634:
1200:
727:
836:
479:
31:
1192:
899:
807:, for the provision of various military equipment and services. The September 1985 deal involved the purchase of a large number of Tornado aircraft; including the Tornado ADV variant, along with armaments, radar equipment, spare parts and a pilot-training programme for the inbound fleet, in exchange for providing 600,000 barrels of oil per day over the course of several years. The first Al-Yamamah agreement ordered 24 Tornado ADVs and 48 Tornado IDSs. The RSAF received its first ADV on 9 February 1989.
792:
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677:(known as Leuchars Fighter Wing), and No. 11 Squadron RAF and No. 25 Squadron RAF (known as Leeming Fighter Wing), was deployed to the region to carry out offensive counter-air operations. The Tornado F3's of Leuchars Fighter Wing operated all over Iraq, including missions over and around Baghdad, throughout Operation Telic. Due to a lack of airborne threats materialising in the theatre, the F3s were withdrawn and returned to European bases that same year.
783:
along with structural modifications to extend the airframes' service life, officials considered such commitments to not be cost effective. In
February 2001, Italy announced it was set to lease 35 F-16s from the United States as its new interim fighter. Accordingly, the AMI returned its Tornados to the RAF; the final aircraft arrived at RAF Saint Athan on 7 December 2004. A single aircraft was retained by the Italian Air Force for static display purposes.
386:
462:(SEAD) missions. The F3's existing radar warning receivers formed the basis of an Emission Location System (ELS), which can be employed to detect and locate operational radar systems in the aircraft's vicinity, while two ALARM missiles could be carried on pylons under the fuselage. Twelve aircraft, sometimes known by the unofficial designation Tornado EF3, were converted under a Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) as part of the build up to
286:
1499:
945:
754:. The Tornado ADV was selected from, amongst others, the F-16. On 17 November 1993, Italy signed an agreement with the RAF to lease 24 Tornado F3s from the RAF for a period of ten years. The lease included 96 Sky Flash TEMP missiles (a lower standard than the version in RAF service), training, logistical supply for ADV-specific equipment and access to the RAF facility at Saint Athan.
572:
209:, due to development issues. Accordingly, it was quickly followed by the Tornado F3, which was introduced in 1989. Featuring optimised RB.199 Mk 104 engines, an expanded missile capacity, and automatic wing sweep control system amongst other improvements, the Tornado F-3 became the definitive variant operated by the RAF. It was also operated by the
583:. From July 1986, the F2's short career came to an end as they were replaced as the improved Tornado F3 entered service; the interim aircraft were promptly placed into storage. Originally, the Tornado F2s were intended to be updated to Tornado F2A standard (similar to the F3, but without the engine upgrade) however, only the one F2A, the
614:, Saudi Arabia in support of coalition forces. In order to best prepare these aircraft for active combat, they were progressively upgraded under a crash programme with improved radar, enhanced engines, superior defensive countermeasures, and multiple adaptions to the weapons systems that improved combat performance in the Iraqi theatre.
550:
ground-based radar stations, but the F3's
Foxhunter radar was capable of performing much longer and wider scans of surrounding airspace; the Tornado could track and engage targets at far greater distances. The Tornado also had the ability to share its radar and targeting information with other aircraft via
782:
During 2000, amid considerable delays in the
Eurofighter programme, the AMI started its search for another interim fighter. While the Tornado ADV was a candidate once again, any long term extension to the lease arrangement would have involved the associated aircraft to be upgraded to RAF CSP standard
709:
In addition to the RAF's
Tornado F3s, in 2007, QinetiQ leased four Tornado F3s from the MOD for the purpose of conducting weapons testing activities. QinetiQ's force of four F3s remained flying beyond the RAF's retirement of the type, in their latter service they were being used for aerial testing of
446:
Cost-saving decisions meant that the CSP did not fully exploit the capabilities of either the AMRAAM or ASRAAM missiles. AMRAAM typically uses two mid-course updates after launch to refresh target information prior to its own seeker taking over; however, the CSP did not include the necessary datalink
442:
air-to-air missiles, and radar upgrades to improve multi-target engagement. Additionally, it entailed improvement in pilot and navigator displays, along with the replacement of several of the onboard computer systems. The CSP saw the removal of a non-standard state of aircraft; various upgrades, in
401:
Quantity production of the
Tornado ADV started in 1980 and continued through to 1993. On 20 November 1985, the Tornado F3 made its maiden flight. Enhancements over the Tornado F2 included RB.199 Mk 104 engines, which were optimised for high-altitude use with longer afterburner nozzles, the capacity
352:
The
Tornado F2 was the initial version of the Tornado ADV in RAF service, a total of 18 aircraft were built. Making its first flight on 5 March 1984, it was powered by the same RB.199 Mk 103 engines used by the IDS Tornado, capable of four wing sweep settings, and fitted to carry only two underwing
770:
in
Southern Italy. The second batch was delivered between February and July 1997, these aircraft were of a slightly higher specification. In early 1997, the AMI announced that it was cancelling a series of scheduled upgrades to its Tornado fleet, stating that it was placing priority for funding on
826:
over neighbouring Iraq, RSAF Tornado ADVs flew 451 air-defence sorties, operating in conjunction with RSAF F-15s. In 2006, it was announced that, in addition to Saudi Arabia's contract to purchase the
Eurofighter Typhoon, both the Tornado IDS and ADV fleets would undergo a £2.5 billion program of
417:
Perhaps the most prominent of the innovations incorporated into the
Tornado F3 was an automatic manoeuvre device system that enabled the flight control computer to automatically adjust the level of wing sweep to maintain optimum flight characteristics. This function was similar in concept to the
549:
The capability of its weapon systems was a dramatic improvement over its predecessors. Compared with the
Phantom, the Tornado had greater acceleration, twice the range and loiter time, and was more capable of operating from short 'austere' air strips. Older aircraft were reliant on a network of
657:
in Yugoslavia. During these extended overseas deployments, the Tornado F3 reportedly proved troublesome to maintain at operational readiness while based outside the UK. Following lengthy delays in the Eurofighter programme to develop a successor to the F3 interceptor, the RAF initiated a major
621:
and secure communications equipment. Partially due to this, they largely performed patrols further back from Iraqi airspace where encounters with enemy aircraft were less likely; no Tornado F3s engaged enemy aircraft. From August 1990 to March 1991, the RAF's F3 detachment flew more than 2,000
277:
Despite Britain's strong interest in the air defence concept, it proved to be unattractive to the other European partners on the Tornado project, leading to its development being pursued solely by the United Kingdom. On 4 March 1976, the development of the Tornado ADV was approved and it was
447:
to provide this capability. The ASRAAM was not fully integrated, which prevented the full off-boresight capability of the missile being used. However, in June 2001, the MoD signed a contract for a further upgrade to allow for these midcourse updates. This upgrade, together with updated
694:, which entered operational service with the RAF in 2005. In April 2009, it was announced that the Tornado F3 force would be reduced to one squadron of 12 aircraft in September 2009. The last operational Tornado F3s in RAF service were retired when No. 111 (F) Squadron, located at
502:
According to aviation historian Michael Leek, from the onset of the type's development, the Tornado ADV encountered "...controversy and many questions over the ADV's performance and suitability - controversy which stayed with the aircraft for much of its service life".
