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was the first person to use the term "fusion cooking" as he delivered a speech at a symposium in Santa Fe in 1988. Soon journalist Regina
Schrambling wrote about Van Aken's work and the term spread around the globe. Norman Van Aken ended his speech by discussing the history of fusion cuisine, such as
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regional menus which are adapted to "reflect different tastes and local traditions for every country in which we have restaurants". In addition to catering to the regional food traditions, McDonald's also takes an additional consideration for religious beliefs and laws, as seen in the absence of beef
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from the Yucatàn
Peninsula. In the United States, Asian fusion cuisine can constitute pan-Asian multi-ethnic ingredients such as rice, leading to a newfound form of "American" Asian food unfound in Asia. One popular example of pan-Asian fusion food found in North America is the rice bowl, often with
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Immigrants play a significant role in shaping modern fusion cuisine. Food can often be a form of cultural expression that fosters a relationship with one's heritage, and fusion can emerge from creating foods from immigrant's adaptation of their own cultural food to the ingredients available in
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that modified consumption patterns. Indigenous practices of eating guinea pigs in Peru were banned and considered savage until recent movements to reclaim food practices, resulting in the erasure of much traditional knowledge in indigenous communities. These hierarchies are argued to be present in
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Beyond accounting for the cultural or religious differences in cuisine, some fusion foods have also been created to fit the taste preferences of local communities when ethnic or cultural foods from abroad were introduced. A hallmark example of this adaptation is in the popular sushi roll, the
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These adjustments to foreign cuisines have both corporate and historical origins. In the example of McDonald's, the creation of regional menus can be seen as an economic choice to cater to the local palates and traditions. Another example of popularized fusion foods is the Korean stew
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Fusion food is created by combining various cooking techniques from different cultures to produce a new type of cuisine. Although it is commonly invented by chefs, fusion cuisine can occur naturally. Cuisines which get fused can either come from a particular region (such as
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ingredients commonly used together in Asia such as garlic with chili, stir-fried vegetables with tofu. This illustrates the dynamic process between fusion food and its relationship with intercultural solidarity, influenced by both local and other immigrant cultures.
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the host country or region. Immigrants may adapt the use of their cultural ingredients to local culinary traditions. For example, Vietnamese immigrants in the
Southern United States used Vietnamese condiments in traditionally Creole cuisine, while adhering to
542:, which was created in America in the latter half of the 20th-century. A popular myth behind its composition containing crab, vegetables, and rice on the exterior cites the American aversion to foreign ingredients such as raw fish and seaweed.
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is sometimes characterized as the "original Asian fusion cuisine", combining native culinary traditions and ingredients with the very different cuisines of China, Spain, Malaysia, Thailand and
Mongolia, among others, due to its unique
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that originate from different countries, regions, or cultures. Cuisines of this type are not categorized according to any one particular cuisine style and have played a part in many contemporary restaurant cuisines since the 1970s.
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modern fusion food, which has been criticised for being portrayed as
European cuisines 'elevating' other cuisines into modernity. Colonial debates also extend into discourse about the authenticity of foods such as the origins of
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Fusion cuisine has existed for millennia as a form of cross-cultural exchange, though the term was only defined in the late 1900s. Mixtures of different cultures' cuisines have been adapted since the 16th century.
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American cuisine (European cuisine, Indigenous cuisine of the
Americas, Soul food, Cajun cuisine, Louisiana Creole cuisine, Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine, Mormon foodways, Texan cuisine, Tex-Mex cuisine, New-Mexican)
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In a climate of increasing globalization, where cultures and cuisines frequently cross-borders, cooking and food evolves to cater to the palates of the local communities, a phenomenon known as "glocalization", a
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of "localization" and "globalization".” Fusion cuisine is sometimes created by multinational restaurants, especially fast food chains. A primary example of this corporate globalized expansion is in the case of
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492:'s occupation of China's island territories in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Indigenous domestic servants were active participants in creating fusion foods by mixing ingredients and techniques.
