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be thrown extremely far through the air. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena can and will occur".
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research, as well as subsequent research, showed that tornado wind speeds required to inflict the described damage were actually much lower than the F-scale indicated, particularly for the upper categories. Also, although the scale gave general descriptions of damage a tornado could cause, it gave little leeway for strength of construction and other factors that might cause a building to sustain more damage at lower wind speeds. Fujita tried to address these problems somewhat in 1992 with the
Modified Fujita Scale, but by then he was semi-retired and the National Weather Service was not in a position to update to an entirely new scale, so it went largely unenacted.
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341:"precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified. Different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of tornado damage in any event, the actual wind speeds needed to cause that damage are unknown." Since then, the Enhanced Fujita Scale has been created using better wind estimates by engineers and meteorologists.
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of damage that occur with different types of structures, both manmade and natural. The expanded and refined damage indicators and degrees of damage standardize what was somewhat ambiguous. It also is thought to provide much better estimates of wind speeds and sets no upper limit on the wind speeds for the highest level, EF5.
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In 1973, Allen
Pearson added additional path length and path width parameters to the Fujita scale. Under this version, each tornado would be assigned one Fujita scale rating and two Pearson scale ratings. For example, a tornado rated F4 based on damage with a path length of 63 miles (101 km) and
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Incredible damage.Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Cars, buses, trains, airplanes, large trucks, can be rolled repeatedly or
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Since the Fujita scale is based on the severity of damage resulting from high winds, a tornado exceeding F5 is an immeasurable theoretical construct. Frame-home structural damage cannot exceed total destruction and debris dispersal, which constitutes F5 damage. A tornado with wind speeds greater than
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Though each damage level is associated with a wind speed, the Fujita scale is effectively a damage scale, and the wind speeds associated with the damage listed are not rigorously verified. The
Enhanced Fujita Scale was formulated due to research that suggested that the wind speeds required to inflict
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In the United States, on
February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was decommissioned in favor of what scientists believe is a more accurate Enhanced Fujita Scale. The meteorologists and engineers who designed the EF Scale believe it improves on the F-scale on many counts. It accounts for different degrees
511:
Severe damage.A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are
540:
Devastating damage.Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown.
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Significant damage.Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing
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The Fujita scale, introduced in 1971 as a means to differentiate tornado intensity and path area, assigned wind speeds to damage that were, at best, educated guesses. Fujita and others recognized this immediately and intensive engineering analysis was conducted through the rest of the 1970s. This
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ranges for specific tiers of damage. Fujita intended that only F0–F5 be used in practice, as this covered all possible levels of damage to frame homes as well as the expected estimated bounds of wind speeds. He did, however, add a description for F6, which he called an "inconceivable tornado", to
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scale. F1 corresponds to the twelfth level of the
Beaufort scale, and F12 corresponds to Mach number 1.0. F0 was placed at a position specifying no damage (approximately the eighth level of the Beaufort scale), in analogy to how Beaufort's zeroth level specifies little to no wind. From these wind
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Furthermore, the original wind speed numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to an increasing degree as the category increases, especially in the range of F3 through F5. NOAA notes that
234:/SPC). The scale was updated in 1973, taking into account path length and width. In the United States, starting in the late 1970s, tornadoes were rated soon after occurrence. The Fujita scale was applied retroactively to tornadoes reported between 1950 and the adoption of the scale in the
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Light damage.Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and can be uprooted if they have shallow roots.
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Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances.
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Moderate damage.Damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles can be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs.
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a path width of 800 yards (730 m) would be rated F,P,P 4,4,4. Use of the
Pearson scales was not widespread, however, and it remained more common to simply list a tornado's path length and path width directly.
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with top engineers and meteorologists resulted in the EF scale wind speeds, but these are biased to United States construction practices. The EF scale also improved damage parameter descriptions.
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allow for wind speeds exceeding F5 and possible advancements in damage analysis that might show it. In total, two tornadoes received the rating of F6, but both were later downgraded to F5.
242:
of The
Tornado Project retroactively rated all known significant tornadoes (F2–F5 or causing a fatality) in the U.S. back to 1880. The Fujita scale was adopted in most areas outside of the
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At the time Fujita derived the scale, little information was available on damage caused by wind, so the original scale presented little more than educated guesses at
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The rating of any given tornado is of the most severe damage to any well-built frame home or comparable level of damage from engineering analysis of other damage.
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began using the
Enhanced Fujita scale in Canada on April 1, 2013. The U.S. and Canada are the only countries to officially adopt the Enhanced Fujita scale.
235:
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F5 tornado's damage was surveyed by Ted Fujita and he "toyed with the idea of rating the
Smithfield tornado an F6". In 2001, tornado expert
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lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur.
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was introduced in the United States. The new scale more accurately matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by the tornado.
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descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, and then these descriptions were used to classify tornadoes.
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19:"F2 tornado" and "F3 tornado" redirect here. For the F2 and F3 air defence variants of the Panavia Tornado military aircraft, see
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Edwards, Roger; LaDue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (May 1, 2013).
