Sokoto Caliphate - Knowledge

2558:. Slaves were gained through raiding and via markets as had operated earlier in West Africa. The founder of the Caliphate allowed slavery only for non-Muslims; slavery was viewed as a process to bring such peoples into the Muslim community. At least half of the Caliphate's population was enslaved in the 19th century. There was a huge expansion of slaves due to the jihad campaigns, frontier wars and slave raids. The expansion of agricultural plantations under the Caliphate was dependent on slave labor. These plantations were established around the ribats, and large areas of agricultural production took place around the cities of the empire. The institution of slavery was mediated by the lack of a racial barrier among the peoples, and by a complex and varying set of relations between owners and slaves, which included the right to accumulate property by working on their own plots, manumission, and the potential for slaves to convert and become members of the Islamic community. There are historical records of slaves reaching high levels of government and administration in the Sokoto Caliphate. On the other hand these liniments to the slaving system were, like those in other slave societies, a buttress rather than a detriment although in some cases undoubtedly beneficial to individual slaves as Mohammed Bashir Salau writes: "Unfortunately for most slaves, however, masters often selected those they granted freedom in part because to maintain the plantation order, and in part to prevent the formation of a group consciousness among slaves....Similarly, although the Islamic religion encouraged voluntary emancipation, and slave-owners were convinced that God would reward them when they freed slaves, most masters were very selective about whom they freed. They often gave first preference to slaves who exhibited “good behavior” and were “honest” and “hardworking”; also to those who were “too sick” and “too old” (to engage in rigorous plantation activities). This not only perpetuated the plantation’s social order, but also reduced the slave-owner’s expenditures; by freeing elderly and infirm slaves, the owner did not have to pay for their care." 1518:, also known as Sheikh Amadu Sheikh, who started a jihad movement among the Fulani people in the region. In the early 1800s, Seku Amadu, inspired by the teachings of Usman dan Fodio and the success of the Sokoto Caliphate, was authorized by Fodio to carry out jihad in the Massina region. Seku Amadu's forces succeeded in overthrowing the ruling elites and establishing a new jihadist state. The capital of the Massina Empire was Hamdullahi, a city founded by Seku Amadu. The expansion of the Massina Empire occurred mainly through military conquest. The Empire extended its control over the Inner Niger Delta and parts of the surrounding Sahelian and savannah regions. Some of the notable areas that came under the control of the Massina Empire include Timbuktu and Djenné, key centers of trans-Saharan slave trade. The Massina Empire's rule was characterized by a strict interpretation of Islamic law. Seku Amadu implemented legal and social reforms, including the outlawing of many traditional polytheist practices as well as forcing many polytheists into slavery. However, the Massina Empire also faced resistance. Some local communities resisted the imposition of Islamic law and the centralization of political power. Furthermore, the Massina Empire faced external threats from neighboring states, including the Toucouleur Empire under El Hadj Umar Tall. The Massina Empire fell to the Toucouleur Empire in 1862. Despite its relatively short lifespan, the Massina Empire had a significant impact on the region. It played a key role in spreading Islam. 2571:

high. This wall was pierced with holes at its base through which the legs of those sentenced to death were thrust up to the thigh, and they were left to be trodden on by the mass of other prisoners till they died of thirst and starvation. The place is entirely air-tight and unventilated except for the one small doorway, or rather hole, in the wall through which you creep. The total space inside is 2,618 cubic feet, and at the time we took Kano 135 human beings were confined here each night, being let out during the day to cook their food, &c., in a small adjoining area. Recently as many as 200 have been interned at one time. As the superficial ground area was only 238 square feet there was not, of course, even standing room. Victims were crushed to death every night and their corpses were hauled out each morning. The stench, I am told, inside the place when Colonel Morland visited it was intolerable, though it was empty, and when I myself went inside three weeks later the effluvium was unbearable for more than a few seconds. A putrid corpse even then lay near the doorway." Salau adds that "While in prison, a slave was usually subjected to torture by fellow inmates as well as by guards....Ultimately, it was the master who decided how many days the slave would spend in the facility."

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British high commissioner Lugard abolished the legal status of slavery without compensation and officially declared all children born to slaves after 31 March 1901 as born free; however the slaves were given no assistance and cases of fugitive slaves were often handed over to indigenous Islamic sharia courts, which often restored them back to their Muslim owners. By the 1920s big slave trade caravans had been eradicated by the colonial officials, but small scale slave trading was difficult to fully abolish. One example was the trade in Adamawa girls, who were bought by merchants and kept for a year in Cameroon learning Hausa until they could be smuggled in to Nigeria to be sold in Kano for concubinage or domestic service. "Slave brokers, who themselves were formerly concubines, were procuring young girls for purposes of sale into slavery. Despite legal prohibitions which dated from the colonial era to the contrary, slave concubinage was a functioning institution in the northern states of Nigeria in 1988."

1537:, also known as the Tukulor Empire, was a significant West African state that emerged during the 19th century, in what is now Mali, Senegal, and Guinea. It was founded by El Hadj Umar Tall, an Islamic leader of Tukulor descent, who sought to establish a jihadist state and conquer and enslave the polytheists in the region. Umar Tall began his jihad, or holy war, in the 1850s after studying in the Sokoto Caliphate. In 1854, Umar Tall declared a jihad against the un-Islamic practices of the local rulers. He assembled a large army, which included his fellow Toucouleurs, as well as other Muslim groups and enslaved individuals. With this army, he undertook a series of successful military campaigns against various West African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Segou in 1861 and the Massina Empire in 1862. At its height, the Toucouleur Empire stretched from modern-day Senegal in the west to Timbuktu in the east. Its capital was established at Segou, in present-day Mali. 1307:

leading to conflicts and tensions that sometimes persisted for years. The most significant impact was the spread of Islam among the local populations. The Sokoto Caliphate was intensely Islamic, and it actively sought to convert the peoples of the territories it conquered. As a result, Islam became the dominant religion in the region, with profound implications for local cultures, legal systems, and social norms. The imposition of Islamic law (Sharia) brought about changes in areas such as property rights, marriage, and criminal justice. Not all local populations accepted the Caliphate's rule, and there were instances of resistance. Some communities maintained their traditional religions and practices despite the Caliphate's efforts to enforce Islam. There were also armed rebellions against the Caliphate's rule, some of which were successful in achieving local autonomy.

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only thieves, prisoners of war (taken singly), such as spies, and disobedient slaves, who, on a complaint to the sultan that they will not work, are sent to prison. Their only food is the bran or husks of millet and dourra, with water ; but their friends are allowed to give them food, if they have any. It is a filthy place, and the terror of the men-slaves of Soccatoo. The prisoners are taken out, two and two, every day to work at the walls, or any laborious work which may occur." "In the Kano area, for instance, Gidan Ma’ajin Watari was the primary slave prison." If not desiring sale the slave-owner would lay out the particular charge and "Thereafter, the erring slave was admitted into the facility through a succession of two doors, being severely beaten in the process."

701: 2291:, at the time of the jihad was organized into a standing army and a cavalry. The standing army was composed of Hausa and Fulani warriors who were trained in warfare and were responsible for the Caliphate's defense and the expansion of its territories. The cavalry was an essential part of the military, as horses were the primary mode of transportation during this period. During the expansion, the Caliphate's military utilized a strategy of establishing emirates in conquered territories. These emirates were governed by emirs, who were either appointed by the Sultan or were local rulers who had submitted to the Caliphate's authority. This strategy helped in maintaining control over the vast territories of the Caliphate. 1116: 1472:, for instance, was a significant center of the Caliphate in this region. The Sokoto Caliphate extended its influence into the northern areas of present-day Benin, which borders Nigeria to the west. The process of expansion into these regions was similar to that within Nigeria. The Caliphate launched military campaigns against local rulers, often exploiting internal conflicts and divisions. Upon conquering an area, the Caliphate would typically establish an emirate, appointing an emir to govern on behalf of the Sultan of Sokoto. The new rulers were expected to enforce Islamic law and pay tribute to the Sultan. 125: 1453: 2066: 1327:. Dan Fodio and his lieutenants led a series of jihads, framed as a battle against un-Islamic practices. The success of these jihads was due not only to military prowess, but he appealed to the Fulani through the desire for conquest and enslavement of the polytheists. The Fulani were instrumental in the expansion of the Caliphate. The final stage (1815-1840) involved further consolidation and minor campaigns against resistant elements. By this time, the Caliphate had grown into one of the largest empires in Africa, extending over present-day 1050: 111: 2350: 1311: 1590: 536: 550: 1522: 1362:. This religious influence continues to shape the socio-cultural dynamics of the region. Moreover, the Caliphate's administrative and social structures were imposed on conquered territories. The Caliphate established a system of emirates, with appointed emirs overseeing local governance. The social hierarchy saw the Sultan and the ruling elite at the top, followed by free Muslims, non-Muslims, and slaves. This system significantly altered the political fabric of the region. 1389:. The Nupe Kingdom, under the rule of Etsu Majiya II, was a prosperous state known for its military prowess. However, the kingdom was internally divided due to succession disputes and other political tensions. Abdullahi dan Fodio exploited these internal divisions and launched a military campaign against the Nupe Kingdom. Despite the initial resistance, the Nupe Kingdom was eventually defeated. Etsu Majiya II was killed in battle, and the kingdom fell to the Sokoto forces 715: 2509: 7169: 2698:, also emerged from the Kanuri community. Their ideology criticized the established Islamic tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate, considering it impure and in need of reform. They sought to return to what they perceived as more orthodox practices based on Salafi thought, rejecting the Maliki law and Sufi influences of the Sokoto Caliphate. Influential Salafi scholars in Nigeria critique Boko Haram, highlighting their leaders' lack of proper education in 2137: 2247:. Abdullahi dan Fodio, the previous Grand Vizier, refused to relinquish the position even though Sultan Bello chose Gidado but he later formally recognised Gidado as the new vizier after his reconciliation with Muhammad Bello, giving Gidado his robes in token. As Vizier, Gidado had considerable freedom of judgement. He retired the Emir of Daura, Ishaq, and appointed his son, Zubair bin Ishaq which was later approved by Sultan Bello. 2267:

practically rules the Fulah Empire' and holds 'all the real power, the Sultans being completely hedged in by formalities'. Though these impressions are exaggerated, the Vizier did appear to have the whole civil service under his control. The vizierate never rivalled the Caliph's position. The Vizier was the chief supporter, adviser and friend to the Caliph, and in that position was able to reassert the Islamic tradition in Sokoto.