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Asian fusion restaurants which combine the various cuisines of different Asian countries have become popular in many parts of the United States, United
Kingdom and Australia. Often featured are
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Singaporean cuisine (Chinese cuisine, Malay/Indonesian cuisine, Indian cuisine, Peranakan cuisine, Eurasian cuisine and
European cuisine particularly English cuisine and Portuguese cuisine)
225:. In Australia, due to immigration, fusion cuisine is being reinvented and is becoming increasingly the norm at numerous cafes and restaurants, with Asian-fusion restaurants like
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Another form of fusion food can be created by utilizing ingredients and flavors from one culture to create a unique twist on a dish from the different cultures. For example, a
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in 2002, is defined as "a style of cookery which blends ingredients and methods of preparation from different countries, regions, or ethnic groups; food cooked in this style."
405:, different cultures from Africa and Asia have used the combination of Saudi Arabia's spices to create new fusion foods found throughout the region and the country.
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Hong Kong cuisine (Chinese cuisine, predominantly
Cantonese cuisine, European cuisine especially British cuisine, Japanese, Korean and Southeast Asian cuisines)
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609:. As such, immigrant-founded fusion cuisines also play a role in shaping food culture in the host country by introducing new flavors and ingredients.
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Macanese cuisine (Chinese cuisine, especially
Cantonese cuisine and European cuisine, especially Portuguese cuisine and Southeast Asian cuisines)
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Malaysian Chinese cuisine (Chinese cuisine with roots from Fujian, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew cuisines and Malaysian cuisine)
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The convergence of two or more immigrant groups in a different host country can also lead to the emergence of fusion cuisines.
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the use of coffee in Italian cuisine. Van Aken related this to coffee being used in different desserts such as Calabrian
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Taiwanese cuisine (Chinese cuisine particularly Fujian cuisine and Hakka cuisine, Japanese cuisine and American cuisine)
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was named after the term attributed to Richard Wing, who in the 1960s combined French and Chinese cooking at the former
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American immigrants to the United States have collaboratively founded fusion restaurants, serving dishes such as
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A lasting legacy of colonialism is fusion food. Colonial trade resulted in the exchange of ingredients, such as
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food emerging from Chinese diasporas in Korea and shared borders between Korea and Northeastern China, and
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937:"Asian Cuisine & Foods : Asian-Nation :: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues"
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with seafood. A quintessential Peruvian Nikkei dish is "maki acevichado" or "ceviche roll", consisting of
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1156:"Fusion Cuisine and Bedouin Handcraft: the Transformative Power of Heritage Preservation in Saudi Arabia"
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Immigrants may also adapt their cultural flavors to the availability of ingredients in the host country:
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Traditional Ethiopian cuisine blended with Texas-style barbeque, including pork, smoked brisket, and
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is attributed as one of the pioneers of fusion cuisine, with some dispute. However, his restaurant
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in the wake of the Korean War during which American tastes and influence were prevalent in Korea.
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dishes alongside one another and offering dishes that are inspired combinations of such cuisines.
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Alongside the creation of new dishes, colonialism also introduced class dimensions of food as
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Japanese cooking techniques were combined with French techniques in 1970s France to create
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Indian-Chinese cuisine is an example of how gradual migration and exchange across shared
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Takenaka, Ayumi (2017). "Immigrant integration through food: Nikkei cuisine in Peru".
