34:
123:
1051:
589:
Fuel gas is widely used by industrial, commercial and domestic users. Industry uses fuel gas for heating furnaces, kilns, boilers and ovens and for space heating and drying . The electricity industry uses fuel gas to power gas turbines to generate electricity. The specification of fuel gas for gas
557:
The calorific value of manufactured gas is around 500 Btu per cubic foot (18,629 kJ/m). Whereas, the calorific value of natural gas is twice that at around 1000 Btu per cubic foot (37,259 kJ/m). For a given amount of heat only half the volume of natural gas is required.
388:
Natural gas is produced with water and gas condensate. These liquids have to be removed before the gas can be used as fuel. Even after treatment the gas will be saturated and liable to condense as liquid in the pipework. This can be reduced by superheating the fuel gas.
536:(ICF) – an empirical index that relates the composition of a gas to its tendency to burn incompletely in a gas appliance. Dutton defined the ICF as: ICF = 0.64 × (W − 50.73 + 0.03 × PN) where W is the Wobbe index, MJ/m; PN is the volumetric percentage of C
102:). While their gaseous nature has advantages, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it also has limitations. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and cause a
260:, became the dominant source of fuel gas, as instead of having to be manufactured in various processes, it could be extracted from deposits in the earth. Natural gas may be combined with hydrogen to form a mixture known as
130:
There are two broad classes of fuel gases, based not on their chemical composition, but their source and the way they are produced: those found naturally, and those manufactured from other materials.
599:
On an industrial plant fuel gas may be used to purge pipework and vessels to prevent the ingress of air. Any fuel gas surplus to needs may be disposed of by burning in the plant
596:
Currently, fuel gases, especially syngas, are used heavily for the production of ammonia for fertilizers and for the preparation of many detergents and specialty chemicals.
144:
Manufactured fuel gases are those produced by chemical transformations of solids, liquids, or other gases. When obtained from solids, the conversion is referred to as
606:
For users that burn gas directly fuel gas is supplied at a pressure of about 15 psi (1 barg). Gas turbines need a supply pressure of 250-350 psi (17-24 barg).
754:
628:
593:
Fuel gas in the commercial sector is used for heating, cooking, baking and drying, and in the domestic sector for heating and cooking.
554:(SI) – an empirical index that relates the composition of a gas to its tendency to produce soot during combustion in a gas appliance.
1199:
829:
645:
688:
875:
401:, Wobbe index, dewpoint, etc. The following specification is for the British National Transmission System.
856:
139:
780:"Experimental Study of the Influence of Natural Gas Constituents on CO Emission from Chinese Gas Cooker"
1194:
955:
590:
turbines may be quite stringent. Fuel gas may also be used as a feedstock for chemical processes.
1002:
286:
99:
626:
Hiller, Heinz; Reimert, Rainer; Stönner, Hans-Martin (2011). "Gas
Production, 1. Introduction".
1090:
985:
980:
965:
822:
990:
975:
737:
446:
91:
8:
1204:
1095:
397:
In addition to chemical composition fuel gas may need to comply with parameters such as
292:
The composition of natural gas varies widely, but the table shows a typical composition.
1105:
1065:
418:
238:. These must be removed and a substantial amount of plant may be required to do this.
1189:
887:
870:
815:
684:
641:
211:
791:
633:
586:, camping stoves, and even to power vehicles, as they have a high calorific value.
235:
637:
960:
398:
224:
110:
are added to most fuel gases. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is
72:
922:
367:
1050:
1183:
1121:
579:
103:
33:
1146:
1131:
917:
902:
897:
567:
230:
The coal gas made by the pyrolysis of coal contains impurities such a tar,
220:
174:
145:
122:
1168:
1163:
1070:
947:
912:
428:
253:
247:
187:
178:
169:
111:
83:
56:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1075:
796:
779:
583:
575:
571:
87:
38:
574:
and the illumination of buildings in towns. Fuel gas was also used in
1158:
1080:
932:
600:
268:
165:
755:"Material comparators for end-of-waste decisions Fuels: natural gas"
721:
1100:
1085:
1036:
937:
907:
892:
865:
357:
216:
192:
159:
149:
107:
68:
27:
20:
1020:
1010:
329:
309:
275:
257:
231:
200:
95:
64:
60:
1015:
927:
882:
377:
339:
319:
280:
205:
183:
177:, largely obsolete, obtained by passing steam and air over hot
79:
that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes.
