237:
508:, users of GISAID must have their identity confirmed and agree to a Database Access Agreement that governs the way GISAID data can be used. These Terms of Use are "weighted in favour of the data provider and gives them enduring control over the genetic data they upload". They prevent users from sharing any data with other users who have not agreed to them, and require that users of the data must credit the data generators in published work, and also make a reasonable attempt to collaborate with data generators and involve them in research and analysis that uses their data.
3687:
4284:
4296:
520:. GISAID's Data Access Agreement addresses this directly to promote sharing data. GISAID's procedures additionally suggest that those who access the EpiFlu database consult the countries of origin of genetic sequences and the researchers who discovered the sequences. As a result, the GISAID license has been important in rapid pandemic preparedness. However, these restrictions evidence common criticisms to
516:. While most public interest experts agree with GISAID that influenza sequence data should be made public, and this is the subject of agreement by many researchers, some provide the information only after filing patent claims while others have said that access to it should be only on the condition that no patents or other intellectual property claims are filed, as was controversial with the
417:
over 170 different countries. Only three months later, the number of uploaded SARS-CoV-2 sequences had doubled again, to over 2.4 million. By late 2021, the database contained over 5 million genome sequences; as of
December 2021, over 6 million sequences had been submitted; by April 2022, there were 10 million sequences accumulated; and in January 2023 the number had reached 14.4 million.
2254:
GISAID further required that data users not only give credit to data submitters, but make maximum efforts to work with and include them in joint analyses on viral sequence data, further tipping the scales in favor of collaboration. This mandated sharing of not only data, but the benefits of research,
309:
for a new Global
Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (later, "All" would replace "Avian"), whereby its members would release data in publicly available databases up to six months after analysis and validation. Initially the organisation collaborated with the Australian non-profit organization
495:
noting in 2009 that that "a previous data-sharing system run by WHO forced them to give up intellectual property rights to their virus samples when they sent them to WHO. The virus samples would then be used by private pharmaceutical companies to make vaccines that are awarded patents and sold at a
604:
noted the incentives of various potential competitors in the field, for whom GISAID is an obstacle to consolidation of control over the field, and also noted that GISAID's position inevitably places it at the center of disputes between groups of scientists, which will tend to result in the losing
416:
GISAID maintains what has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences", and "by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences". By mid-April 2021, GISAID's SARS-CoV-2 database reached over 1,200,000 submissions, a testament to the hard work of researchers in
381:
of scientific data in GISAID. By 2021, the ministry was no longer involved with either database hosting nor curation. In 2013 GISAID dissolved a nonprofit organisation based in
Washington DC and the organisation began to be operated by a German association called Freunde von GISAID (Friends of
585:
points out that the lack of transparency in access to the database also prevents many scientists from even criticising the platform. A paper from 2017 describing the success of GISAID mentions that revoking researchers' credentials was rare, but it did happen. The same publication described a
572:
GISAID's restrictions on access have led to conflict with "labs and institutions whose priorities are academic rather than driven by the immediate priorities of public health protection". In
January 2021, GISAID's restricted access led a group of scientists to write an open letter asking for
511:
A difficulty that GISAID's Data Access
Agreement attempts to address is that many researchers fear sharing of influenza sequence data could facilitate its misappropriation through intellectual property claims by the vaccine industry and others, hindering access to vaccines and other items in
336:
Towards the end of 2006, Indonesia announced it would not share samples of avian flu with the WHO which led to a global health crisis due to an ongoing epidemic. By
October 2006, Indonesia had agreed to share their data with GISAID, which their health minister considered to have a "fair and
857:
The
Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) advises and supports the Initiative in pursuit of its public health and scientific objectives. Its members are leading scientists with expertise in virology, microbiology, computational and molecular biology, epidemiology, evolutionary genomics and
2255:
has resulted in a paradigm shift which helps to put contributors from higher or lower resource settings on the same footing. ... Adopting a system of credit sharing similar to GISAID's would ensure that regardless of resource setting, data depositors are incentivized and recognized.
437:. GISAID stated that they do not delete records from their database, but data may become temporarily invisible during updates or corrections. Availability of the data was restored, with an additional restriction that any analysis based thereon would not be shared with the public.
36:
1795:
China, Russia and other nations that have long withheld influenza-virus samples and DNA-sequencing data from the international community are also taking part in the initiative, saying it offers full transparency and, for the first time, basic protection of intellectual-property
500:, it was further noted that scientists in North America and Europe sought unrestricted access, with "scientists from Africa requiring sufficient protections for those who generate and share data as per the GISAID terms and conditions". Unlike public-domain databases such as
527:
GISAID describes itself as "open access", which is naturally replicated by the media and in journal publications. This description indeed aligns with the original announcement of the consortium, which also mentioned depositing the data to the databases participating in the
543:, the world's leading provider of digital object identifiers (DOI) for research data, affirmed the designation of access to GISAID's database and data as Open Access". However, after several researchers had their accounts suspended in March 2023 as reported by the journal
445:
The board of
Friends of GISAID consists of Peter Bogner and two German lawyers who are not involved in the day-to-day operations of the organisation. Scientific advice to the organization is provided by its Scientific Advisory Council, including directors of leading
203:, as well as other pathogens. The database has been described as "the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences". GISAID facilitates genomic epidemiology and real-time surveillance to monitor the emergence of new COVID-19 viral strains across the planet.