2276: 729: 7158: 2431: 1440:, located in present-day southwestern Nigeria, was one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during the 18th century. However, by the early 19th century, the Oyo Empire was in decline due to internal conflicts, succession disputes, and pressures from external enemies. The Sokoto Caliphate, on the other hand, was on the rise. The Sokoto Caliphate's main involvement with the Oyo Empire was through 494: 1488:, but the jihadist movements of the 19th century certainly had an impact on it. The empire was weakened by internal conflicts, as well as by external threats, including the expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate and the encroachment of other jihadist groups. The Fulani jihadists, under Usman dan Fodio's banner tried to conquer Borno, who was governed by 1075:) by his followers, marking the beginning of the Sokoto state. Usman dan Fodio then created a number of flag bearers amongst those following him, creating an early political structure of the empire. Declaring a jihad against the Hausa kings, dan Fodio rallied his primarily Fulani "warrior-scholars" against Gobir. Despite early losses at the 2805:. "The most important of these revivalist states, the enormous Sokoto caliphate, illustrates the general pattern. It was founded by Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), an inspiring Muslim teacher who first won zealous followers among both the Fulani herders and Hausa peasants in the Muslim state of Gobir in the northern Sudan." p. 736. 1286:. It became one of the largest states in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. At its height, the Sokoto state included over 30 different emirates under its political structure. The political structure of the state was organized with the 993: 2565:

wrote: "In this space is also the prison, a building of about eighty feet long, and nearly the same in breadth, covered at top with a flat clay roof, overlaid with boughs. Inside is a deep pit, where those who have committed the greatest crimes are confined. No person is put in prison for debt ;

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Although veiling was practiced, it did not stop women from being educated in the caliphate. Many of the women around Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio, like his wives and daughters, were also his students and attained great learning. Slaves were encouraged to become Muslims and their children were given Muslim

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The first pillar is an upright wazir (vizier) over the wilaya who wakens if he sleeps and gives him sight if he cannot see and reminds him if he is heedless. The greatest catastrophe which could befall the wilaya and its subjects is to be deprived of good wazirs and helpers. One of the requirements

2111:, to which every successive sultan of Sokoto was an adherent, provided a group linking the distinct emirates to the authority of the sultan. Scholars Burnham and Last claim that this Islamic scholarship community provided an "embryonic bureaucracy" which linked the cities throughout the Sokoto state. 2045:

The caliphate absorbed many of the structures of governments of their Hausa predecessors which they had conquered. It ruled under Islamic law with powers falling to the emirates which made up the caliphate. A large number of emirs and senior officials were Fulani clerics and scholars who participated

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Considerable numbers of scholars and the poor depended on the "great houses" for basic amenities like food and clothing. Food was prepared in the houses, which then acted like communal canteens. Clothing came largely from the payments from the other emirates in the caliphate and was redistributed to

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Additionally, the Caliphate's military strategy involved a system of alliances with local rulers. In some cases, these rulers were allowed to maintain their positions under the condition that they pledged allegiance to the Caliphate and adopted Islam. This strategy helped to solidify the Caliphate's

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to turn the conflict in their favor, and gathered support from the civilian population, which had come to resent the despotic rule and high taxes of the Hausa kings. Even some non-Muslim Fulani started to support dan Fodio. The war lasted from 1804 until 1808 and resulted in thousands of deaths. The

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or owned by the entire community. However, the Sultan allocated land to individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family members but could not be sold. Exchange was based largely on slaves, cowries or gold. Major crops produced included cotton, indigo, kola and shea

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as part of the consolidation policy of Muhammed Bello, the second Sultan. Ribats were established, founding a number of new cities with walled fortresses, schools, markets, and other buildings. These proved crucial in expansion through developing new cities, settling the pastoral Fulani people, and

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Despite their eventual dissolution, these jihadist states played a significant role in the spread of Islam and shaping of West Africa. They marked a crucial phase in the regional spread of Islam and a turbulent period in the region's indigenous political and social structures. Many of the jihadist

892:. Slaves worked plantations and much of the population converted to Islam despite being encouraged not to. By 1900, Sokoto had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves" second only to the American South (which had four million in 1860) in size among all modern slave societies. 2574:

In the early 20th-century, the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria inherited one of the biggest slave populations in the world, one to two and a half million slaves, a flourishing slave trade supplied by slave raids and thousands of slaves given as tributes to the Sultan of Sokoto and his emirs. The

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described him as being 'more powerful than the Sultan himself' since 'nothing is done except by his advice'; Staudinger reported that he was the most powerful of ministers, almost more so than the Sultan, since all government business went through him; William Wallace found that 'the grand Vizier

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The early rulers of Sokoto, dan Fodio and Bello, abolished systems of hereditary succession, preferring leaders to be appointed by virtue of their Islamic scholarship and moral standing. Emirs were appointed by the sultan; they traveled yearly to pledge allegiance and deliver taxes in the form of

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The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant impacts on local populations. In many cases, conquered peoples were assimilated into the Caliphate, adopting Islam and becoming part of the Caliphate's political and social structures. In other cases, communities resisted the Caliphate's rule,

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in a 1903 colonial account wrote thusly about conditions: "I visited the dungeon myself. A small doorway 2 feet 6 inches by 1 foot 6 inches gives access into it. The interior is divided (by a thick mud wall with a similar hole through it) into two compartments, each 17 feet by 7 feet and 11 feet

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During and subsequent to the 18th century, the Wolof people were significantly affected by the tumultuous jihads spreading across West Africa. These militant Islamic campaigns faced heavy resistance from the Wolof kingdoms. However, in the 19th century, as the French colonial forces began taking

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Much of the population had converted to Islam in the centuries before; however, local pagan beliefs persisted in many areas, especially in the aristocracy. In the end of the 1700s, an increase in Islamic preaching occurred throughout the Hausa kingdoms. A number of the preachers were linked in a

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were examples of states established through similar processes of Islamic reform and military expansion. The Massina Empire, also known as the Diina of Hamdullahi, was an early 19th-century Fulani Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of present-day Mali. This West African state was

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The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate can be understood as a three-stage process. Initially, from 1804 to 1808, the consolidation of power occurred in Gobir and the neighboring Hausa states. The successful military campaigns against these rulers won him considerable support, establishing the

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Although European colonists abolished the political authority of the caliphate, the title of sultan was retained and remains an important religious position for Sunni Muslims in the region to the current day. Usman dan Fodio's jihad provided the inspiration for a series of related

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in 1886 says the Vizier had considerable 'house-power' ('eine ziemliche Hausmacht'), having a hundred gunmen in his following. He had several estates and villages under him but their inhabitants are often scattered and distant from Sokoto only joining him for a major expedition.

1444:, a northern Yoruba vassal state of the Oyo Empire. The Ilorin, backed by the Sokoto Caliphate, launched a series of attacks against the Oyo Empire. These attacks, combined with internal conflicts, led to the final collapse of the Oyo Empire by the mid-19th century. 2294:

The Sokoto Caliphate relied heavily on the use of cavalry in its military campaigns. The Fulani horsemen, renowned for their equestrian skills, formed the core of the Caliphate's cavalry. They were instrumental in the rapid expansion of the Caliphate's territories.

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devoted significant time to chronicling histories, writing poetry, and Islamic studies. A number of manuscripts are available, and they provide crucial historical information and important spiritual texts. This role did diminish after the reign of Bello and Atiku.

2129:(Waziris) as they are called in the Caliphate. Those Viziers mostly came from the most learned families in Sokoto, learned not only in the legal and political aspects of Islam but also in its mystical side. The classical vizierate is based on some verses from the 1016:

of Islamic study. Maliki scholars were invited or traveled to the Hausa lands from the Maghreb and joined the courts of some sultanates such as in Kano. These scholars preached a return to adherence to Islamic tradition. The most important of these scholars is

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taking over administration of the Sokoto Sultanate. The Emir at Gwandu retained allegiance to the Sokoto Sultanate and spiritual guidance from the sultan, but the emir managed the separate emirates under his supervision independently from the sultan.

2042:, and slaves. When a sultan died or retired from the office, an appointment council made up of the emirs would select a replacement. Direct lines of succession were largely not followed, although each sultan claimed direct descent from dan Fodio. 1957:

used rivalries between many of the emirs in the south and the central Sokoto administration to prevent any defense as he marched toward the capital, while the Germans conquered Adamawa. As the British approached the city of Sokoto, the new Sultan

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European attention had been focusing on the region for colonial expansion for much of the last part of the 19th century. The French in particular had sent multiple exploratory missions to the area to assess colonial opportunities after 1870.