76:
970:
807:
261:
196:
48:
52:
683:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–18, 182.
168:, largely obsolete, obtained by passing steam over hot
625:
241:
267:Additional fuel gases obtained from natural gas or
16:Fuels which under ordinary conditions, are gaseous
186:, major current technology, obtained mainly from
75:, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of
1181:
708:. London: Frederick Muller Limited. p. 14.
629:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
823:
722:Gas Processors Suppliers Association (2004).
660:
126:19th-century style gas lights in New Orleans
665:. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 6, 11–35.
570:, which enabled the widespread adoption of
830:
816:
738:"Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996"
582:used in laboratories. It may also be used
795:
621:
619:
678:
133:
121:
32:
703:
199:, once was popular and of relevance to
94:for storage or transport (for example,
1182:
616:
811:
681:A history of the British gas industry
777:
749:
747:
717:
715:
674:
672:
117:
561:
51:that under ordinary conditions are
13:
464:Total sulphur content (including H
55:. Most fuel gases are composed of
14:
1216:
744:
712:
669:
242:Well or mine extracted fuel gases
162:, obtained from pyrolysis of coal
155:Manufactured fuel gases include:
1049:
392:
548:in a three-component mixture.
148:and the facility is known as a
90:, although some fuel gases are
771:
730:
697:
654:
516:Incomplete combustion factor*
1:
876:Underground coal gasification
726:. Tulsa: GPSA. pp. 18–9.
638:10.1002/14356007.a12_169.pub3
609:
566:One of the earliest uses was
837:
534:Incomplete Combustion Factor
82:Fuel gas is contrasted with
7:
1200:Synthetic fuel technologies
456:Hydrogen sulphide content*
296:Composition of natural gas
140:History of manufactured gas
10:
1221:
410:Content or characteristic
405:Specification of fuel gas
245:
137:
25:
18:
1114:
1058:
1047:
1029:
1001:
946:
852:
845:
704:Cassidy, Richard (1979).
679:Williams, Trevor (1981).
661:Scott Wilson, D. (1969).
208:, obtained from landfills
256:, composed primarily of
19:Not to be confused with
663:The Modern Gas Industry
492:Carbon dioxide content
287:liquefied petroleum gas
195:, obtained mainly from
100:liquified petroleum gas
1091:Natural-gas processing
127:
47:is one of a number of
41:
853:Manufactured fuel gas
724:Engineering Data Book
419:Gross calorific value
252:In the 20th century,
134:Manufactured fuel gas
125:
36:
578:, in particular the
447:Hydrocarbon dewpoint
441:<-10 °C @ 85barg
1096:Natural gas storage
706:Gas: Natural Energy
406:
349:Other hydrocarbons
297:
106:. For this reason,
37:Blue flame of fuel
1106:Pipeline transport
1066:Compressor station
797:10.3390/en12203997
476:Hydrogen content*
433:47.2 – 51.41 MJ/m
404:
295:
128:
42:
1177:
1176:
1045:
1044:
888:Blast furnace gas
871:Coal gasification
531:
530:
503:<5.0% (molar)
500:Nitrogen content
423:37.0 – 44.5 MJ/m
386:
385:
212:Blast furnace gas
118:Types of fuel gas
1212:
1195:Industrial gases
1053:
850:
849:
832:
825:
818:
809:
808:
802:
801:
799:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:
751:
742:
741:
734:
728:
727:
719:
710:
709:
701:
695:
694:
676:
667:
666:
658:
652:
651:
623:
562:Uses of fuel gas
484:Oxygen content*
407:
403:
298:
294:
236:hydrogen sulfide
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1110:
1054:
1041:
1025:
997:
942:
854:
841:
836:
806:
805:
776:
772:
762:
760:
757:
753:
752:
745:
736:
735:
731:
720:
713:
702:
698:
691:
677:
670:
659:
655:
648:
624:
617:
612:
564:
547:
543:
539:
467:
438:Water dewpoint
399:calorific value
395:
250:
244:
225:Steam reforming
142:
136:
120:
73:carbon monoxide
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1059:Infrastructure
1056:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
994:
993:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
923:Regasification
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
873:
862:
860:
847:
843:
842:
835:
834:
827:
820:
812:
804:
803:
770:
743:
729:
711:
696:
689:
668:
653:
647:978-3527306732
646:
614:
613:
611:
608:
563:
560:
545:
541:
537:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
496:
495:≤2.0% (molar)
493:
489:
488:
487:≤0.2% (molar)
485:
481:
480:
479:≤0.1% (molar)
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
461:
460:
457:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
394:
391:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
368:Carbon dioxide
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
304:Volume %
302:
290:
289:
283:
278:
243:
240:
228:
227:
214:
209:
203:
190:
181:
172:
163:
135:
132:
119:
116:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1217:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Bunsen burner
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
949:
945:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
863:
861:
858:
851:
848:
844:
840:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
813:
810:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:Duan (2019).