814:
commented that "the Tornado ADV did not prove to be a successful air defence fighter... The RSAF's experience with the first eight Tornado ADVs was negative". In 1990, the RSAF signed several agreements with the US to later receive deliveries of the
778:
attributed the poor performance to the AMI having underestimated the different support requirements of the aircraft versus the Tornado IDS, a lack of spare engines (which were not included in the lease agreement), and a lack of equipment.
443:
particular to the Foxhunter radar, had led to a situation described as "fleets within fleets". The Foxhunter radar caused difficulties in the upgrade programme, in particular the integration of the new AMRAAM missile.
274:) in 1968, the possibility of a variant dedicated to air defence had been quietly considered. While several American aircraft had been evaluated for meeting this requirement, they were all determined to be unsuitable.
315:. During flight testing, the Tornado ADV demonstrated its noticeably superior supersonic acceleration to the Tornado IDS, even while carrying a full weapons loadout. The test programme was greatly aided by the use of
765:
and Coningsby. On 5 July 1995, the first aircraft was accepted by the AMI and was flown to its Italian base the same day. Delivery of the first batch was completed by the end of year; these aircraft were deployed at
340:
missiles. This stretch was achieved by altering the Tornado's forward fuselage, which was built in the UK, via the addition of a plug immediately behind the cockpit, which had the unexpected benefit of reducing
349:
of the flight controls was lighter on the Tornado ADV than on the IDS. Various other differences were present amongst the aircraft's avionics, displays, guidance systems and software packages.
225:(SEAD) missions in addition to its interceptor duties. Ultimately, both the RAF and RSAF retired their Tornado ADV fleets in the early 2010s; the type has been replaced in both services by the
422:, a capability that greatly enhanced manoeuvrability, but was not present on any previous Tornado IDS and ADV models. During 1989, the Tornado F.3 (originally F.Mk3) was declared operational.
3602:
190:. Having been based on the multinational Tornado IDS, development was relatively quick. Originally, the programme was solely pursued by the United Kingdom. The first prototype performed its
690:
detailed plans to reduce the number of Tornado F3 squadrons by one to three squadrons. This represented 16 aircraft and was the first stage in the transition to the F3's replacement, the
406:
missiles rather than two, and automatic wing sweep control. Upon its entrance into service, the principal armament of the Tornado F3 was the short-range Sidewinder and the medium-range
305:. The second and third development aircraft made their first flights on 18 July and 18 November 1980 respectively. The third prototype was primarily used in the testing of the new
875:
Improved version, powered by two Turbo-Union RB.199-34R Mk 104 engines, with automatic wing sweep control, increased AIM-9 carriage and avionics upgrades. 171 built for the
633:
242:
The origins of the Tornado ADV can be traced back to the issuing of RAF Air Staff Requirement 395 (ASR.395), which called for a long-range interceptor to replace both the
333:, a longer radome for the Foxhunter radar, slightly longer airbrakes, and the fuselage being lengthened by 1.36 m; the latter change permitted the carriage of four
3595:
2010:
2155:
827:
upgrades, allowing them to remain in service to at least 2020. Despite this, by 2011, the Eurofighter had taken over from the Tornado ADV in the air-defence role.
2695:
645:
The 1990s saw multiple occasions in which the Tornado F3 engaged in active combat. Between 1993 and 1995, several were used to escort NATO aircraft engaged in
2721:
3588:
819:, and thus had a reduced need for the Tornado ADV; Saudi Arabia chose to convert further orders for up to 60 Tornado ADVs to the IDS strike variant instead.
714:
air-to-air missile, and thus were the only flying examples in the UK for a time. Their final mission was flown on 20 June 2012, and the last three flown to
863:
Two-seat all-weather interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by two Turbo-Union RB.199-34R Mk 103 turbofan engines. Initial production version, 18 built.
2380:
451:, was known as the AMRAAM Optimisation Programme (AOP) and was incorporated in the remaining F3 fleet between December 2003 and September 2006.
430:
In order to maintain the Tornado F3 as an effective platform up to its planned phasing out date of 2010, the Ministry of Defence initiated the
247:
221:
fighters. During its service life, the Tornado ADV received several upgrades which enhanced its aerial capabilities and enabled it to perform
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2235:
626:
sorties. In the aftermath of the Gulf War, the RAF maintained a small squadron of F3s in Saudi Arabia to continue routine patrols of Iraqi
345:
and making space for an additional fuel tank (Tank '0') carrying 200 imperial gallons (909 L; 240 U.S. gal) of fuel. The
2290:
606:
became the first RAF squadron to be declared operational with the Tornado ADV. The combat debut of the Tornado F3 was made in the 1991
346:
658:
upgrade program in the late 1990s to enhance the aircraft's capabilities, primarily by integrating several newer air-to-air missiles.