382:. Some fusion cuisines have themselves become accepted as a national cuisine, as with
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cuisine, which combines Japanese spices and seasonings and Peruvian ingredients like
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can be seen as an early fusion dish due to its marrying of ingredients stemming from
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influenced by Mexican immigration to the Southwest United States that combines
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1315:"The Sixth Toe: The Modern Culinary Role of the Guinea Pig In Southern Peru"
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3401:
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2720:
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1460:"Beyond the 'shame' narrative: How immigrants express culture through food"
1294:"Colonization, Food, and the Practice of Eating – Food Empowerment Project"
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Saudi Arabia has been investing in resources to preserve their culture. In
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rolled with Greek-style rice and grape leaves, which resembles inside-out
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420:(Thai roast duck curry) is an example of early fusion cuisine of the
355:
268:
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is considered a fusion culture, taking inspiration particularly from
142:
133:
1669:"Why We Have Norman Van Aken to Thank for the Way We Dine Out Today"
1511:"Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city"
1442:"Korean Fusion: Consuming a Globalized Korea Through Food and Music"
4172:
805:
644:
606:
59:
42:
19:
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1792:
1031:"Filipino Cuisine Was Asian Fusion Before "Asian Fusion" Existed"
858:
691:
395:
391:
363:
124:
73:
55:
790: – Chinese Cantonese and Peruvian fusion culinary tradition
1750:
1576:"Asian Fusion Cuisine and the Tug and Pull of Foreign Identity"
1206:"Sorry, Wolfgang, Fusion Foods Have Been With Us for Centuries"
728:
Japanese Chinese cuisine (Japanese cuisine and Chinese cuisine)
725:
Italian-American cuisine (Italian cuisine and American cuisine)
695:
613:
433:
402:
120:
1417:"Why is the McDonald's menu different in different countries?"
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785:
481:
379:
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359:
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324:
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Indian Chinese cuisine (Indian cuisine and Chinese cuisine)
328:
112:
582:
has origins in Chinese-owned small businesses in American
432:
red curry, Chinese roast duck, and grapes originally from
4214:
555:
which was created by combining American ingredients of
1392:"Why we need to stop calling immigrant food 'ethnic'"
358:
with different types of rice and ingredients such as
1486:"These Asian fusion cuisines tell an American story"
870: – Japanese style of Western-influenced cooking
745:
601:
often uses Indian spice and flavor profiles such as
271:) is another example of fusion cuisine which blends
38:
as well as South Asian restaurants around the world.
1354:"(IN)EDIBLE NATURE: New world food and coloniality"
1256:"Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire"
616:contributes to fusion cuisine. Similar cases are
123:flakes in a shrimp sauce dyed bright orange with
72:is a cuisine that combines elements of different
4323:
1650:"In Rural California, an Imperial Dynasty Ends"
1028:
737:Yoshoku (European cuisine and Japanese cuisine)
307:combines the different cuisines of the various
863:
803:
783:
515:
1777:
1153:
1666:
464:originating from French ingredients used in
1720:
559:, Vienna sausages, and sliced cheese, in a
34:. The dish is popular throughout India and
16:Food combining multiple culinary traditions
1784:
1770:
1667:Magazine, Smithsonian; Esposito, Shaylyn.
794:Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia
722:Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia
1526:
1029:Halpern, Sue; McKibben, Bill (May 2015).
1002:
701:
46:Example of a fusion dish: combination of
1312:
1118:
1112:
996:
439:
412:
93:
41:
18:
1693:"Origins and history of Italian coffee"
1154:Radke, Heather; Al-Senan, Maha (2015).
1005:"The unlikely origin of fish and chips"
908:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
887:
810: – Japanese-Italian fusion cuisine
480:'s possessions in Asia and Africa, and
4324:
1647:
1508:
1022:
568:
350:Similar approaches have been used for
80:The term fusion cuisine, added to the
3971:Historical North Indian and Pakistani
1765:
1351:
1199:
1197:
1003:Alexander, James (18 December 2009).
977:
655:
4276:
1483:
1439:
1203:
141:. It is served spritzed with native
4296:
1641:
1625:"Fusion Cuisine | Encyclopedia.com"
1313:defrance, Susan D. (January 2006).
1253:
512:being gentrified as ‘ethnic’ food.
13:
1194:
890:"California grows her own cuisine"
881:
578:. Similarly, the establishment of
14:
4343:
1743:
982:. Oxford: Routledge. p. 15.
