103:, or the Front de Libération du Macina (FLM) in Mali is an official jihadist group that has become intertwined with the Fulani pastoralists. While there is currently no formal organization in Nigeria, terrorist tactics are still common. These tactics include, but are not limited to, destroying crops, deadly riots, blocking traffic, raping women, beating up farmers, and instigating armed attacks on villages. The battle for fertile farming land and grazing routes has resulted in a significant amount of violence. These crises also occur throughout
83:. It is important of course to emphasize that not all Fulani are extremists - the extremists are a subset of this larger ethnic group. The Fulani are a pastoralist group and their livelihood depends on herding cattle, and occasionally goats and sheep, along grazing routes. In recent years, as climate change has brought about increased
147:
There are attacks not consolidated under the rule of top-down leadership. Instead, attacks are operated on an individual, smaller-scale level, which are typical of terrorist groups. As a result, it is difficult to both maintain a clear record of attacks and hold extremists accountable. The following
329:
In 1978, the government implemented the Land Use Act. This piece of legislation empowered the federal government to allocate land to different groups. Additionally, indigenous groups were granted the right to claim ownership of ancestral territories. The passage of the Land Use Act exacerbated the
338:
In an attempt to resolve the issues presented by the Land Use Act, the government has demarcated specific grazing reserves with the
Nigerian Agricultural Policy. This law set aside a minimum 10% of the total territory of the country to be reserved for grazing. To date, this mandate has not been
17:
138:
Over the course of several centuries, these conflicts have fluctuated in intensity based on a variety of social, political, economic, and environmental factors. Specifically, droughts, erratic rainfall, and the degradation of land in
Nigeria have intensified the conflict.
87:
and a scarcity of resources, Herder-Farmer conflicts have increased in frequency. As Fulani nomads move southward into more fertile lands, there has been greater competition for grazing routes with local farmers, prompting violence.
352:
The constant conflict between the pastoralists and the farmers has had a negative effect on both the herder and the farmer output. Both indiscriminately destroy the crops and the cattle negatively affecting agricultural production.
134:
region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Since this initial migration, the Fulani have come into conflict with farmers in
Nigeria. The Herder-Farmer conflicts are most prominent in the Kaduna, Plateau, and Benue states.
949:"Identifying Motivators for State-Pastoralist Dialogue: Exploring the Relationships between Livestock Services, Self-Organisation and Conflict in Nigeria's Pastoralist Fulani"
130:
While the specific details of some Fulani migration into
Nigeria are largely unknown, it is generally assumed that some of the Fulani moved into Northern Nigeria from the
484:
574:
95:, Herder-Farmer conflicts have been categorized as frequent conflicts and tactics are used to settle the disputes. In some parts of Africa, such as in
321:
In 1964, the government passed this act, hoping that it would encourage the Fulani to adopt sedentary lifestyles and graze on these reserved lands.
1034:
752:
650:
669:"Conflicts between Fulani Herders and Farmers in Central and Southern Nigeria: Discourse on Proposed Establishment of Grazing Routes and Reserves"
51:
The number of Fulani in
Nigeria is estimated to be around 13 million. The primary ethnic groups that the Fulani come into conflict with are the
35:
is considered a “melting pot” of different cultural and ethnic groups. Ethnic identification in the country is a complicated amalgamation of
842:
987:
312:
In 2014, more than 1,200 people lost their lives. This made the Herder-Farmer conflicts the world's fourth deadliest conflicts group.
306:
In 2019, just one year later, Herder-Farmer conflicts were responsible for only 26% of deaths in
Nigeria, accounting for 325 deaths.
809:
690:
988:
S.A. Ingawa; C. Tarawali; R. von
Kaufmann; ILCA Subhumid Research Site, International Livestock Center for Africa (December 1989).
1074:
361:
Both the
Farmers and the Herders are displaced by this conflict, exacerbating poverty and disorder in the agricultural regions.
370:
92:
867:
731:"Migration and the Emerging Security Challenges in West Africa: Case of Fulani Herders/Sedentary Farmers Conflicts in Nigeria"
303:
In 2018, the Herder-Farmer conflicts were responsible for 72% of deaths in
Nigeria. The total death toll was 1,159 deaths.
330:
Fulani-farmer conflict, as the nomadic Fulani were largely excluded from the right to claim ownership of ancestral land.
309:
Between the years 2010 and 2016, these conflicts were responsible for 3,068 deaths across several West-African countries.
602:
523:
Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Fajinmi, Akinyemi; Dongkum, Charles; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Welburn, Susan C. (2014-11-29).
1064:
1069:
698:
420:
1013:"Livelihood and Conflict Dimension among Crop Farmers and Fulani Herdsmen in Yakurr Region of Cross River State"
894:
1094:
1079:
768:"Desertification, migration, and herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria: rethinking the ungoverned spaces thesis"
551:
498:
485:"Illicit arms used in northern Nigeria farmer-pastoralist conflict same source as Mali jihadists: report"
1012:
767:
766:
Lenshie, Nsemba Edward; Okengwu, Kelechi; Ogbonna, Confidence N.; Ezeibe, Christian (2021-11-17).
31:(also known as Fula or Fulɓe), whose neighboring farmers are against them in various ethnicities.
100:
1054:
1028:
746:
644:
40:
1089:
730:
668:
8:
970:
632:
465:
603:"Why do pastoralists in Mali join jihadist groups? A political ecological explanation"
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76:
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84:
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75:/semi-nomadic group of approximately 100 million individuals who live in the
36:
524:
445:
990:"Grazing reserves in Nigeria: Problems, prospects and policy implications"
627:
104:
80:
60:
56:
28:
729:
Idehen, Roosevelt
Osazenaye, Ikuru, Ubelejit Renner (27 November 2019).