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damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted.
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The original scale as derived by Fujita was a theoretical 13-level scale (F0–F12) designed to smoothly connect the
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Roger
Edwards (SPC); Matthew S. Elliott (SPC); Patrick T. Marsh (SPC; Douglas A. Speheger (NWS).
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adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale along with 31 "Specific Damage Indicators" used by
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A diagram illustrating the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales.
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damage by intense tornadoes on the Fujita scale are greatly overestimated. A process of
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did have 321 mph (517 km/h) winds, but that measurement was not near ground level.
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was originally rated F6, which was later downgraded to its official rating of F5.
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if motion picture recording is available. The Fujita scale was replaced with the
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Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity
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Based on aerial photographs of the damage it caused, Fujita assigned the
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National Tornado Database. Fujita rated tornadoes from 1916 to 1992 and
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data, witness testimonies, media reports and damage imagery, as well as
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The six categories are listed here, in order of increasing intensity.
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On February 1, 2007, the Fujita scale was decommissioned, and the
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1272:"Errors, Oddities and Artifacts in U.S. Tornado Data, 1995–2021"
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1051:"NWS Tornado Surveys and the Impact on the National Tornado"
1421:
Memoirs of an Effort to Unlock the Mystery of Severe Storms
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10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2
760:
studies, Fujita scale ratings may be grouped into classes.
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1159:
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1480:"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"
952:"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"
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for measuring the magnitude (intensity) of any emergency
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319 miles per hour (513 km/h) is possible, as the
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
1436:. Toronto has seen several tornados since the 1900s.
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1544:
A Guide for Conducting Convective Windstorm Surveys
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1550:The Tornado: An Engineering-Oriented Perspective
1014:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
959:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1434:Assessing tornado damage: EF-scale vs. F-scale
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1087:: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
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1174:"Explaining the 'Inconceivable F6' Tornado"
857:Severe weather terminology (United States)
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331:National Weather Service Norman, Oklahoma
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1214:"Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974"
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834:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
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1231:"April 4, 1977, Smithfield F5 Tornado"
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1460:(2001). "Birth of the Fujita Scale".
1322:The Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity
1193:from the original on October 26, 2023
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1104:
926:"Fujita Scale – Tornado Damage Scale"
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1538:The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)
1392:"NOAA's NWS Storm Prediction Center"
1279:Storm Prediction Center Publications
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1048:
680:0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km)
625:0.3–0.9 mi (0.48–1.45 km)
325:". In 2023, it was announced by the
218:The scale was introduced in 1971 by
1528:Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage
651:3.2–9.9 mi (5.1–15.9 km)
13:
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1301:"Storm Prediction Center WCM Data"
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693:1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km)
690:100–315 mi (161–507 km)
638:1.0–3.1 mi (1.6–5.0 km)
16:Scale for rating tornado intensity
14:
1602:
1521:
1423:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1379:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
1010:"American Meteorological Society"
667:176–566 yd (161–518 m)
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202:in February 2007. In April 2013,
1172:Anna, Carly (October 26, 2023).
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1081:Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991
705:Tornado rating classifications
677:32–99 mi (51–159 km)
654:56–175 yd (51–160 m)
628:6–17 yd (5.5–15.5 m)
612:<0.3 mi (0.48 km)
359:1999 Bridge Creek-Moore Tornado
1162:. Site accessed June 27, 2006.
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852:Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
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664:10–31 mi (16–50 km)
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901:"Fujita Tornado Damage Scale"
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641:18–55 yd (16–50 m)
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1212:Fujita, T. Theodore (1974).
862:Tornado intensity and damage
839:List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes
323:Pampa, Texas tornado of 1995
7:
1255:Thomas P. Grazulis (2021).
1113:Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
1008:McDonald, James R. (2001).
786:
764:Decommissioning in the U.S.
615:<6 yd (5.5 m)
10:
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1390:Center, Storm Prediction.
1328:December 30, 2011, at the
829:International Fujita scale
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18:
1505:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1
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1129:"Storm Prediction Center"
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1417:Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore
1373:Fujita, Tetsuya Theodore
1235:National Weather Service
1118:. Accessed May 20, 2009.
226:, in collaboration with
1556:Fujita archival records
1484:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
1440:April 27, 2013, at the
1160:Storm Prediction Center
1116:Storm Prediction Center
327:Storm Prediction Center
232:Storm Prediction Center
210:(EC) in their ratings.
1259:. The Tornado Project.
1085:St. Johnsbury, Vermont
700:Rating classifications
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1591:Scales in meteorology
1560:Texas Tech University
824:Enhanced Fujita scale
770:Enhanced Fujita scale
756:For purposes such as
311:Birmingham–Smithfield
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251:Enhanced Fujita Scale
224:University of Chicago
196:Enhanced Fujita scale
1458:Marshall, Timothy P.