325:
The Tornado ADV's differences compared to the Tornado IDS include a greater sweep angle on the wing gloves, and the deletion of their
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On 5 November 1984, the first interim Tornado F2 was first delivered to the RAF. These aircraft were primarily for training by
2446:
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On 26 September 1985, Saudi Arabia and Britain signed a memorandum of understanding towards what would be widely known as the
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ballast installed in the nose as an interim measure until they could be fitted with the radar sets. The ballast was nicknamed
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with various types of enemy fighters. In order to perform its anti-bomber primary mission, it was equipped with long range
2328:
2014:
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The Tornado proved to be fairly unreliable in Italian service, reportedly achieving serviceability rates of 50% or less.
278:
announced that 165 of the 385 Tornados that were on order for the RAF would be of the air defence variant. In 1976, the
3920:
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434:(CSP). This £125 million project, announced on 5 March 1996, involved many elements, including the integration of the
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3200:
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746:, or AMI) identified a requirement for a fighter to boost its air defence capabilities pending introduction of the
266:, a recently introduced supersonic bomber. Even at the onset of development on what would become the Tornado IDS (
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3432:
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1023:
357:. Serious problems were discovered with the Foxhunter radar, which meant that the aircraft were delivered with
4031:
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254:(RAF). The necessity to procure a modern interceptor was primarily driven by the threat posed by the sizable
217:(RSAF). The AMI leased the type during the 2000s as an interim aircraft while awaiting delivery of multirole
617:
Several shortcomings with the Tornado F3 were still present during the Gulf War, such as the lack of modern
3762:
3296:
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for extended range/loitering time. Up to 4 drop tanks for ferry role (at the expense of 4 Skyflash/AMRAAM).
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on 27 October 1979; two further prototypes followed in the year after. The initial production model, the
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1462:
1423:
243:
3437:
1296:, 40.5 kN (9,100 lbf) thrust each dry, 73.5 kN (16,500 lbf) with afterburner
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Development of the Tornado ADV formally commenced in 1976. It was primarily intended to intercept
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519:
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Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-first Century: The military and international security dimensions
575:
Tornado F2 in flight, September 1980. The Skyflash missiles are semi-recessed under the fuselage
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30:
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750:, expected around 2000. These fighters were to operate alongside the service's obsolescent
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52:
36:
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8:
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10 total (4× semi-recessed under-fuselage, 2× under-wing, 4× under-wing shoulder rail)
1311:
2,400 km/h (1,500 mph, 1,300 kn) / M2.2 at 9,000 m (30,000 ft)
1169:
1067:
984:
844:
534:; the aircraft also had the ability to stay aloft for long periods and remain over the
322:, which broadcast live data from in-flight aircraft back to technicians on the ground.
2249:"Italy cuts projects to protect EF2000 interest". Flight International. 12 March 1997.
1890:. Vol. 73, no. 6. Stamford, Lincs, England: Key Publishing. pp. 22–26.
799:
of the Royal Saudi Air Force sitting on the flight line during Operation Desert Shield
205:
The Tornado F2, which was only produced in small numbers, lacked key features such as
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Formation take-off of an RAF Tornado GR.1 and a Tornado F.2 prototype, September 1982
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2357:"The Royal Saudi Air Force and Long-term Saudi National Defence: A Strategic Vision"
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2870:
Eagles, J.D. (1991). "Preparing a Bomber Destroyer: The Panavia Tornado ADV".
1548:
1536:
1524:
922:
889:
Unofficial designation for F3 aircraft modified with ALARM missile capability.
182:
against the United Kingdom. In this capacity, it was equipped with a powerful
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3174:
Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations
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Aircraft Systems: Mechanical, Electrical and Avionics Subsystems Integration
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are on the underside of the fuselage, and two missile rails under the wings
326:
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Two hour combat air patrol at 560–740 km (348–460 mi) from base
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306:
267:
2381:"The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: BAE Wins Tornado Fleet Upgrade Contract"
1203:
Highlighted hardpoint and under-wing weapon locations of the Tornado ADV
4111:
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4081:
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2964:
Jackson, Paul (February 1988). "Regaining Momentum — The RAF Tornado".
2362:. United States Marines Corps Command and Staff College. Archived from
848:
687:
454:
A further upgrade, disclosed in early 2003, was the integration of the
385:
3004:
Lake, Jon (Winter 1997). "Panavia Tornado Variant Briefing:Part Two".
2260:"Italy to lease 35 F-16 jets from USA until Eurofighter operational".
1361:
4,265 km (2,650 mi, 2,303 nmi) with four external tanks
410:
missiles, the latter being a British design derived from the American
3986:
2989:. Charlottesville, Virginia, US: Howell Press Inc. pp. 139–144.
1444:
1401:
757:
During March 1995, the training of the first AMI pilots commenced at
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319:
175:
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3981:
3422:
3395:
2109:"Historic squadron is disbanded – but Fighting Cocks may fly again"
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1293:
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F2 upgrade to F3 standard, but retaining F2 engines, one converted.
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607:
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527:
407:
358:
334:
2296:. Ministry of Defence. 26 September 1985 – via The Guardian.
285:
611:
588:
551:
458:
anti-radiation missile to enable several Tornado ADVs to conduct
3815:
3234:
1416:
980:
650:
558:, used for the transmission of data between onboard computers.
531:
435:
171:
3269:
2912:
Hunter, Jamie (2004). "Panavia Tornado: Rebirth of the MRCA".
2305:
2303:
2291:"Briefing for the Prime Minister's Meeting with Prince Sultan"
2218:
Sacchetti, Renzo (October 2003). "Italy's British Tornados".
950:
455:
206:
183:
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consortium. It was a specialised derivative of the multirole
2943:
Jackson, Paul (October 1985). "Tornado Comes out Fighting".
1886:
Willis, David (December 2007). "Tornado F.3 – At its Peak".
1537:
A Tornado F3 performing an aerobatic display in Sussex, 2005
3195:(3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Reed Business Information.
3193:
Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory
2300:
2236:"Italian air force faces tough 12 months as cash cuts bite"
2156:"QinetiQ wins contract to use Tornado F3 for BVRAAM trials"
362:
2329:"BAE official denies reports of Tornado sale cancellation"
1322:
1,482 km/h (921 mph; 800 kn) near sea level
661:
During 2003, the Tornado F3 was one of the assets used in
393:
flying at a high climb angle while making a turn to port;
3217:
418:
automatic sweeping wing (ASW) capability of the American
2920:. Norwalk, Connecticutt, US: Airtime Publishing: 46–79.
