Fuel cell vehicle - Knowledge

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efficient way to convert energy to mobility is electricity." He elaborated: "Hydrogen mobility only makes sense if you use green energy", but ... you need to convert it first into hydrogen "with low efficiencies" where "you lose about 40 percent of the initial energy". You then must compress the hydrogen and store it under high pressure in tanks, which uses more energy. "And then you have to convert the hydrogen back to electricity in a fuel cell with another efficiency loss". Krebs continued: "in the end, from your original 100 percent of electric energy, you end up with 30 to 40 percent."

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cool it down to the liquid state or to put it into tanks under high pressure, and delivering the hydrogen to fueling stations requires more energy and may release more carbon. The hydrogen needed to move a FCV a kilometer costs approximately eight times as much as the electricity needed to move a BEV the same distance. Also in 2019, Katsushi Inoue, the president of Honda Europe, stated, "Our focus is on hybrid and electric vehicles now. Maybe hydrogen fuel cell cars will come, but that's a technology for the next era."

1136:'s Fuel Cell Technologies Program claims that, as of 2011, fuel cells achieved a 42 to 53% fuel cell electric vehicle efficiency at full power, and a durability of over 75,000 miles with less than 10% voltage degradation, double that achieved in 2006. In 2012, Lux Research, Inc. issued a report that concluded that "Capital cost ... will limit adoption to a mere 5.9 GW" by 2030, providing "a nearly insurmountable barrier to adoption, except in niche applications". Lux's analysis concluded that by 2030, PEM 5566: 656: 27: 862:

fuel cell and flew for 23 hours and 17 minutes. Boeing is completing tests on the Phantom Eye, a high-altitude, long endurance (HALE) to be used to conduct research and surveillance flying at 20,000 m (65,000 ft) for up to four days at a time. Fuel cells are also being used to provide auxiliary power for aircraft, replacing fossil fuel generators that were previously used to start the engines and power on board electrical needs. Fuel cells can help airplanes reduce CO

988: 1059: 885: 260: 1132:(DOE) estimated that the cost of automobile fuel cells had fallen 80% since 2002 and that such fuel cells could potentially be manufactured for $ 51/kW, assuming high-volume manufacturing cost savings. Fuel cell electric vehicles have been produced with "a driving range of more than 250 miles between refueling". They can be refueled in less than 5 minutes. Deployed fuel cell buses have a 40% higher fuel economy than diesel buses. 773: 368: 352: 329:. However, the closure of the Apollo Program sent many industry experts to private companies. By the 1990s, automobile manufacturers were interested in fuel cell applications, and demonstration vehicles were readied. In 2001, the first 700 Bar (10000 PSI) hydrogen tanks were demonstrated, reducing the size of the fuel tanks that could be used in vehicles and extending the range. 919:. Each Type 212 contains nine PEM fuel cells, spread throughout the ship, providing between 30 kW and 50 kW each of electrical power. This allows the Type 212 to remain submerged longer and makes them more difficult to detect. Fuel cell powered submarines are also easier to design, manufacture, and maintain than nuclear-powered submarines. 637:. Nissan claims this technical approach would be cheaper, and that it would be easier to deploy the fueling infrastructure than a hydrogen infrastructure. The vehicle would include a tank holding a blend of water and ethanol, which is fed into an onboard reformer that splits it into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The hydrogen is then fed into a 1012:(TTSI), Toyota Logistics Services (TLS), UPS, and Southern Counties Express (SCE) operated a 12-month "Shore-to-Store (S2S) project" running hydrogen fuel cell trucks on trips from Los Angeles area ports. The Kenworth T680 hydrogen prototype used in Los Angeles and Long Beach was unveiled in 2018 and also tested in the Seattle area. 796:(Emission Neutral Vehicle). It holds enough fuel to run for four hours, and to travel 160 km (100 mi) in an urban area, at a top speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). There are other examples of bikes and bicycles with a hydrogen fuel cell engine. The Suzuki Burgman received "whole vehicle type" approval in the EU. The 954:(CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell-powered tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. 83 miles of tracks for the new vehicle were built in seven Chinese cities. China had plans to spend 200 billion yuan ($ 32 billion) over the next five years to increase tram tracks to more than 1,200 miles. 1318:, listed the continuing disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell cars and concluded that "by about 2008, it was very clear that hydrogen was and would be inferior to battery technology as a storage of energy for vehicles. y 2025 the last hold outs should likely be retiring their fuel cell dreams.” A 2019 video by 1291:

In 2014, electric automotive and energy futurist Julian Cox wrote that producing hydrogen from methane "is significantly more carbon intensive per unit of energy than coal. Mistaking fossil hydrogen from the hydraulic fracturing of shales for an environmentally sustainable energy pathway threatens to

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In 2003, US President George Bush proposed the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI). The HFI aimed to further develop hydrogen fuel cells and infrastructure technologies to accelerate the commercial introduction of fuel cell vehicles. By 2008, the U.S. had contributed 1 billion dollars to this project. In

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Japan got its first commercial hydrogen fueling station in 2014. By March 2016, Japan had 80 hydrogen fueling stations, and the Japanese government aims to double this number to 160 by 2020. In May 2017, there were 91 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan. Germany had 18 public hydrogen fueling stations

965:, a regional train powered by hydrogen fuel cells. It was designed to reach 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph) and travel 600–800 kilometres (370–500 mi) on a full tank of hydrogen. The train entered service in Germany in 2018 and is expected to be tested in the Netherlands beginning in 2019. 439:

In 2015, Toyota announced that it would offer all 5,680 patents related to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell charging station technology, which it has been researching for over 20 years, to its competitors free of charge in order to stimulate the market for hydrogen-powered vehicles.