1544:, founded by Samori Ture, was a significant Islamic state during this period. Located in what is now Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast. The Wassoulou Empire was known for its strict implementation of Islam and enslavement of polytheists. 2702:(Islamic jurisprudence) and their misinterpretation and misuse of Salafi texts. This is in contrast to the Sokoto jihad leaders who were renowned Maliki scholars, with Usman and Abdullahi already being respected scholars prior to the jihad. 1552:

movements began with the overthrow of traditional rulers who were accused of un-Islamic practices. These rulers were often replaced with leaders who had led the jihad and who sought to establish governance in diverse communities such as the

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in 1591 to Morocco also had freed much of the central Bilad as-Sudan, and a number of Hausa sultanates led by different Hausa aristocracies had grown to fill the void. Three of the most significant to develop were the sultanates of

2647:, can be described as part of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Islamic world's "conservative orientation towards intellectual innovation". The three leaders of the jihad, namely Usman, Abdullahi and Bello, drew heavily from 1046:. A large number of people left Gobir to join dan Fodio, who also began to gather new supporters from other regions. Feeling threatened by his former teacher, Sultan Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio on February 21, 1804. 1989:

The now shattered Caliphate was partitioned by Britain and Germany. On March 13, 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Caliphate officially conceded to British Rule. The British appointed

932:, writing more than three hundred books combined on a wide variety of topics including logic, tafsir, mathematics, governance, law, astronomy, grammar, medicine and so on. Some other famous scholars of that era were 989:, all in present-day Nigeria. These kingdoms engaged in regular warfare against each other, especially in conducting slave raids. In order to pay for the constant warfare, they imposed high taxes on their citizens. 2516:

After the establishment of the Caliphate, there were decades of economic growth throughout the region, particularly after a wave of revolts in 1816–1817. They had significant trade over the trans-Saharan routes.

2084:, but the sultan ended these by granting the leaders titles to land. There were multiple crises that arose during the 19th century between the Sokoto Sultanate and many of the subservient emirates: notably, the 3928:

Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa : from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo : to which is added the Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the sea-coast, partly by a more eastern

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The jihad had created "a new slaving frontier on the basis of rejuvenated Islam." By 1900, the Sokoto state had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves", second only to the United States

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The 19th century was a period of significant Islamic reform and jihads in West Africa, and the Sokoto Caliphate was just one of several powerful states that emerged during this time. In present-day Mali, the

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far beyond the borders of what is now Nigeria that led to the foundation of Islamic states in the regions that are now in modern-day Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, the Central African Republic, and Sudan.

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The administrative structure of loose allegiances of the emirates to the sultan did not always function smoothly. There was a series of revolutions by the Hausa aristocracy in 1816–1817 during the reign of

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along with Muhammad bin Anabwani organized a quick defense of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a

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and al-Kanemi during the jihad, reflecting their differing perspectives. While the Sokoto Caliphate had limited success in fully subjugating Bornu, it is worth noting that Boko Haram, founded by

1752: 862:, the state reached its maximum extent, covering a large swath of West Africa. In 1903, the twelfth and last caliph Attahiru was assassinated by British forces, marking the end of the caliphate. 2315:

and culture in the region. The Caliphate's rule also resulted in changes in local governance systems and the economy, with the introduction of new administrative structures and trade networks.

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The Sokoto state was largely organized around a number of largely independent emirates pledging allegiance to the sultan of Sokoto. The administration was initially built to follow those of

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control over conquered territories. The military expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant social, political, and economic impacts. It led to the spread of Islam and the

5217: 869:, at its peak, the caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and 10–20+ million people in the largest independent polity in the continent at the time. According to historian 1599: 1378:, was conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century as part of its expansionist campaigns. The Sokoto forces, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio's brother, 2639:'s legacy to justify their actions, presenting their struggle as a continuation of the original jihad, there are fundamental differences between the two jihadist movements. 3190:

Swindell, Kenneth (1986). "Population and Agriculture in the Sokoto-Rima Basin of North-West Nigeria: A Study of Political Intervention, Adaptation and Change, 1800–1980".

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as the flag-bearer for that city but was given wide independence and autonomy. Much of the growth of the state occurred through the establishment of an extensive system of

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This expansion led to profound changes on local populations. The spread of Islam was a significant outcome, transforming the religious landscape of the region.

8829: 6168: 736: 667: 308: 1913: 398: 8854: 6785: 2053:. In 1815, Usman dan Fodio retired from the administrative business of the state and divided the area taken over during the Fulani War with his brother 1671: 1661: 957:. However, revolutions and the rise of new powers decreased the power of the Bornu empire and by 1759 its rulers had lost control over the oasis town of 2601:

Although it has lost its former political power, the Sokoto Sultanate Council continues to exist, and the Sokoto Sultans are still "leading figures in

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texts, with connections to wider Islamic intellectual networks. In contrast, Boko Haram operates in a globalized world and draws influences from

1938:, defeating Argungu the next year. Monteil claimed that Fulani power was tottering because of the war and the accession of the unpopular Caliph 3993: 873:, Sokoto was the most developed state of pre-modern Subsaharan Africa. The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the 7556: 124: 5222: 2230: 965:. Vassal cities of the empire gradually became autonomous, and the result by 1780 was a political array of independent states in the region. 2536:

Its commercial prosperity was also based on Islamic traditions, market integration, internal peace and an extensive export-trade network.

6815: 5512: 1042:, a former student of dan Fodio, became the sultan of Gobir, he restricted dan Fodio's activities, eventually forcing him into exile in 8844: 6889: 6805: 5289: 4300: 1906: 8834: 6906: 4589: 2034:

in "The Ordinances of Government". The Hausa kingdoms prior to Usman dan Fodio had been run largely through hereditary succession.

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foundation for the forthcoming expansion. The second stage (1809-1815) marked the eastward and southward expansion, reaching the

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De Saint-Louis a Tripoli par le Lac Tchad : voyage au travers du Soudan et du Sahara accompli pendant les années 1890-91-92

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37-38

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was largely populated with the Fulani, the Hausa, and other ethnic groups that had immigrated to the area such as the Tuareg.

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Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2006). "Ribats and the Development of Plantations in the Sokoto Caliphate: A Case Study of Fanisau".

2927: 2900: 2802: 2747: 822:. It was dissolved when the British, French and Germans conquered the area in 1903 and annexed it into the newly established 5152: 4374:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37

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Parts of present-day Niger, particularly the regions bordering Nigeria, were conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate. The town of

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and actively opposed the encroachment and ideology of the caliphate. There were intense debates and correspondence between

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attempted to assassinate Usman dan Fodio in 1802. In order to escape persecution, Usman and his followers migrated towards

8415: 2670:, and it is indeed important to acknowledge the historical context of the state, which is the central fragment of the old 858:). By 1808, the Sokoto Caliphate had gained control over Hausaland and several surrounding states. Under the sixth caliph 8770: 8741: 4971: 4824: 2880: 2561:

Indeed the incorrigible slave would have the worst treatment visited upon them by the state slave prison system. In 1829

2472: 2459: 924:. The Sokoto era produced some of the most renowned writers in West Africa with the three main reformist leaders, Usman, 8729: 8561: 7561: 4741: 2567: 1995: 1954: 818:. By 1837, the Sokoto state had a population of around 10-20 plus million people, becoming the most populous empire in 7205: 6672: 6626: 6286: 6280: 5465: 5212: 4986: 4859: 4602: 4558: 4167: 4100: 3787: 3712: 3670: 3427: 3370: 2996: 1282:

From 1808 until the mid-1830s, the Sokoto state expanded, gradually annexing the plains to the west and key parts of

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Foreign visitors between 1880 and 1890 often saw the position as all-powerful. The Scottish geologist and explorer

1136: 17: 3465:

salau, mohammed bashir salaumohammed bashir (1 January 2011), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.),

8824: 8187: 7027: 6843: 5505: 1428:. The Sokoto Caliphate also established new trade routes and markets in the region, leading to economic changes. 7349: 3226:

Chafe, Kabiru Sulaiman (1994). "Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination".

2765:"Intellectual Discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: The Triumvirate's Opinions on the Issue of Ransoming, ca. 1810" 2287:

The military, which was commanded by the Sarkin Yaki (war commander) the title still held by the descendants of

1949:, the British had expanded into Southern Nigeria, and by 1901 had begun to move into the Sokoto Caliphate while 1676: 110: 7092: 6650: 6548: 5340: 4736: 3166:

Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999). "The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate".

1606: 940:. All of these scholars are still being widely studied around West Africa and some as far as the Middle East. 8625: 6460: 6219: 5954: 5318: 5177: 5157: 5106: 4944: 4854: 4834: 4756: 4751: 2003: 1646: 823: 694: 4432:"Intellectual Traditions, Education, and Jihad: The (Non)Parallels between the Sokoto and Boko Haram Jihads" 3281:

Burnham, Peter; Murray Last (1994). "From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe "Aristocracy"".

2620:

has vowed to revive the Sokoto Caliphate in order to restore the "lost dignity of Muslims in black Africa".

2217:. He was described as a 'helper' to the Shaikh, the most important of his helpers. The 2nd Grand Vizier was 8620: 8504: 7012: 6989: 6609: 6465: 6455: 6361: 6072: 5239: 5202: 5166: 4981: 4966: 4949: 4922: 4726: 4582: 2631:, promotes an extremist interpretation of Islam and seeks to establish an Islamic state governed by strict 2092:. A serious revolt occurred in 1836 in the city-state of Gobir, which was crushed by Muhammed Bello at the 1109: 1079:

and elsewhere, the forces of dan Fodio began taking over some key cities starting in 1805. The Fulani used

8692: 8630: 7667: 7114: 6979: 6795: 6563: 6356: 5791: 5345: 5269: 5130: 5073: 4844: 4819: 4209:

Stilwell, Sean (2000). "Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate".

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Due to its impact, the Sokoto Caliphate is also revered by Islamists in modern Nigeria. For example, the

1578: 1351: 2720: 8849: 8724: 6874: 6757: 6274: 5751: 5498: 5419: 5083: 4869: 3451: 3394: 2679: 2010:". In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining forces of Attahiru I in an engagement where he was 1416:

and pay tribute to the Sultan. The conquest of the Nupe Kingdom had significant impacts on the region.

