736:, where the flow through the metering orifice is sonic. For a given gas in choked flow, the mass flow rate may be controlled by setting the orifice size or the upstream pressure. To produce a choked flow in oxygen, the absolute pressure ratio of upstream and downstream gas must exceed 1.893 at 20 °C. At normal atmospheric pressure this requires an upstream pressure of more than 1.013 × 1.893 = 1.918 bar. A typical nominal regulated gauge pressure from a medical oxygen regulator is 3.4 bars (50 psi), for an absolute pressure of approximately 4.4 bar and a pressure ratio of about 4.4 without back pressure, so they will have choked flow in the metering orifices for a downstream (outlet) pressure of up to about 2.3 bar absolute. This type of regulator commonly uses a rotor plate with calibrated orifices and detents to hold it in place when the orifice corresponding to the desired flow rate is selected. This type of regulator may also have one or two uncalibrated takeoff connections from the intermediate pressure chamber with
574:
high pressure setting. These settings are usually 7 to 15 pounds per square inch (0.48 to 1.03 bar). Almost all home cooking units will employ a very simple single-stage pressure regulator. Older models will simply use a small weight on top of an opening that will be lifted by excessive pressure to allow excess steam to escape. Newer models usually incorporate a spring-loaded valve that lifts and allows pressure to escape as pressure in the vessel rises. Some pressure cookers will have a quick release setting on the pressure regulator valve that will, essentially, lower the spring tension to allow the pressure to escape at a quick, but still safe rate. Commercial kitchens also use pressure cookers, in some cases using oil based pressure cookers to quickly deep fry fast food. Pressure vessels of this sort can also be used as
762:
reduced through various stages to a usable pressure for industrial, commercial, and residential applications. There are three main pressure reduction locations in this distribution system. The first reduction is located at the city gate, whereas the transmission pressure is dropped to a distribution pressure to feed throughout the city. This is also the location where the odorless natural gas is odorized with mercaptan. The distribution pressure is further reduced at a district regulator station, located at various points in the city, to below 60 psig. The final cut would occur at the end users location. Generally, the end user reduction is taken to low pressures ranging from 0.25 psig to 5 psig. Some industrial applications can require a higher pressure.
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reduced, and downstream pressure will rise slightly to compensate. Thus, if the supply pressure falls, the outlet pressure will increase, provided the outlet pressure remains below the falling supply pressure. This is the cause of end-of-tank dump where the supply is provided by a pressurized gas tank. The operator can compensate for this effect by adjusting the spring load by turning the knob to restore outlet pressure to the desired level. With a single stage regulator, when the supply pressure gets low, the lower inlet pressure causes the outlet pressure to climb. If the diaphragm loading spring compression is not adjusted to compensate, the poppet can remain open and allow the tank to rapidly dump its remaining contents.
31:
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544:(tank) to match what is needed for the task. Often, when one large compressor is used to supply compressed air for multiple uses (often referred to as "shop air" if built as a permanent installation of pipes throughout a building), additional regulators will be used to ensure that each separate tool or function receives the pressure it needs. This is important because some air tools, or uses for compressed air, require pressures that may cause damage to other tools or materials.
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allows flow to the diaphragm and pressure in the upper chamber increases, until the diaphragm is pushed upward against the spring, causing the poppet to reduce flow, finally stopping further increase of pressure. By adjusting the top screw, the downward pressure on the diaphragm can be increased, requiring more pressure in the upper chamber to maintain equilibrium. In this way, the outlet pressure of the regulator is controlled.
825:, which is a back-pressure valve activated by the increase in pressure in the diver's helmet above ambient pressure caused by diver exhalation. The reclaim gas hose which carries the exhaled gas back to the surface for recycling must not be at too great a pressure difference from the ambient pressure at the diver. An additional back-pressure regulator in this line allows finer setting of the reclaim valve for lower
614:
controls the pressure reduction from the intermediate pressure to low pressure. The final flow rate may be adjusted at the torch. The regulator assembly usually has two pressure gauges, one indicating cylinder pressure, the other indicating delivery pressure. Inert gas shielded arc welding also uses gas stored at high pressure provided through a regulator. There may be a flow gauge calibrated to the specific gas.
