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simply pseudo-science employed in the pursuit of some predetermined plan to award Duval the coveted prize without serious consideration of candidates so shrouded in obscurity that they escaped proper attention even in a contest of insignificance?" Easterbrook concludes: "Of the finalists, Todd and Duval, one disqualified himself by writing some significant opinions. True, Duval tried to atone for this by remaining mute (he was deaf by then as well) after his opinion in LeGrand, but it was too late. His
Significant Acts had disqualified him. The winner by default—in what other way can one win this kind of contest?—is Thomas Todd. Long may he reign."
426:(1813) where he was the sole dissenting justice in a case that ruled whether the daughter of an ex-slave could provide hearsay evidence that her mother was free at the time of her birth. Duvall wrote that the evidence should be allowed, and "people of color from their helpless condition under the uncontrolled authority of a master, are entitled to all reasonable protection." In Duvall’s 1813 dissent, he argued that, “It will be universally admitted that the right to freedom is more important than the right of property”. However, the court denied the Queens their freedom by disallowing hearsay as evidence for their petition for freedom.
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896:. He argued that "impartial examination of Duvall's performance reveals to even the uninitiated observer that he achieved an enviable standard of insignificance against which all other Justices must be measured." Currie notes that: "On the quantitative scale of PPY , therefore, modified by common sense and a spirit of fair play, Duvall seems to me far and away the most insignificant of his colleagues during the time of Chief Justice Marshall." Prof. Currie proposed several "Indicators of Insignificance (IOI)" that he used to compare Duvall to other candidates, such as:
333:. He married twice, first in 1787 to Mary Bryce (d. 1791), daughter of Annapolis sea captain Robert Bryce. They had only one son, Edmund Bryce Duvall (1790–1831). Duvall married his second wife, Jane Gibbon Duvall (1757 – 1834), daughter of sea captain James Gibbon and Mary Gibbon. Widowed, Mary Gibbon ran a boarding house in Philadelphia where her daughter Jane also worked. Gabriel Duvall and other members of Congress stayed at the Gibbons’ boarding house. He met Jane at the boarding house during his federal service in Philadelphia. They married on May 5, 1795, at
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543:, a diversity suit concerning a commercial transaction between American and English merchants, Duvall enforced the English choice of law clause of the contract, applying "a rule of the Chancery Court and of merchants," namely that: "When one merchant sends an account current to another residing in a different country, between whom there are mutual dealings, and he keeps it two years without making any objections, it shall be deemed a stated account, and his silence and acquiescence shall bind him, at least so far as to cast the
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George's County, and other property. His principal heirs were his sister, Sarah
Simpson (who died the same year), and four grandchildren (Marcus, Edmund, Mary Frances and Gabriella Augusta Duvall). His remains were reinterred on Marietta House Museum's grounds circa 1987, as were other family graves endangered by development in the area. In 1959, Maryland named a new high school near Duvall's former home,
570:, according to Prof. John Paul Jones, Duvall became the "architect of the federal rule that the ordinary practice of permitting first the debtor and alternatively the creditor to choose to which among competing obligations a payment should be applied did not pertain when different sureties, under distinct obligations, were interested." In a 2007 address to the
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in 1983. Currie argued that "impartial examination of Duvall's performance reveals to even the uninitiated observer that he achieved an enviable standard of insignificance against which all other justices must be measured." Easterbrook responded that Currie's analysis lacked "serious consideration of
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affirmed a judgment against a debtor, holding that, while ordinarily "a security under seal extinguishes a simple contract debt," in the case of public debts, "the account and the bond are distinct from each other. The official bond is not given for the balance due; it is a collateral security . . .
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He remained on the U.S. Supreme Court until retiring shortly after his 82nd birthday. According to one of Chief
Justice Marshall's biographers, Duvall "became distinguished for holding on to his seat for many years after he had become aged and infirm because he was fearful of who would replace him."