280:, Capua persuaded participants to agree to each sequence and release data on 20 strains of influenza. Some scientists had concerns about sharing their data in case others published scientific papers using the data before them, but Capua dismissed this telling
4139:
429:
was detected in South Africa, by quickly uploading the sequence to GISAID, the
National Institute for Communicable Diseases there was able to learn that Botswana and Hong Kong had also reported cases possessing the same gene sequence.
272:(GISRS). Countries provided samples to the WHO but the data was then shared with them for free with pharmaceutical companies who could patent vaccines produced from the samples. Beginning in January 2006, Italian researcher
407:
The GISAID model of incentivizing and recognizing those who deposit data has been recommended as a model for future initiatives; Because of this work, the entity has been described as "a critical shield for humankind".
2053:
424:
data was shared through GISAID. Throughout the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, most of the SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences that were generated and shared globally were submitted through GISAID. When the
478:
similarly reported that GISAID's in-house counsel was developing new governance processes intended to be transparent and allow for the resolution of scientific disputes without the involvement of Bogner.
2166:
Nasri, Ferdous; Kongkitimanon, Kunaphas; Wittig, Alice; Cortés, Jorge Sánchez; Brinkmann, Annika; Nitsche, Andreas; Schmachtenberg, Anna-Juliane; Renard, Bernhard Y.; Fuchs, Stephan (March 13, 2023).
463:
532:. As of March 2023, this is not the case, as "GISAID does not offer a mechanism to release data to any other database". A few academic papers have compared GISAID's licensing model to unrestricted,
2324:
1095:
The omicron variant... accounted for 78% of genetically sequenced positive New York COVID samples uploaded to GISAID, the world's largest repository of COVID-19 sequences, over the last two weeks.
206:
Since its establishment as an alternative to sharing avian influenza data via conventional public-domain archives, GISAID has facilitated the exchange of outbreak genome data during the
2655:
4084:
288:, a German in his 40s based in the US and who previously had no experience in public health, read an article about Capua's call and helped to found and fund GISAID. Bogner met
365:, that GISAID had entered into a cooperation agreement with the German government, making Germany the long-term host of the GISAID platform. Under the agreement, Germany's
4048:
2064:
3987:
341:(SIB) announced a cooperation agreement, with the SIB building and administering the EpiFlu database on behalf of GISAID. Ultimately, GISAID was launched in May 2008 in
2022:"Germany's Statement on Substantive Issues and Concerns Regarding the PIP Framework and its Implementation, Special Session of the PIP Advisory Group, October 13, 2015"
2544:
During the first year of the pandemic, a large number of SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences were generated from all around the world and shared, mostly through GISAID.
3882:
2557:
2245:
614:
2708:
1427:
4066:
529:
569:
has argued that because it does not allow sequences to be reshared publicly, it hampers efforts to understand the coronavirus and the rapid rise of new variants.
3628:
According to GISAID, the percentage of all active users whose access credentials to the GISAID platform have been revoked at the time of writing is around 0.16%.
1991:
2346:
1108:
1376:
1078:
4377:
318:. Although no essential ground rules for sharing were established, the correspondence letter was signed by over 70 leading scientists, including seven
276:
refused to upload her data to a closed database and called for genomic data on H5N1 avian influenza to be in the public domain. At a conference of the
1324:
472:
that Bogner had said that "GISAID will soon launch an independent compliance board 'responsible for addressing a wide range of governance matters'".
386:
269:
3355:
536:, highlighting the differences while other researchers have signed an open letter calling for the use of any of the INSDC's unrestricted databases.
796:
277:
4362:
4078:
1513:
4145:
245:
2969:"Open Access DNA, RNA and Amino Acid Sequences: The Consequences and Solutions for the International Regulation of Access and Benefit Sharing"
389:
and shared through GISAID in mid
January 2020. Since 2020, millions of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been uploaded to the GISAID database.
4092:
3993:
3445:
2605:
2281:
2579:
2311:
More than 1.2 million coronavirus genome sequences from 172 countries and territories have now been shared on a popular online data platform
4121:
1401:
1063:
the global sampling of SARS-CoV-2 is being very capably addressed by the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database
4156:
2968:
2226:
2852:
284:"What is more important? Another paper for Ilaria Capua's team or addressing a major health threat? Let's get our priorities straight."
4133:
434:
4127:
2115:
3714:
2430:
1229:
828:
With more than 700,000 genomes from more than 160 countries, GISAID is by far the world's largest database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences
4347:
353:
In 2009 SIB disconnected the database from the GISAID portal over a contract dispute, resulting in litigation. In April 2010 the
2244:
LoTempio, Jonathan; Spencer, D'Andre; Yarvitz, Rebecca; Vilain, Arthur Delot; Vilain, Eric; Délot, Emmanuèle (August 19, 2020).