476:with spices and peppers from the
4305:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4242:
1749:
748:
597:shaped by Chinese immigrants to
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1660:
1617:
1593:
1568:
1543:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1433:
1409:
1384:
1345:
1306:
1286:
1247:
1230:"The History of Fusion Cuisine"
1222:
1147:
1091:
632:, and European flavors.
488:" or "Chinese noodle" from the
231:The World's 50 Best Restaurants
3961:Historical Indian subcontinent
1070:
1049:
980:New Ethnicities And Urban Cult
971:
950:
929:
900:
888:Lindsey, Robert (1985-08-18).
455:
1:
1254:Cox, Rosie (September 2013).
1133:10.1080/18692729.2017.1351022
1057:"Asia's original fusion food"
874:
649:traditional slow-roasted pork
160:Southwestern American cuisine
89:
1791:
1648:Khokha, Sasha (2005-07-15).
1484:Chen, Natasha (2023-05-13).
1352:Janer, Zilkia (March 2007).
1272:10.1080/10357823.2013.823845
366:rice, cheese and salsa with
229:in Sydney ranking highly in
7:
4145:List of historical cuisines
3981:History of alcoholic drinks
1998:Lowcountry (South Carolina)
1509:Sankar, Amal (2017-12-01).
1440:Hong, Ashley (2021-01-01).
741:
516:Adaptation to local palates
217:, the idea of the European
131:and garnished with crushed
10:
4348:
3432:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
1721:pvillanueva (2018-09-04).
824:Migrants' food consumption
408:
287:and light influences from
28:Indian–Chinese fusion dish
4237:
4165:
4132:
4069:
3901:
3814:
3495:
1948:
1799:
1528:10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002
1370:10.1080/09502380601162597
1331:10.1080/07409710500334517
1078:"What is Fusion Cuisine?"
1037:. Smithsonian Institution
829:Modern Australian cuisine
83:Oxford English Dictionary
4051:Scottish royal household
3996:History of vegetarianism
2234:Central African Republic
1188:10.1525/tph.2015.37.2.89
1172:10.1525/tph.2015.37.2.89
814:Japanese Chinese cuisine
769:American Chinese cuisine
622:Mexican-American cuisine
580:American Chinese cuisine
576:Southern cooking methods
314:
166:) or a country (such as
1697:Exclusive Brands Torino
1515:Journal of Ethnic Foods
1204:Magazine, Smithsonian.
236:In the United Kingdom,
158:), sub-region (such as
3976:History of agriculture
1601:"Pan-Asian Fried Rice"
1580:Brown Political Review
1551:"Mexican-Chinese Food"
864:
804:
799:Indian Chinese cuisine
784:
702:List of fusion cuisine
595:Indian-Chinese cuisine
448:
437:
146:
66:
39:
30:, consisting of fried
3946:Early modern European
3674:Indigenous Australian
3233:São Tomé and Príncipe
2120:Bosnian-Herzegovinian
1654:National Public Radio
958:"World Food Cuisines"
819:Korean-Mexican fusion
614:international borders
443:
416:
97:
45:
22:
4109:Molecular gastronomy
4041:Pre-contact Hawaiian
3951:Historical Argentine
3837:Mangalorean Catholic
2018:Pacific Northwestern
1758:at Wikimedia Commons
1673:Smithsonian Magazine
1629:www.encyclopedia.com
1260:Asian Studies Review
1210:Smithsonian Magazine
1160:The Public Historian
1035:Smithsonian Magazine
834:New American cuisine
502:Chicken tikka masala
331:ingredients such as
3966:Historical Japanese
3801:Transylvanian Saxon
3669:Indigenous American
1723:"On Fusion Cooking"
1099:"Taco Pizza Recipe"
1059:. Mark C O'Flaherty
978:Black, Les (1996).