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replied to Currie's article. Easterbrook (who spelled Duvall's name as "Duval" with the last letter in brackets) wrote: "I also became worried that Currie had slighted—even overlooked!—the legitimate claims of others to the honors he bestowed on
Gabriel Duval. Could it be that Currie's efforts were
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to enter the bar in Prince George's County in 1778, and practiced in Anne
Arundel and Prince George’s County at least part-time until 1823. In Annapolis, Maryland, he practiced in the Mayor's Court as county prosecutor beginning in 1781, and in Anne Arundel County court beginning in 1783, formally
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concerned the ability of a woman to contract under
Maryland law. Elizabeth Rhea had been abandoned by her first husband William Erskine for five years and attempted to remarry to Daniel Rhea. She executed a deed in payment of a debt that she had contracted for herself. Duvall held that her second
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is open to the public and operated as an historic house museum by M-NCPPC. At his death, Duvall enslaved 39 enslaved men, women, and children, and owned approximately $ 14,000 in bank stock, 528 volumes of law books, 400 books on other subjects, in addition to 700 acres of real estate in Prince
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It is the opinion of this court, that there is no error in the judgment of the circuit court. This opinion is given on the request of the
Attorney-General; it being probable that the same question may frequently occur. But, as this cause is improperly brought before this court by writ of error,
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Some uncertainty remains over the spelling of Duvall's name. One scholar noted
Supreme Court Reporters Cranch, Wheaton, and Peters uniformly spelled it "Duvall", but Marshall's biographer, Albert Beveridge, insisted on spelling the name with a single "l." Journalist and Supreme Court specialist
364:, first as a Muster master and commissary of stores in 1776, then as a private in the Maryland militia, where he fought in the Battle of Brandywine. He was a Commissioner to preserve confiscated British property from 1781 to 1782, then a member of Maryland Governor's Council from 1782 to 1785.
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390:. In this way he established his reputation as a successful lawyer who won nearly 75% of those enslaved people’s petitions for freedom. Paradoxically, Duvall fought against the petition of freedom filed by Thomas and Sarah Butler, whose family Duvall enslaved at Marietta (1805–1831).
337:. Her mother, Mary Gibbon, came to live with them in the Duvall’s D.C. residence during her last years (she died in 1810 and was buried in the Duvall family cemetery at WigWam, a part of Marietta plantation). Jane Duvall died in 1834 and Gabriel Duvall died in 1844, both at Marietta.
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According to his biographer, Irving
Dillard, in his last few years on the Court, Duvall was "so deaf as to be unable to participate in conversation." Prof. Currie retorts that: "There is no proof ... that Duvall was either deaf or unable to speak while on the Court".
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Whether Duvall is deserving of the title of "the most insignificant" justice in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court has been the subject of much academic interest, most notably a debate between
University of Chicago Law Professors
818:, Duvall would have authorized the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia to accept hearsay evidence proving the emancipation of a slave by her owner, but the rest of the Court, per the Chief Justice, decided against it.
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The Duvall family enslaved anywhere from nine to forty people at their tobacco plantation, Marietta, between 1783 and 1864, including multiple generations of the Duckett, Butler, Jackson, and Brown families at Marietta.
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Irving Lee Dilliard (1904–2002) concluded persuasively that the original "DuVal" or "Duval" employed in earlier generations had become "Duvall" before the future justice was born. Later family members used "DuVal".
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affirmed a judgment for the United States to recoup the payment of double rations to a military officer because the doubling was not authorized by the President or the Secretary of War, as required by the statute.
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held that the Navigation Act of 1818 did not apply to a British vessel bringing goods from a non-British port to the United States merely because the vessel had stopped for provisions at a British port en route.
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In the 23 years he sat on the Supreme Court, Duvall penned an opinion in only 18 cases: 15 majority opinions, two concurrences, and one dissent. The Court during this time was largely a vehicle for Chief Justice
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Gabriel Duvall was an Anglican (Episcopalian after the American Revolutionary War) and maintained pews both at St. Anne's Church, Annapolis, and his family's longstanding parish in Prince George's County,
422:'s belief in a strong Federal government and the associate justices rarely dissented, with Marshall himself writing the large majority of opinions. The one time when Duvall dissented was in the case of
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marriage was invalid because she had only been abandoned for five years, rather than the requisite seven years, and that no contract signed by her in the absence of her first husband could be valid.
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reversed a judgment for the debtor, holding that the debtor "could not be justly entitled to credit until the money was in the hands of some public officer authorized to receive it."
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This person page networks the involvement of Gabriel Duvall in the legal records and case files of petition for freedom suits between 1800 and 1862 in Washington, D.C.