4352:
4115:
3892:
550:
540:
2141:
4072:
3970:
2246:"We Can Do Better: Lessons Learned on Data Sharing in COVID-19 Pandemic Can Inform Future Outbreak Preparedness and Response"
1634:
1134:
369:
was to ensure the sustainability of the initiative by providing technical hosting facilities, and the Federal Institute for
4357:
3828:
1377:"Wuhan pneumonia: Hong Kong set to develop new test for mystery virus after obtaining genetic sequence from mainland China"
1709:
4098:
404:, to focus on bioinformatics education, advance pathogen genomic surveillance, and increased regional response capacity.
2824:
1595:
268:
Since 1952, influenza strains had been collected by National Influenza Centers (NICs) and distributed through the WHO's
1999:
337:
transparent" mechanism for sharing data. It was one of the first countries to do so. In February 2007, GISAID and the
236:
4150:
4054:
4021:
4004:
3964:
562:
338:
3952:
3940:
1966:
311:
3122:
Zuiderwijk, Anneke; Janssen, Marijn; Choenni, Sunil; Meijer, Ronald; Alibaks, Roexsana Sheikh (December 1, 2012).
2021:
4300:
3782:
1350:
2681:
1254:
654:
3999:
3521:
Van Noorden, Richard (February 11, 2021). "Scientists call for fully open sharing of coronavirus genome data".
3279:
Van Noorden, Richard (February 11, 2021). "Scientists call for fully open sharing of coronavirus genome data".
925:
433:
In March 2023, GISAID temporarily suspended database access for some scientists, removing raw data relevant to
397:
323:
214:
207:
2889:
345:
on the occasion of the 61st World Health Assembly, as a registration-based database rather than a consortium.
3919:
3836:
3804:
3574:"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health: Data, Disease and Diplomacy"
3013:"Ethics and governance challenges related to genomic data sharing in southern Africa: the case of SARS-CoV-2"
2890:"Ethics and governance challenges related to genomic data sharing in southern Africa: the case of SARS-CoV-2"
2630:
4249:
3768:
3707:
3071:
Maxmen, Amy (May 13, 2021). "Why some researchers oppose unrestricted sharing of coronavirus genome data".
1521:
454:
for Influenza. In 2023, GISAID's lack of transparency was criticized by some GISAID funders, including the
374:
3381:
596:
reported these issues continue as well as the lack of transparency of its governance. An investigation by
3877:
3800:
3742:
393:
354:
293:
225:
4337:
3857:
2325:"OPrevalence of COVID-19's Delta variant among specimens sequenced over past 4 weeks exceeded 75%: WHO"
1025:"Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus"
426:
285:
241:
115:
586:"perceived merit in GISAID's formula for balancing the need for control and openness". In April 2023,
296:'s influenza division at a conference, and Cox went on to chair GISAID's Scientific Advisory Council.
4342:
4027:
3981:
3011:
Moodley, K; Cengiz, N; Domingo, A; Nair, G; Obasa, AE; Lessells, RJ; de Oliveira, T (December 2022).
2028:
699:
554:
451:
330:
4322:
4140:
International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics
4010:
669:"OpenCorporates information for US, D.C. Company "GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON SHARING ALL INFLUENZA DATA""
447:
218:
3123:
2431:"Could China's COVID-19 outbreak lead to the next variant of concern? Here's what the experts say"
4367:
4288:
4254:
3897:
3750:
3700:
3495:
3330:
2282:"This man created our best chance of stopping the next pandemic but now he is under attack. Why?"
487:
The creation of the GISAID database was motivated in part by concerns raised by researchers from
357:
announced during the 7th International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza in
210:
643:, District of Columbia Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, Initial File Number 263748
4218:
3958:
3746:
2089:
930:
521:
468:
459:
289:
64:
2167:
4239:
3852:
2347:"Georgia State Researchers Develop Rapid Computer Software To Track Pandemics As They Happen"
2333:
as of July 20, a total of over 2.4 million SARS-CoV-2 sequences have been submitted to GISAID
573:
SARS-CoV-2 sequences to be deposited in open databases, which was replicated in the journals
3470:
668:
4223:
3585:
3530:
3393:
3288:
3080:
2754:
2385:
1848:
1736:
1680:
1184:
958:
517:
488:
3229:"A review on viral data sources and search systems for perspective mitigation of COVID-19"
887:
195:, is a global science initiative established in 2008 to provide access to genomic data of
8:
4213:
4032:
3820:
2286:
1808:
Quirk, Mary (October 2006). "Non-WHO global initiative on sharing avian influenza data".