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In 2006, Ulf Bossel stated that the large amount of energy required to isolate hydrogen from natural compounds (water, natural gas, biomass), package the light gas by compression or liquefaction, transfer the energy carrier to the user, plus the energy lost when it is converted to useful electricity

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used in gasoline production, chief amongst its industrial uses, was responsible for approximately 10% of fleet wide greenhouse gas emissions. A vehicle fueled with pure hydrogen emits few pollutants at the tailpipe, producing mainly water and heat, along with trace amounts of NOx, SOx, NO2, SO2, CO,

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granted $ 18.7M for hydrogen fueling stations. In 2013, Governor Brown signed AB 8, a bill to fund $ 20 million a year for 10 years for up to 100 stations. In 2013, the US DOE announced up to $ 4 million planned for "continued development of advanced hydrogen storage systems". On May 13, 2013, the

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wrote that fuel cells "are not as efficient as batteries, due primarily to the inefficiency of the oxygen reduction reaction. ... hey make the most sense for operation disconnected from the grid, or when fuel can be provided continuously. For applications that require frequent and relatively rapid

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from a wall socket". A 2010 well-to-wheels analysis of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles report from Argonne National Laboratory states that renewable H2 pathways offer much larger green house gas benefits. This result has recently been confirmed. In 2010, a US DOE well-to-wheels publication assumed that

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instead, as these were cheaper to operate and purchase. However, battery electric buses lacked range compared to diesel buses, take time to charge (often overnight, compared with hydrogen fuel cell buses, which can be refilled quickly) and have reduced energy storage in cold weather. Some companies

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All fuel cells are made up of three parts: an electrolyte, an anode and a cathode. In principle, a hydrogen fuel cell functions like a battery, producing electricity, which can run an electric motor. Instead of requiring recharging, however, the fuel cell can be refilled with hydrogen. Different

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space program; another increase in the 80s was driven by research for automobiles. This was followed by a surge in filings from 2000 to 2005 by inventors in Japan, US and South Korea. Since then, China has dominated patent fillings in the field, with a smaller number in Japan, Germany, South Korea

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noted that using hydrogen as a fuel for cars does not help to reduce carbon emissions from transportation. The 95% of hydrogen still produced from fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, and producing hydrogen from water is an energy-consuming process. Storing hydrogen requires more energy either to

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stated in 2013 that "there are still cost-prohibitive obstacles relating to transportation, storage, and, most importantly, production." Volkswagen's Rudolf Krebs said in 2013 that "no matter how excellent you make the cars themselves, the laws of physics hinder their overall efficiency. The most

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started to manufacture hydrogen powered 34-ton cargo trucks under the model name XCIENT, making an initial shipment of 10 of the vehicles to Switzerland. They are able to travel 400 kilometres (250 mi) on a full tank and take 8 to 20 minutes to fill up. In 2022, Total Transportation Services

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used an AFC system with 6.5 kW net output. For each liter of fuel consumed, the average outboard motor produces 140 times less the hydrocarbons produced by the average modern car. Fuel cell engines have higher energy efficiencies than combustion engines, and therefore offer better range and

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fuel cell UAV set the record distance flown by a small UAV in 2007. The military is especially interested in this application because of the low noise, low thermal signature and ability to attain high altitude. In 2009, the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL's) Ion Tiger utilized a hydrogen-powered

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By 2017, Daimler phased out its FCEV development, citing declining battery costs and increasing range of EVs, and most of the automobile companies developing hydrogen cars had switched their focus to battery electric vehicles. By 2020, only three car makers were still manufacturing, or had active

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magazine cites relatively fast refueling times compared with electric truck charging times and the current limitations of the energy density of batteries, but they note that "operating constraints" include the "high amount of CO2 emissions hydrogen production", the lack of storage and refueling

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Almost 80% of the patents in the area of fuel cells for transportation were filed by car companies. Academia is collaborating actively with the industry. Although filings related to road vehicles such as cars and trucks dominate, inventions in other areas like shipping, aviation, rail and other

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for wheeled vehicles, specifically regarding hydrogen usage, there are international standards which define aspects of engineering and overall integrity, performance, safety, part lifecycle, and various other categories. One notable area of these regulations is regarding the compressed hydrogen

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hybrid system to power an electric motor, which was coupled to a conventional propeller. In 2003, the world's first propeller driven airplane to be powered entirely by a fuel cell was flown. The fuel cell was a unique FlatStack stack design which allowed the fuel cell to be integrated with the