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candidates so shrouded in obscurity that they escaped proper attention even in a contest of insignificance," and concluded that Duvall's colleague, Justice
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presided as Chief Justice. In only three cases does the record show the two men holding different opinions. Duvall dissented without opinion in
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379:, from November 11, 1794, to March 28, 1796. He was then Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court from 1796 to 1802, and was the first U.S.
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because a slave owner permitted former slaves and their descendants to own property and contract debts within three miles of his residence.
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held that land grants were to be interpreted by the judge (not the jury), and reversed the judgement below failing to give effect to the
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This case page includes legal records and proceedings from the Queen case including a Supreme Court Report outlining Duvall’s dissent.
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Mima Queen & Louisa Queen v. John Hepburn, O Say Can You See: Early Washington, D.C., Law & Family (accessed Nov. 4, 2015)
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267:, a Maryland state court judge, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland, and a Maryland state legislator.
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304:, Gabriel was born and raised on land that would eventually become known as Marietta. Two of his elder brothers died in the
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As an attorney, Gabriel Duvall worked on behalf of over 120 enslaved men, women, and children who sued in court for their
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Duvall lived for a decade after his wife's death and his own retirement (on grounds of deafness). He died, aged 91, in
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held that under Maryland law the claim of an executor against an estate stands on an equal footing with other claims.
582:"is still cited regularly for the distinction first articulated in that case between bankruptcy and mere insolvency."
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871:, called Duvall "probably the most insignificant of all Supreme Court Judges." The characterization was rejected by
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300:, as the sixth child of Benjamin Duvall (1719–1801) and his wife Susanna Tyler (1718-1794), both descendants of
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held that an agreement as to the location of a survey line was not a contract, and thus was not barred by the
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2152:
White, G. Edward. The Marshall Court & Cultural Change, 1815–35. Published in an abridged edition, 1991.
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A question of freedom : the families who challenged slavery from the nation's founding to the Civil War
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He was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, serving there from 1787 to 1794. He served one term as a
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and was buried in the family cemetery at Wigwam, one of the plantations he owned. Justice Duvall's home, "
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concerned debts to the United States (a subject with which Duvall was familiar due to his experience as
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A Question of Freedom: The Families Who Challenged Slavery from the Nation's Founding to the Civil War
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Patricia Chambers Walker & Thomas Graham, Directory of Historic House Museums in the United States
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having been first carried from the district to the circuit court by the same process, it is dismissed.
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to an associate justice seat on the Supreme Court of the United States vacated by fellow Marylander
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Gabriel Duvall, O Say Can You See: Early Washington, D.C., Law & Family (accessed Nov. 4, 2015)
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Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
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255:(December 6, 1752 – March 6, 1844) was an American politician and jurist. Duvall was an
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concerned Maryland law (which Duvall was familiar with as a former Maryland state judge).
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judgment from the Massachusetts courts against a federal customs collector enforcing the
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2020:(2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books).
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Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court
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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions
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Christopher L. Tomlins, The United States Supreme Court: The Pursuit of Justice
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The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court
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In his 24 years on the Supreme Court, Duvall authored 15 majority opinions:
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United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
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jokingly referred to this as "the Duvall rule." According to Prof. Jones,
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Duvall was a clerk for the Maryland Council of Safety (which managed the
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on November 18, 1811, and received his commission the same day. He was
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on November 23, 1811, and served on the Court until January 14, 1835.
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appearing in 600 cases by 1792 according to an archivist's research.
758:(1815): "My opinion is that there is no safe rule but to follow the
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David G. Savage & Joan Biskupic, Guide to the US Supreme Court
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concerned statutory construction. The decision was, in effect, an
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2052:
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.).
647:
2082:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States
2018:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995
1700:, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 713 (1819) (Duvall, J., dissenting).
1688:, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 290, 298 (1813) (Duvall, J., dissenting).
1673:, 20 U.S. (7 Wheat.) 356, 452 (1822) (Duvall, J., dissenting).
1649:, 13 U.S. (9 Cranch) 173, 179 (1815) (Duvall, J., concurring).
987:
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
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joined the issue in 1983 in the 50th anniversary issue of the
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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1079:"Gabriel Duvall, Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court"
992:
United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court
257:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
45:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
982:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
879:(1969). Dillard did not propose an alternative candidate.
