s. A higher loss of life was probably seen as a result of the earthquake occurring on a winter evening, as most people were likely in their homes preparing dinner.
350:
The main shock occurred around four in the afternoon, followed by a second strong shock five minutes later, and was felt as far as 500 kilometers (310 mi) away.
1296:
1059:
554:
In the months and years following the earthquake, houses and lands lost to their dead owners were settled by new emigrants who had recently come from
285:. During his time in the area, Thomson was locked up with charges of spying. The Egyptians were ultimately flushed from the region by the Ottomans.
960:
649:
240:
544:
1286:
277:. The book was published in 1861 and remained a best seller through much of the nineteenth century. In the region, the Egyptians (led by
160:
17:
465:
the fallen homes made the streets nearly impassable, with people sleeping in boats and in tents alongside the shore. The village of
531:
in that area for relief, and there may have been changes to the volume of water emanating from them at the time of the earthquake.
282:
1052:
483:
359:
224:
497:
was destroyed, and all the parishioners, totaling 135 people, were killed, with only the priest surviving the collapse of the
991:
974:
The Land and the Book, Or, Biblical
Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land
921:
718:
275:
The Land and the Book, Or, Biblical
Illustrations Drawn from the Manners and Customs, the Scenes and Scenery of the Holy Land
513:, in 1838 and noted that it had suffered greatly from the earthquake the preceding year, with 143 villagers reported dead.
111:
1271:
1045:
982:
879:
635:"The historical earthquakes of Syria – an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D."
1250:
1068:
821:
794:
693:
580:
1316:
1018:
1007:"A macroseismic study and the implications of structural damage of two recent major earthquakes in the Jordan Rift"
172:
1291:
1240:
1301:
575:
1245:
1179:
1133:
327:
1306:
925:
1311:
1128:
437:
307:
232:
1230:
1199:
945:
867:
Biblical
Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838
681:
Geographies of Desire: Bayard Taylor and the
Romance of Travel in Bourgeois American Culture, 1820–1880
419:
1281:
1276:
1204:
1194:
1138:
861:
502:
634:
1225:
1184:
1123:
968:
303:
269:
1189:
1143:
1118:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
340:
278:
96:
88:
784:
281:), had recently succeeded in overpowering the Ottomans and gained control of Syria during the
1163:
1158:
1153:
1102:
871:
811:
323:
207:
on
January 1 and is one of a number of moderate to large events that have occurred along the
1235:
1209:
1148:
501:
stone roof there. The priest was protected by an arch over the altar. The American scholar
498:
8:
1029:
Damage Caused By Landslides During the Earthquakes of 1837 and 1927 in the Galilee Region
995:
306:
and the January 1837 event, with a close look at damage data to gain a good estimate of
941:
335:
316:
249:
208:
322:
Several other previous events occurred in the same region, and by comparison both the
978:
875:
817:
790:
708:
689:
312:
80:
37:
1027:
972:
865:
712:
679:
1006:
548:
510:
379:
344:
254:
1265:
462:
216:
212:
146:
126:
113:
1037:
311:
analyzing the macroseismic data were applied to the earlier 1837 event. The
487:
946:"The earthquake of 1 January 1837 in Southern Lebanon and Northern Israel"
331:
347:
in the area helped to estimate a magnitude of 7.0 to 7.1 for the event.
528:
786:
Tsunamis in the World Fifteenth International Tsunami Symposium, 1991
427:
383:
258:
293:
997:
Narrative of a journey through Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852
685:
524:
403:
351:
559:
540:
466:
367:
204:
633:
Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawcheh, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (2005),
563:
555:
486:
for the event. That scale was used primarily in Europe and the
454:
399:
261:, who were occupying after they had seized it during conflict.
334:
began being used around the turn of the twentieth century, so
517:
506:
458:
375:
363:
245:
219:
on the east. Intensity assessments for the event were VIII (
494:
319:
events were along a north–south line near the fault zone.
238:
A 1977 assessment of the event that was published in the
354:'s maximum perceived intensity was estimated to be VII (
248:
and the magnitude of 6.25–6.5, but in 1997 seismologist
632:
211:
that marks the boundary of two tectonic plates; the
493:Every house and the local church in the village of
446:report of Apr 12, 1837, with a table of casualties
1263:
1011:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
842:
789:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 170.
754:
752:
661:
659:
601:
599:
597:
595:
241:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
905:
903:
816:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p. 39.