174:
increases, then the regulator flow must increase in order to keep the controlled pressure from decreasing due to a shortage of fluid in the pressure system. It is desirable that the controlled pressure does not vary greatly from the set point for a wide range of flow rates, but it is also desirable that flow through the regulator is stable and the regulated pressure is not subject to excessive oscillation.
669:
intense pressure encountered at some campgrounds in mountainous areas may be enough to burst the camper's water pipes or unseat the plumbing joints, causing flooding. Pressure regulators for this purpose are typically sold as small screw-on accessories that fit inline with the hoses used to connect an RV to the water supply, which are almost always screw-thread-compatible with the common
521:
The gas emerges from the second stage at a pressure (working pressure) set by user by adjusting the pressure control knob at the diaphragm loading spring. Two stage regulators may have two safety valves, so that if there is any excess pressure between stages due to a leak at the first stage valve seat the rising pressure will not overload the structure and cause an explosion.
152:
actual mechanism may be very similar in all respects except the placing of the feedback pressure tap. As in other feedback control mechanisms, the level of damping is important to achieve a balance between fast response to a change in the measured pressure, and stability of output. Insufficient damping may lead to
630:
applications require the use of a regulator. Because pressures in propane tanks can fluctuate significantly with temperature, regulators must be present to deliver a steady pressure to downstream appliances. These regulators normally compensate for tank pressures between 30–200 pounds per square inch
151:
of the regulated pressure as input to the control mechanism, and are commonly actuated by a spring loaded diaphragm or piston reacting to changes in the feedback pressure to control the valve opening, and in both cases the valve should be opened only enough to maintain the set regulated pressure. The
761:
Pressure regulators are used extensively within the natural gas industry. Natural gas is compressed to high pressures in order to be distributed throughout the country through large transmission pipelines. The transmission pressure can be over 1,000 pounds per square inch (69 bar) and must be
503:
The outlet pressure on the diaphragm and the inlet pressure and poppet spring force on the upstream part of the valve hold the diaphragm/poppet assembly in the closed position against the force of the diaphragm loading spring. If the supply pressure falls, the closing force due to supply pressure is
543:
Air compressors are used in industrial, commercial, and home workshop environments to perform an assortment of jobs including blowing things clean; running air powered tools; and inflating things like tires, balls, etc. Regulators are often used to adjust the pressure coming out of an air receiver
594:
A water pressure regulating valve limits inflow by dynamically changing the valve opening so that when less pressure is on the outside, the valve opens up fully, and too much pressure on the outside causes the valve to shut. In a no pressure situation, where water could flow backwards, it won't be
520:
Two stage regulators are two regulators in series in the same housing that operate to reduce the pressure progressively in two steps instead of one. The first stage, which is preset, reduces the pressure of the supply gas to an intermediate stage; gas at that pressure passes into the second stage.