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1962:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789–1969
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The Justices of the United States Supreme Court 1789–1969
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On November 15, 1811, Duvall was nominated by President
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United States federal judges appointed by James Madison
1016:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
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held that a jury was justified in presuming a deed of
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The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
1940:
The Most Insignificant Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry
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concerned the enforcement of federal customs law. In
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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2106:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books.
110:
3813:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1990:
1661:, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 281, 284 (1812) (Duvall, J.).
3727:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
2124:. Yale University Press, 2022. ISBN 9780300261509
1964:, at 419 (H. Friedman & F. Israel eds. 1969).
658:upheld the forfeiture of an unregistered vessel.
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1972:The Most Insignificant Justice: Further Evidence
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2100:Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990).
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752:Duvall authored a one-sentence concurrence in
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57:November 23, 1811 – January 14, 1835
2227:U.S. House of Representatives
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126:November 11, 1794 – March 28, 1796
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2196:Marietta House Museum, Duvall's plantation
1190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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16:US Supreme Court justice from 1811 to 1835
2134:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp.
323:Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, Collington
101:U.S. House of Representatives
2168:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
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331:St. Barnabas' Episcopal Church, Leeland
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2103:The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography
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1131:Kenneth Jost, The Supreme Court A to Z
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2085:. New York: Oxford University Press.
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1698:Trs. of Dartmouth College v. Woodward
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1770:Maryland State Archives notes p. 9.
1752:from the original on April 19, 2018
1144:West's Encyclopedia of American Law
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934:Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II
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2754:Supreme Court of the United States
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1265:Freeland v. Heron, Lenox & Co.
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441:Freeland v. Heron, Lenox & Co.
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3783:18th-century American legislators
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1484:Address to the Federalist Society
1387:, 24 U.S. (11 Wheat.) 325 (1826).
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394:Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
353:) from 1775 to 1777, and for the
3803:People from Glenn Dale, Maryland
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1803:, The Story of the Supreme Court
1375:, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 651 (1824).
1363:, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 398 (1823).
1351:, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 513 (1819).
1339:, 16 U.S. (3 Wheat.) 601 (1818).
1327:, 15 U.S. (2 Wheat.) 248 (1817).
1315:, 12 U.S. (8 Cranch) 431 (1814).
1291:, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 575 (1813),
1279:, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 572 (1813).
1267:, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 147 (1812).
893:University of Chicago Law Review
888:University of Chicago Law School
836:Prince George's County, Maryland
424:Mima Queen and Child vs. Hepburn
329:known as Henderson's Chapel for
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1048:Easterbrook, 1983, at 482, 496.
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406:. Duvall was confirmed by the
284:, was even more insignificant.
2183:"Gabriel Duvall (id: D000578)"
1435:, 27 U.S. (2 Pet.) 664 (1829).
1423:, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 562 (1828).
1411:, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 293 (1828).
1399:, 26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 105 (1828).
1232:, John Marshall: A Life in Law
1136:
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869:The Story of the Supreme Court
259:from 1811 to 1835, during the
1:
2225:Member of the
2210:U.S. House of Representatives
2079:Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992).
1929:
787:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
550:
539:concerned commercial law. In
263:. Previously, Duvall was the
3778:19th-century American judges
3773:18th-century American judges
2058:. Chelsea House Publishers.
796:(1822), and with opinion in
780:For all of Duvall's tenure,
7:
2201:Biography from OYEZ project
2128:Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994).
1715:September 15, 2015, at the
1156:Thomas, William G. (2020).
975:
914:Henry Brockholst Livingston
775:
762:." Duvall authored a brief
680:
603:Comptroller of the Treasury
381:Comptroller of the Treasury
355:Maryland House of Delegates
335:Christ Church, Philadelphia
292:Gabriel Duvall was born in
265:Comptroller of the Treasury
10:
3839:
2042:J. B. Lippincott & Co.
1997:(3rd ed.). New York:
1989:Abraham, Henry J. (1992).
1923:Easterbrook, 1983, at 496.
1914:Easterbrook, 1983, at 482.
1835:Currie, 1983, at 467, 471.
1289:United States v. Patterson
1219:Easterbrook, 1983, at 491.
1014:"Justices 1789 to Present"
967:Then-Professor, now-Judge
855:, and it continues today.