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PEM fuel-cell-powered forklifts provide significant benefits over petroleum powered forklifts as they produce no local emissions. Fuel-cell forklifts can work for a full 8-hour shift on a single tank of hydrogen, can be refueled in 3 minutes and have a lifetime of 8–10 years. Fuel cell-powered

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found that the best hydrogen fuel cell vehicles consume "more than three times more electricity per mile than an electric vehicle ... generate more greenhouse-gas emissions than other powertrain technologies ... very high fuel costs. ... Considering all the obstacles and requirements for new

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encourage energy policies that will dilute and potentially derail global efforts to head-off climate change due to the risk of diverting investment and focus from vehicle technologies that are economically compatible with renewable energy." In 2014, former Dept. of Energy official

1111:, asserted that hydrogen vehicles "will not be practical over the next 10 to 20 years". In 2012, however, Chu stated that he saw fuel cell cars as more economically feasible as natural gas prices had fallen and hydrogen reforming technologies had improved. In June 2013, the 1249:

reported that "experts say it will be 40 years or more before hydrogen has any meaningful impact on gasoline consumption or global warming, and we can't afford to wait that long. In the meantime, fuel cells are diverting resources from more immediate solutions." In 2008,

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lawsuit in California over the lack of availability of hydrogen available for fuel cell electric cars, alleging, among other things, fraudulent concealment and misrepresentation as well as violations of California’s false advertising law and breaches of implied warranty.

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1334:, and delivering hydrogen would require building a vast and expensive new infrastructure, the remaining two "advantages of fuel cell vehicles – longer range and fast fueling times – are rapidly being eroded by improving battery and charging technology." A 2022 study in 1168:

which consume much less energy. Usually a fuel cell car consumes 2.4 times more energy than a battery electric car, because electrolysis and storage of hydrogen is much less efficient than using electricity to directly load a battery. In addition, a 2023 study by the

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asked in November 2009, "hy would you want to store energy in the form of hydrogen and then use that hydrogen to produce electricity for a motor, when electrical energy is already waiting to be sucked out of sockets all over America and stored in auto batteries...?"

275:, a chemist, lawyer, and physicist. Grove's experiments with what he called a "gas voltaic battery" proved in 1842 that an electric current could be produced by an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen over a platinum catalyst. English engineer 140:, especially in indoor applications where their clean emissions are important to air quality, and in space applications. Fuel cells are being developed and tested in trucks, buses, boats, ships, motorcycles and bicycles, among other kinds of vehicles. 322:, a range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph. There were only two seats, as the fuel cell stack and large tanks of hydrogen and oxygen took up the rear portion of the van. Only one was built, as the project was deemed cost-prohibitive. 3411: 452:(MPGe), and 68 MPGe in city driving. In 2019, Katsushi Inoue, the president of Honda Europe, stated, "Our focus is on hybrid and electric vehicles now. Maybe hydrogen fuel cell cars will come, but that's a technology for the next era." 435:

estimated that Toyota initially would lose about $ 100,000 on each Mirai sold. As of December 2017, global sales totaled 5,300 Mirais. The top selling markets were the U.S. with 2,900 units, Japan with 2,100 and Europe with 200.

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As of 2009, motor vehicles used most of the petroleum consumed in the U.S. and produced over 60% of the carbon monoxide emissions and about 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, however production of hydrogen for

1373:, a major aircraft manufacturer, has increased its patenting activity in the area since 2019. The number of fuel cell patents for shipping applications is comparable in size to the one for aviation and similarly slow in growth. 1225:

concluded that, even assuming local hydrogen production, "investing in all-electric battery vehicles is a more economical choice for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, primarily due to their lower cost and significantly higher

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As of September 2023, hydrogen cost $ 36 per kilogram at public charging stations in California, 14 times as much per mile for a Mirai as compared with a Tesla Model 3. The average price in Germany in 2023 is 12.5 euro per kg.

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Hydrogen fuel cell buses have historically been significantly more expensive to purchase and operate than diesel, hybrid or electric buses. In recent years, costs have been reduced to levels comparable with diesel buses.

1198:'This means that only a quarter of the initially available energy reaches the electric motor' ... Such losses in conversion don't stack up well against, for instance, recharging an electric vehicle (EV) like the 765:(2012). As of 2024, approximately 50,000 hydrogen forklifts are in operation worldwide (the bulk of which are in the U.S.), as compared with 1.2 million battery electric forklifts that were purchased in 2021. 4059: 447:

was produced from 2016 to 2021. The 2017 Clarity had the highest combined and city fuel economy ratings among all hydrogen fuel cell cars rated by the EPA that year, with a combined city/highway rating of 67

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infrastructure (estimated to cost as much as $ 400 billion), fuel-cell vehicles seem likely to be a niche technology at best, with little impact on U.S. oil consumption. In 2017, Michael Barnard, writing in

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and discontinued by 2015. From 2008 to 2014, Honda leased a total of 45 FCX units in the US. Over 20 other FCEV prototypes and demonstration cars were released in that time period, including the