8809: 8588: 7736: 7300: 6954: 6655: 6484: 6180: 5960: 5923: 5350: 5172: 5020: 5008: 4829: 2554:

Slavery remained a large part of the economy, although its operation had changed with the end of the

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territory in West Africa, the Wolof resisted French rule and increasingly turned towards Islam.

8859: 8685: 8635: 8536: 8531: 8219: 8167: 8087: 8020: 7924: 7909: 7802: 7569: 7523: 7364: 7251: 7124: 7053: 7022: 6962: 5944: 5939: 5857: 5626: 5576: 5227: 5058: 5053: 4959: 4463: 4431: 4272:

Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo

2671: 569: 385: 4487:"Contradictions in Creating a Jihadi Capital: Sokoto in the Nineteenth Century and Its Legacy" 2254:

in 1826 speaks of 'a numerous train of attendants on horseback and on foot'; another explorer

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Kingdoms, based on their new rules. The jihads often led to shifts in the social hierarchy.

8659: 8489: 8459: 8334: 8265: 8236: 8155: 7489: 7327: 7317: 6737: 6644: 6589: 5601: 5581: 5536: 5249: 5207: 5116: 5096: 5015: 4939: 4802: 4064:"Transformation of Sokoto Caliphate by Sheik Usman Danfodiyo: A Social Thought Perspective" 4020: 3816: 3478: 2628: 2606: 2555: 2307:

raise "an army of forty thousand men, half of whom were cavalry, to lay siege to Argungu."

1959: 827: 457: 264: 8439: 4323: 3106:"Interview: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last" 8: 8351: 8231: 8197: 8099: 7919: 7914: 7726: 7445: 7381: 7256: 7241: 6967: 6848: 6742: 6558: 6055: 5852: 5566: 5424: 5404: 5274: 5254: 5142: 4905: 4886: 3067: 2892: 2484: 2417: 2225:. All subsequent 'Grand Vizier of Sokoto' came from his family, with his great-grandson, 2214: 2210: 2120: 2054: 1379: 1154: 1070: 1018: 962: 925: 878: 849: 639: 295: 276: 230: 8067: 8057: 4024: 3688:

Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal

1452: 8464: 8444: 8427: 8378: 8243: 8052: 8003: 7936: 7854: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7741: 7711: 7603: 7501: 7369: 7344: 7129: 7043: 6894: 6830: 6638: 6614: 6291: 6269: 6229: 6119: 6032: 5983: 5949: 5840: 5458: 5434: 5366: 5284: 5259: 5111: 5041: 4929: 4771: 4676: 4610: 4522: 4514: 4467: 4459: 4310: 4270: 4226: 4187: 4125: 4063: 4044: 3987: 3624: 3445: 3388: 3325: 3087: 3048: 2776: 2445: 2364: 2103:

community throughout the region proved crucial in the administration of the state. The

2093: 1835: 1457: 1124: 916:'s teachings has left a lasting impact on the region's history, including contemporary 722: 3926: 3544: 1049: 30:

This article is about the 19th century state. For the Nigerian traditional state, see

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Brenner, Louis. "The Shehus of Kukawa: A history of the al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu".

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of a wazir is that he should truly be benevolent and kind-hearted towards the people.

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in 1846. The Sokoto Caliphate did not directly overthrow the dynasty that ruled the

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The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890-1898

3704:

The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890-1898

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The last major expansion of the Fulani jihadists was their part in the fall of the

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became the language of administration and main medium of poetry in the caliphate.

2229:, continuing the tradition of being the 'helper' to a Head of State by serving as 8814: 8640: 8608: 8481: 8449: 8432: 8388: 8383: 8361: 8356: 8314: 8307: 8282: 8142: 8137: 7978: 7859: 7753: 7748: 7716: 7541: 7531: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7398: 7354: 7236: 7222: 7060: 6767: 6712: 6512: 6198: 6158: 6109: 6061: 5835: 5726: 5681: 5676: 5394: 4991: 4814: 4666: 4636: 4540: 3422:. H. Bobboyi, Mahmood Yakubu (1st ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. 2917: 2737: 2695: 2656: 2636: 2562: 2476: 2300: 2251: 2085: 1983: 1935: 1855: 1795: 1481: 1310: 1290:

ruling from the city of Sokoto (and for a brief period under Muhammad Bello from

1235: 1223: 1171: 1166: 1035: 913: 787: 764: 513: 251: 83: 8062: 2797:

8th edition. Volume C - From 1775 to the Present. 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin's.

2623:

The influence of the Sokoto Caliphate can also be seen in extremist groups like

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Lovejoy, Paul E. (1978). "Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate".

2687: 2584: 2583:

The Fulani ruling class engaged in marriage alliances with Hausa families. The

2488: 2480: 2222: 2081: 2058: 2050: 1986:

towards to Burmi, a military station on the far-eastern border of the Empire.

1979: 1611: 1506: 1441: 1257: 1213: 1193: 1159: 1097: 969: 937: 929: 866: 838: 795: 708: 191: 61: 4401: 4222: 3365:. Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2000. 3044: 2492: 2244: 8803: 8785: 8772: 8708: 8664: 8551: 8346: 8319: 8292: 8270: 8248: 8015: 7998: 7983: 7827: 7780: 7768: 7694: 7586: 7460: 7455: 7430: 7312: 7075: 6912: 6762: 6301: 6264: 6239: 6124: 5636: 5541: 4708: 4671: 4510: 4455: 4293:

Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study

4246:

Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study

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ideology and is connected and influenced by global Salafi jihadist networks.

2648: 2533:

the community. This system helped Sokoto maintain a large scholar community.

2312: 2304: 1967: 1885: 1865: 1840: 1709: 1461: 1425: 1247: 1203: 1120: 978: 681: 625: 597: 359: 196: 8092: 8072: 4110: 3380: 8556: 8297: 8287: 8253: 8182: 8177: 8104: 7894: 7876: 7837: 7832: 7812: 7807: 7679: 7672: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7546: 7484: 7465: 7450: 7386: 7162: 7087: 6747: 6599: 6477: 6193: 6097: 6085: 5799: 5716: 5611: 5591: 5561: 4646: 3133:

Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2

2435: 2226: 2089: 1950: 1875: 1870: 1825: 1820: 1800: 1699: 1631: 1626: 1485: 1421: 1397: 1371: 1320: 1269: 1264: 1230: 1183: 1130: 1093: 954: 859: 807: 555: 158: 130: 3818:

The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour

3766:"Conquest and Construction: Palace Architecture in Northern Cameroon" p.15 3294: 3203: 953:

The major power in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries had been the

8275: 8260: 8109: 7822: 7731: 7721: 7647: 7295: 7290: 6724: 6214: 6153: 6080: 5967: 5641: 5631: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4849: 3549:. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 65. 2950: 2667: 2234: 1860: 1850: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1714: 1401: 1375: 1054: 1001: 921: 888:

An estimated 1 to 2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during the

819: 791: 783: 776: 611: 333: 209: 4518: 4502: 4486: 4248:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 106–107. 3628: 3604: 3329: 2780: 2764: 2508: 2182: 1934:

visited Sokoto in 1891 and noted that the Caliphate was at war with the

1521: 8302: 8119: 7993: 7953: 7886: 7017: 6114: 6089: 5586: 4656: 4048: 4008: 3509: 3083: 2632: 2624: 2521: 2031: 1880: 1845: 1830: 1553: 1515: 1493: 1437: 1324: 1283: 1030: 982: 889: 874: 848:

in February 1804. Usman's followers pledged allegiance to Usman as the

799: 346: 1350:

was imposed, affecting local customs and norms, especially concerning

1303:

supporting the growth of plantations which were vital to the economy.

992: 8719: 8192: 7963: 7847: 7817: 7598: 7472: 7263: 6732: 6163: 5978: 4713: 4130:(in French). Smithsonian Libraries. Paris : F. Alcan. p. 8. 3321: 2660: 2652: 2332: 2136: 2108: 1616: 1242: 1178: 1005: 779: 583: 219: 5490: 4340:

Colonial Reports – Annual No. 409. Northern Nigeria. Report for 1902

4032: 3873:

The Sword of Truth; the Life and times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio

2303:

who visited the caliphate in 1890, claimed that he witnessed Sultan

7593: 7376: 7334: 7273: 7065: 6571: 6429: 6381: 6175: 6129: 6093: 5818: 4567: 4385: 4295:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. p. 108. 2613: 2324: 2288: 2250:

The position had a 'considerable following'. The Scottish explorer

1336: 803: 1975: 8756: 8677: 7506: 7435: 7391: 7246: 7080: 6686: 6374: 6254: 6146: 6139: 6134: 5876: 4691: 4598: 4390:

Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies

2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2602: 2275: 1719: 1085: 986: 917: 831: 815: 7307: 4071:

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention

4009:"Notes on a Journey through the Sokoto Empire and Borgu in 1894" 1096:

in 1807, and finally conquered Gobir in 1809. In the same year,

1067:

Usman dan Fodio was elected as the "Commander of the Faithful" (

7339: 7214: 6604: 6578: 6537: 6498: 6415: 6328: 6249: 6104: 6050: 6045: 5812: 5736: 5696: 5666: 5616: 5531: 4681: 4546: 2617: 2126: 2104: 2027: 1704: 1526: 1413: 1347: 1295: 1101: 1013: 462: 447: 226: 185: 166: 151: 3068:"The legacies of the Sokoto Caliphate in contemporary Nigeria" 2969: 7973: 6853: 6678: 6632: 6620: 6422: 6408: 6367: 6040: 5897: 5883: 5804: 5767: 5711: 5661: 5621: 5596: 5551: 4686: 4184:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 3165: 2842:"Usman dan Fodio: Sokoto Caliphate founder – DW – 02/24/2020" 2130: 2049:

The major administrative division was between Sokoto and the

2039: 1963: 1417: 1340: 1332: 1299: 1291: 1089: 1039: 974: 958: 905: 897: 841: 811: 527: 452: 323: 2988:

A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2

2793:

McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, Weisner-Hanks.