814:, Justice, dissented." In
586:Debts to the United States
453:United States v. Patterson
362:American Revolutionary War
306:American Revolutionary War
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1779:Maryland State Archives,
1647:McIver's Lessee v. Walker
1489:January 29, 2012, at the
1325:United States v. Tenbroek
1057:Maryland State Archives,
875:'s biographical entry in
755:McIver's Lessee v. Walker
471:United States v. Tenbroek
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2181:United States Congress.
1867:Currie, 1983, at 473–77.
1858:Currie, 1983, at 472–73.
1277:United States v. January
997:
821:
447:United States v. January
2173:Federal Judicial Center
2171:, a publication of the
2016:Cushman, Clare (2001).
1999:Oxford University Press
1814:Dilliard, 1969, at 428.
1801:Ernest Sutherland Bates
1786:August 8, 2016, at the
1742:"Marietta House Museum"
1587:Boyd's Lessee v. Graves
1563:The Frances & Eliza
1409:Parker v. United States
1373:Walton v. United States
1361:The Frances & Eliza
1349:Boyd's Lessee v. Graves
1064:August 8, 2016, at the
865:Ernest Sutherland Bates
694:Boyd's Lessee v. Graves
686:Boyd's Lessee v. Graves
660:The Frances & Eliza
640:The Frances & Eliza
513:Parker v. United States
495:Walton v. United States
489:The Frances & Eliza
483:Boyd's Lessee v. Graves
360:He participated in the
230:Jane Gibbon (1795–1834)
3740:
3060:
1243:Dillard, 1969, at 427.
831:
706:statute of limitations
678:
294:Prince George's County
228:Mary Bryce (1787–1794)
177:Prince George's County
3823:American slave owners
3739:
3059:
2907:Edward Douglass White
2690:Judiciary Act of 1802
2679:Judiciary Act of 1793
2669:Judiciary Act of 1789
1905:Currie, 1983, at 480.
1885:Currie, 1983, 479–80.
1876:Currie, 1983, at 479.
1849:Currie, 1983, at 470.
1826:Currie, 1983, at 467.
1470:" (January 20, 2012).
1255:Currie, 1983, at 471.
1121:Currie, 1983, at 468.
1039:Currie, 1983, at 466.
848:Marietta House Museum
829:
808:United States Reports
673:
288:Early and family life
219:Democratic-Republican
2939:Charles Evans Hughes
1968:Frank H. Easterbrook
1625:, 26 U.S. at 564–66.
1613:, 26 U.S. at 108–09.
1601:, 24 U.S. at 330–32.
1589:, 17 U.S. at 517–18.
1565:, 21 U.S. at 404–06.
1553:, 16 U.S. at 602–10.
1529:, 26 U.S. at 293–98.
1493:(November 16, 2007).
1466:May 4, 2016, at the
969:Frank H. Easterbrook
946:Horace Harmon Lurton
692:concerned land law.
646:, Duvall reversed a
408:United States Senate
298:Province of Maryland
277:Frank H. Easterbrook
181:Province of Maryland
2923:William Howard Taft
2711:Circuit assignments
2684:Midnight Judges Act
2120:Thomas, William G.
1746:history.pgparks.com
1635:Le Grand v. Darnall
1433:Le Grand v. Darnall
1085:. December 6, 1752.
942:William Henry Moody
938:Joseph Rucker Lamar
738:Le Grand v. Darnall
725:Le Grand v. Darnall
652:Embargo Act of 1807
623:Federal customs law
525:Le Grand v. Darnall
383:from 1802 to 1811.
369:U.S. Representative
357:from 1777 to 1781.
3741:
3077:Associate justices
3061:
2695:Crimes Act of 1825
2674:Crimes Act of 1790
1781:biographical notes
1659:Beatty v. Maryland
1623:Nicholls v. Hodges
1539:Crowell v. McFadon
1459:John Paul Jones, "
1421:Nicholls v. Hodges
1313:Prince v. Bartlett
1301:Crowell v. McFadon
1059:biographical notes
958:John Hessin Clarke
950:George Shiras, Jr.