131:
116:
525:"Pastoral livelihoods of the Fulani on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria"
865:
840:
807:
418:
108:
59:, although a total of 33 known groups participate in the farmer-
32:
16:
892:
120:
522:
72:
673:
AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities
765:
728:
112:
96:
691:"Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side"
575:"Nigeria's Herdsmen-Farmers Conflict and Peace Building"
333:
316:
866:
Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2018).
841:
Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2017).
808:
Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2016).
735:
International Journal of Arts and Humanities Ethiopia
482:
419:
Institute for Economics and Peace (1 November 2020).
99:, formal terrorist groups have been established. The
995:. African Livestock Policy Analysis Network (ALPAN).
893:
Institute of Economics and Peace (1 November 2019).
916:"Making sense of Nigeria's Fulani-farmer conflict"
503:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
552:20.500.11820/92ba4dbe-7ef9-41a3-93d0-7784f545cfc1
1046:
600:
499:"Sultan says not all Fulani herders are bandits"
119:. The religious conflicts arise with other non-
123:tribes, even against other Fulani, such as the
579:Global Journal of Agricultural Research (GJAR)
1033:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
751:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
649:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1010:
483:Laura Angela Bagnetto (January 29, 2020).
356:
1011:Ofem, Ofem, Inyang, Bassey (6 May 2014).
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667:Okeke, Okechukwu Edward (25 April 2014).
626:
550:
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1017:Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
15:
601:Benjaminsen, Tor, Boubacar, Ba (2019).
324:
148:are some prominent attacks in Nigeria.
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334:Nigerian Agricultural Policy of 1988
317:Nigerian Grazing Reserve Act of 1964
142:
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823:
446:"The Study of Ethnicity in Nigeria"
13:
999:
947:Okello, Anna (12 September 2014).
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371:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
339:enforced to its fullest capacity.
93:herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria
66:
14:
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657:
591:
434:
383:
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699:International Christian Concern
444:Ukiwo, Ukoha (18 August 2006).
288:Facility/Infrastructure Attack
274:Facility/Infrastructure Attack
91:While there are other kinds of
27:refers to an ethnic group, the
1075:Human rights abuses in Nigeria
683:
567:
516:
491:
476:
1:
895:"Global Terrorism Index 2019"
868:"Global Terrorism Index 2018"
843:"Global Terrorism Index 2017"
810:"Global Terrorism Index 2016"
784:10.1080/09592318.2020.1811602
772:Small Wars & Insurgencies
619:10.1080/03066150.2018.1474457
421:"Global Terrorism Index 2020"
376:
297:
46:
7:
364:
10:
1111:
607:Journal of Peasant Studies
450:Oxford Development Studies
966:10.1186/s13570-014-0012-7
542:10.1186/s13570-014-0020-7
462:10.1080/13600810500099592
63:conflict in the country.
1065:Fulani herdsmen attacks
357:Displacement of farmers
101:Macina Liberation Front
71:The Fulani are largely
1070:Agriculture in Nigeria
21:
19:
1095:Religious fanaticism
1080:Terrorism in Nigeria
325:Land Use Act of 1978
343:Effects of conflict
152:
902:Vision of Humanity
875:Vision of Humanity
850:Vision of Humanity
817:Vision of Humanity
428:Vision of Humanity
348:Reduced crop yield
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22:
295:
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143:Prominent attacks
77:semi-arid climate
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125:Fula Christians
85:desertification
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67:General history
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20:Fulani people
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1055:Pastoralists
1029:cite journal
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1016:
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924:. Retrieved
922:. 2016-05-05
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747:cite journal
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507:. Retrieved
505:. 2021-02-25
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162:Attack Type
146:
137:
129:
90:
70:
50:
43:approaches.
24:
23:
1090:Communalism
953:Pastoralism
529:Pastoralism
165:Fatalities
81:West Africa
61:pastoralist
1049:Categories
1023:: 512–519.
926:2023-11-13
741:: 128–137.
705:3 December
584:2023-11-13
509:2023-11-13
377:References
298:Statistics
257:Zaki Biam
254:3/20/2017
240:6/18/2016
226:2/24/2016
212:2/24/2016
198:2/24/2016
184:2/24/2016
132:Senegambia
47:Background
37:primordial
25:The Fulani
792:0959-2318
637:158928938
561:2041-7136
535:(1): 20.
470:144295856
282:9/3/2018
268:5/5/2018
176:Firearms
170:3/5/2015
159:Location
1085:Banditry
975:55540876
959:: 1–14.
920:BBC News
679:: 66–84.
613:: 1–20.
456:: 7–23.
365:See also
117:Cameroon
55:and the
271:Gwaska
229:Ugboju
187:Abugbe
109:Senegal
73:nomadic
33:Nigeria
1060:Nomads
973:
790:
635:
559:
487:. RFI.
468:
285:Bolki
121:Muslim
115:, and
105:Guinea
53:Yoruba
29:Fulani
993:(PDF)
971:S2CID
898:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
633:S2CID
466:S2CID
424:(PDF)
215:Akwu
201:Aila
173:Egba
156:Date
1035:link
788:ISSN
753:link
707:2023
651:link
557:ISSN
113:Mali
97:Mali
57:Igbo
39:and
961:doi
780:doi
623:hdl
615:doi
547:hdl
537:doi
458:doi
291:35
277:58
263:73
249:59
235:50
221:50
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193:51
179:95
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