930:factsjustforkids.com
846:Rohn Emergency Scale
335:1970 Lubbock tornado
176:aerial damage survey
156:Fujita–Pearson scale
1496:2013BAMS...94..641E
1077:Grazulis, Thomas P.
1026:2001BAMS...82...63M
971:2013BAMS...94..641E
758:tornado climatology
706:
594:
375:Wind speed estimate
317:stated in his book
307:1974 Super Outbreak
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21:Panavia Tornado ADV
1353:on October 4, 2012
1049:McCarthy, Daniel.
781:Environment Canada
704:
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315:Thomas P. Grazulis
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259:expert elicitation
208:Environment Canada
198:(EF-Scale) in the
174:after a ground or
105:261–318 mph
94:207–260 mph
83:158–206 mph
72:113–157 mph
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1094:978-1-879362-03-1
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1079:(July 1993).
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228:Allen Pearson
225:
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200:United States
197:
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185:
184:weather radar
181:
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75:Considerable
74:
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63:
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34:
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26:
22:
1487:
1483:
1467:
1461:
1451:Bibliography
1429:
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1346:
1336:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1225:
1207:
1195:. Retrieved
1184:
1167:
1136:. Retrieved
1133:spc.noaa.gov
1132:
1123:
1080:
1057:
1044:
1020:(1): 63–72.
1017:
1013:
1003:
962:
958:
945:
933:. Retrieved
929:
920:
908:. Retrieved
905:spc.noaa.gov
904:
777:
773:
755:
743:Significant
685:
672:
659:
646:
633:
620:
601:Path length
587:
554:
525:
496:
467:
438:
409:
399:
392:
385:
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368:
348:
339:
318:
300:
292:
276:
255:
248:
240:Tom Grazulis
217:
159:
155:
119:
116:Fujita scale
115:
113:
97:Devastating
50:< 73 mph
30:Fujita scale
29:
25:
1552:(NWS SR147)
1546:(NWS SR146)
1463:Storm Track
1285:January 11,
1197:October 26,
1156:Tornado FAQ
872:TORRO scale
604:Path width
288:qualitative
283:Mach number
108:Incredible
1570:Categories
1470:(3): 6–10.
884:References
345:Parameters
295:wind speed
265:Derivation
220:Ted Fujita
214:Background
987:1520-0477
381:Frequency
333:that the
180:cycloidal
172:engineers
160:FPP scale
64:Moderate
1438:Archived
1419:(1992).
1375:(1971).
1326:Archived
1240:April 8,
1191:Archived
935:June 14,
787:See also
750:Intense
736:Violent
281:and the
182:marks),
1586:Tornado
1514:7842905
1492:Bibcode
1401:May 27,
1357:May 27,
1343:"index"
1186:YouTube
1138:May 27,
1022:Bibcode
995:7842905
967:Bibcode
910:May 27,
733:Strong
563:419–512
560:261–318
534:333–418
531:207–260
505:254–332
502:158–206
479:16.17%
476:181–253
473:113–157
450:34.24%
447:117–180
421:44.14%
305:of the
222:of the
120:F-Scale
86:Severe
42:Damage
1512:
1281:: 1–10
1091:
993:
985:
598:Scale
566:0.10%
537:1.00%
508:4.35%
444:73–112
418:64–116
204:Canada
154:), or
53:Light
39:Speed
36:Scale
1540:(SPC)
1510:S2CID
1275:(PDF)
1217:(PDF)
1179:Video
1054:(PDF)
991:S2CID
955:(PDF)
730:Weak
415:40–72
369:Scale
1581:Wind
1403:2017
1359:2017
1309:2021
1287:2023
1242:2022
1199:2023
1140:2017
1089:ISBN
983:ISSN
937:2019
912:2017
401:km/h
329:and
170:and
114:The
1532:SPC
1500:doi
1030:doi
975:doi
725:F5
722:F4
719:F3
716:F2
713:F1
710:F0
394:mph
190:or
102:F5
91:F4
80:F3
69:F2
58:F1
47:F0
1572::
1508:.
1498:.
1488:94
1486:.
1482:.
1468:24
1466:.
1394:.
1345:.
1277:.
1233:.
1183:.
1158:.
1148:^
1131:.
1103:^
1083:.
1066:^
1056:.
1028:.
1018:82
1016:.
1012:.
989:.
981:.
973:.
963:94
961:.
957:.
928:.
903:.
892:^
686:P5
673:P4
660:P3
647:P2
634:P1
621:P0
609:–
555:F5
526:F4
497:F3
468:F2
439:F1
410:F0
246:.
141:iː
138:dʒ
122:;
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1558:(
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1530:(
1516:.
1502::
1494::
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1361:.
1311:.
1289:.
1244:.
1219:.
1201:.
1181:)
1177:(
1142:.
1097:.
1060:.
1038:.
1032::
1024::
997:.
977::
969::
939:.
914:.
158:(
150:/
147:ə
144:t
135:ˈ
132:u
129:f
126:/
118:(
23:.
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