910:Bushrod Washington
832:
769:Beatty v. Maryland
734:Nicholls v. Hodges
721:Nicholls v. Hodges
644:Crowell v. McFadon
628:Crowell v. McFadon
580:Prince v. Bartlett
572:Federalist Society
560:Prince v. Bartlett
519:Nicholls v. Hodges
465:Prince v. Bartlett
459:Crowell v. McFadon
3750:
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3745:
3066:
3065:
3019:William Rehnquist
2719:
2718:
2657:
2656:
2627:
2626:
2317:(1801–1835)
2282:
2281:
2276:Philip P. Barbour
2273:Succeeded by
2241:Succeeded by
2034:Flanders, Henry.
1637:, 27 U.S. 667–70.
1577:, 15 U.S. at 259.
1517:, 22 U.S. at 656.
1505:, 11 U.S. at 576.
1447:, 11 U.S. at 151.
1169:978-0-300-23412-1
853:DuVal High School
804:Dartmouth College
698:statute of frauds
434:Majority opinions
412:sworn into office
250:
249:
92:Philip P. Barbour
3830:
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3003:Warren E. Burger
2811:Oliver Ellsworth
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1541:, 12 U.S. at 98.
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867:, the author of
816:Queen v. Hepburn
813:
810:reads in full: "
799:Queen v. Hepburn
702:Piles v. Bouldin
690:Piles v. Bouldin
671:. Duvall wrote:
669:advisory opinion
574:, Chief Justice
501:Piles v. Bouldin
275:and (now-Judge)
242:
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174:December 6, 1752
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1985:
1983:Further reading
1976:U. Chi. L. Rev.
1975:
1961:
1950:Irving Dilliard
1944:U. Chi. L. Rev.
1943:
1936:David P. Currie
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962:William Cushing
926:Nathan Clifford
884:David P. Currie
873:Irving Dilliard
861:
824:
811:
778:
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729:Rhea v. Rhenner
717:Rhea v. Rhenner
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683:
625:
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507:Rhea v. Rhenner
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373:second district
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290:
273:David P. Currie
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3707:(2018–present)
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3696:
3695:(2010–present)
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2971:Fred M. Vinson
2968:
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2875:Morrison Waite
2872:
2856:
2843:Roger B. Taney
2840:
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2808:
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2767:Chief justices
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2198:
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2163:Gabriel Duvall
2158:
2157:External links
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1954:Gabriel Duvall
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830:Duvall's grave
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793:Evans v. Eaton
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3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:* (1910–1916)
3419:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:* (1894–1910)
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
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3341:
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3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:* (1790–1791)
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3058:
3046:
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3036:
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2854:
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2838:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:John Marshall
2825:
2822:
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2809:
2806:
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2800:
2796:
2795:John Rutledge
2793:
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2199:
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2179:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2145:0-8153-1176-1
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:0-87187-554-3
2109:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2092:0-19-505835-6
2088:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2065:0-7910-1377-4
2061:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:1-56802-126-7
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2008:0-19-506557-3
2004:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1920:
1911:
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1297:
1290:
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1273:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1240:
1231:
1230:Leonard Baker
1225:
1216:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:. New Haven.