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for automobiles publicly available in the U.S. Critics doubt whether hydrogen will be efficient or cost-effective for automobiles, as compared with other zero-emission technologies, and in 2019,

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As of December 2020, 31,225 passenger FCEVs powered with hydrogen had been sold worldwide. As of 2021, there were only two models of fuel cell cars publicly available in select markets: the

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A variety of bus manufacturers are currently producing hydrogen fuel cell buses. Bus manufacturers usually work with a provider of hydrogen fuel cells to power the bus, such as

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established the world's first fuel cell vehicle dealer network in 2008, and at the time was the only company able to lease hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to private customers. The

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General Electric and others continued working on PEM fuel cells in the 1970s. Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to space applications in the 1980s, including the

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forklifts are often used in refrigerated warehouses as their performance is not degraded by lower temperatures. In design the FC units are often made as drop-in replacements.

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Eberle and Rittmar von Helmolt stated in 2010 that challenges remain before fuel cell cars can become competitive with other technologies and cite the lack of an extensive

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hydrocarbons and particulates; the production of the hydrogen generally creates pollutants, except for the small amount that is made using only renewable energy.

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to customers began in Japan in December 2014. Most of the initial customers were expected to be governments and corporations, not individuals. Pricing started at

4251: 3320: 1810: 2573: 1701: 167:, claimed to be the world's first mass-produced fuel cell electric vehicle, which was subsequently introduced to the market as a lease-only vehicle. In 2014, 1326:

Assessments since 2020 have concluded that hydrogen vehicles are still only 38% efficient, while battery EVs from 80% to 95% efficient. A 2021 assessment by

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There are fuel cell vehicles for all modes of transport. The most prevalent fuel cell vehicles are cars, buses, forklifts and material handling vehicles.

4530: 1090: 5118: 1264:". If hydrogen could be produced using renewable energy, "it would surely be easier simply to use this energy to charge the batteries of all-electric or 3026: 3719: 3701: 3665: 1933: 689:, hydrogen-powered fuel-cell buses were tested in cities in the late 1990s. In the 2000s, buses entered trial service in cities around the world; the 4483: 2508: 159:, which began leasing in 2008, was the world's first fuel cell vehicle designed for mass production rather than adapting an existing model. In 2013, 2833: 4844: 3992: 2807: 1789: 1461: 3946: 1571: 3147: 2260: 2005: 1737: 700:

By the 2010s, commercial introduction of hydrogen fuel cell buses was underway around the world. However, many transit operators were purchasing

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The environmental impact of fuel cell vehicles depends on the primary energy with which the hydrogen was produced. Fuel cell vehicles are only

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significantly reduced emissions. Amsterdam introduced its first fuel cell powered boat in 2011 that ferries people around the city's canals.

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require a higher payload, the high energy density of hydrogen can make fuel cells a more advantageous solution than battery applications.

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ends up using some of the energy it creates. Then, energy is taken up by converting the hydrogen back into electricity within fuel cells.

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concluded that while hydrogen cars are far less efficient than electric cars, the vast majority of hydrogen being produced is polluting

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in 2008, but it was discontinued due to lack of hydrogen fuel services. Its predecessor was a hydrogen bicycle called Palcan, based in

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For transport applications such as long-haul trucks, fuel cells are a potential solution for zero emission transport. A 2022 study in

3802: 3042: 2560: 2030: 1589: 1426: 4440: 3523:"A Review of Fuel Cell Powertrains for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Technology, Hydrogen, Energy and Thermal Management Solutions" 2644: 2182: 2134: 1164:. If this is the case fuel cell cars may be cleaner and more efficient than fossil fuel cars. However, they are not as efficient as 1762: 1377: 1653: 1348: 1128:

By 2010, advancements in fuel cell technology had reduced the size, weight and cost of fuel cell electric vehicles. In 2010, the

3007: 2274: 1855: 1528: 136:. Transporting and storing hydrogen may also create pollutants. Fuel cells have been used in various kinds of vehicles including 4379: 3497: 2351: 155:, which began leasing on December 2, 2002, became the world's first government-certified commercial fuel cell vehicles, and the 4082:

Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros; Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela (January 1, 2015).

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The following table compares EPA's fuel economy expressed in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPGe) for the two models of

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and the US. Between 2016 and 2020, annual filings, particularly for transportation applications, increased by a further 23%.

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concluded that renewable energy cannot economically be used to make hydrogen for an FCV fleet "either now or in the future."

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in July 2015. The German government hoped to increase this number to 50 by end of 2016, but only 30 were open in June 2017.

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signed a contract in California to supply a hydrogen fuel cell train in the US, the FLIRT H2 train, in 2024 as part of the

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Fouad, Fouad H.; Peters, Robert W.; Sisiopiku, Virginia P.; Sullivan, Andrew J.; Ahluwalia, Rajesh K. (December 1, 2007).

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Economic Impact of Fuel Cell Deployment in Forklifts and for Backup Power under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

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opined: "What's tough to dispute is that the hydrogen fuel cell dream is all but dead for the passenger vehicle market."