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The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004

2699: 2525: 2280: 2100: 1396:. After the conquest, the Sokoto Caliphate established the 1043: 845: 144: 7183: 4346:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 30–31. 1492:, in 1808. They partly succeeded. They burnt the capital, 802:. The boundaries of the caliphate are part of present-day 4160:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

3603:

MAISHANU, HAMZA MUHAMMAD; MAISHANU, ISA MUHAMMAD (1999).

2475:

was a crucial aspect of the Caliphate from its founding.

2200:

justifies the existence of the position in the caliphate:

2196:

version of the position. Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio's book,

3738:. London: Cambridge University Press. 1985. p. 276. 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 1131:

Notable Flag-Bearers of the Caliphate and their Emirates

2769:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2057:

ruling in the west with the Gwandu Emirate and his son

2014:; by 1906, armed resistance to British rule had ended. 1499: 1084:

forces of dan Fodio were able to capture the states of

4408: 4211:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

1974:

Muslim supporters and officials moved from Hausaland,

3605:"THE JIHĀD AND THE FORMATION OF THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE" 3238: 1400:

in the Nupe Kingdom. The Caliphate appointed a local

2512:

Photo of residents of Kano, Sokoto Caliphate in 1900

1277: 1068: 853: 399:

Proclamation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria

1294:). The leader of each emirate was appointed by the 1021:, who brought the Maliki jurisprudence to Nigeria. 3280: 2742:(9th ed.). London: Times Books. p. 265. 2125:The Caliphate and its resulting emirates each had 4386:"Concubinage in the Sokoto caliphate (1804–1903)" 4093:Warfare and diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa 3775: 3700: 2941: 2939: 865:Developed in the context of multiple independent 8801: 4337:Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry (December 1903). 3602: 2643:'s intellectual thought, according to historian 1998:abolished the Caliphate, but retained the title 1951:simultaneous German efforts occurred in Cameroon 1496:and defeated the main army of the Mai of Borno. 1447: 1104:, which became the capital of the Sokoto state. 3894:. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 146–147. 3844:Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902 3129: 2568:Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard 2279:A Sokoto cavalryman carrying a large shield of 4618: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2936: 2002:as a symbolic position in the newly organized 1475: 8830:States and territories disestablished in 1903 8693: 7199: 5752: 5506: 4583: 4086: 4084: 3861:. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 74–75. 2957:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 2453: 2231:Secretary to the Government of the Federation 1907: 1112:) in size among all modern slave societies. 8656:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 3756:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2336: 2135: 1100:, the son of dan Fodio, founded the city of 129:Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of Sultan 75: 4162:. Cambridge University Press. p. 323. 4157: 3747: 3745: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3005: 2017: 436:2,200,000 km (850,000 sq mi) 50: 8855:States and territories established in 1804 8700: 8686: 7206: 7192: 5759: 5745: 5513: 5499: 4590: 4576: 4268: 4147:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 234. 4081: 3992:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3977: 3967:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 224. 3942: 3924: 3914:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 153. 3736:The Cambridge History of Africa: 1870-1905 3694: 3510:"A History of the Nupe, c. 1068–1810 A.D." 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 2951:"Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate" 2682:, had a history of resistance against the 2635:. While they have occasionally referenced 2460: 2446: 1914: 1900: 1540:Though not strictly a jihadist state, the 1408:, as the emir, who ruled on behalf of the 123: 4542:Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency 4429: 3821:. New York: Public Affairs. p. 166. 3685: 2985:McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D. (2011). 2984: 2762: 2192:The vizierate in Sokoto was based on the 5313: 4208: 4202: 3814: 3742: 3656: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3189: 3178: 3140: 3130:John O. Hunwick, Razaq Abubakre (1995). 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2507: 2274: 2064: 1520: 1451: 1365: 1309: 1114: 1048: 991: 77:دَوْلَةُ الخِلَافَة فَي بِلَاد السُودَان 27:Islamic state in West Africa (1804–1903) 8480: 4538: 4414: 4383: 4124:Monteil, P.-L. (Parfait-Louis) (1895). 4123: 4006: 3587: 3569: 3265: 3259: 3030: 2739:The Times Complete History of the World 2529:nuts, grain, rice, tobacco, and onion. 912:The legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate and 14: 8802: 4336: 4286: 4284: 4282: 3841: 3835: 3751: 3590:A History of African Societies to 1870 3542: 2915: 2858: 2852: 2825: 2546:History of slavery in the Muslim world 2524:, all land in the empire was declared 1431: 1420:became the dominant religion, and the 8681: 7187: 6939: 6707: 6323: 5740: 5520: 5494: 4571: 4425: 4423: 4290: 4243: 4090: 3956: 3954: 3903: 3901: 3883: 3881: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3583: 3581: 3464: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3307: 3301: 3225: 3210: 2808: 2735: 2243:was married to the Shaikh's daughter 2168:and grant me a helper from my family, 2151:وَٱجْعَل لِّى وَزِيرًۭا مِّنْ أَهْلِى 1424:was introduced for writing the local 6708: 6324: 4597: 4484: 4140: 3960: 3907: 3887: 3856: 3507: 3479:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 3065: 2945: 2919:Africans: The History of a Continent 2878: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2718: 2142: 2114: 1500:Influence on other Fula Jihad states 1382:, advanced towards the Nupe Kingdom 92:Dawlatu'l-Khilāfah fī Bilād as-Sūdān 8742:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 4279: 4275:. London: John Murray. p. 210. 4061: 3875:. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Print. 3754:Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria 3644:(Oxford Studies in African Affairs) 3641: 2337: 2166:so people may understand my speech, 1412:. The emir was expected to enforce 1374:, historically a powerful state in 768: 76: 24: 8707: 5335:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 4420: 4237: 3951: 3932:. London: Frank Cass. p. 177. 3898: 3878: 3803: 3578: 3401: 3336: 2893:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040 2885:The Oxford World History of Empire 2500:education and were taught Arabic. 1314:A Fulani from the Sokoto Caliphate 25: 8876: 8845:1903 disestablishments in Nigeria 3982:(in German). Berlin. p. 365. 2867: 2666:Boko Haram operates primarily in 1278:Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate 7168: 7167: 7156: 6687:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 5935:Timeline of the history of Islam 5766: 4186:. Britannica.com. Archived from 4095:(2nd ed.). London: Currey. 2861:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria 2828:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria 2429: 2348: 2006:. This remnant became known as " 1738:Pacification of Northern Nigeria 1588: 1137:Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate 837:The caliphate emerged after the 741: 727: 713: 699: 674: 660: 646: 632: 618: 604: 590: 576: 562: 548: 534: 520: 506: 492: 109: 8835:Countries in precolonial Africa 7028:List of ex-Muslim organisations 4478: 4464:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075 4448:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075 4436:Journal of West African History 4377: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4330: 4291:Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). 4262: 4244:Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). 4176: 4151: 4134: 4117: 4055: 4000: 3971: 3936: 3918: 3865: 3850: 3769: 3760: 3728: 3679: 3650: 3635: 3596: 3563: 3536: 3501: 3471:Dictionary of African Biography 3458: 3123: 3098: 3059: 2916:Iliffe, John (25 August 1995). 2398:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 2107:brotherhoods, most notably the 1210:Musa ibn Suleiman Ibn Muhammad 1024: 4269:Clapperton, Bain Hugh (1829). 3572:Historical Dictionary of Niger 3570:Idrissa, Abdourahmane (2012). 3363:The History of Islam in Africa 3033:The Journal of African History 2922:. Cambridge University Press. 2909: 2863:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. 2834: 2830:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. 2787: 2756: 2729: 2712: 2318: 53:دَوْلَارْ خَلِيفرْ سَݣَُوتُواْ 13: 1: 8840:1804 establishments in Africa 5331:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 5290:Sustainable Development Goals 4091:Smith, Robert Sydney (1989). 2879:Last, Murray (3 March 2021). 2795:A History of World Societies. 2705: 2070: 2004:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 1448:Into other parts of Hausaland 1390: 1383: 1058: 948: 824:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 695:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 7013:Apostasy in Islam by country 6890:Liberalism and progressivism 4430:Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2018). 3508:Sidi, Tiwugi Sheshi (2014). 2763:Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2012). 2736:Overy, Richard, ed. (2015). 996:The Sokoto-Rima river system 769:دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان 7: 8865:Nigerian traditional states 7213: 5295:Water supply and sanitation 3980:Im Herzen der Haussa Länder 3690:. Indiana University Press. 3686:Leichtman, Mara A. (2015). 3657:Gritzner, Janet H. (2000). 3588:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). 