1161:
1160:
1152:
1139:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
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1093:
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970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:John McKinley
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:John Rutledge
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
856:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:
819:
817:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:John Marshall
773:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
756:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
709:
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637:
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629:
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604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
548:
546:
545:onus probandi
542:
538:
529:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
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467:
466:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
448:
443:
442:
431:
427:
425:
421:
420:John Marshall
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:James Madison
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
351:state militia
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
302:Mareen Duvall
299:
295:
285:
283:
278:
274:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
241:
237:
233:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
194:March 6, 1844
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
166:
162:
157:
153:
150:
147:
141:
138:
135:
129:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
78:
72:
69:
68:James Madison
66:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3726:
3425:Van Devanter
3313:J. M. Harlan
3168:
3042:
3039:2005–present
3035:John Roberts
3026:
3010:
2994:
2978:
2962:
2946:
2930:
2914:
2898:
2882:
2866:
2850:
2834:
2818:
2802:
2786:
2644:Criminal law
2374:
2264:
2259:Samuel Chase
2224:
2186:
2166:
2130:
2121:
2102:
2081:
2054:
2046:Google Books
2036:
2017:
1992:
1971:
1957:
1953:
1939:
1919:
1910:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1831:
1810:
1795:
1775:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:
1705:
1693:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1480:John Roberts
1475:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1239:
1224:
1215:
1158:
1151:
1138:
1126:
1082:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1020:February 14,
1018:. Retrieved
966:
930:Alfred Moore
891:
881:
876:
868:
862:
859:Significance
833:
815:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
767:
753:
751:
748:Concurrences
737:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
712:Maryland law
701:
693:
689:
685:
684:
674:
664:
659:
655:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
615:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
589:
579:
576:John Roberts
567:
559:
555:
554:
544:
540:
536:
535:
523:
522:(1828), and
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
437:
428:
423:
416:
404:Samuel Chase
397:
385:
366:
359:
348:
339:
319:
315:
291:
269:
252:
251:
196:(1844-03-06)
144:Succeeded by
121:
87:Succeeded by
80:Samuel Chase
63:Nominated by
52:
18:
3768:1844 deaths
3763:1752 births
3677:(1994–2022)
3671:(1993–2020)
3659:(1990–2009)
3653:(1988–2018)
3647:(1986–2016)
3641:(1981–2006)
3635:(1975–2010)
3621:(1972–1987)
3615:(1970–1994)
3609:(1967–1991)
3607:T. Marshall
3603:(1965–1969)
3597:(1962–1965)
3591:(1962–1993)
3585:(1958–1981)
3579:(1957–1962)
3573:(1956–1990)
3567:(1955–1971)
3561:(1949–1956)
3555:(1949–1967)
3549:(1945–1958)
3543:(1943–1949)
3541:W. Rutledge
3537:(1941–1954)
3531:(1941–1942)
3525:(1940–1949)
3519:(1939–1975)
3513:(1939–1962)
3511:Frankfurter
3507:(1938–1957)
3501:(1937–1971)
3495:(1932–1938)
3489:(1930–1945)
3475:(1923–1930)
3469:(1923–1939)
3463:(1922–1938)
3457:(1916–1922)
3451:(1916–1939)
3445:(1914–1941)
3439:(1912–1922)
3433:(1911–1916)
3427:(1911–1937)
3413:(1910–1914)
3407:(1906–1910)
3401:(1903–1922)
3395:(1902–1932)
3389:(1898–1925)
3383:(1896–1909)
3369:(1893–1895)
3363:(1892–1903)
3357:(1891–1906)
3351:(1890–1910)
3345:(1888–1893)
3339:(1882–1893)
3333:(1882–1902)
3327:(1881–1889)
3321:(1881–1887)
3315:(1877–1911)
3309:(1873–1882)
3303:(1870–1892)
3297:(1870–1880)
3291:(1863–1897)
3285:(1862–1877)
3279:(1862–1890)
3273:(1862–1881)
3267:(1858–1881)
3261:(1853–1861)
3255:(1851–1857)
3249:(1846–1870)
3243:(1845–1851)
3237:(1845–1872)
3231:(1842–1860)
3225:(1838–1852)
3219:(1837–1865)
3213:(1836–1841)
3207:(1835–1867)
3201:(1830–1844)
3195:(1829–1861)
3189:(1826–1828)
3183:(1823–1843)
3177:(1812–1845)
3171:(1811–1835)
3165:(1807–1826)
3159:(1807–1823)
3153:(1804–1834)
3147:(1800–1804)
3141:(1798–1829)
3135:(1796–1811)
3129:(1793–1806)
3123:(1792–1793)
3117:(1790–1799)
3111:(1790–1795)
3105:(1789–1798)
3099:(1790–1810)
3090:J. Rutledge
2987:Earl Warren
2219:John Mercer
1978:481 (1983).
1946:466 (1983).
1805:109 (1936).
1731:142 (2000).
1551:The Neptune
1337:The Neptune
1234:539 (1974).
1210:993 (2004).
1146:171 (1998).
1133:171 (2007).