628:
626:
1067:
1053:
990:
860:
749:
725:
656:
592:
257:but at the time, it was under control of the
1297:19th-century disasters in the Ottoman Empire
1025:
900:
888:
830:
623:
244:had the epicenter just north of the city of
1004:
961:Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia
743:
650:Istituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia
617:
1060:
1046:
343:for this event. The average radius of the
36:
1000:. Vol. 2. William Blackwood and son.
940:
770:
758:
731:
665:
605:
398:As a result of the earthquake, a strong
292:
992:Velde, van de, Charles William Meredith
967:
909:
894:
848:
836:
14:
1264:
813:Seismicity of the European Area Part 2
809:
677:
547:fault, and its extension south to the
453:The shock was comparatively slight in
1041:
782:
707:
209:Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system
27:1837 earthquake in present-day Israel
1026:Wachs, Daniel; Levitte, Dov (1978),
402:(standing wave) swept the shores of
24:
1287:Natural disasters in Ottoman Syria
719:Young People's Missionary Movement
25:
1328:
1005:Vered, M.; Striem, H. L. (1977),
581:List of earthquakes in the Levant
461:was damaged considerably, and in
1019:Seismological Society of America
436:
418:
283:Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)
915:
854:
803:
776:
764:
484:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
386:(formerly Aintab) were at III (
360:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
225:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
153:
737:
701:
671:
611:
576:List of historical earthquakes
505:passed through the village of
393:
297:The Yammouneh fault in Lebanon
13:
1:
1032:, Geological Survey of Israel
586:
551:, were sources of the event.
425:Galilee Earthquake report in
328:Near East earthquakes of 1759
288:
534:
7:
678:Uhlman, James Todd (2007),
569:
308:Modified Mercalli intensity
233:European Macroseismic Scale
10:
1333:
406:causing additional death.
264:
197:Galilee earthquake of 1837
31:Galilee earthquake of 1837
18:Galilee earthquake of 1837
1272:Earthquakes in the Levant
1218:
1172:
1111:
1075:
1069:Earthquakes in the Levant
409:
185:
152:
142:
105:
75:
67:
59:
48:January 1, 1837
44:
35:
969:Thomson, William Mcclure
1317:Strike-slip earthquakes
783:Tinti, Stefano (1993).
744:Vered & Striem 1977
618:Vered & Striem 1977
304:1927 Jericho earthquake
270:William McClure Thomson
1292:1837 disasters in Asia
1098:528 Antioch earthquake
1093:526 Antioch earthquake
1083:115 Antioch earthquake
942:Ambraseys, Nicholas N.
872:Crocker & Brewster
374:), and cities such as
341:surface wave magnitude
298:
279:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
1302:1837 in Ottoman Syria
1103:551 Beirut earthquake
864:; Smith, Eli (1841).
324:1202 Syria earthquake
296:
1241:1969 Sharm El Sheikh
953:Annals of Geophysics
810:KárnĂk, VĂt (1971).
642:Annals of Geophysics
215:on the west and the
1307:January 1837 events
922:C.W.M. van de Velde
851:, pp. 277, 278
773:, pp. 924, 925
509:, just west of the
199:, often called the
123: /
32:
1312:History of Galilee
1246:1995 Gulf of Aqaba
1134:1033 Jordan Valley
714:Into all the world
336:Nicholas Ambraseys
317:Jordan Rift Valley
313:meizoseismal areas
299:
250:Nicholas Ambraseys
30:
1259:
1258:
1251:2023 Turkey–Syria
566:, and elsewhere.
315:of both of these
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
1324:
1282:History of Safed
1277:1837 earthquakes
1129:859 Syrian coast
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1038:
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1022:
1001:
987:
964:
950:
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862:Robinson, Edward
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229:Heavily damaging
201:Safed earthquake
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176:Heavily damaging
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874:. p. 238.
870:. Vol. 3.
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516:In the town of
503:Edward Robinson
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60:Local time
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45:Local date
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1205:1856 Heraklion
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1195:1834 Jerusalem
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1180:1759 Near East
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1139:1068 Near East
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984:978-1143669248
983:
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937:
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914:
899:
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881:978-1231217498
880:
853:
841:
829:
822:
802:
795:
775:
771:Ambraseys 1997
763:
759:Ambraseys 1997
748:
746:, p. 1607
736:
732:Ambraseys 1997
724:
709:Wells, Amos R.