2173:
Lake, Jon (August 2012). "Meteor Development Complete".
653:; in 1999, the type conducted combat air patrols during
571:
506:
The Tornado ADV was designed to serve in the role of an
293:
On 9 August 1979, the first prototype was rolled out at
1432:(mounted on 4 semi-recessed under-fuselage hardpoints)
1336:
1,853 km (1,151 mi, 1,001 nmi) subsonic
730:
Italian Air Force Tornado ADV MM7234 of 36º Stormo at
587:(TIARA) was ever converted, having been customised by
2192:
Bevins, Anthony; Godsmark, Chris (3 September 1996).
178:
with the aim of preventing a successful air-launched
3092:
Nicholas, Jack C (July 2000). "Sustaining the F.3".
1840:
Nicholas, Jack C (July 2000). "Sustaining the F.3".
1480:
282:
was contracted to provide three prototype aircraft.
2724:. Ministry of Defence. 5 April 2011. Archived from
1574:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
425:
373:nomenclature, and a British brand of cement called
3119:. Annapolis, Maryland, US: Naval Institute Press.
2749:
1086:Fast Jet & Weapons Operational Evaluation Unit
4348:
2815:British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950
1239:13.91 m (45 ft 8 in) at 25° sweep
686:White Paper, on 21 July 2004, Defence Secretary
2740:
2722:"Historic RAF squadron disbanded as F3 retires"
2331:. Defense Daily. 5 October 1990. Archived from
2053:
2051:
2013:. Royal Air Force. 3 April 2007. Archived from
2011:"Pilotless Passenger Jet Flown Remotely By RAF"
3058:. Minneapolis, Minnesota, US: Zenith Imprint.
2191:
2131:
2129:
1702:
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1698:
1696:
1694:
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3012:. London, UK: Aerospace Publishing: 114–131.
2394:
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2390:
1857:"RAF abandons missile system after near miss"
1826:
1824:
1805:
1803:
1801:
637:A pair of Tornado F3s refuelling from an RAF
585:Tornado Integrated Avionics Research Aircraft
2853:The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft
2766:"RAF: Equipment – Tornado F3 Specifications"
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2419:
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2383:. Defense Industry Daily. 12 September 2006.
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1753:
1751:
1100:(Shadow identity of No. 229 OCU) (1986–1992)
554:and was one of the first aircraft to have a
466:, the 2003 invasion of Iraq and operated by
3075:The Panavia Tornado: A Photographic Tribute
2279:. Key Publishing. February 2005. p. 9.
2126:
1812:
1691:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1634:
3603:
3589:
3262:
3248:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2387:
1881:
1879:
1821:
1798:
1762:
610:; a total of 18 aircraft were deployed to
3171:
2831:
2796:Aeroguide 21: Panavia Tornado F Mk 2/Mk 3
2758:
2577:
2414:
2217:
1771:
1748:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1549:Footage of Tornado F3 squadron operations
705:A formation of nine Tornado F3, July 2008
232:
3091:
3056:Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors
2238:. Flight International. 11 January 1995.
2106:
1867:
1839:
1730:
1645:
1631:
1347:>556 km (345 mi) supersonic
1198:
1190:
921:
897:
834:
790:
786:
771:the in-development Eurofighter instead.
725:
700:
632:
570:
477:
384:
284:
3037:Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94
3034:
2984:
2963:
2942:
2548:
2354:
1876:
1833:
1211:Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–94
1110:No. 229 Operational Conversion Unit RAF
761:while technicians gained experience at
683:Delivering Security in a Changing World
581:No. 229 Operational Conversion Unit RAF
4349:
3190:
3053:
3039:. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division.
2911:
2869:
2812:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2158:. QinetiQ. 16 May 2007. Archived from
2057:McGrath, Mark. "Tornado F3 Bows Out."
1907:
1905:
1885:
1706:
1669:
1525:Documentary on the Panavia Tornado ADV
561:
3584:
3243:
3172:Szejnmann, Claus-Christian W (2010).
3155:The defence of the realm in the 1980s
3152:
3138:. New York, US: John Wiley and Sons.
3114:
2892:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2138:"UK retires last Tornado F3 fighters"
2135:
1973:Moir and Seabridge 2011, pp. 447–448.
1419:(mounted on shoulder rail hardpoints)
669:. An expeditionary force composed of
4362:1970s international fighter aircraft
3134:Moir, Ian; Seabridge, Allan (2011).
3072:
3003:
2850:
2817:. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing.
2798:. Ongar, UK: Linewrights Ltd. 1988.
2696:"No 43 (Fighter) Squadron Disbanded"
2172:
2090:"Hoon announces broad military cuts"
1854:
1654:
1250:8.6 m (28 ft) at 67° sweep
817:McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
721:
2275:"Final AMI Tornados F3s Returned".
2204:
1902:
1233:18.68 m (61 ft 3 in)
174:as they were traversing across the
156:aircraft developed by the European
143:Panavia Tornado Air Defence Variant
13:
3921:de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk
3614:manufactured in Britain since the
2491:
1264:5.95 m (19 ft 6 in)
1172:, East Falkland, Falkland Islands
698:, was disbanded on 22 March 2011.
566:
14:
4398:
3211:
2768:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2698:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2672:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2646:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2620:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2532:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2506:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2475:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2449:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
2224:. Key Publishing. pp. 50–54.
2107:Urquhart, Frank (17 April 2009).
1915:. Royal Air Force. Archived from
1270:26.6 m (286 sq ft)
918:) in formation flight, March 2005
460:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
258:fleet then being operated by the
223:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
4077:Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig
2878:. Naval Institute Press: 88–93.
2355:Al Saud, Turki K. (6 May 2002).
2194:"£15bn go-ahead for Eurofighter"
1543:
1531:
1519:
1497:
1483:
1041:
999:
943:
665:, Britain's contribution to the
432:Capability Sustainment Programme
426:Capability Sustainment Programme
29:
3235:Unofficial Panavia Tornado site
2897:. Wiltshire UK: Crowood Press.