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Fuel Cell vehicle was available for lease from 2014 to 2018, when 54 units were leased. In 2018, Hyundai introduced the

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manufacturing programs for hydrogen cars. In 2023, 3,143 hydrogen cars were sold in the US compared with 380,000 BEVs.

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International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (April 29, 2021).

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tested fuel cells to provide electrical power during crewed space missions. Fuel cell development continued with the

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researchers and industry partners throughout Europe conducted experimental flight tests in February 2008 of a crewed

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Global Assessment of Hydrogen Technologies – Task 5 Report Use of Fuel Cell Technology in Electric Power Generation

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infrastructure, H2 leakage and safety challenges, efficiency "losses in compression, storage and dispensing", .

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start-ups ... where zero emissions are a requirement, as in enclosed spaces such as warehouses." Also in 2008,

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100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States

3662: 5193: 3370: 2448: 1930: 1112: 1039: 910: 43: 2726: 2516: 2144:. Environmental Leader: Environmental & Energy Management News, July 20, 2011, accessed August 2, 2011 5810: 5411: 4920: 4365: 2218: 1899: 1768: 1416: 1406: 845:. The Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane, as it was called, used a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/ 4345: 3989: 3305: 1070: 5477: 5404: 5160: 4496: 3643: 2090: 1038:

signed AB 8, a bill to fund $ 20 million a year for 10 years to build up to 100 stations. In 2014, the

338: 240: 2916: 1741: 5251: 4328: 4283: 3639: 3480:"Alstom to test its hydrogen fuel cell train in the Netherlands; first pilot project outside Germany" 3094: 2453: 1799:

tool and choose "EV Stock", "Cars" and "World" for global stock, and "Country" for the country stock.

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storage systems that typically reach the end of qualified service life at 15 or fewer years in use.

5700: 5695: 5595: 5585: 5113: 5071: 4853: 4441:"VW's Krebs talks hydrogen, says 'most efficient way to convert energy to mobility is electricity'" 3562: 3273: 1207:

the efficiency of the single step of compressing hydrogen to 6,250 psi (43.1 MPa) at the

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International Energy Agency (IEA) Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Programme (AFC TCP)

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U.S. National Work Group Meeting for the Development of Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards

1697: 1636: 1117: 1027: 1021: 951: 854: 444: 195: 191: 4562:"Hydrogen cars won't overtake electric vehicles because they're hampered by the laws of science" 3479: 2422: 2385: 2339:"Bibendum 2014: Former EU President says Toyota could lose 100,000 euros per hydrogen FCV sedan" 5736: 5685: 5458: 5297: 5135: 4974: 4915: 4658:"New Report: Patenting Booms for Clean &quotHydrogen Fuel Cell" Technologies for Transport" 3975:. DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program, FY 2010 Annual Progress Report, accessed August 2, 2011 1549: 1108: 962: 934: 746:(also called a fuel cell lift truck or a fuel cell forklift) is a fuel cell-powered industrial 670:

As of 2020, 5,648 hydrogen fuel cell buses were in use around the world, with 93.7% of them in

121: 3254: 60: 5328: 5256: 5208: 5083: 4284:"Well-to-wheels greenhouse gas emissions and petroleum use for mid-size light- duty vehicles" 875: 842: 721: 638: 5559: 3741:"Energy use for hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles: higher than electrics, even hybrids (analysis)" 2891: 2752: 694: 5453: 5037: 3389:. Frederik Pleitgen. CNN Tech: Nuclear Weapons. February 22, 2011. Accessed August 2, 2011. 2423:"Southern California customers take delivery of n>ew 2017 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell sedan" 2159: 1227: 973: 776: 701: 394: 276: 272: 4043:"Hydrogen Cars Are Dead as Projects Are Scrapped and Refueling Prices Go Through the Roof" 3046: 2352:"Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target" 2056: 143:

The first road vehicle powered by a fuel cell was the Chevrolet Electrovan, introduced by

8: 5539: 5302: 3947:"Energy Department Launches Public-Private Partnership to Deploy Hydrogen Infrastructure" 2280: 1389: 1274: 1218: 1191: 1008: 846: 641:. According to Nissan, the liquid fuel could be an ethanol-water blend at a 55:45 ratio. 386: 311: 129: 117: 3871: 1834: 190:

was produced from 2016 to 2021, when it was discontinued. As of 2020, there was limited

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used to lift and transport materials. Most fuel cells used in forklifts are powered by

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One kg of hydrogen has roughly the same energy content as one U.S. gallon of gasoline.