918:Thomas Todd
844:War of 1812
802:(1813). In
790:(1819) and
766:opinion in
742:manumission
656:The Neptune
636:The Neptune
477:The Neptune
282:Thomas Todd
137:John Mercer
132:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
3757:Categories
3717:K. Jackson
3535:R. Jackson
3487:O. Roberts
3461:Sutherland
3443:McReynolds
3367:H. Jackson
3337:Blatchford
3157:Livingston
3151:W. Johnson
3139:Washington
3121:T. Johnson
2365:Livingston
2350:Washington
2270:1811–1835
2238:1794–1796
2044:, 1874 at
1930:References
1178:1198444611
882:Professor
564:bankruptcy
562:concerned
551:Bankruptcy
201:Glenn Dale
170:1752-12-06
3705:Kavanaugh
3687:Sotomayor
3626:Rehnquist
3577:Whittaker
3023:1986–2005
3007:1969–1986
2991:1953–1969
2975:1946–1953
2959:1941–1946
2943:1930–1941
2927:1921–1930
2911:1910–1921
2895:1888–1910
2879:1874–1888
2863:1864–1873
2847:1836–1864
2831:1801–1835
2815:1796–1800
2783:1789–1795
2432:By volume
2424:Decisions
1756:April 18,
1503:Patterson
1186:cite book
863:In 1939,
846:. Today,
607:Patterson
591:Patterson
547:on him."
371:from the
308:. Duvall
235:Signature
225:Spouse(s)
122:In office
53:In office
3669:Ginsburg
3639:O'Connor
3613:Blackmun
3595:Goldberg
3589:B. White
3449:Brandeis
3431:J. Lamar
3374:E. White
3343:L. Lamar
3325:Matthews
3265:Clifford
3259:Campbell
3241:Woodbury
3223:McKinley
3181:Thompson
3133:S. Chase
3127:Paterson
2779:John Jay
2662:Statutes
2632:By topic
2385:Thompson
2340:Paterson
2330:Marshall
2323:Justices
1784:Archived
1750:Archived
1713:Archived
1575:Tenbroek
1487:Archived
1464:Archived
1445:Freeland
1083:geni.com
1062:Archived
976:See also
840:Marietta
776:Dissents
772:(1812).
764:seriatim
681:Land law
665:Tenbroek
632:Tenbroek
541:Freeland
537:Freeland
528:(1829).
516:(1828),
510:(1828),
504:(1826),
498:(1824),
492:(1823),
486:(1819),
480:(1818),
474:(1817),
468:(1814),
462:(1814),
456:(1813),
450:(1813),
444:(1812),
377:Maryland
310:read law
205:Maryland
115:district
107:Maryland
3711:Barrett
3699:Gorsuch
3651:Kennedy
3633:Stevens
3583:Stewart
3571:Brennan
3517:Douglas
3493:Cardozo
3473:Sanford
3387:McKenna
3381:Peckham
3301:Bradley
3211:Barbour
3199:Baldwin
3187:Trimble
3115:Iredell
3097:Cushing
2561:25 (12)
2556:24 (11)
2551:23 (10)
2400:Baldwin
2390:Trimble
2360:Johnson
2335:Cushing
2165:at the
886:of the
568:January
556:January
388:freedom
296:in the
3675:Breyer
3663:Thomas
3657:Souter
3645:Scalia
3619:Powell
3601:Fortas
3559:Minton
3547:Burton
3529:Byrnes
3523:Murphy
3467:Butler
3455:Clarke
3437:Pitney
3418:Hughes
3411:Lurton
3393:Holmes
3361:Shiras
3349:Brewer
3295:Strong
3277:Miller
3271:Swayne
3253:Curtis
3235:Nelson
3229:Daniel
3217:Catron
3193:McLean
3169:Duvall
3103:Wilson
2704:Topics
2686:(1801)
2619:34 (9)
2614:33 (8)
2609:32 (7)
2604:31 (6)
2599:30 (5)
2594:29 (4)
2589:28 (3)
2584:27 (2)
2579:26 (1)
2546:22 (9)
2541:21 (8)
2536:20 (7)
2531:19 (6)
2526:18 (5)
2521:17 (4)
2516:16 (3)
2511:15 (2)
2506:14 (1)
2498:Wheat.
2488:13 (9)
2483:12 (8)
2478:11 (7)
2473:10 (6)
2440:Cranch
2395:McLean
2375:Duvall
2230:from
2142:
2110:
2089:
2062:
2024:
2005:
1527:Parker
1515:Walton
1176:
1166:
960:, and
812:Duvall
760:needle
723:, and
648:trover
638:, and
616:Parker
611:Walton
599:Parker
597:, and
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