2787:
2714:
2688:
2662:
2636:
2610:
2522:
2465:
2439:
2373:
2348:
2339:
2321:
2312:
2283:
2268:
2253:
2242:
2228:
2185:
2166:
2148:
2082:
2073:
2064:
2039:
2021:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1855:Hall, Macer (23 January 2002).
1848:
1789:
1780:
1739:
1395:revolver cannon with 180 rounds
1391:1 × 27 mm (1.063 in)
1373:15,240 m (50,000 ft)
1282:27,986 kg (61,699 lb)
1276:14,500 kg (31,967 lb)
902:A pair of Tornado F3 aircraft (
301:on 27 October 1979, piloted by
149:) is a long-range, twin-engine
4357:1970s British fighter aircraft
4205:Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer
3117:The British Fighter since 1912
2914:International Air Power Review
2136:Hoyle, Craig (22 March 2011).
1721:
1712:
1660:
1613:
1080:F3 Operational Evaluation Unit
718:for scrapping on 9 July 2012.
473:
248:McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2
16:Series of interceptor aircraft
1:
4387:Fourth-generation jet fighter
4032:Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter
2563:"Operations – United Kingdom"
1602:
744:Aeronautica Militare Italiana
380:
244:English Electric Lightning F6
237:
4382:Aircraft first flown in 1979
4367:Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
3533:Development/concept aircraft
3191:Taylor, Michael J.H (2001).
2318:Cordesman 2003, pp. 218–219.
2309:Cordesman 2003, pp. 217–218.
2070:Szejnmann 2010, pp. 221–222.
1607:
1585:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
893:
280:British Aircraft Corporation
188:beyond-visual-range missiles
7:
3936:British Aerospace Jetstream
3332:Global Combat Air Programme
3176:. Continuum International.
2832:Cordesman, Anthony (2003).
2425:"Operations – Saudi Arabia"
2027:Szejnmann 2010, pp. 214–15.
1786:Aeroguide 21 1988, pp. 6–7.
1476:
1187:Specifications (Tornado F3)
1120:, North Yorkshire, England
830:
514:bombers, rather than as an
313:aircraft interception radar
198:, entered service with the
10:
4403:
4160:Armstrong Whitworth Argosy
3977:Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52
3856: / anti-submarine
3647:English Electric Lightning
2872:Putnam Aeronautical Review
2746:Lambert 1993, pp. 173–175.
1424:British Aerospace Skyflash
1195:Tornado ADV 3-view drawing
518:for engaging in prolonged
369:, which was a play on the
37:No. 111 (Fighter) Squadron
4306:
4223:
4200:Scottish Aviation Pioneer
4150:
4142:Youngman-Baynes High Lift
3965:
3886:
3852:
3834:English Electric Canberra
3814:
3744:
3685:
3622:
3532:
3509:
3451:
3394:
3371:
3340:
3282:
3115:Mason, Francis K (1992).
1830:Nicholas 2000, pp. 29–30.
1818:Butler 2001, p. 101.
1542:
1530:
1518:
1513:
1031:34th Squadron (1989–1992)
1028:29th Squadron (1989–2006)
604:No. 29 (Fighter) Squadron
542:in order to maintain its
250:then in service with the
129:
121:
113:
108:
100:
78:
70:
58:
48:
43:
28:
23:
3706:de Havilland Sea Vampire
3157:. Taylor & Francis.
2985:Jackson, Robert (2000).
2851:Eden, Paul, ed. (2004).
2836:. Greenwood Publishing.
2345:Cordesman 2003, pp. 219.
2061:Retrieved: 11 July 2012.
1982:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 6.
1964:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 2.
1809:Evans 1999, p. 126.
1795:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 7.
1718:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 1.
1666:Aeroguide 21 1988, p. 3.
1064:, Lincolnshire, England
964:Gioia del Colle Air Base
738:In the early 1990s, the
732:Gioia del Colle Air Base
402:to carry four underwing
338:semi-active radar homing
4190:Hawker Siddeley Andover
3788:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
3701:de Havilland Sea Hornet
3341:Patrol and surveillance
3006:World Air Power Journal
2951:(4): 173–177, 206–207.
2855:. London: Amber Books.
2588:"56 (Reserve) Squadron"
2565:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH
2427:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH
2402:. Panavia Aircraft GmbH
2144:. Flight International.
2079:Szejnmann 2010, p. 222.
2045:Szejnmann 2010, p. 216.
1745:Eagles 1991, pp. 90–91.
1590:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
1218:General characteristics
776:Air Forces Monthly this
593:unmanned aerial vehicle
520:air combat manoeuvering
516:air superiority fighter
329:, deletion of the port
4062:Hawker Siddeley P.1127
3931:Handley Page Jetstream
3878:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod
3716:de Havilland Sea Vixen
3711:de Havilland Sea Venom
3073:Leek, Michael (2015).
3035:Lambert, Mark (1993).
1204:
1196:
989:21° Gruppo (1997–1999)
975:21° Gruppo (1999–2001)
972:12° Gruppo (1995–2004)
938:
919:
856:
824:Operation Desert Storm
800:
735:
706:
655:Operation Allied Force
642:
576:
510:against the threat of
499:
398:
290:
233:Design and development
4238:AgustaWestland Merlin
4233:AgustaWestland Apache
4185:Handley Page Hastings
3511:Combat drones (UCAVs)
2813:Butler, Tony (2001).
1991:Jackson 1985, p. 206.
1873:Nicholas 2000, p. 30.
1491:United Kingdom portal
1292:afterburning 3-spool
1290:Turbo-Union RB199-34R
1202:
1194:
1014:Royal Saudi Air Force
925:
901:
881:Royal Saudi Air Force
838:
794:
787:Royal Saudi Air Force
752:F-104ASA Starfighters
729:
704:
675:No. 111 (F) Squadrons
647:Operation Deny Flight
636:
574:
526:missiles such as the
481:
388:
288:
215:Royal Saudi Air Force
158:Panavia Aircraft GmbH
88:Royal Saudi Air Force
65:Panavia Aircraft GmbH
4326:Slingsby Grasshopper
3916:Boulton Paul Balliol
3736:Supermarine Scimitar
3731:Supermarine Attacker
3637:de Havilland Vampire
3054:Laming, Tim (1996).