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with fuel cells, leaves around 25% for practical use." Richard Gilbert, co-author of

758: 401: 382: 372: 164: 4618:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 822: 5664: 5659: 5616: 5529: 5500: 5266: 5246: 5213: 5066: 5017: 4989: 4887: 4123: 4095: 2670:"Fuel Cell Buses in U.S. Transit Fleets: Summary of Experiences and Current Status" 2493: 2308: 2110: 1401: 1213: 1208: 1161: 1157: 1031: 678: 473: 125: 101: 93: 3202: 1624: 1360:

fillings in the area of hydrogen fuel cells increased in the 1960s, partly due to

363:, is the world's first government-certified commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. 5631: 5443: 5433: 5323: 4959: 4016: 3996: 3972: 3789: 3688: 3669: 3640:"Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview" 3589:"Port of Los Angeles Rolls Out Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Freight Demonstration" 3374: 3327: 3293: 3167: 3030: 2995: 2977: 2381: 2141: 2037: 1937: 1918: 1884:"Toyota sued over lack of hydrogen availability for fuel cell cars in California" 1851: 1719: 1567: 1524: 1381: 1297: 1283: 259: 200: 4183: 3758:"CleanEnergyPartnership.de: FAQ - How Many Hydrogen Filling Stations Are There?" 1546:"First Honda FCX Fuel Cell Vehicles Delivered on Same Day in Japan and the U.S." 5590: 5549: 5353: 5343: 5261: 5125: 5056: 4994: 4159:, U.S. Department of Energy, updated September 18, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2010 3443: 2669: 2596:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. June 19, 2008. Archived from 2457: 1272:

wrote in 2009, "Any way you look at it, hydrogen is a lousy way to move cars."

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developed the first fuel cell road vehicle, the Chevrolet Electrovan. It had a

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farm tractor, fitted with a 15 kilowatt fuel cell, around 1959. The Cold War

5804: 5524: 5448: 5380: 5358: 5218: 5130: 5027: 4979: 4949: 4910: 4617: 4315: 4235:"EarthTalk: High costs, hurdles keep hydrogen cell cars from mass production" 2543: 2231: 1331: 1327: 1251: 1178: 976: 797: 650: 482:

Comparison of fuel economy expressed in MPGe for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

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rated by the EPA as of September 2021, and available in California.

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in 1801, but the invention of the first working fuel cell is credited to

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One kg of hydrogen is roughly equivalent to one U.S. gallon of gasoline.

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listed some of the disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.

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The first submersible application of fuel cells is the German

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produced the first working hydrogen run motorcycle called the

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was a hydrogen bicycle with an electric motor. It debuted in

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Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research

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is 94%. A 2016 study in the November issue of the journal

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Full Fuel-Cycle Comparison of Forklift Propulsion Systems

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Vehicle that uses a fuel cell to power its electric motor

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Graph showing increase in fuel cell patent applications

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The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by