741:
513:
474:
455:
3760:
3686:
3589:
3534:
3397:
3292:
3084:
2758:
2709:"'Being truthful is essential': scientist who stumbled upon Wuhan Covid data speaks out"
2481:
2456:
2389:
1852:
1740:
1684:
1188:
962:
4327:
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4173:
3976:
3619:
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3573:
3554:
3419:
3312:
3253:
3228:
3204:
3179:
3104:
3050:
3037:
3012:
2919:
2778:
2535:
2411:
2183:
1874:
1760:
1571:
1494:
1481:
1456:
1205:
1172:
1049:
1024:
976:
896:
871:
812:
558:
3947:
Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology
3643:
3028:
2910:
2631:"Unearthed genetic sequences from China market may point to animal origin of COVID-19"
2472:
1821:
4372:
4264:
4203:
3778:
3611:
3558:
3546:
3423:
3411:
3316:
3304:
3258:
3209:
3135:
3108:
3096:
3054:
3042:
2983:
2924:
2860:
2782:
2770:
2742:
2716:
2539:
2527:
2486:
2415:
2403:
2302:
2187:
1947:
1866:
1752:
1600:
1575:
1563:
1486:
1305:
1210:
1054:
998:
901:
816:
545:
221:
200:
3764:
3623:
2942:
2201:
1642:
1498:
1079:"Hochul Extends Mask Mandate, Debuts New Surge Plan as NY Smashes Case Record Again"
4244:
4208:
4016:
3601:
3593:
3538:
3401:
3296:
3248:
3240:
3199:
3191:
3088:
3032:
3024:
2914:
2906:
2762:
2517:
2476:
2468:
2393:
2175:
1937:
1878:
1856:
1817:
1764:
1744:
1688:
1605:
1555:
1476:
1468:
1295:
1200:
1192:
1044:
1036:
980:
966:
891:
883:
804:
797:"Critics decry access, transparency issues with key trove of coronavirus sequences"
301:
161:
3180:"Efficient compression of SARS-CoV-2 genome data using Nucleotide Archival Format"
872:"GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data – from vision to reality"
299:
The acronym GISAID was coined in a correspondence letter published in the journal
199:
viruses. The database was expanded to include the coronavirus responsible for the
3935:
3195:
2580:"Newly revealed coronavirus data has reignited a debate over the virus's origins"
1559:
945:
Bogner, Peter; Capua, Ilaria; Lipman, David J.; Cox, Nancy J. (August 30, 2006).
464:
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA)
319:
315:
250:
3227:
Bernasconi, A; Canakoglu, A; Masseroli, M; Pinoli, P; Ceri, S (March 22, 2021).
1173:"Data, disease and diplomacy: GISAID's innovative contribution to global health"
3723:
3542:
3300:
3092:
2766:
2656:"WHO, advisors urge China to release all COVID-related data after new research"
2522:
2505:
2398:
2373:
2054:"GISAID Datenbank liefert grundlegende Informationen für Bekämpfungsstrategien"
1255:"Viral gene sequences to assist update diagnostics for swine influenza A(H1N1)"
1040:
763:
421:
2179:
840:
4332:
4316:
4198:
3794:
3139:
2864:
2720:
2506:"The next phase of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance: real-time molecular epidemiology"
1779:
1428:"70 years of GISRS – the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System"
732:[Register of associations of the district court of Munich (Germany)]
592:
566:
378:
370:
333:
member states to share their virus genomes and put ownership rights at risk.
74:
3406:
2303:"One million coronavirus sequences: popular genome site hits mega milestone"
1609:
808:
744:(justice ministry of the German Land of Nordrhein-Westfalen). March 24, 2023
322:, because access to the most current genetic data for the highly pathogenic
4188:
4183:
4178:
3651:
3615:
3550:
3415:
3308:
3262:
3213:
3100:
3046:
2987:
2928:
2774:
2531:
2490:
2407:
1951:
1870:
1756:
1667:
Bogner, Peter; Capua, Ilaria; Lipman, David; Cox, Nancy (August 30, 2006).
1567:
1490:
1472:
1309:
1214:
1058:
905:
553:, which now classifies it as a "restricted access repository". In 2020 the
273:
132:
3244:
2796:
1892:
1457:"Influenza Virus Samples, International Law, and Global Health Diplomacy"
4259:
4193:
3812:
3774:
2897:
1109:"Coronavirus pandemic highlights key need for science and partnerships"
655:"District of Columbia Corporation Registry, Initial File Number 263748"
620:
385:
Some of the earliest SARS-CoV-2 genetic sequences were released by the
306:
3597:
2090:"Weltweit größte Datenbank unterstützt Forschung an Grippeimpfstoffen"
1196:
496:
profit at prices many poor nations cannot afford". In a 2022 piece in
396:(RSV) to the list of pathogens supported by its database. Indonesia's
2682:"New genetic analysis finds clues to animal origin of COVID outbreak"
1861:
1836:
561:
called the initiative "a game changer", while the co-director of the
533:
196:
3356:"GISAID - Editorial Board affirms Open Access designation of GISAID"
1942:
1925:
1748:
1693:
1668:
1351:"What is the source of the new SARS-like disease reported in China?"
1300:
1283:
971:
946:
615:
Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (PANGOLIN)
305:
in August 2006, putting forward an initial aspiration of creating a
3887:
3824:
3816:
3786:
1992:"Influenza pathogen database of global significance set up in Bonn"
326:
78:
3226:
2227:"Ministry establishes GISAID Academy for improving bioinformatics"
1325:"CDC Races to Create a Vaccine for China's Latest Bird Flu Strain"
729:
700:"Open-Access Flu Research Web Site Is Relaunched Amid Controversy"
549:
and other news outlets, its open access status was revoked by the
400:
announced in November 2023 the establishment of GISAID Academy in
3862:
3808:
3756:
3738:
3692:
2743:"COVID-origins report sparks debate over major genome hub GISAID"
2374:"Omicron blindspots: why it's hard to track coronavirus variants"
740:. VR 204844 (in German). Munich, Germany: Ministerium der Justiz
512:
developing countries, either through high costs or by preventing
501:
362:
92:
2558:"How South African scientists spotted the Omicron COVID variant"
1546:
Enserink, Martin (November 10, 2006). "Italy's Influenza Diva".