700:
694:
670:
666:Ambraseys 1997
655:
622:
620:, p. 1612
610:
606:Ambraseys 1997
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
571:
568:
549:Sea of Galilee
536:
533:
511:Sea of Galilee
442:
435:
434:
431:, 1 March 1837
424:
417:
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290:
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266:
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255:Ottoman Empire
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149:
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143:Areas affected
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962:
958:
954:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
923:
918:
912:, p. 279
911:
906:
904:
897:, p. 278
896:
891:
883:
877:
873:
869:
868:
863:
857:
850:
845:
839:, p. 277
838:
833:
825:
823:9789401030786
819:
815:
814:
806:
798:
796:9789401736206
792:
788:
787:
779:
772:
767:
761:, p. 929
760:
755:
753:
745:
740:
734:, p. 923
733:
728:
721:. p. 51.
720:
716:
715:
710:
704:
697:
695:9780549699996
691:
688:, p. 3,
687:
683:
682:
674:
668:, p. 927
667:
662:
660:
651:
647:
643:
636:
629:
627:
619:
614:
608:, p. 924
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222:
218:
217:Arabian Plate
214:
213:African Plate
210:
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198:
188:
184:
180:
177:
174:EMS-98 VIII (
168:
165:
162:MSK-64 VIII (
158:
151:
148:
147:Ottoman Syria
145:
141:
136:
127:33.0°N 35.5°E
108:
104:
101:
93:
85:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1226:1927 Jericho
1219:Contemporary
1200:1837 Galilee
1185:1796 Latakia
1124:847 Damascus
1028:
1014:
1010:
996:
973:
956:
952:
934:Bibliography
917:
910:Thomson 1861
895:Thomson 1861
890:
866:
856:
849:Thomson 1861
844:
837:Thomson 1861
832:
812:
805:
785:
778:
766:
739:
727:
713:
703:
680:
673:
645:
641:
613:
553:
538:
522:
515:
492:
488:Soviet Union
479:
475:
472:
452:
443:
426:
397:
387:
371:
370:were at VI (
355:
349:
332:seismometers
321:
300:
274:
268:
239:
237:
228:
220:
203:, shook the
200:
196:
194:
175:
163:
1190:1822 Aleppo
1173:Ottoman era
1144:1138 Aleppo
1119:749 Galilee
1112:Middle ages
1088:363 Galilee
1076:Classic era
1021:: 1607–1613
924:(1854), p.
529:hot springs
476:Very strong
394:Wave damage
356:Very strong
345:isoseismals
189:6,000–7,000
130: /
71:20 seconds
1266:Categories
1164:1344 Syria
1159:1202 Syria
1154:1170 Syria
587:References
289:Earthquake
227:and VIII (
186:Casualties
132:33.0; 35.5
52:1837-01-01
1236:1956 Chim
1210:1872 Amik
1149:1157 Hama
963:: 923–935
535:Aftermath
482:) on the
444:The Times
428:The Times
384:Gaziantep
358:) on the
302:both the
259:Egyptians
231:) on the
223:) on the
156:intensity
106:Epicenter
79:6.25–6.5
76:Magnitude
994:(1854).
971:(1861),
944:(1997),
711:(1903).
686:ProQuest
570:See also
525:Tiberias
480:Damaging
404:Tiberias
362:, while
352:Damascus
326:and the
221:Damaging
164:Damaging
95:7.0–7.1
68:Duration
560:Germany
541:Hasbaya
499:vaulted
467:Rumaish
368:Baalbek
265:Preface
205:Galilee
118:35°30′E
115:33°00′N
50: (
981:
878:
820:
793:
717:. The
692:
564:Poland
556:Russia
455:Beirut
410:Damage
400:seiche
382:, and
380:Tarsus
372:Strong
1017:(6),
959:(4),
949:(PDF)
652:: 382
648:(3),
638:(PDF)
518:Safed
507:Lubya
459:Sidon
376:Cairo
364:Ramla
246:Safed
63:16:00
979:ISBN
876:ISBN
818:ISBN
791:ISBN
690:ISBN
545:Roum
495:Jish
463:Tyre
388:Weak
366:and
195:The
154:Max.
87:7.0
926:409
523:In
390:).
1268::
1015:67
1013:,
1009:,
977:,
957:XL
955:,
951:,
902:^
751:^
684:,
658:^
646:48
644:,
640:,
625:^
594:^
562:,
558:,
378:,
235:.
1061:e
1054:t
1047:v
884:.
826:.
799:.
478:–
178:)
166:)
99:s
97:M
91:s
89:M
83:L
81:M
54:)
20:)
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