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Green Car Reports 1574:on January 7, 2019. 1275:The Washington Post 1219:Stanford University 1142:fuel cell forklifts 1050:Codes and standards 968:Swiss manufacturer 847:lithium-ion battery 387:Southern California 308:the Apollo capsules 283:from 1939 to 1959. 281:alkaline fuel cells 130:hydrogen production 118:compressed hydrogen 5811:Fuel cell vehicles 5627:Tesla Supercharger 4970:Compressed-air car 4936:List of prototypes 4623:Nature Electronics 4529:Barnard, Michael. 4327:Meyers, Jeremy P. 4128:10.1039/C5EE01283J 4100:10.1039/c5ee01082a 4041:Agatie, Cristian. 4015:2011-10-19 at the 3995:2011-08-21 at the 3905:The New York Times 3851:The New York Times 3687:2018-06-24 at the 3668:2013-12-02 at the 3486:, November 3, 2019 3484:Green Car Congress 3373:2014-07-31 at the 3326:2015-10-15 at the 3292:2011-10-14 at the 3166:2011-07-22 at the 3029:2013-02-17 at the 3006:Barnard, Michael. 2994:2013-12-03 at the 2976:2013-12-03 at the 2921:zhongtongbuses.com 2497:, November 4, 2019 2456:(September 2021). 2356:Toyota City, Japan 2140:2011-07-23 at the 2036:2015-04-02 at the 1936:2010-06-09 at the 1917:2008-11-06 at the 1608:Yonhap News Agency 1354: 1337:Nature Electronics 1069:. You can help by 997: 942: 917:Type 212 submarine 894: 832: 790:Intelligent Energy 781: 744:fuel cell forklift 738:Fuel cell forklift 668: 376: 365: 265: 263:1966 GM Electrovan 231:(PEM) Fuel Cells, 171:began selling the 5798: 5797: 5785: 5784: 5725: 5724: 5660:Type 2 (Mennekes) 5515:Electric aircraft 5501:Electric vehicles 5467: 5466: 5376:Electric aircraft 5242:Fuel cell vehicle 5089:Fuel cell vehicle 5013:Electric aircraft 4945:Electric aircraft 4870:Fuel cell vehicle 4495:Brown, Nicholas. 4385:Los Angeles Times 4239:Arizona Daily Sun 3876:Technology Review 3764:on August 8, 2016 3745:Green Car Reports 3726:. March 16, 2016. 3619:Hydrogen Cars Now 3447:. March 25, 2015. 3014:, January 2, 2024 2623:Green Car Reports 2559:Morris, Charles. 2537:Williams, Keith. 2519:on August 2, 2017 2354:(Press release). 2279:Japan Real Time ( 2250:, January 5, 2015 2248:Green Car Reports 1854:(July 25, 2022). 1674:on March 24, 2016 1614:on June 21, 2015. 1592:on July 29, 2021. 1552:on March 8, 2023. 1531:on March 8, 2023. 1437:Water-fuelled car 1309:Green Car Reports 1270:Los Angeles Times 1228:energy efficiency 1217:by scientists at 1209:refueling station 1087: 1086: 759:material handling 618: 617: 614: 402:Hyundai ix35 FCEV 383:Honda FCX Clarity 373:Honda FCX Clarity 359:, along with the 286:The first modern 165:Hyundai ix35 FCEV 157:Honda FCX Clarity 126:hydrogen vehicles 116:from the air and 78:fuel cell vehicle 5818: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5617:Charging station 5568: 5562: 5530:Electric bicycle 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5267:Hydrogen vehicle 5247:Hydrogen economy 5214:Methanol economy 5067:Electric vehicle 5018:Electric bicycle 4990:Electric battery 4888:Electric bicycle 4847: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4803:Heetebrij, Jan. 4791: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4616:Plötz, Patrick. 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4566:The Conversation 4557: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4527: 4521: 4520:, March 19, 2015 4510: 4504: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4448: 4437: 4431: 4420: 4414: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4353: 4342: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4290:. Archived from 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4263: 4257:. Archived from 4256: 4248: 4242: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4137: 4131: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4094:(7): 1969–1985. 4079: 4068: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4006: 4000: 3987: 3976: 3962: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3916:Anderson, Mark. 3914: 3908: 3899:Motavalli, Jim. 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760:. Archived from 3754: 3748: 3739:Voelcker, John. 3737: 3728: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3708:. July 14, 2014. 3698: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3569:. April 26, 2022 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3536: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3272:. Archived from 3266: 3260: 3258: 3253:. Archived from 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3224:Röhrich, Klaus. 3221: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3101:on March 6, 2008 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3071:. Archived from 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3045:. Archived from 3039: 3033: 3021: 3015: 3004: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2968: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2759:. March 28, 2018 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2614: 2605: 2604: 2603:on June 8, 2011. 2602: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2515:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2494:The Sunday Times 2485: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2388:on July 7, 2022. 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2311:. Archived from 2309:Associated Press 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2270: 2264: 2259:Panait, Mircea. 2257: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2230:Voelcker, John. 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2185:on May 21, 2022. 2175: 2169: 2168: 2151: 2145: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082: 2073: 2066: 2060: 2057:“PEM Fuel Cells” 2054: 2041: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2010:Green Car Future 2002: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1972:on July 11, 2012 1971: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1928: 1922: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1888:Hydrogen Insight 1880: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1848: 1842: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1807: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726:on July 6, 2015. 1712: 1706: 1705: 1704:on May 26, 2018. 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1670:. Archived from 1664: 1658: 1657: 1656:on July 6, 2022. 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1517: 1508: 1507: 1496: 1490: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1453: 1402:Hydrogen vehicle 1320:Real Engineering 1263: 1254:, the author of 1197: 1162:renewable energy 1082: 1079: 1061: 1054: 925: 779:FC-me motorcycle 679:diesel emissions 664:Zhengzhou, China 609: 479: 478: 430: 422: 94:electric vehicle 63: 46: 29: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5781: 5721: 5705: 5669: 5636: 5632:Vehicle-to-grid 5605: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5503: 5498: 5468: 5463: 5444:Wave power ship 5434:Ram air turbine 5417: 5385: 5324:Bi-fuel vehicle 5312: 5276: 5228: 5152: 4992: 4984: 4961: 4960:Compressed-air 4954: 4897: 4874: 4856: 4851: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4528: 4524: 4512:Meyers, Glenn. 