2893:Evans, Andy (1999).
2400:"Operations – Italy"
2000:Jackson 1988, p. 84.
1162:No. 111 (F) Squadron
1136:No. XXV (F) Squadron
1088:(FJWOEU) (2004–2006)
1082:(F3 OEU) (1987–2004)
822:During 1991, during
805:Al-Yamamah arms deal
262:, in particular the
4137:Supermarine Seagull
4087:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1
4047:Handley Page HP.115
3997:Blackburn Firecrest
3839:Handley Page Victor
3793:Panavia Tornado IDS
3778:Eurofighter Typhoon
3768:Blackburn Buccaneer
3672:Panavia Tornado ADV
3652:Eurofighter Typhoon
3632:de Havilland Hornet
3231:at Aerospaceweb.org
3153:Smith, Dan (1980).
2755:Mason 1992, p. 424.
2702:on 10 December 2009
2676:on 16 February 2009
1955:Smith 1980, p. 134.
1937:Hunter 2004, p. 60.
1777:Eagles 1991, p. 89.
1768:Evans 1999, p. 121.
1759:Eagles 1991, p. 88.
1736:Eagles 1991, p. 91.
1727:Eagles 1991, p. 92.
1642:Laming 1996, p. 97.
1580:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
1568:Panavia Tornado ECR
1563:Panavia Tornado IDS
1557:Related development
1280:Max takeoff weight:
1156:No. 56 (R) Squadron
1150:No. 43 (F) Squadron
1130:No. 23 (F) Squadron
1124:No. XI (F) Squadron
1104:No. 56 (R) Squadron
1098:No. 65 (R) Squadron
1092:No. 41 (R) Squadron
1074:No. 29 (F) Squadron
1068:No. V (AC) Squadron
927:No. 43 (F) Squadron
845:No. V (AC) Squadron
748:Eurofighter Typhoon
692:Eurofighter Typhoon
562:Operational history
524:beyond visual range
468:No. 11 Squadron RAF
420:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
395:air-to-air missiles
355:Sidewinder missiles
297:; it performed its
227:Eurofighter Typhoon
219:Eurofighter Typhoon
134:Panavia Tornado IDS
44:General information
4298:Westland Whirlwind
4263:Westland Dragonfly
4180:Blackburn Beverley
4092:Saunders-Roe SR.53
4042:Handley Page HP.88
4007:Boulton Paul P.120
4002:Boulton Paul P.111
3642:de Havilland Venom
2650:on 5 November 2008
2510:on 14 January 2011
2264:. 1 February 2001.
2036:Lake 1997, p. 126.
1709:, pp. 189–190
1205:
1197:
1170:RAF Mount Pleasant
939:
920:
857:
801:
736:
707:
643:
641:tanker, March 2003
602:In November 1987,
577:
500:
399:
291:
35:RAF Tornado F3 of
4344:
4343:
4336:Slingsby Sedbergh
4283:Westland Sea King
4258:Westland Commando
4243:Bristol Belvedere
4195:Percival Pembroke
3677:Supermarine Swift
3612:Military aircraft
3578:
3577:
3271:British Aerospace
3183:978-0-82644-323-6
3145:978-1-119-96520-6
3095:Air International
3084:978-1-4738-6914-1
3077:. Pen and Sword.
2966:Air International
2945:Air International
2277:AirForces Monthly
2221:AirForces Monthly
2175:Air International
1888:Air International
1844:. Key Publishing.
1842:Air International
1688:Leek 2015, p. 23.
1554:
1553:
1146:, Fife, Scotland
958:Italian Air Force
812:Anthony Cordesman
740:Italian Air Force
722:Italian Air Force
624:combat air patrol
597:MoD Boscombe Down
494:) departing from
211:Italian Air Force
139:
138:
114:Introduction date
93:Italian Air Force
4394:
4331:Slingsby Prefect
4268:Westland Gazelle
4248:Bristol Sycamore
4017:Cierva Air Horse
3941:Percival Provost
3806:
3803:Westland Wyvern
3758:BAC Strikemaster
3616:Second World War
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3348:Nimrod MR1 / MR2
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3206:
3187:
3168:
3149:
3130:
3111:
3088:
3069:
3050:
3031:
3000:
2987:Air War at Night
2981:
2960:
2939:
2908:
2889:
2885:978-1-55750676-4
2866:
2847:
2828:
2809:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2772:on 14 March 2008
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2728:on 22 March 2019
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2624:on 30 April 2009
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2598:on 30 April 2009
2594:. Archived from
2584:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2536:on 16 March 2011
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2479:on 16 March 2011
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2335:on 10 June 2014.
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:ANSA News Agency
2257:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2162:on 9 March 2012.
2152:
2146:
2145:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2017:on 29 July 2013.
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:on 14 March 2008
1909:
1900:
1899:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1686:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1617:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1457:
1411:AIM-9 Sidewinder
1381:
1371:Service ceiling:
1304:
1220:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1024:Eastern Province
1020:Dhahran Airfield
1005:
1003:
1002:
949:
947:
946:
595:(UAV) trials at
556:digital data bus
530:, and later the
307:Marconi/Ferranti
256:strategic bomber
33:
21:
20:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4377:Panavia Tornado
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4302:
4293:Westland Wessex
4219:
4215:Vickers Valetta
4146:
4132:Supermarine 545
4127:Supermarine 508
3967:
3961:
3957:Vickers Varsity
3946:Percival Prince
3906:BAC Jet Provost
3882:
3863:Avro Shackleton
3854:Maritime patrol
3848:
3844:Vickers Valiant
3810:
3804:
3773:Bristol Brigand
3740:
3726:Hawker Sea Hawk
3721:Hawker Sea Fury
3696:BAE Sea Harrier
3681:
3657:Gloster Javelin
3618:
3609:
3579:
3574:
3528:
3505:
3447:
3428:Jetstream 31/32
3390:
3367:
3336:
3284:Combat aircraft
3278:
3268:
3218:Panavia website
3214:
3209:
3203:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3127:
3085:
3066:
3047:
3020:
2997:
2928:
2905:
2895:Panavia Tornado
2886:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2205:
2198:The Independent
2190:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2101:
2096:. 21 July 2004.