95:
that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor,
573:
will have a pressure regulator valve and a pressure relief valve as a safety mechanism to prevent explosion in the event that the pressure regulator valve fails to adequately release pressure. Some older models lack a safety release valve. Most home cooking models are built to maintain a low and
219:
In the pictured single-stage regulator, a force balance is used on the diaphragm to control a poppet valve in order to regulate pressure. With no inlet pressure, the spring above the diaphragm pushes it down on the poppet valve, holding it open. Once inlet pressure is introduced, the open poppet
668:
with plumbing, a pressure regulator is required to reduce the pressure of an external water supply connected to the vehicle plumbing, as the supply may be a much higher elevation than the campground, and water pressure depends on the height of the water column. Without a pressure regulator, the
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to those usable for cutting and welding. Oxygen and fuel gas regulators usually have two stages: The first stage of the regulator releases the gas at a constant pressure from the cylinder despite the pressure in the cylinder becoming less as the gas is released. The second stage of the regulator
752:
As the pressure in water pipes builds rapidly with depth, underground mining operations require a fairly complex water system with pressure reducing valves. These devices must be installed at a certain vertical interval, usually 600 feet (180 m). Without such valves, pipes could burst and
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0.4 pounds per square inch (28 mbar) for residential applications and 35 inches of water column 1.3 pounds per square inch (90 mbar) for industrial applications. Propane regulators differ in size and shape, delivery pressure and adjustability, but are uniform in their purpose to
142:
in that the over-pressure valve is only intended to open when the contained pressure is excessive, and it is not required to keep upstream pressure constant. They differ from pressure reducing regulators in that the pressure reducing regulator controls downstream pressure and is insensitive to
499:
High pressure gas from the supply enters the regulator through the inlet port. The inlet pressure gauge will indicate this pressure. The gas then passes through the normally open pressure control valve orifice and the downstream pressure rises until the valve actuating diaphragm is deflected
173:
A pressure reducing regulator's primary function is to match the flow of gas through the regulator to the demand for fluid placed upon it, whilst maintaining a sufficiently constant output pressure. If the load flow decreases, then the regulator flow must decrease as well. If the load flow
715:
injury to a person breathing it directly. A demand controlled regulator provides a flow of breathing gas at the ambient pressure (which varies by depth in the water). Pressure reducing regulators are also use to supply breathing gas to surface-supplied divers, and people who use
731:
Supplementary oxygen may also be dispensed through a regulator which both reduces the pressure, and supplies the gas at a metered flow rate, to be mixed with ambient air. One way of producing a constant mass flow at variable ambient pressure is to use a
524:
An unbalanced single stage regulator may need frequent adjustment. As the supply pressure falls, the outlet pressure may change, necessitating adjustment. In the two stage regulator, there is improved compensation for any drop in the supply pressure.
560:
Aerospace pressure regulators have applications in propulsion pressurant control for reaction control systems (RCS) and
Attitude Control Systems (ACS), where high vibration, large temperature extremes and corrosive fluids are present.
49:
Schematic diagram of pressure reducing regulator (A) and back-pressure regulator (B). The upper diagrams show the normal state for the valves, which is normally open for pressure reducers and normally closed for back-pressure valves.
720:(SCBA) for rescue and hazmat work on land. The interstage pressure for SCBA at normal atmospheric pressure can generally be left constant at a factory setting, but for surface supplied divers it is controlled by the
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upstream pressure. It is a normally-closed valve which may be installed in parallel with sensitive equipment or after the sensitive equipment to provide an obstruction to flow and thereby maintain upstream pressure.
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The measuring element functions to determine when the inlet flow is equal to the outlet flow. The diaphragm itself is often used as a measuring element; it can serve as a combined element.
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sufficiently to close the valve, preventing any more gas from entering the low pressure side until the pressure drops again. The outlet pressure gauge will indicate this pressure.
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exhaust system is too great, typically in saturation systems, a back-pressure regulator may be used to reduce the exhaust pressure drop to a safer and more manageable pressure.
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All vehicular motors that run on compressed gas as a fuel (internal combustion engine or fuel cell electric power train) require a pressure regulator to reduce the stored gas (
2373:
990:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program.
569:
Pressurized vessels can be used to cook food much more rapidly than at atmospheric pressure, as the higher pressure raises the boiling point of the contents. All modern
208:
The loading element is a part that can apply the needed force to the restricting element. This loading can be provided by a weight, a spring, a piston actuator, or the
1020:
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that reduces the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at its output. It is a normally-open valve and is installed upstream of pressure sensitive equipment.
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for high altitude flight in unpressurised aircraft and medical gases are also commonly dispensed through pressure reducing regulators from high-pressure storage.
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that maintains the set pressure at its inlet side by opening to allow flow when the inlet pressure exceeds the set value. It differs from an over-pressure
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Pressure regulators are found in aircraft cabin pressurization, canopy seal pressure control, potable water systems, and waveguide pressurization.
83:
Diagram symbols for pressure reduction and back pressure regulators. The conceptual difference is mainly in which side the feedback is taken from.
636:
deliver a constant outlet pressure for downstream requirements. Common international settings for domestic LP gas regulators are 28 mbar for
1147:
1002:
CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company
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They are used in applications where the water pressure is too high at the end of the line to avoid damage to appliances or pipes.