4060:
3914:
3867:
3160:
2032:
342:
256:
88:
3121:
2165:
35:
3946:
3872:
367:
Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection
366:
358:
4049:
African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
2243:
2168:"MpoxRadar: a worldwide Mpox genomic surveillance dashboard"
2142:"SARS-CoV-2 virus strains circulating in Ireland identified"
3988:
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
3790:
3656:
2457:"First shared SARS-CoV-2 genome: GISAID vs virological.org"
2116:"Dispute simmers over who first shared SARS-CoV-2's genome"
505:
401:
176:
1402:"Epidemiological update: Monkeypox multi-country outbreak"
1171:
Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 10, 2017).
999:"The WHO's chief scientist on a year of loss and learning"
1780:"Indonesia will add its data to global bird-flu Web site"
841:"Governance & Expertise: Scientific Advisory Council"
170:
167:
4067:
International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration
3382:"New clues to pandemic's origin surface, causing uproar"
3010:
661:
2825:"The 'invented persona' behind a key pandemic database"
1596:"The 'invented persona' behind a key pandemic database"
919:
917:
915:
3680:
3572:
Elbe, Stefan; Buckland-Merrett, Gemma (January 2017).
3446:"A Major Clue to COVID's Origins Is Just Out of Reach"
2606:"A Major Clue to COVID's Origins Is Just Out of Reach"
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
329:
was often restricted, in part due to the hesitancy of
3178:
Kryukov, K; Jin, L; Nakagawa, S (September 9, 2022).
3006:
3004:
173:
147:
3571:
3066:
3064:
2322:
1666:
1170:
1135:"Indonesia hands over bird flu data to new database"
1073:
1071:
944:
912:
858:
bioinformatics, and public health or animal-health..
790:
788:
786:
784:
179:
2260:
482:
164:
3759:, database of protein sequences grouping together
3177:
3001:
2887:
411:
3061:
2789:
1965:Armstrong Moore, Elizabeth (September 16, 2009).
1234:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
1068:
926:"Inside the COVID Origins Raccoon Dog Cage Match"
781:
724:
722:
720:
387:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
270:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
193:Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data
4314:
3994:US National Center for Biotechnology Information
3496:"Open letter: Support data sharing for COVID-19"
3331:"Open letter: Support data sharing for COVID-19"
2883:
2881:
2847:
2845:
1230:"Pandemic reveals strengths of new flu database"
551:Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data)
278:OIE/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza
4079:International Society for Computational Biology
2935:
1964:
1669:"A global initiative on sharing avian flu data"
1662:
1660:
1594:Enserink, Martin; Cohen, Jon (April 19, 2023).
992:
990:
947:"A global initiative on sharing avian flu data"
647:
539:In 2017, GISAID's editorial board stated that "
189:Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data
28:Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data
4146:ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics
1710:"Poor countries may patent bird virus strains"
1635:"A Nonscientist Pushes Sharing Bird-Flu Data'"
717:
4093:Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
3708:
2878:
2842:
1967:"Launch of new flu database ruffles feathers"
1720:
1707:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1541:
1539:
756:
4122:European Conference on Computational Biology
2707:Safi, Michael; Block, Eli (March 28, 2023).
1657:
987:
693:
691:
689:
623: – Website for tracking viral evolution
4157:Research in Computational Molecular Biology
3520:
3278:
2853:"A critical genetic database is under fire"
996:
869:
697:
462:, with long-term funding being denied from
435:investigations of the origins of SARS-CoV-2
4134:International Conference on Bioinformatics
3715:
3701:
3685:
3124:"Socio‑technical Impediments of Open Data"
1628:
1626:
1582:
1536:
1227:
1221:
730:"Vereinsregister des Amtsgerichts München"
633:
34:
4378:Non-profit organisations based in Germany
4128:Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology
3605:
3405:
3252:
3203:
3036:
2918:
2740:
2706:
2521:
2480:
2397:
1941:
1919:
1917:
1860:
1692:
1511:
1480:
1450:
1448:
1299:
1204:
1048:
997:Swaminathan, Soumya (December 17, 2020).
970:
895:
698:Greenemeier, Larry (September 14, 2009).
686:
641:District of Columbia Corporation Registry
2888:Keymanthri Moodley; et al. (2022).
2237:
2202:"GISAID - Submission Tracker Global RSV"
1777:
1545:
1132:
870:Shu, Y.; McCauley, J. (March 30, 2017).
235:
16:Global initiative for sharing virus data
4116:Basel Computational Biology Conference
2503:
2428:
1632:
1623:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
617: – SARS-CoV-2 lineage nomenclature
136:(co-chair, Scientific Advisory Council)
4363:International scientific organizations
4315:
3070:
2966:
2371:
2344:
2323:Press Trust of India (July 22, 2021).
2300:
1923:
1914:
1834:
1454:
1445:
1348:
1322:
1106:
1100:
1022:
794:
605:side blaming GISAID for that outcome.