680:Hanford, California
630:Indigenous American
599:British-ruled India
569:Role of immigration
418:Kaeng phet pet yang
370:, or spiced ground
164:New Mexican cuisine
74:culinary traditions
4046:Korean royal court
3991:History of seafood
3956:Historical Chinese
3931:Antebellum America
3771:Pennsylvania Dutch
2383:Equatorial Guinean
2353:Dominican Republic
1121:Contemporary Japan
779:California cuisine
656:Modern fusion food
531:and pork items on
449:
438:
398:rolled into maki.
354:, such as rolling
337:pepper jack cheese
267:in Malaysia (also
203:California cuisine
152:East Asian cuisine
147:
67:
40:
36:Indian restaurants
4319:
4318:
4061:Thirteen Colonies
3921:Ancient Israelite
3121:Papua New Guinean
1919:Intercontinental
1754:Media related to
1421:www.mcdonalds.com
1319:Food and Foodways
989:978-1-85728-251-1
844:Peranakan cuisine
645:Chinese dumplings
426:Ayutthaya Kingdom
4339:
4309:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4261:Drink portal
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4227:Meal preparation
4140:List of cuisines
3986:History of bread
3911:Ancient Egyptian
3888:Ritual slaughter
3746:Louisiana Creole
3684:Italian American
3503:African American
2492:Greek Macedonian
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1699:. Archived from
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1364:(2–3): 385–405.
1358:Cultural Studies
1349:
1343:
1342:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
994:
993:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
914:. Archived from
904:
898:
897:
885:
869:
839:Nouvelle cuisine
809:
789:
758:
753:
752:
676:Imperial Dynasty
662:nouvelle cuisine
497:cultural capital
484:originating as "
470:Jamaican patties
466:French Indochina
301:British cuisines
261:colonial history
256:Filipino cuisine
223:California pizza
172:Japanese cuisine
156:European cuisine
105:Filipino cuisine
4347:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4255:
4253:
4249:Food portal
4241:
4233:
4161:
4128:
4065:
3897:
3810:
3518:Arab-Indonesian
3491:
3472:Western Saharan
2944:Liechtensteiner
2509:Guinea-Bissauan
2145:Channel Islands
2033:Southwestern US
1953:
1944:
1795:
1790:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1727:Norman Van Aken
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1396:The Independent
1390:
1389:
1385:
1350:
1346:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1234:Exquisite Taste
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1152:
1148:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1001:
997:
990:
976:
972:
962:
960:
956:
955:
951:
942:
940:
935:
934:
930:
921:
919:
906:
905:
901:
886:
882:
877:
754:
747:
744:
704:
694:with chocolate
687:Norman Van Aken
672:Chinois on Main
658:
571:
540:California roll
518:
490:Empire of Japan
458:
411:
384:Peruvian Nikkei
317:
305:Oceanic cuisine
195:Southeast Asian
184:Italian cuisine
168:Chinese cuisine
92:
24:Gobi Manchurian
17:
12:
11:
5:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4332:Fusion cuisine
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4251:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4150:Lists of foods
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3627:Greek-American
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:Sierra Leonean
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:French Guianan
2437:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Northern Irish
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:Middle Eastern
1935:
1930:
1928:Latin American
1925:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:Fusion cuisine
1745:
1744:External links
1742:
1739:
1738:
1713:
1684:
1659:
1640:
1616:
1592:
1567:
1542:
1521:(4): 268–273.
1501:
1476:
1451:
1432:
1408:
1383:
1344:
1305:
1285:
1266:(3): 402–403.
1246:
1221:
1193:
1146:
1127:(2): 117–131.