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Pressure regulator for domestic water supply. Outlet pressure is set with the blue handwheel and shown on the vertical scale.
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is generally at least 5 bar above surface atmospheric pressure, and the exhaust gas from the diver must pass through a
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711:. The tank may contain pressures in excess of 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar), which could cause a fatal
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processes require gases at specific pressures, and regulators will generally be used to reduce the high pressures of
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744:(PISS) yoke clamp. Similar mechanisms can be used for flow rate control for aviation and mountaineering regulators.
359:
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740:(DISS) or similar connectors to supply gas to other equipment, and the high pressure connection is commonly a
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Reduce the pressure difference over a component which is not tolerant of large pressure differences.
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879:"Pressure Regulator vs. Backpressure Regulator: When to use one or the other…and when to use both!"
30:
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The restricting element is a valve that can provide a variable restriction to the flow, such as a
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656:) pressure from 700, 500, 350 or 200 bar (or 70, 50, 35 and 20 MPa) to operating pressure.)
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1148:"A Lightweight, and Extremely Robust, Built In Breathing System for Hyperbaric Chambers"
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Two types are found: The pressure reduction regulator and the back-pressure regulator.
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Two-gauge pressure regulator connected to gas cylinder used for breathing gas supply
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1186:"Back Pressure Regulator vs Pressure Reducing Regulator: What's the Difference?"
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impeded. A water pressure regulating valve does not function as a check valve.
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of the controlled pressure, while excessive friction of moving parts may cause
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Production vessels (e.g., Separators, heater treaters or free water knockouts)
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907:"Definition of Back Pressure Regulator: What do back pressure regulators do?"
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841: – System for supply of breathing gas on demand within a confined space
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to sterilize small batches of equipment and in home canning operations.
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International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
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NOAA Diving
Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T (ed.).
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Maintain upstream pressure control in analytical or process systems
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Control valve that maintains the pressure of a fluid or gas
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631:(2.1–13.8 bar) and commonly deliver 11 inches
986:
NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for
Science and Technology
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pressure would be too great for equipment operation.
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Protect sensitive equipment from overpressure damage
1153:. Aberdeen, Scotland: C-Tecnics Ltd. Archived from
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1043:"14 CFR § 25.1439 - Protective breathing equipment"
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320:{\displaystyle F:{\text{ diaphragm spring force}}}
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419:{\displaystyle P_{o}:{\text{ outlet pressure}}}
349:{\displaystyle f:{\text{ poppet spring force}}}
384:{\displaystyle P_{i}:{\text{ inlet pressure}}}
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1069:"Oxygen conserving devices and methodologies"
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853: – Reuse of output to stabilize a system
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41:cylinders with two-stage pressure regulators
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476:{\displaystyle S:{\text{ diaphragm area}}}
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292:{\displaystyle F=(P_{i}-P_{o})s+P_{o}S+f}
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2384:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
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447:{\displaystyle s:{\text{ poppet area}}}
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212:actuator in combination with a spring.
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1232:"Gas reclaim back pressure regulator"
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1023:from the original on 19 February 2023
925:
2334:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1183:
24:
747:
718:self-contained breathing apparatus
703:Pressure regulators are used with
687:Self-contained breathing apparatus
538:
25:
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1654:Push-to-pull compression fittings
1302:
691:High altitude breathing apparatus
617:
1117:"Service Manual: Mini Regulator"
177:A pressure regulator includes a
1241:– via patents.google.com.
1211:"Divex back pressure regulator"
1079:(2). crd.sagepub.com: 109–114.
958:"Aerospace Pressure Regulators"
817:breathing mixtures are used in
528:
495:Single-stage pressure regulator
1013:"Aviation Supplemental Oxygen"
933:"Aircraft Pressure Regulators"
772:§ Back-pressure regulator
261:
235:
13:
1:
1067:Tiep, B.; Carter, R. (2008).