774:
756:
750:
748:
739:
733:
725:
718:
716:
707:
700:
692:
686:
682:
675:
673:
664:
657:
649:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
622:
620:
615:
607:
604:
602:
597:
594:
591:
587:
585:
581:
580:Bunsen burner
577:
573:
569:
559:
555:
553:
549:
535:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:Total inerts
507:
506:
502:
499:
498:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
463:
462:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
429:Wobbe number*
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
402:
400:
393:Specification
390:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:
343:
341:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
321:
318:
317:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
293:
288:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
249:
239:
237:
233:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
207:
204:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
151:
147:
141:
131:
124:
115:
113:
109:
105:
104:gas explosion
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
29:
22:
1147:Gas lighting
1132:Gas cylinder
918:Producer gas
903:Landfill gas
898:Gasification
838:
790:(20): 3997.
787:
783:
773:
761:. Retrieved
732:
723:
705:
699:
680:
662:
656:
627:
605:
598:
595:
592:
588:
568:gas lighting
565:
556:
551:
550:
533:
532:
524:Soot index*
396:
387:
291:
266:
251:
229:
221:Electrolysis
175:Producer gas
154:
146:gasification
143:
129:
84:liquid fuels
81:
57:hydrocarbons
44:
43:
1169:Pilot light
1164:Gas turbine
1071:Gas carrier
948:Natural gas
913:Pintsch gas
763:15 November
584:gas heaters
576:gas burners
572:streetlamps
285:Regasified
254:natural gas
248:fossil fuel
188:natural gas
112:natural gas
88:solid fuels
39:gas burners
1205:Combustion
1184:Categories
1152:Gas mantle
1142:Gas heater
1137:Gas engine
1127:Gas burner
1076:Gas holder
690:0198581572
610:References
552:Soot Index
451:<-2 °C
301:Component
246:See also:
138:See also:
1159:Gas stove
1081:Gas meter
933:Water gas
601:gas flare
511:<7.0%
471:≤50 mg/m
269:petroleum
166:Water gas
108:odorizers
92:liquefied
59:(such as
1190:Fuel gas
1101:Odorizer
1086:Gasworks
1037:Hydrogen
938:Wood gas
908:Mond gas
893:Blau gas
866:Coal gas
839:Fuel gas
784:Energies
603:system.
459:≤5 mg/m
358:Nitrogen
217:Hydrogen
201:biofuels
193:Wood gas
160:Coal gas
150:gasworks
69:hydrogen
45:Fuel gas
28:fuel oil
26:Compare
21:gasoline
1021:Propane
1011:Autogas
991:Bio-SNG
857:History
330:Propane
310:Methane
276:Propane
258:methane
232:ammonia
96:autogas
65:propane
61:methane
53:gaseous
1016:Butane
928:Syngas
883:Biogas
687:
644:
544:plus N
527:≤0.60
519:≤0.48
413:Value
378:Helium
340:Butane
320:Ethane
314:93.63
281:Butane
206:Biogas
184:Syngas
77:energy
1030:Other
846:Types
758:(PDF)
382:0.05
372:0.13
362:1.78
352:0.20
344:0.27
334:0.69
324:3.25
219:from
49:fuels
1115:Uses
971:HCNG
765:2023
685:ISBN
642:ISBN
468:S)*
262:HCNG
234:and
197:wood
179:coke
170:coke
98:and
86:and
63:and
1003:LPG
986:SNG
981:NGC
976:LNG
966:CNG
961:CBM
956:APG
792:doi
634:doi
223:or
67:),
1186::
788:12
786:.
782:.
746:^
714:^
671:^
640:.
632:.
618:^
271::
264:.
152:.
114:.
71:,
859:)
855:(
831:e
824:t
817:v
800:.
794::
767:.
740:.
693:.
650:.
636::
546:2
542:8
540:H
538:3
466:2
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