1111:
1090:
1069:
1048:
1021:
995:
988:
970:
949:
939:. Asian-Nation
928:
899:
894:New York Times
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
801:
796:
791:
781:
776:
774:Betawi cuisine
771:
766:
760:
759:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
703:
700:
678:restaurant in
657:
654:
570:
567:
517:
514:
510:immigrant food
478:British Empire
472:combining the
457:
454:
410:
407:
327:created using
316:
313:
309:island nations
238:fish and chips
180:French cuisine
176:Korean cuisine
100:Pancit palabok
91:
88:
70:Fusion cuisine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4344:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Culinary arts
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Ancient Roman
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Ancient Greek
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Goan Catholic
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Crimean Tatar
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:South African
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Saudi Arabian
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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48:smoked salmon
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4114:Note by Note
4092:New American
4086:
3781:Pontic Greek
3662:South Indian
3657:North Indian
3328:Extremaduran
3218:Saint Lucian
2892:South Korean
2887:North Korean
2751:Palembangese
2679:Uttarakhandi
2165:Saint Helena
2155:Gibraltarian
2023:Puerto Rican
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:the original
1696:
1687:
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
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1643:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
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1608:. Retrieved
1605:Food Network
1604:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1582:. 2017-02-21
1579:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1557:. 2013-02-25
1554:
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1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1466:. 2021-12-06
1463:
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1424:. Retrieved
1420:
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1400:. Retrieved
1398:. 2017-09-20
1395:
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1297:. Retrieved
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1238:. Retrieved
1236:. 2015-12-04
1233:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1166:(2): 89–96.
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1103:. Retrieved
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1072:
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1051:
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1034:
1024:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
979:
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961:. Retrieved
952:
941:. Retrieved
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
911:
902:
893:
883:
684:
671:
666:
659:
647:filled with
634:
611:
603:garam masala
592:
572:
560:
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549:budae-jjigae
548:
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536:
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459:
450:
428:, combining
422:cosmopolitan
417:
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368:Spanish rice
352:fusion sushi
349:
318:
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219:delicatessen
188:
148:
132:
119:with native
109:rice noodles
98:
81:
79:
69:
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4301:WikiProject
3881:Kosher food
3263:Singaporean
3253:Seychellois
3228:Sammarinese
3111:Palestinian
3071:New Zealand
3041:Montenegrin
3011:Mauritanian
3006:Marshallese
2818:Piedmontese
2746:Minangkabau
2716:Gorontalese
2497:Heptanesean
2413:Kapampangan
2336:Greenlandic
2212:Cameroonian
2080:Bangladeshi
2070:Azerbaijani
2028:Southern US
2013:New Mexican
2008:New English
1983:Californian
1800:Continental
1555:Bon Appétit
1464:The Varsity
1325:(1): 3–34.
1080:. Wise Geek
1041:16 December
912:www.oed.com
854:Sushi pizza
756:Food portal
618:Sino-Korean
562:kimchi stew
523:portmanteau
506:orientalist
456:Colonialism
446:Texas toast
199:South Asian
127:seeds from
121:smoked fish
107:, combines
64:crab sticks
50:wrapped in
32:cauliflower
4124:Vegetarian
3903:Historical
3647:Indonesian
3595:Indonesian
3565:Australian
3487:Zimbabwean
3467:Vietnamese
3462:Venezuelan
3350:Sri Lankan
3318:Cantabrian
3293:Andalusian
3243:Senegalese
3223:Salvadoran
3171:Circassian
3141:Portuguese
3126:Paraguayan
3116:Panamanian
3076:Nicaraguan
3051:Mozambican
3031:Monégasque
2984:Sarawakian
2959:Macedonian
2949:Lithuanian
2813:Neapolitan
2686:Indonesian
2644:Rajasthani
2619:Meghalayan
2594:Jharkhandi
2549:Arunachali
2504:Guatemalan
2435:La Réunion
2368:Ecuadorian
2343:Djiboutian
2090:Belarusian
2060:Australian
1988:Floribbean
1732:2022-12-12
1707:2022-12-12
1678:2022-12-12
1634:2022-11-13
1610:2023-08-27
1586:2023-08-27
1561:2023-08-27
1495:2023-08-27
1470:2023-08-27
1426:2023-08-26
1402:2023-08-27
1299:2023-08-27
1240:2022-12-12
1215:2022-12-12
1105:2012-05-31
1084:2012-05-31
1063:2012-07-06
943:2017-11-30
922:2022-12-12
875:References
588:Chinatowns
528:McDonald's
486:shina soba
321:taco pizza
293:Portuguese
252:cuisines.