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1692:
1687:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1514:External videos
1505:Aviation portal
1503:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1470:AI.24 Foxhunter
1458:
1453:
1382:
1377:
1300:
1216:
1189:
1176:No. 1435 Flight
1056:Royal Air Force
1042:
1040:
1000:
998:
981:Cameri Air Base
944:
942:
908:No. XXV (F) Sqn
896:
877:Royal Air force
833:
789:
768:Gioia del Colle
724:
680:As part of the
663:Operation Telic
569:
567:Royal Air Force
564:
544:airborne patrol
476:
464:Operation Telic
428:
389:Tornado F.2 of
383:
347:artificial feel
310:AI.24 Foxhunter
252:Royal Air Force
240:
235:
202:(RAF) in 1986.
200:Royal Air Force
162:Panavia Tornado
125:27 October 1979
96:
91:
83:Royal Air Force
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:Slingsby Cadet
4318:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Westland Scout
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Fairey Delta 2
4024:
4022:Fairey Delta 1
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Fairey Firefly
3865:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3798:SEPECAT Jaguar
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3763:BAE Harrier II
3760:
3754:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Gloster Meteor
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3213:
3212:External links
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3125:
3112:
3089:
3083:
3070:
3064:
3051:
3045:
3032:
3018:
3001:
2995:
2982:
2961:
2940:
2926:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2848:
2842:
2829:
2823:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2661:
2635:
2609:
2576:
2547:
2521:
2490:
2464:
2453:on 6 June 2011
2438:
2413:
2386:
2372:
2369:on 3 May 2019.
2347:
2338:
2320:
2311:
2299:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2241:
2227:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2147:
2125:
2099:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1901:
1875:
1866:
1847:
1832:
1820:
1811:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1690:
1668:
1659:
1644:
1630:
1625:www.panavia.de
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:Mikoyan MiG-31
1592:
1587:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:AIM-120 AMRAAM
1420:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1309:Maximum speed:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1052:
1051:
1049:United Kingdom
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1010:
1009:
995:
994:
993:
992:
991:
990:
978:
977:
976:
973:
954:
953:
935:Kemble Air Day
916:No. XI (F) Sqn
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
884:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
832:
829:
788:
785:
763:RAF Cottesmore
723:
720:
568:
565:
563:
560:
486:Tornado F.2s (
475:
472:
440:AIM-120 AMRAAM
427:
424:
382:
379:
264:Tupolev Tu-22M
239:
236:
234:
231:
213:(AMI) and the
180:nuclear attack
137:
136:
131:
130:Developed from
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
86:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4399:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Westland Wasp
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Westland Lynx
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Short Belfast
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Beagle Basset
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Slingsby T.53
4120:
4118:
4117:Short Sperrin
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Hunting H.126
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Hawker P.1072
4055:
4053:
4052:Hawker P.1052
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Folland Midge
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:Prototype and
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Fairey Gannet
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Hawker Hunter
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3750:ground attack
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Hawker Hunter
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3453:Drones (UAVs)
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3202:0-617-01289-X
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:0-85664-873-6
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3126:1-55750-082-7
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3065:0-7603-0260-X
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3046:0-7106-1066-1
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:1-86184-006-3
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2996:1-57427-116-4
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:1-880588-84-6
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2862:1-904687-84-9
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2843:0-275-97997-0
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2824:1-85780-095-8
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2805:0-946958-26-2
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2670:"25 Squadron"
2665:
2649:
2645:
2644:"23 Squadron"
2639:
2623:
2619:
2618:"11 Squadron"
2613:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2531:
2530:"41 Squadron"
2525:
2509:
2505:
2504:"41 Squadron"
2499:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2474:
2473:"29 Squadron"
2468:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2376:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2142:Flight global
2139:
2132:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1946:Butler 2001,
1943:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1861:The Telegraph
1858:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1657:, p. 370
1656:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1495:
1492:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:Combat range:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:Empty weight:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
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1062:RAF Coningsby
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810:U.S. analyst
808:
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559:
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552:JTIDS/Link 16
547:
545:
541:
538:and Northern
537:
533:
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423:
421:
415:
413:
412:AIM-7 Sparrow
409:
405:
396:
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372:
371:Rainbow Codes
368:
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135:
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95:(historical)
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90:(historical)
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79:Primary users
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63:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4253:Saro Skeeter
4170:Auster AOP.9
4165:Auster AOP.6
4097:Short Seamew
3969:experimental
3952:Short Tucano
3926:Folland Gnat
3824:Avro Lincoln
3748: /
3671:
3438:Jetstream 61
3433:Jetstream 41
3321:
3192:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3116:
3102:(1): 28–31.
3099:
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3074:
3055:
3036:
3009:
3005:
2986:
2972:(2): 84–87.