377:, was to ensure the plausibility and
4073:International Society for Biocuration
3971:European Molecular Biology Laboratory
3696:
3379:
3274:
3272:
2819:
2817:
2555:
2454:
1807:
1633:Zamiska, Nicholas (August 30, 2006).
888:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494
738:Gemeinsames Registerportal der Länder
392:In 2022, GISAID added Mpox virus and
4295:
2741:Mallapaty, Smriti (March 29, 2023).
2279:
2139:
1323:Larson, Christina (April 10, 2013).
1153:
923:
4099:Japanese Society for Bioinformatics
3444:Wu, Katherine J. (March 21, 2023).
2967:Lawson, Charles (October 7, 2016).
2604:Wu, Katherine J. (March 21, 2023).
1727:"Boosting access to disease data".
1375:Ng, Kang-chung (January 12, 2020).
795:Wadman, Meredith (March 10, 2021).
466:. In June 2023, it was reported in
13:
4061:European Molecular Biology network
3722:
3636:
3443:
3323:
3269:
3128:Electronic Journal of E-Government
2943:"GISAID Database Access Agreement"
2814:
2603:
2504:Munnink, Bas (September 9, 2021).
2345:Varela, Anna (November 16, 2021).
2108:
1926:"Flu database rocked by legal row"
1374:
1228:Schnirring, Lisa (June 25, 2009).
14:
4389:
4151:Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
4055:Australia Bioinformatics Resource
4022:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
4005:Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre
3965:European Bioinformatics Institute
3672:
2429:Sweeney, Lucy (January 8, 2023).
2372:Maxmen, Amy (December 16, 2021).
2140:Ryan, Valerie (August 10, 2020).
1708:John Lauerman (August 25, 2006).
1455:Fidler, David P. (January 2008).
1023:Korber, Bette (August 20, 2020).
563:European Bioinformatics Institute
339:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
314:and the Creative Commons project
4294:
4283:
4282:
3953:Database Center for Life Science
3941:Computational Biology Department
3829:Arabidopsis Information Resource
2556:Cocks, Tim (November 30, 2021).
2063:. April 16, 2014. Archived from
1998:. April 15, 2010. Archived from
1835:Butler, Declan (December 2007).
1778:McDowell, Robin (May 18, 2008).
1133:McDowell, Robin (May 15, 2008).
1107:Jameel, Shahid (April 2, 2020).
924:Eban, Katherine (June 1, 2023).
581:. Furthermore, the article from
483:Access and intellectual property
420:In January 2020, the SARS-CoV-2
160:
3799:Specialised genomic databases:
3565:
3514:
3488:
3463:
3437:
3373:
3348:
3220:
3171:
3153:
3115:
2960:
2734:
2700:
2674:
2648:
2623:
2597:
2572:
2549:
2497:
2448:
2422:
2365:
2338:
2316:
2294:
2219:
2194:
2159:
2133:
2082:
2046:
2014:
1984:
1958:
1893:"Global flu database goes live"
1885:
1828:
1801:
1771:
1701:
1505:
1420:
1394:
1368:
1349:Prasad, R. (January 19, 2020).
1342:
1316:
1276:
1247:
1126:
1016:
938:
412:Database for SARS-CoV-2 genomes
348:
244:(l) and German State Secretary
4348:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
4000:Japanese Institute of Genetics
2301:Maxmen, Amy (April 23, 2021).
1837:"Q&A: Siti Fadilah Supari"
1810:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1735:(7106): 957. August 31, 2006.
863:
833:
292:, who was then leading the US
1:
4353:Organisations based in Munich
3920:Rosalind (education platform)
3837:Zebrafish Information Network
3805:Saccharomyces Genome Database
3029:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00417-X
2911:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00417-X
2473:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00133-7
1822:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70589-8
1294:(7446): 397. April 24, 2013.
627:
440:
4250:List of biological databases
3769:Protein Information Resource
3196:10.1016/j.patter.2022.100562
2435:Australian Broadcasting Corp
2280:Nuki, Paul (June 13, 2023).
1560:10.1126/science.314.5801.918
1512:Editorial (March 15, 2006).
1461:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1284:"The fight against bird flu"
764:"GISAID - Imprint / Privacy"
375:Friedrich Loeffler Institute
7:
4358:Public health organizations
3743:European Nucleotide Archive
3380:Cohen, J (March 24, 2023).
3233:Briefings in Bioinformatics
2976:Journal of Law and Medicine
2455:Burki, Talha (April 2023).
2096:(in German). March 17, 2022
608:
394:Respiratory syncytial virus
355:Federal Republic of Germany
294:Centers for Disease Control
10:
4394:
3543:10.1038/d41586-021-00305-7
3301:10.1038/d41586-021-00305-7
3093:10.1038/d41586-021-01194-6
2767:10.1038/d41586-023-00901-9
2523:10.1038/s41591-021-01472-w
2399:10.1038/d41586-021-03698-7
2353:. Georgia State University
1514:"Secret Avian Flu Archive"
1041:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043
448:public health laboratories
427:SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
231:
4278:
4232:
4166:
4108:
4041:
4028:Wellcome Sanger Institute
3982:J. Craig Venter Institute
3928:
3906:
3845:
3730:
3500:www.covid19dataportal.org
3335:www.covid19dataportal.org
3184:Patterns (New York, N.Y.)