191:East Asian
90:Categories
52:rice paper
4203:sociology
4082:Fast food
4077:Classique
3941:Byzantine
3842:Mennonite
3827:Christian
3815:Religious
3776:Peranakan
3724:Sephardic
3709:Ethiopian
3699:Ashkenazi
3652:Malaysian
3605:Pakistani
3600:Malaysian
3575:Cambodian
3525:Aromanian
3457:Vanuatuan
3447:Uruguayan
3442:Ukrainian
3395:Zanzibari
3390:Tanzanian
3380:Taiwanese
3343:Valencian
3338:Manchegan
3273:Slovenian
3186:Mordovian
3106:Pakistani
3096:Norwegian
3036:Mongolian
3016:Mauritian
2991:Maldivian
2974:Malaysian
2867:Jordanian
2828:Sardinian
2788:Abruzzese
2756:Sundanese
2741:Minahasan
2664:Telangana
2649:Sikkimese
2599:Karnataka
2534:Icelandic
2529:Hungarian
2398:Ethiopian
2348:Dominican
2301:Congolese
2296:Colombian
2264:Hong Kong
2259:Cantonese
2227:Québécois
2207:Cambodian
2202:Burundian
2192:Burkinabé
2187:Bulgarian
2140:Anguillia
2130:Brazilian
2110:Bhutanese
2085:Barbadian
2050:Argentine
1871:Levantine
1861:Caucasian
1834:Caribbean
1537:2352-6181
1378:0950-2386
1339:0740-9710
1280:1035-7823
1180:0272-3433
1141:134330815
269:Indonesia
227:Tetsuya's
143:calamansi
134:chicharon
4326:Category
4291:Cookbook
4271:Category
4173:Cookbook
4155:Prepared
4119:Nouvelle
4097:Eurasian
4026:Medieval
3822:Buddhist
3756:Ossetian
3741:Livonian
3719:Moroccan
3704:Bukharan
3694:American
3632:Hazaragi
3610:Peruvian
3585:Filipino
3580:Canadian
3560:American
3530:Assyrian
3427:Tuvaluan
3412:Tunisian
3407:Togolese
3355:Sudanese
3333:Galician
3313:Canarian
3303:Balearic
3298:Asturian
3151:Romanian
3131:Peruvian
3086:Nigerian
3066:Nepalese
3056:Namibian
3046:Moroccan
3026:Moldovan
2969:Malawian
2964:Malagasy
2934:Liberian
2924:Lebanese
2860:Okinawan
2855:Japanese
2850:Jamaican
2838:Venetian
2833:Sicilian
2808:Lucanian
2798:Ligurian
2736:Makassar
2731:Madurese
2726:Javanese
2696:Balinese
2691:Acehnese
2614:Manipuri
2589:Kashmiri
2584:Haryanvi
2579:Gujarati
2554:Assamese
2524:Honduran
2487:Epirotic
2472:Ghanaian
2462:Georgian
2452:Gabonese
2430:Corsican
2408:Filipino
2393:Estonian
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2373:Egyptian
2306:Croatian
2289:Xinjiang
2274:Shandong
2269:Macanese
2217:Canadian
2182:Bruneian
2170:Scottish
2125:Botswana
2115:Bolivian
2105:Beninese
2100:Belizean
2075:Bahraini
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1793:Cuisines
1009:BBC News
806:Itameshi
742:See also
607:turmeric
474:turnover
380:dolmades
277:Javanese
60:cucumber
4311:Outline
4281:Commons
4198:history
4178:Cooking
4166:Related
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3642:English
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3422:Turkmen
3417:Turkish
3365:Swedish
3323:Catalan
3288:Spanish
3248:Serbian
3213:Rwandan
3176:Cossack
3166:Chechen
3161:Bashkir
3156:Russian
3061:Nauruan
3021:Mexican