4511: 4507: 4503:, June 26, 2015 4494: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4434: 4428:The Motley Fool 4422:Chatsko, Maxx. 4421: 4417: 4411:Washington Post 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4356: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4182: 4178: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4111: 4107: 4080: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4017:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3997:Wayback Machine 3988: 3979: 3973:Wayback Machine 3963: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924:, June 13, 2013 3915: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3870:Bullis, Kevin. 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3790:Wayback Machine 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3738: 3731: 3724:The Japan Times 3718: 3717: 3713: 3706:The Japan Times 3700: 3699: 3695: 3689:Wayback Machine 3680: 3676: 3670:Wayback Machine 3660: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3494: 3490: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3375:Wayback Machine 3366: 3362: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3328:Wayback Machine 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3294:Wayback Machine 3285: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3257:on May 9, 2013. 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3168:Wayback Machine 3159: 3155: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3124:. Youtube.com. 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3031:Wayback Machine 3022: 3018: 3005: 3001: 2996:Wayback Machine 2987: 2983: 2978:Wayback Machine 2969: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2867:Sustainable Bus 2861: 2860: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2812:Sustainable Bus 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2551: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2513:fleeteurope.com 2505: 2501: 2486: 2479: 2466: 2464: 2462:fueleconomy.gov 2447: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2402:. June 16, 2021 2398: 2397: 2393: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2190: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2142:Wayback Machine 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2083: 2076: 2068:Dumoulin, Jim. 2067: 2063: 2055: 2044: 2038:Wayback Machine 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1944: 1938:Wayback Machine 1929: 1925: 1919:Wayback Machine 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1890:, July 15, 2024 1882:Martin, Polly. 1881: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1860:The Motley Fool 1849: 1845: 1833: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1813:. June 16, 2021 1809: 1808: 1804: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1744:on May 16, 2022 1736: 1735: 1731: 1720:The Japan Times 1714: 1713: 1709: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1568:The Japan Times 1562: 1561: 1557: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1525:The Japan Times 1519: 1518: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1398: 1346: 1298:GreenTech Media 1284:The Motley Fool 1268:vehicles." The 1261: 1236: 1195: 1154: 1126: 1100: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1067:needs expansion 1052: 1024: 1018: 985: 950:In March 2015, 948: 927: 913: 907: 882: 874:Main articles: 872: 865: 820: 814: 786: 740: 734: 653: 647: 623: 526: 516: 509: 502: 483: 470: 428: 420: 349: 341: 335: 257: 224: 218: 201:The Motley Fool 74: 73: 72: 71: 70: 64: 55: 54: 53: 47: 38: 37: 36: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5824: 5814: 5813: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5665:Type 3 (Scame) 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5550:Electric truck 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5356: 5354:Plug-in hybrid 5351: 5346: 5344:Hybrid vehicle 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5262:Hydrogen train 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5059: 5057:Electric truck 5054: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4798:External links 4796: 4793: 4792: 4768: 4745: 4719: 4698: 4675: 4664:. May 17, 2022 4649: 4628: 4609: 4583: 4552: 4539: 4537:, May 30, 2017 4522: 4518:Clean Technica 4505: 4501:Clean Technica 4488: 4475: 4469:Romm, Joseph. 4462: 4449: 4432: 4415: 4405:Suplee, Curt. 4398: 4370: 4354: 4352:, May 12, 2008 4337: 4320: 4308: 4275: 4243: 4227: 4205: 4192: 4176: 4161: 4149: 4132: 4105: 4069: 4060:"Handelsblatt" 4051: 4047:Auto Evolution 4034: 4021: 4001: 3977: 3964:Garbak, John. 3952: 3938: 3926: 3909: 3907:, May 29, 2012 3892: 3880: 3878:, May 14, 2009 3863: 3836: 3823: 3810:United Nations 3794: 3775: 3749: 3729: 3711: 3693: 3674: 3651: 3631: 3606: 3595:. June 8, 2021 3580: 3554: 3531: 3514: 3488: 3472: 3450: 3444:Bloomberg News 3430: 3416: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3360: 3332: 3310: 3298: 3279: 3261: 3242: 3216: 3190: 3172: 3153: 3112: 3095:"The ENV Bike" 3086: 3060: 3034: 3016: 2999: 2981: 2963: 2952: 2933: 2908: 2880: 2851: 2840:. July 5, 2021 2825: 2799: 2770: 2744: 2718: 2692: 2681:. pp. 1–2 2657: 2635: 2606: 2578: 2565: 2549: 2530: 2499: 2487:Allen, James. 2477: 2436: 2413: 2391: 2369: 2343: 2326: 2295: 2265: 2252: 2236: 2223: 2211: 2188: 2170: 2146: 2127: 2115: 2103: 2074: 2061: 2042: 2029:Wand, George. 2022: 1997: 1983: 1942: 1923: 1904: 1892: 1872: 1843: 1824: 1802: 1755: 1729: 1707: 1685: 1659: 1641: 1629: 1617: 1595: 1577: 1555: 1534: 1509: 1491: 1475: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1394: 1345: 1342: 1302:Clean Technica 1266:plug-in hybrid 1257:Energy Victory 1235: 1232: 1153: 1150: 1125: 1122: 1099: 1096: 1085: 1084: 1078:September 2021 1064: 1062: 1051: 1048: 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 984: 981: 944:Main article: 939:InnoTrans 2016 926: 921: 906: 903: 892:fuel cell boat 880:Fuel Cell Boat 871: 868: 863: 813: 810: 785: 782: 748:forklift truck 733: 730: 711:supercapacitor 707:range extender 691:European Union 646: 643: 625:In June 2016, 622: 619: 616: 615: 606: 605: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 582: 581: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 558: 557: 555: 552: 549: 546: 540: 537: 531: 530: 523: 520: 513: 506: 499: 496: 492: 491: 469: 466: 348: 345: 334: 331: 316:General Motors 304:Apollo Program 300:Project Gemini 292:Allis-Chalmers 256: 253: 217: 214: 161:Hyundai Motors 145:General Motors 110:electric motor 106:supercapacitor 65: 58: 57: 56: 48: 41: 40: 39: 31: 24: 23: 22: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5823: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5793: 5788: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 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