857:
801:Where the pressure drop on a
132:pressure sustaining regulator
66:5. Outlet port (low pressure)
63:4. Inlet port (high pressure)
2394:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
1945:Reduced pressure zone device
1336:
738:diameter index safety system
607:Oxy-fuel welding and cutting
555:
534:Pressure reducing regulators
516:Two-stage pressure regulator
314: diaphragm spring force
168:
147:Both types of regulator use
7:
2389:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
2108:Instant hot water dispenser
1910:Piping and plumbing fitting
1073:Chronic Respiratory Disease
847: – Flow control device
832:
547:
164:Pressure reducing regulator
105:pressure reducing regulator
96:controller and flow valve.
10:
2513:
1735:Backflow prevention device
1720:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1253:"Helmet gas reclaim valve"
1184:Port, Jeff (21 May 2019).
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1995:Thermostatic mixing valve
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839:Built-in breathing system
803:built-in breathing system
640:and 37 mbar for propane.
343: poppet spring force
128:pressure sustaining valve
54:1. Pressure setting screw
1725:Automatic bleeding valve
1364:Compatibility (chemical)
1086:10.1177/1479972308090691
813:The depth at which most
766:Back-pressure regulators
582:Water pressure reduction
1930:Pressure-balanced valve
1925:Pressure vacuum breaker
1634:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
1576:Drain-waste-vent system
1556:Chemical drain cleaners
819:surface-supplied diving
742:pin index safety system
120:back-pressure regulator
72:7. Valve crown and seat
18:Fuel pressure regulator
2451:Template:Public health
2123:water recycling shower
2093:Hot water storage tank
1424:Onsite sewage facility
1278:"Reclaim Basic Set Up"
809:Reclaim diving helmets
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508:Double stage regulator
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487:Single stage regulator
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420:
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350:
321:
293:
84:
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42:
2436:Fire sprinkler system
2145:Tankless water heater
2088:Garbage disposal unit
2073:Electric water boiler
1545:British Standard Pipe
698:
666:recreational vehicles
660:Recreational vehicles
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413: outlet pressure
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2135:Storage water heater
1704:Water heat recycling
1612:National Pipe Thread
1514:Water supply network
1160:on 25 September 2018
829:at variable depths.
757:Natural gas industry
726:Supplementary oxygen
677:Breathing gas supply
644:Gas powered vehicles
470: diaphragm area
459:
430:
395:
378: inlet pressure
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2466:Template:Wastewater
2324:Hydrostatic testing
1965:Rooftop water tower
1561:Compression fitting
1047:www.law.cornell.edu
1017:www.cfinotebook.net
797:Hyperbaric chambers
792:Vent or flare lines
602:Welding and cutting
179:restricting element
154:hunting oscillation
124:back-pressure valve
2420:Waterborne disease
2319:Hydronic balancing
2078:Evaporative cooler
2043:Accessible bathtub
1940:Radiator (heating)
1920:Pressure regulator
1815:Double check valve
1790:Concentric reducer
1591:Garden Hose Thread
1484:Thermal insulation
1354:Air gap (plumbing)
722:gas panel operator
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89:pressure regulator
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2456:Template:Sewerage
2403:Health and safety
2379:NSF International
2189:Specialized tools
2068:Drinking fountain
2035:Plumbing fixtures
1915:Plug (sanitation)
1900:Nipple (plumbing)
1820:Eccentric reducer
1800:Coupling (piping)
1765:Chemigation valve
1618:Nominal Pipe Size
1581:Ductile iron pipe
1479:Thermal expansion
997:978-0-941332-70-5
911:www.equilibar.com
851:Negative feedback
827:work of breathing
611:storage cylinders
471:
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441: poppet area
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187:measuring element
16:(Redirected from
2504:
2461:Template:Toilets
2226:Flare-nut wrench
1985:Submersible pump
1810:Dielectric union
1730:Automatic faucet
1689:Thread seal tape
1649:Plastic pipework
1409:Hydrostatic loop