3001:Maltese
2979:Sabahan
2929:Lesotho
2919:Latvian
2904:Kuwaiti
2899:Kosovan
2845:Ivorian
2803:Lombard
2793:Apulian
2783:Italian
2778:Israeli
2763:Iranian
2669:Tripuri
2639:Punjabi
2559:Bengali
2519:Haitian
2514:Guinean
2457:Gambian
2445:Occitan
2420:Finnish
2378:Emirati
2331:Faroese
2316:Cypriot
2284:Tibetan
2279:Sichuan
2254:Beijing
2249:Chinese
2244:Chilean
2239:Chadian
2222:Acadian
2197:Burmese
2150:English
2135:British
2095:Belgian
2045:Angolan
1903:Eastern
1898:Central
1866:Central
1807:African
1014:16 July
866:Yōshoku
859:Tex-Mex
692:ricotta
637:Chinese
626:Mexican
584:ghettos
462:bánh mì
409:History
396:avocado
392:ceviche
364:basmati
333:cheddar
281:Chinese
250:Belgian
125:annatto
56:avocado
54:, with
4087:Fusion
4070:Styles
4056:Soviet
4021:Mughal
4016:Muisca
3806:Yup'ik
3796:Tejano
3786:Romani
3729:Syrian
3689:Jewish
3637:Indian
3622:Gagauz
3590:Indian
3545:Buryat
3540:Berber
3496:Ethnic
3477:Yemeni
3375:Syrian
3308:Basque
3278:Somali
3268:Slovak
3201:Udmurt
3146:Qatari
3136:Polish
3091:Niuean
2996:Malian
2939:Libyan
2909:Kyrgyz
2882:Korean
2877:Kenyan
2872:Kazakh
2711:Betawi
2701:Banjar
2654:Sindhi
2604:Kerala
2564:Bihari
2544:Andhra
2539:Indian
2482:Cretan
2467:German
2425:French
2403:Fijian
2326:Danish
1963:Afghan
1923:Global
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434:Persia
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376:capers
299:, and
285:Indian
248:, and
246:French
242:Jewish
215:Mexico
211:France
197:, and
129:Mexico
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4188:Drink
4133:Lists
4104:Haute
4011:Mayan
3936:Aztec
3849:Hindu
3761:Parsi
3751:Malay
3679:Inuit
3550:Cajun
3452:Uzbek
3385:Tajik
3370:Swiss
3360:Swazi
3206:Yamal
3196:Tatar
3191:Sakha
3101:Omani
3081:Niger
2823:Roman
2773:Irish
2768:Iraqi
2706:Batak
2659:Tamil
2477:Greek
2358:Dutch
2321:Czech
2311:Cuban
2175:Welsh
2038:Texan
1876:South
1856:Asian
1844:South
1839:North
1812:North
1184:JSTOR
1137:S2CID
786:Chifa
685:Chef
641:Latin
482:ramen
394:with
360:curry
341:salsa
325:pizza
315:Types
297:Dutch
273:Malay
207:Italy
139:Spain
137:from
117:China
115:from
4222:Meal
4210:Diet
4193:Food
4006:Inca
3893:Sikh
3871:Jain
3866:Ital
3791:Sámi
3513:Arab
3508:Ainu
3402:Thai
3181:Komi
2721:Indo
2634:Odia
2629:Naga
2624:Mizo
2574:Goan
1908:list
1881:list
1849:list
1822:list
1817:West
1533:ISSN
1374:ISSN
1335:ISSN
1276:ISSN
1176:ISSN
1043:2018
1016:2013
984:ISBN
965:2016
639:and
605:and
586:and
557:Spam
430:Thai
374:and
372:lamb
362:and
356:maki
335:and
329:taco
289:Thai
283:and
265:Food
162:and
154:and
113:tofu
111:and
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2914:Lao
1952:and
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1490:CNN
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