3017:The Lancet. Global Health
2180:10.1101/2023.02.03.526935
2029:World Health Organization
1902:. May 16, 2008. p. 1
1432:World Health Organisation
1262:World Health Organization
555:World Health Organization
452:WHO Collaborating Centres
331:World Health Organization
263:
143:
128:(executive board members)
106:
98:
84:
70:
60:
42:
33:
26:
4011:Philippine Genome Center
2467:(6): S2666524723001337.
1381:South China Morning Post
541:re3data.org and DataCite
4255:Molecular phylogenetics
3751:China National GeneBank
3644:"Not a Perfect Science"
3407:10.1126/science.adh9055
2250:Science & Diplomacy
1924:Butler, Declan (2009).
1639:The Wall Street Journal
1610:10.1126/science.adi3224
1113:The Telegraph (Kolkata)
809:10.1126/science.abi4496
226:2022–2023 mpox outbreak
3959:DNA Data Bank of Japan
3747:DNA Data Bank of Japan
3502:. COVID-19 Data Portal
3471:"GISAID | re3data.org"
1473:10.3201/eid1401.070700
1329:Bloomberg BusinessWeek
460:Rockefeller Foundation
260:
217:epidemic in 2013, the
65:Nonprofit organization
48:; 17 years ago
46:December 19, 2006
4240:Computational biology
3755:Secondary databases:
2797:"GISAID - Governance"
2584:MIT Technology Review
2174:: 2023.02.03.526935.
239:
3737:Sequence databases:
2233:. November 29, 2023.
600:into claims made by
518:Human Genome Project
489:developing countries
102:Donations and grants
4033:Whitehead Institute
3821:Rat Genome Database
3590:2017GloCh...1...33E
3535:2021Natur.590..195V
3398:2023Sci...379.1175C
3392:(6638): 1175–1176.
3293:2021Natur.590..195V
3245:10.1093/bib/bbaa359
3085:2021Natur.593..176M
3023:(12): e1855–e1859.
2905:(12): e1855–e1859.
2759:2023Natur.616...13M
2390:2021Natur.600..579M
2146:Irish Medical Times
1853:2007Natur.450.1137B
1741:2006Natur.442Q.957.
1685:2006Natur.442Q.981B
1189:2017GloCh...1...33E
1085:. December 31, 2021
963:2006Natur.442Q.981B
742:Nordrhein-Westfalen
704:Scientific American
514:technology transfer
493:Scientific American
456:European Commission
23:
4270:Sequence alignment
3977:Flatiron Institute
2461:The Lancet Microbe
2252:– via AAAS.
2070:on January 3, 2017
2002:on January 3, 2017
1518:The New York Times
1406:www.ecdc.europa.eu
1141:. Associated Press
1035:(4): 812–827.e19.
673:opencorporates.com
559:Soumya Swaminathan
522:an open data model
398:Ministry of Health
261:
148:https://gisaid.org
21:
4338:COVID-19 pandemic
4310:
4309:
4265:Sequence database
3779:Protein Data Bank
3773:Other databases:
3598:10.1002/gch2.1018
3578:Global Challenges
3529:(7845): 195–196.
3287:(7845): 195–196.
3079:(7858): 176–177.
1645:on March 27, 2023
1554:(5801): 918–919.
1197:10.1002/gch2.1018
1177:Global Challenges
240:GISAID President
201:COVID-19 pandemic
191:, previously the
153:
152:
126:Christoph Wetzler
4385:
4343:Genome databases
4298:
4297:
4286:
4285:
4245:List of biobanks
4209:Stockholm format
4017:Scripps Research
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3681:Official website
3668:
3666:
3664:
3648:
3631:
3630:
3609:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3409:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3040:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:. March 17, 2023
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:. March 19, 2023
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2525:
2516:(9): 1518–1524.
2501:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2401:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2277:
2258:
2257:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1864:
1862:10.1038/4501137a
1832:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1784:Orlando Sentinel
1775:
1769:
1768:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1641:. Archived from
1630:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:on April 4, 2023
1520:. Archived from
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:. April 25, 2009
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
994:
985:
984:
974:
942:
936:
935:
921:
910:
909:
899:
867:
861:
860:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
825:
823:
792:
779:
778:
776:
774:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
735:
726:
715:
714:
712:
710:
695:
684:
683:
681:
679:
665:
659:
658:
651:
645:
644:
637:
557:chief scientist
422:genetic sequence
254:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
135:
127:
123:
56:
54:
49:
38:
24:
20:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4323:Avian influenza
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4274:
4228:
4162:
4104:
4085:Student Council
4037:
3936:Broad Institute
3924:
3902:
3841:
3726:
3721:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3660:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:Further reading
3634:
3570:
3566:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3475:www.re3data.org
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3277:
3270:
3225:
3221:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3120:
3116:
3069:
3062:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2829:www.science.org
2823:
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2753:(7955): 13–14.