3473:, Oxford University Press, 3283:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 3192:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2609:have sought their support. 2270: 2030:, but also the theories of 1476:Into the Kanem-Bornu empire 1110:which had 4 million in 1860 1092:, the important kingdom of 1069: 854: 10: 8881: 6940: 4539:Comolli, Virginia (2015). 4322:value: invalid character ( 3945:Im Herzen der Haussaländer 3842:Njeuma, Martin Z. (2012). 3782:. Springer. p. 37ff. 3776:Claire Hirshfield (1979). 3707:. Springer. p. 37ff. 3701:Claire Hirshfield (1979). 2991:. Macmillan. p. 755. 2594: 2578: 2543: 2539: 2503: 2322: 2219:Waziri Gidado bin Abu Bakr 2174:and let him share my task 2172:Strengthen me through him, 2118: 1559: 1134: 1028: 943: 29: 8715: 8649: 8601: 8118: 7522: 7221: 7151: 7036: 7003: 6953: 6949: 6935: 6862: 6829: 6801:Geography and cartography 6776: 6723: 6719: 6703: 6529: 6451: 6398: 6347: 6343: 6319: 6189: 6071: 6031: 5914: 5866: 5790: 5786: 5775: 5528: 5452: 5365: 5235:Female genital mutilation 5138: 5129: 5049: 5040: 4945:Federal Executive Council 4913: 4904: 4810: 4801: 4722: 4609: 4402:10.1080/01440399008575005 4384:Lovejoy, Paul E. (1990). 4223:10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394 4007:Wallace, William (1896). 3978:Staudinger, Paul (1889). 3943:Staudinger, Paul (1889). 3925:Clapperton, Hugh (1966). 3815:Meredith, Martin (2014). 3045:10.1017/s0021853700016200 2590: 2550:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2338: 2157:وَأَشْرِكْهُ فِىٓ أَمْرِى 2148: 1940:Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar 1525:View of the outskirts of 1458:Sultan Abdur Rahman Atiku 850:Commander of the Faithful 471: 440: 430: 425: 421: 408: 395: 382: 369: 356: 343: 339: 329: 319: 315: 302: 289: 285: 275: 271: 258: 245: 241: 225: 215: 205: 178: 137: 122: 106: 101: 52: 51: 41: 7110:Islamic view of miracles 4987:House of Representatives 4918:Administrative divisions 4013:The Geographical Journal 3310:African Economic History 2955:Nigeria: A Country Study 2597:Sokoto Sultanate Council 2485:Emir Abdullahi dan Fodio 2233:under the government of 2146: 2018:Administrative structure 2008:Sokoto Sultanate Council 70:Daular Khalifar Sakkwato 32:Sokoto Sultanate Council 8725:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine) 6875:Creationism (evolution) 4551:Oxford University Press 2627:. Boko Haram, based in 1945:However, following the 1000:The region between the 8825:19th century in Africa 7125:Persecution of Muslims 7023:List of former Muslims 5940:Succession to Muhammad 5228:Oodua Peoples Congress 4491:African Studies Review 4062:Sheriff, Vaffi Foday. 3752:Falola, Toyin (2009). 3543:Falola, Toyin (2008). 3524:Cite journal requires 3450:: CS1 maint: others ( 3393:: CS1 maint: others ( 3110:www.premiumtimesng.com 2887:. pp. 1082–1110. 2881:"The Sokoto Caliphate" 2859:Falola, Toyin (2009). 2826:Falola, Toyin (2009). 2513: 2477:Sultan Usman dan Fodio 2284: 2211:Grand Vizier of Sokoto 2207: 2164: 2155:ٱشْدُدْ بِهِۦٓ أَزْرِى 2140: 2076: 1530: 1465: 1315: 1220:Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi 1179:Suleiman dan Abu Hamma 1127: 1064: 997: 900:in other parts of the 570:Sultanate of Damagaram 412:Second Battle of Burmi 386:Revolt of Abd al-Salam 155:(1804–1850, 1851–1902) 8626:Medieval great powers 6919:Conversion to mosques 6786:Alchemy and chemistry 5346:Niger Delta conflicts 4892:Wildlife conservation 4767:Military dictatorship 4485:Last, Murray (2013). 4404:– via ACADEMIA. 4302:13: 978-1-58046-938-8 4141:Last, Murray (1967). 3961:Last, Murray (1967). 3908:Last, Murray (1967). 3888:Last, Murray (1967). 3857:Last, Murray (1967). 3663:Ohio University Press 3295:10.3406/cea.1994.2055 3204:10.3406/cea.1986.2167 3066:Buba, Malami (2018). 2607:Presidents of Nigeria 2511: 2489:Sultan Abu Bakr Atiku 2481:Sultan Muhammed Bello 2297:Parfait-Louis Monteil 2278: 2245:Nana Asma'u dan Fodio 2223:Sultan Muhammad Bello 2202: 2198:Bayan wujab al-hijra, 2139: 2068: 1992:Muhammadu Attahiru II 1932:Parfait-Louis Monteil 1617:Kwararafa Confederacy 1524: 1490:Mai Dunama IX Lefiami 1455: 1366:Into the Nupe Kingdom 1313: 1118: 1052: 995: 771:), also known as the 179:Common languages 8786:13.06722°N 5.24778°E 8636:European colonialism 8621:Ancient great powers 6645:Ma malakat aymanukum 6220:Association football 4840:Environmental issues 4158:Baten, Jörg (2016). 4144:The Sokoto Caliphate 3964:The Sokoto Caliphate 3911:The Sokoto Caliphate 3891:The Sokoto Caliphate 3859:The Sokoto Caliphate 3546:A History of Nigeria 2725:. Humanities Press. 2722:The Sokoto Caliphate 2629:northeastern Nigeria 2563:Bain Hugh Clapperton 2556:Atlantic slave trade 1960:Muhammadu Attahiru I 1460:taking a leave from 1121:Sultan Umaru bin Ali 828:Senegambia and Niger 794:after defeating the 786:. It was founded by 737:Sultanate of Maiurno 668:Sultanate of Zamfara 514:Sultanate of Katsina 458:Maria Theresa thaler 309:Muhammadu al-Bukhari 8782: / 8631:Modern great powers 5341:Islamist insurgency 4503:10.1017/asr.2013.38 4190:on 30 December 2007 4025:1896GeogJ...8..211W 2605:society". Even the 2473:Islamic scholarship 2418:Sharifian Caliphate 2392:Parallel caliphates 2235:General Sani Abacha 2215:Abdullahi dan Fodio 2149:يَفْقَهُوا۟ قَوْلِى 2121:Sokoto Grand Vizier 2055:Abdullahi dan Fodio 2046:in the Fulani War. 2026:during his time in 1994:as the new Caliph. 1647:Protectorate Period 1432:Into the Oyo Empire 1380:Abdullahi dan Fodio 1155:Abdullahi dan Fodio 1142: 1055:Fulani jihad states 1019:Muhammad al-Maghili 963:Trans-Saharan trade 790:in 1804 during the 773:Sultanate of Sokoto 640:Sultanate of Agadez 542:Sultanate of Zazzau 296:Abdullahi dan Fodio 7130:Quran and miracles 7044:Criticism of Islam 6758:Geometric patterns 6610:Gender segregation 6181:Non-denominational 5637:Mahdiyya caliphate 5178:Child sexual abuse 5158:Capital punishment 5107:Telecommunications 3846:. Cameroon: Langa. 3084:10.1111/hic3.12482 2947:Metz, Helen Chapin 2672:Kanem-Bornu empire 2514: 2365:Rashidun Caliphate 2285: 2170:Aaron, my brother. 2141: 2094:Battle of Gawakuke 2077: 2069:Sokoto Caliphate, 1953:. British General 1531: 1466: 1316: 1141: 1128: 1065: 998: 961:and access to the 723:French West Africa 682:Sultanate of Yauri 528:Sultanate of Gobir 265:Muhammadu Attahiru 8850:Sahelian kingdoms 8791:13.06722; 5.24778 8765: 8764: 8675: 8674: 8597: 8596: 8562:Polish–Lithuanian 7737:Gurjara-Pratihara 7181: 7180: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7115:Domestic violence 7105:Islamic terrorism 7100:Islamic extremism 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6485:Marriage contract 6315: 6314: 6275:Political aspects 6062:Story of Prophets 5831:Prophets of Islam 5734: 5733: 5522:Sahelian kingdoms 5488: 5487: 5448: 5447: 5400:List of Nigerians 5361: 5360: 5240:Gender inequality 5203:Domestic violence 5167:Girl child labour 5125: 5124: 5036: 5035: 4999:Political parties 4982:National Assembly 4967:Human trafficking 4950:Foreign relations 4900: 4899: 4797: 4796: 4255:978-1-58046-938-8 3828:978-1-61039-459-8 3556:978-0-521-86294-3 3488:978-0-19-538207-5 2929:978-0-521-48422-0 2902:978-0-19-753276-8 2803:978-0-312-68298-9 2749:978-0-00-795956-3 2719:Last, M. (2021). 2694:and later led by 2470: 2469: 2408:Almohad Caliphate 2403:Fatimid Caliphate 2380:Ottoman Caliphate 2375:Abbasid Caliphate 2370:Umayyad Caliphate 2194:Abbasid Caliphate 2190: 2189: 2115:Viziers of Sokoto 1947:Berlin Conference 1924: 1923: 1535:Toucouleur Empire 1511:Toucouleur Empire 1275: 1274: 1081:guerrilla warfare 1077:Battle of Tsuntua 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 687: 686: 500:Sultanate of Kano 304:• 1886–1903 291:• 1804–1817 260:• 1902–1903 247:• 1804–1817 16:(Redirected from 8872: 8810:Sokoto Caliphate 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8752:Islamic monarchy 8747:Islamic republic 8702: 8695: 8688: 8679: 8678: 8478: 8477: 8143:Austro-Hungarian 7843:Chagatai Khanate 7208: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7171: 7170: 7163:Islam portal 7161: 7160: 7159: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6778:Medieval science 6721: 6720: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6362:Economic history 6345: 6344: 6321: 6320: 6307:Islam by country 6140:Bektashi Alevism 5788: 5787: 5779:Outline of Islam 5761: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5468: 5461: 5311: 5310: 5136: 5135: 5092: 5074:Economic history 5047: 5046: 4911: 4910: 4808: 4807: 4757:Southern Nigeria 4752:Northern Nigeria 4747:Colonial Nigeria 4616: 4615: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4531: 4530: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4427: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3812: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3416: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3359: 3334: 3333: 3322:10.2307/25427025 3305: 3299: 3298: 3289:(133): 313–357. 