2969:
2965:
2948:
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2917:
2913:
2904:1-86126201-9
2894:
2875:
2871:
2852:
2833:
2814:
2795:
2788:Bibliography
2774:. Retrieved
2770:the original
2760:
2751:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:the original
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:the original
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:the original
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2592:RAF Leuchars
2591:
2567:. Retrieved
2538:. Retrieved
2534:the original
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:the original
2481:. Retrieved
2477:the original
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2447:"5 Squadron"
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2404:. Retrieved
2375:
2364:the original
2350:
2341:
2333:the original
2323:
2314:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2230:
2219:
2197:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2160:the original
2150:
2141:
2116:. Retrieved
2113:The Scotsman
2112:
2102:
2094:The Scotsman
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2059:Fence Check,
2058:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2015:the original
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1913:"Tornado F3"
1887:
1869:
1860:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1814:
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1773:
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1556:
1555:
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1437:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1393:Mauser BK-27
1386:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1359:Ferry range:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1301:
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1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1144:RAF Leuchars
1058:(1979–2011)
1016:(1989–2006)
1007:Saudi Arabia
960:(1995–2004)
930:
911:
903:
840:
821:
809:
802:
796:
781:
775:
773:
756:
743:
737:
708:
696:RAF Leuchars
681:
679:
660:
644:
639:Vickers VC10
628:no-fly zones
616:
601:
584:
578:
548:
505:
501:
496:RAF Fairford
491:
487:
453:
445:
431:
429:
416:
400:
366:
351:
327:Krueger flap
324:
303:David Eagles
292:
276:
260:Soviet Union
241:
204:
195:
166:
146:
142:
140:
122:First flight
101:Number built
85:(historical)
60:Manufacturer
18:
4225:Helicopters
4067:Heston JC.6
4012:Bristol 188
3948:/Sea Prince
3901:Avro Athena
3829:Avro Vulcan
3363:Nimrod MRA4
3358:Nimrod AEW3
3322:Tornado ADV
3312:Sea Harrier
3275:BAE Systems
3229:Tornado ADV
3223:BAe Tornado
1707:Taylor 2001
1463:GEC-Marconi
1302:Performance
1286:Powerplant:
1178:(1992–2009)
1164:(1990–2011)
1158:(2003–2008)
1152:(1989–2009)
1138:(1989–2008)
1132:(1988–1994)
1126:(1988–2005)
1118:RAF Leeming
1112:(1984–2003)
1106:(1992–2003)
1094:(2006–2011)
1076:(1987–1998)
1070:(1987–2003)
937:, June 2008
929:Tornado F3
886:Tornado EF3
866:Tornado F2A
855:, June 1999
839:Tornado F3
795:Tornado F3
716:RAF Leeming
712:MBDA Meteor
508:interceptor
484:No. 229 OCU
474:Performance
391:No. 229 OCU
375:Blue Circle
367:Blue Circle
268:interdictor
154:interceptor
53:Interceptor
24:Tornado ADV
4351:Categories
4112:Short SC.1
4107:Short SB.5
4102:Short SB.3
4082:Saro P.531
3896:Avro Anson
3501:Skylynx II
3496:Silver Fox
3443:One-Eleven
3400:transports
3297:Harrier II
3225:at FAS.org
1621:"Variants"
1603:References
1445:drop tanks
1402:Hardpoints
1365:Endurance:
1268:Wing area:
879:(RAF) and
872:Tornado F3
860:Tornado F2
849:Bratislava
688:Geoff Hoon
671:No. 43 (F)
482:A pair of
404:Sidewinder
381:Tornado F3
238:Background
196:Tornado F2
151:swing-wing
117:1 May 1985
4152:Transport
3987:BAC TSR-2
3461:Ampersand
3396:Airliners
3353:Nimrod R1
3108:0306-5634
3028:0959-7050
2978:0306-5634
2957:0306-5634
2936:1473-9917
1896:0306-5634
1655:Eden 2004
1608:Citations
1443:Up to 2×
1237:Wingspan:
1208:Data from
894:Operators
536:North Sea
320:telemetry
317:real-time
176:North Sea
4372:Twinjets
4316:EoN Eton
3982:Avro 707
3911:BAE Hawk
3888:Trainers
3689:fighters
3624:Fighters
3560:P.1233-1
3423:Concorde
3373:Trainers
3302:Hawk 200
3277:aircraft
2732:22 March
2706:22 March
2680:22 March
2654:22 March
2628:22 March
2602:22 March
2569:22 March
2540:22 March
2514:22 March
2483:22 March
2457:22 March
2431:22 March
2406:22 March
1923:26 March
1477:See also
1467:Ferranti
1455:Avionics
1379:Armament
1294:turbofan
853:Slovakia
831:Variants
710:the new
667:Iraq War
608:Gulf War
540:Atlantic
528:Skyflash
408:Skyflash
359:concrete
335:Skyflash
4308:Gliders
3992:BAe EAP
3816:Bombers
3805:(naval)
3570:Tempest
3565:Replica
3524:Taranis
3491:Phoenix
3418:BAe 146
3413:BAe 125
3386:Goshawk
3327:Typhoon
3317:Tornado
3292:Harrier
2181:(2): 8.
1262:Height:
1231:Length:
883:(RSAF).
734:, Italy
612:Dhahran
589:QinetiQ
498:in 1985
172:bombers
109:History
74:Retired
3746:Strike
3555:P.1216
3486:Mantis
3307:Jaguar
3199:
3180:
3161:
3142:
3123:
3106:
3081:
3062:
3043:
3026:
3016:
2993:
2976:
2955:
2934:
2924:
2901:
2882:
2859:
2840:
2821:
2802:
2776:1 July
2118:13 May
1894:
1438:Others
1417:ASRAAM
1046:
1004:
985:Novara
948:
651:Bosnia
532:AMRAAM
512:Soviet
436:ASRAAM
331:cannon
295:Warton
272:strike
169:Soviet
71:Status
3687:Naval
3550:P.125
3481:HERTI
3471:Demon
3466:Corax
2367:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
1472:radar
1225:Crew:
951:Italy
931:ZE887
912:ZE763
904:ZE982
841:ZH552
649:over
492:ZD906
488:ZD934
456:ALARM
207:radar
184:radar
3540:ATSF
3519:Fury
3476:GA22
3381:Hawk
3273:and
3197:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3104:ISSN
3079:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3041:ISBN
3024:ISSN
3014:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2974:ISSN
2953:ISSN
2932:ISSN
2922:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2880:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2778:2010
2734:2019
2708:2019
2682:2019
2656:2019
2630:2019
2604:2019
2571:2019
2542:2019
2516:2019
2485:2019
2459:2019
2433:2019
2408:2019
2120:2009
1925:2008
1892:ISSN
1387:Guns
1288:2 ×
968:Bari
910:and
797:2911
673:and
591:for
490:and
438:and
363:lead
361:and
343:drag
246:and
186:and
141:The
49:Type
3545:EAP
3408:ATP
1422:4×
1409:4×
914:of
906:of
847:at
843:of
619:IFF
449:IFF
147:ADV
104:194
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3022:.
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3008:.
2970:34
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2949:29
2947:.
2930:.
2918:13
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2302:^
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2179:83
2177:.
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2050:^
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1623:.
1440::
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