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2686:www.cbsnews.com
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2635:www.science.org
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2510:Nature Medicine
2502:
2498:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2423:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2321:
2317:
2299:
2295:
2278:
2261:
2242:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2120:www.science.org
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1963:
1959:
1943:10.1038/460786b
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1833:
1829:
1806:
1802:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1772:
1749:10.1038/442957a
1726:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1702:
1694:10.1038/442981a
1665:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1592:
1583:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1453:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1301:10.1038/496397a
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1169:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
995:
988:
972:10.1038/442981a
943:
939:
922:
913:
868:
864:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
821:
819:
793:
782:
772:
770:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
733:
728:
727:
718:
708:
706:
696:
687:
677:
675:
667:
666:
662:
653:
652:
648:
639:
638:
634:
630:
611:
485:
443:
414:
351:
320:Nobel laureates
316:Science Commons
266:
248:
234:
163:
159:
139:
131:
125:
121:
109:
52:
50:
47:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3190:(9): 100562.
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2384:(7890): 579.
2383:
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2287:The Telegraph
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2017:
2001:
1997:
1996:BMEL Homepage
1993:
1987:
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1968:
1961:
1953:
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1936:(7257): 787.
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1679:(7106): 981.
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993:
991:
982:
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968:
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960:
957:(7106): 981.
956:
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948:
941:
933:
932:
927:
920:
918:
916:
907:
903:
898:
893:
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876:Euro Surveill
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619:
616:
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606:
603:
599:
598:The Telegraph
595:
594:
593:The Economist
589:
584:
580:
576:
570:
568:
567:Rolf Apweiler
564:
560:
556:
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537:
535:
531:
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475:The Telegraph
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371:Animal Health
368:
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283:
279:
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271:
258:
252:
247:
243:
238:
229:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:in 2009, the
212:
209:
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198:
194:
190:
184:
157:
149:
146:
142:
134:
130:
120:
117:
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105:
101:
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83:
80:
76:
75:Global health
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
45:
41:
37:
32:
25:
19:
4299:
4287:
4194:Nexus format
4189:NeXML format
4184:FASTQ format
4179:FASTA format
4167:File formats
3929:Institutions
3832:
3661:. Retrieved
3652:On the Media
3650:
3627:
3584:(1): 33–46.
3581:
3577:
3567:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3474:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3450:The Atlantic
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3389:
3385:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:
3325:
3284:
3280:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3131:
3127:
3117:
3076:
3072:
3020:
3016:
2993:December 21,
2991:. Retrieved
2979:
2975:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2937:
2902:
2896:
2868:. Retrieved
2856:
2832:. Retrieved
2828:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2713:The Guardian
2712:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2634:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2610:The Atlantic
2609:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2551:
2543:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2440:February 24,
2438:. Retrieved
2434:
2424:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2285:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2171:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2061:BLE Homepage
2060:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:the original
1995:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1904:. Retrieved
1899:
1887:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1794:
1789:November 19,
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1676:
1672:
1649:November 10,
1647:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1638:
1613:. Retrieved
1599:
1551:
1547:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1517:
1507:
1467:(1): 88–94.
1464:
1460:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1318:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1261:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1183:(1): 33–46.
1180:
1176:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1118:December 29,
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1102:
1094:
1087:. Retrieved
1083:NBC New York
1082:
1062:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1008:December 20,
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
954:
950:
940:
929:
879:
875:
865:
856:
849:. Retrieved
844:
835:
827:
820:. Retrieved
800:
771:. Retrieved
767:
758:
746:. Retrieved
737:
707:. Retrieved
703:
676:. Retrieved
672:
663:
649:
640:
635:
601:
597:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
571:
544:
538:
526:
510:
497:
492:
486:
473:
467:
444:
432:
419:
415:
406:
391:
384:
352:
349:2009 onwards
335:
300:
298:
286:Peter Bogner
281:
274:Ilaria Capua
267:
259:, April 2010
246:Robert Kloos
242:Peter Bogner
205:
192:
188:
155:
154:
133:Ron Fouchier
116:Peter Bogner
85:Headquarters
18:
4174:CRAM format
4095:(CSIR-IGIB)
2564:December 1,
2357:December 1,
2231:Antara News
2038:November 8,
1900:FAOAIDEnews
1816:(10): 621.
1089:January 13,
931:Vanity Fair
469:Vanity Fair
249: [
118:(president)
4317:Categories
4260:Sequencing
4224:GTF format
4219:GFF format
4214:VCF format
4204:SAM format
3967:(EMBL-EBI)
3893:SOAP suite
3813:VectorBase
3775:BioNumbers
3761:Swiss-Prot
3360:gisaid.org
3165:gisaid.org
3145:August 30,
2898:The Lancet
2801:gisaid.org
2206:gisaid.org
2151:August 11,
2074:January 2,
2006:January 2,
768:gisaid.org
628:References
621:Nextstrain
498:The Lancet
450:, such as
441:Governance
307:consortium
122:Jörg Paura
108:Key people
53:2006-12-19
4328:Influenza
4087:(ISCB-SC)
4057:(EMBL-AR)
3990:(MPI-CBG)
3731:Databases
3559:231817576
3506:March 27,
3480:March 27,
3455:March 27,
3429:March 27,
3424:257696101
3365:March 27,
3340:April 21,
3317:231817576
3140:1479-439X
3109:233867611
3055:253165702
2865:0013-0613
2834:April 21,
2806:March 28,
2783:257835687
2726:March 28,
2721:0261-3077
2692:March 28,
2666:March 28,
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