3278: 3263: 3257: 3236: 3235: 3223: 3208: 3207: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3163: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3028: 3003: 3002: 2982: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2876: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2823: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2716: 2680:Shaikh al-Kanemi 2678:. Bornu, led by 2641:The Sokoto Jihad 2462: 2455: 2448: 2436:Islam portal 2434: 2433: 2432: 2413:Sokoto Caliphate 2352: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2329: 2328: 2158: 2143: 2075: 2072: 2012:killed in action 1955:Frederick Lugard 1930:French explorer 1916: 1909: 1902: 1592: 1582: 1581:Northern Nigeria 1564: 1563: 1542:Wassoulou Empire 1410:Sultan of Sokoto 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1360:criminal justice 1329:northern Nigeria 1288:Sultan of Sokoto 1236:Adamawa Lamidate 1190:Yaqubu dan Dadi 1143: 1140: 1074: 1071:Amir al-Mu'minin 1063: 1060: 1057:of West Africa, 968:The fall of the 902:Sudanian Savanna 883:Sultan of Sokoto 879:Amir al-Mu'minin 857: 855:Amīr al-Muʾminīn 770: 761:Sokoto Caliphate 745: 744: 731: 730: 717: 716: 703: 702: 691: 690: 678: 677: 664: 663: 654:Tuareg Oligarchy 650: 649: 636: 635: 622: 621: 608: 607: 594: 593: 580: 579: 566: 565: 552: 551: 538: 537: 524: 523: 510: 509: 496: 495: 489: 488: 473: 472: 373:Fall of Alkalawa 352:21 February 1804 127: 113: 93: 88: 87: 79: 78: 71: 66: 65: 57: 56: 54: 43:Sokoto Caliphate 39: 38: 21: 18:Fulani Sultanate 8880: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8800: 8799: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8757:Islamic emirate 8711: 8706: 8676: 8671: 8660:American Empire 8645: 8641:African empires 8593: 8476: 8168:Central African 8114: 7932:Romano-Germanic 7518: 7252:Middle Assyrian 7225: 7217: 7212: 7182: 7177: 7157: 7155: 7139: 7061:Cultural Muslim 7032: 6999: 6955:Other religions 6945: 6941: 6923: 6858: 6825: 6772: 6715: 6713:Islamic studies 6709: 6691: 6525: 6470: 6447: 6394: 6339: 6338: 6311: 6260:Moral teachings 6203: 6185: 6159:Nation of Islam 6120:Twelver Shi'ism 6067: 6033:Religious texts 6027: 5945:Early conquests 5928: 5910: 5862: 5782: 5771: 5765: 5735: 5730: 5524: 5519: 5489: 5484: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5444: 5420:Public holidays 5357: 5324: 5323: 5309: 5121: 5090: 5032: 4972:Law enforcement 4896: 4815:Adamawa Plateau 4793: 4789:Fourth Republic 4777:Second Republic 4718: 4630: 4629: 4605: 4596: 4561: 4535: 4534: 4483: 4479: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4319: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4289: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4242: 4238: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4156: 4152: 4139: 4135: 4122: 4118: 4103: 4089: 4082: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4033:10.2307/1774182 4005: 4001: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3952: 3941: 3937: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3899: 3886: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3813: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3750: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3651: 3640: 3636: 3609:Islamic Studies 3601: 3597: 3586: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3463: 3459: 3443: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3417: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3360: 3337: 3306: 3302: 3279: 3266: 3258: 3239: 3224: 3211: 3198:(101): 75–111. 3188: 3179: 3168:Islamic Studies 3164: 3141: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3072:History Compass 3064: 3060: 3029: 3006: 2999: 2983: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2877: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2824: 2809: 2792: 2788: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2734: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2637:Usman dan Fodio 2616:militant group 2599: 2593: 2581: 2552: 2542: 2506: 2466: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2360: 2359:Main caliphates 2335: 2327: 2321: 2313:Fulani language 2301:french explorer 2273: 2256:Paul Staudinger 2252:Hugh Clapperton 2176: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2153:هَـٰرُونَ أَخِى 2152: 2150: 2123: 2117: 2086:Adamawa Emirate 2073: 2020: 1996:Fredrick Lugard 1936:Emir of Argungu 1920: 1891: 1890: 1791: 1783: 1782: 1733: 1725: 1724: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1642:Colonial Period 1602: 1580: 1573: 1562: 1502: 1482:Sayfawa dynasty 1478: 1450: 1434: 1393: 1386: 1376:Central Nigeria 1368: 1352:property rights 1280: 1224:Katagum Emirate 1172:Katsina Emirate 1139: 1133: 1061: 1036:Usman dan Fodio 1033: 1027: 951: 946: 934:Shaikh Dan Tafa 914:Usman dan Fodio 788:Usman dan Fodio 742: 728: 714: 700: 675: 661: 647: 633: 619: 605: 598:Kebbi Sultanate 591: 577: 563: 549: 535: 521: 507: 493: 467: 433: 414: 401: 388: 375: 362: 349: 305: 292: 261: 252:Usman dan Fodio 248: 232: 201: 174: 170: 161: 154: 147: 133: 118: 115: 114: 97: 96: 91: 81: 74: 69: 59: 49: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8878: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8712: 8709:Islamic states 8705: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8263: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7524:Post-classical 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7323:Middle Kingdom 7320: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7279:Neo-Babylonian 7276: 7271: 7269:Old Babylonian 7261: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7219: 7218: 7211: 7210: 7203: 7196: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7165: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7040: 7038: 7037:Related topics 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6959: 6957: 6947: 6946: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6782: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6717: 6716: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6670: 6668:Sources of law 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6546: 6541: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6292:Social welfare 6289: 6284: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5955:Historiography 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5796: 5794: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5652:Mossi kingdoms 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5607:Hausa kingdoms 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173:Child marriage 5170: 5160: 5155: 5153:Baby factories 5150: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5102:Stock Exchange 5099: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5021:Vice-President 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4867: 4862: 4860:National parks 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4830:Climate change 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4784:Third Republic 4781: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4762:First Republic 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4662:Hausa kingdoms 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4533: 4532: 4477: 4419: 4417:, p. 103. 4415:Comolli (2015) 4407: 4396:(2): 159–189. 4376: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4329: 4301: 4278: 4261: 4254: 4236: 4217:(3): 394–421. 4201: 4175: 4168: 4150: 4133: 4116: 4101: 4080: 4054: 4019:(3): 211–219. 3999: 3970: 3950: 3947:. p. 365. 3935: 3917: 3897: 3877: 3864: 3849: 3834: 3827: 3802: 3788: 3768: 3759: 3741: 3727: 3713: 3693: 3678: 3671: 3649: 3634: 3615:(1): 119–131. 3595: 3577: 3562: 3555: 3535: 3526:|journal= 3500: 3487: 3467:"Mallam Dendo" 3457: 3428: 3400: 3371: 3335: 3300: 3264: 3260:Comolli (2015) 3237: 3209: 3177: 3139: 3136:. p. 220. 3122: 3097: 3058: 3039:(3): 341–368. 3004: 2997: 2968: 2949:, ed. (1991). 2935: 2928: 2908: 2901: 2866: 2851: 2833: 2807: 2786: 2775:(3): 385–401. 2755: 2748: 2728: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2692:Muhammad Yusuf 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2585:Hausa language 2580: 2577: 2541: 2538: 2505: 2502: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2320: 2317: 2272: 2269: 2264:Joseph Thomson 2221:who was under 2188: 2187: 2185: 2178: 2177: 2162: 2119:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2082:Muhammed Bello 2059:Muhammed Bello 2051:Gwandu Emirate 2019: 2016: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1763:Historiography 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1720:Igbirra People 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1584: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1507:Massina Empire 1501: 1498: 1477: 1474: 1449: 1446: 1433: 1430: 1404:leader, known 1367: 1364: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1258:Ilorin Emirate 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1214:Zazzau Emirate 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1194:Bauchi Emirate 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1160:Gwandu Emirate 1157: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1098:Muhammed Bello 1029:Main article: 1026: 1023: 970:Songhai Empire 950: 947: 945: 942: 867:Hausa Kingdoms 834:respectively. 796:Hausa Kingdoms 755: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 739: 733: 732: 725: 719: 718: 711: 709:German Kamerun 705: 704: 697: 688: 685: 684: 679: 671: 670: 665: 657: 656: 651: 643: 642: 637: 629: 628: 623: 615: 614: 609: 601: 600: 595: 587: 586: 584:Jukun Kingdoms 581: 573: 572: 567: 559: 558: 553: 545: 544: 539: 531: 530: 525: 517: 516: 511: 503: 502: 497: 485: 484: 479: 469: 468: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 444: 442: 438: 437: 434: 431: 428: 427: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 406: 405: 404:1 January 1897 402: 396: 393: 392: 391:September 1817 389: 383: 380: 379: 378:3 October 1808 376: 370: 367: 366: 363: 357: 354: 353: 350: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 330:Historical era 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 306: 303: 300: 299: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 273: 272: 269: 268: 262: 259: 256: 255: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 189: 182: 180: 176: 175: 173: 172: 163: 156: 149: 141: 139: 135: 134: 128: 120: 119: 116: 108: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 94: 89: 72: 67: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8877: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8860:Hausa history 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8798: 8795: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8684: 8683: 8680: 8666: 8665:Soviet empire 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650:Miscellaneous 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8249:German Empire 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7989:Turco-Persian 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7174: 7166: 7164: 7154: 7153: 7150: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7076:Post-Islamism 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6973:Protestantism 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6938: 6934: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:Ophthalmology 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6688: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564:Death penalty 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530:Other aspects 6528: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6334:Jurisprudence 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6073:Denominations 6070: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5858:Holiest sites 5856: 5854: 5853:Judgement Day 5851: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5352: 5351:2016 conflict 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213:Ethnic groups 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5028:Supreme Court 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Early history 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4562: 4560:9781849044912 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4312: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4169:9781107507180 4165: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4102:0-85255-027-8 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3791: 3789:90-247-2099-0 3785: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3763: 3755: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3716: 3714:90-247-2099-0 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3672:9781438105390 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3429:978-135-166-7 3425: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3372:0-8214-1296-5 3368: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316:(34): 23–43. 