1374:Drain (plumbing)
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2165:Water dispenser
2155:Washing machine
2029:
1855:Flushing trough
1805:Diaphragm valve
1795:Condensate pump
1775:Circulator pump
1755:Butterfly valve
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1679:Solvent welding
1571:Crimp (joining)
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1494:Trap (plumbing)
1469:Surface tension
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199:butterfly valve
183:loading element
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2329:Leak detection
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2180:Water softener
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2010:Vacuum ejector
2007:
2005:Vacuum breaker
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1303:External links
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107:is a control
106:
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69:6. Valve body
68:
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62:
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53:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2339:Pipe marking
2312:and services
2308:Professions,
2256:Strap wrench
2196:Basin wrench
2175:Water heater
2170:Water filter
2083:Flush toilet
2058:Dehumidifier
2000:Trench drain
1980:Street elbow
1970:Safety valve
1955:Relief valve
1919:
1895:Needle valve
1880:Grinder pump
1850:Flow limiter
1835:Float switch
1770:Chopper pump
1750:Booster pump
1699:Tube bending
1644:Pipe support
1509:Water hammer
1489:Thermosiphon
1419:Neutral axis
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1164:25 September
1162:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1111:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1016:
1007:
985:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
914:. Retrieved
910:
886:. Retrieved
882:
812:
800:
760:
751:
730:
709:Scuba diving
702:
663:
647:
633:water column
621:
605:
597:
593:
568:
559:
551:
542:
529:Applications
523:
519:
502:
498:
328:
218:
203:poppet valve
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
146:
140:relief valve
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
104:
98:
88:
86:
2284:Flow sensor
2272:and control
2270:Measurement
2261:Tap and die
2236:Pipe wrench
2221:Driving cap
2113:Laundry tub
1990:Tap (valve)
1975:Sewage pump
1960:Riser clamp
1905:Pinch valve
1875:Grease trap
1870:Globe valve
1860:Flushometer
1845:Floor drain
1840:Float valve
1760:Check valve
1745:Bleed screw
1519:Water table
1459:Storm sewer
1345:Fundamental
734:choked flow
671:garden hose
195:globe valve
60:3. Actuator
2497:Pneumatics
2492:Hydraulics
2481:Categories
2344:Pipefitter
2231:Pipecutter
2211:Core drill
2098:Humidifier
2063:Dishwasher
2025:Zone valve
2020:Water tank
1865:Gate valve
1740:Ball valve
1713:Components
1533:Technology
1504:Wastewater
1464:Stormwater
858:References
770:See also:
713:barotrauma
576:autoclaves
158:hysteresis
2363:Industry
2349:Pipelayer
2206:Borescope
2201:Blowtorch
2140:Sump pump
1674:Soldering
1639:Pipe dope
1602:Hydronics
1474:Tap water
1439:Sewer gas
1404:Heat trap
1399:Greywater
1369:Corrosion
556:Aerospace
249:−
210:diaphragm
169:Operation
57:2. Spring
2429:See also
2415:Scalding
2103:Icemaker
1890:Manifold
1449:Sewerage
1429:Pressure
1384:Fuel gas
1359:Backflow
1347:concepts
1338:Plumbing
1290:10 March
1262:19 March
1237:19 March
1216:19 March
1195:19 March
1129:9 August
1095:18539725
1052:2 August
1021:Archived
967:19 March
942:19 March
916:19 March
888:19 March
833:See also
654:Hydrogen
548:Aircraft
185:, and a
149:feedback
39:MAPP gas
2354:Plumber
2310:trades,
2251:Plunger
2160:Washlet
2048:Bathtub
1950:Reducer
1780:Cistern
1684:Swaging
1664:Sealant
1540:Brazing
1103:6141420
1027:12 July
624:propane
565:Cooking
2441:Piping
2150:Urinal
2118:Shower
1624:O-ring
1597:Gasket
1454:Siphon
1444:Sewage
1101:
1093:
994:
815:heliox
689:, and
638:butane
628:LP gas
205:, etc.
35:Oxygen
2053:Bidet
2015:Valve
1659:Putty
1629:Oakum
1620:(NPS)
1614:(NPT)
1593:(GHT)
1547:(BSP)
1281:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1151:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
1099:S2CID
134:is a
109:valve
93:valve
91:is a
2130:Sink
1935:Pump
1524:Well
1414:Leak
1292:2020
1264:2020
1239:2020
1218:2020
1197:2020
1166:2018
1131:2023
1091:PMID
1054:2023
1029:2023
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