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3262:, p. 15. 3261: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174:(1): 119–131. 3173: 3169: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3078:(8): e12482. 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2998:9780312666934 2994: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Kanuri people 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2306: 2305:Umaru bin Ali 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2241:Waziri Gidado 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2163: 2160: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Kanuri People 1708: 1706: 1705:Fulani People 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1622:Sokoto Period 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1463: 1462:Antoine Mizon 1459: 1456:A brother of 1454: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1426:Nupe language 1423: 1422:Arabic script 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248:Gombe Emirate 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1231:Modibbo Adama 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204:Daura Emirate 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1126: 1125:Élisée Reclus 1122: 1119:A brother of 1117: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 994: 990: 988: 985:valley), and 984: 981:(both in the 980: 976: 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 907: 903: 899: 893: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 856: 851: 847: 843: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Fulani jihads 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 766: 762: 740: 738: 735: 734: 726: 724: 721: 720: 712: 710: 707: 706: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 683: 680: 673: 672: 669: 666: 659: 658: 655: 652: 645: 644: 641: 638: 631: 630: 627: 626:Dendi Kingdom 624: 617: 616: 613: 610: 603: 602: 599: 596: 589: 588: 585: 582: 575: 574: 571: 568: 561: 560: 557: 554: 547: 546: 543: 540: 533: 532: 529: 526: 519: 518: 515: 512: 505: 504: 501: 498: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 470: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 443: 439: 435: 429: 424: 420: 416: 413: 407: 403: 400: 394: 390: 387: 381: 377: 374: 368: 364: 361: 360:Tabkin Kwatto 355: 351: 348: 342: 338: 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 301: 297: 294: 288: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 257: 253: 250: 244: 240: 236: 234: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 198: 195: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 168: 165:Burmi, (near 164: 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 143: 142: 140: 136: 132: 126: 121: 112: 105: 100: 90: 85: 73: 68: 63: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8820:Sokoto State 8767: 8422: 8416:Contemporary 8266:Indo-Persian 8254:Nazi Germany 8198:Contemporary 8100:Vijayanagara 7999:Great Seljuk 7910:Thessalonica 7838:Golden Horde 7478:Carthaginian 7257:Neo-Assyrian 7242:Neo-Sumerian 7088:Islamophobia 6963:Christianity 6911: 6844:Contemporary 6738:Architecture 6677: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6577: 6570: 6536: 6518: 6513:Nikah mut'ah 6511: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6440: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6279: 6060: 6015: 5984: 5966: 5959: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868:Five Pillars 5845: 5811: 5800:God in Islam 5777: 5686: 5440:Video gaming 5385:Coat of arms 5280:Social class 5265:Prostitution 5193:Demographics 5163:Child labour 5064:Central Bank 4955:Human rights 4935:Constitution 4703: 4541: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4442:(1): 75–98. 4439: 4435: 4410: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4339: 4332: 4292: 4271: 4264: 4245: 4239: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188:the original 4178: 4159: 4153: 4143: 4136: 4126: 4119: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4057: 4016: 4012: 4002: 3979: 3973: 3963: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3920: 3910: 3890: 3872: 3871:Hiskett, M. 3867: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3817: 3793:. Retrieved 3778: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3735: 3730: 3718:. Retrieved 3703: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3589: 3571: 3565: 3545: 3538: 3517:cite journal 3503: 3492:, retrieved 3470: 3460: 3419: 3362: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3286: 3282: 3231: 3227: 3195: 3191: 3171: 3167: 3132: 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3109: 3100: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3036: 3032: 2987: 2959:. Retrieved 2954: 2918: 2911: 2884: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2794: 2789: 2772: 2768: 2758: 2738: 2731: 2721: 2714: 2684:Sokoto jihad 2665: 2645:Michael Cook 2622: 2611: 2600: 2582: 2573: 2560: 2553: 2535: 2531: 2519: 2515: 2498: 2471: 2412: 2309: 2293: 2286: 2261: 2249: 2239: 2227:Gidado Idris 2208: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2165: 2147: 2124: 2098: 2090:Kano Emirate 2078: 2048: 2044: 2040:cowry shells 2036: 2021: 1999: 1988: 1973: 1966: 1944: 1929: 1925: 1748:Demographics 1700:Hausa People 1694:By ethnicity 1682:1999–present 1637:Pre-colonial 1621: 1612:Hausa States 1550: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1503: 1486:Bornu Empire 1479: 1470:Birnin Konni 1467: 1435: 1406:Mallam Dendo 1398:Bida Emirate 1372:Nupe Kingdom 1369: 1345: 1321:Bornu Empire 1317: 1305: 1281: 1270:Nupe Emirate 1265:Mallam Dendo 1254:Shehu Alimi 1184:Kano Emirate 1167:Umar Dallaji 1106: 1066: 1034: 1025:Fulani Jihad 1010: 999: 967: 955:Bornu Empire 952: 911: 894: 887: 864: 860:Ahmadu Rufai 836: 808:Burkina Faso 777:Sunni Muslim 772: 760: 758: 612:Nupe Kingdom 556:Bornu Empire 482:Succeeded by 481: 476: 432:• Total 417:29 July 1903 365:21 June 1804 277:Grand Vizier 159:Birnin Konni 131:Ahmadu Rufai 36: 8789: / 8004:Khwarezmian 7937:Carolingian 7742:Rashtrakuta 7446:Shaishunaga 7345:Hellenistic 7328:New Kingdom 7318:Old Kingdom 6863:Other areas 6854:Theological 6849:Eschatology 6806:Mathematics 6743:Calligraphy 6673:Theological 6627:Inheritance 6544:Cleanliness 5974:Shi'a Imams 5968:Ahl al-Bayt 5627:Kanem–Bornu 5577:Futa Jallon 5059:Brain Drain 5054:Agriculture 4960:LGBT rights 4865:Niger Delta 4850:Jos Plateau 4737:before 1500 4647:Kanem-Bornu 4497:(2): 1–20. 4320:|isbn= 4077:(8): 41–47. 2961:2 September 2668:Borno State 2493:Nana Asma'u 2319:Scholarship 2074: 1875 1715:Nupe People 1579:History of 1514:founded by 1414:Islamic law 1394: 1808 1387: 1806 1348:Islamic law 1331:, parts of 1062: 1830 1002:Niger River 938:Nana Asma'u 922:West Africa 871:John Iliffe 820:West Africa 784:West Africa 477:Preceded by 334:Fula jihads 320:Legislature 233:al-Mu'minin 210:Sunni Islam 8804:Categories 8777:05°14′52″E 8774:13°04′02″N 8574:Portuguese 8455:Revival Le 8445:Vietnamese 8088:Later Tran 8058:Vietnamese 7954:Singhasari 7942:Holy Roman 7566:Bulgarian 7502:Satavahana 7473:Phoenician 7409:Achaemenid 7370:Indo-Greek 7350:Macedonian 7264:Babylonian 7018:Ex-Muslims 6913:Shu'ubiyya 6907:Psychology 6895:Literature 6885:Inventions 6831:Philosophy 6639:Leadership 6615:Honorifics 6270:Philosophy 6125:Isma'ilism 6090:Maturidism 5979:Caliphates 5950:Golden Age 5841:Revelation 5702:Toucouleur 5602:Great Fulo 5405:Literature 5183:Corruption 5148:Censorship 5091:(currency) 5069:Corruption 4835:Ecoregions 3795:10 October 3720:10 October 2706:References 2633:Sharia law 2625:Boko Haram 2544:See also: 2522:Fulani War 2520:After the 2323:See also: 2209:The first 2032:Al-Mawardi 1607:Prehistory 1516:Seku Amadu 1494:Ngazargamu 1438:Oyo Empire 1325:Yorubaland 1284:Yorubaland 1123:(1888) by 1031:Fulani War 983:Rima River 949:Background 890:Fulani War 875:suzerainty 839:Hausa King 800:Fulani War 216:Government 188:(official) 8720:Caliphate 8567:Couronian 8205:Ethiopian 8193:Manchukuo 8148:Brazilian 7994:Ghaznavid 7964:Srivijaya 7915:Trebizond 7900:Byzantine 7882:North Sea 7877:Norwegian 7865:Almoravid 7848:Ilkhanate 7818:Majapahit 7791:Muromachi 7700:Solomonic 7685:Ethiopian 7599:Caliphate 7532:Aragonese 7360:Ptolemaic 7135:Symbolism 7093:Incidents 7071:Criticism 6968:Mormonism 6870:Astrology 6796:Cosmology 6791:Astronomy 6733:Arabesque 6600:Etiquette 6559:Blasphemy 6349:Economics 6164:Ahmadiyya 6098:Mu'tazili 6086:Ash'arism 5722:Wassoulou 5582:Futa Toro 5319:Conflicts 5250:Languages 5208:Education 5117:Transport 5097:Petroleum 5016:President 4940:Elections 4855:Mountains 4803:Geography 4772:Civil War 4742:1500-1800 4714:Kwararafa 4527:201777045 4511:0002-0206 4472:158164424 4456:2327-1868 4311:cite book 4231:145784764 4041:0016-7398 3988:cite book 3621:0578-8072 3446:cite book 3438:156890366 3389:cite 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