816:
55:
836:
33:
536:
These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. Fertile cavities, the conceptacles, containing the reproductive cells are immersed in the receptacles near the ends of the branches. After
588:
these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high-water mark to below low water mark. On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur.
561:, where the egg cells and sperm are produced by a haploid multicellular generation, albeit very strongly reduced, and the egg cells are fertilised within the ovules of the parent plant and then released as
1965:
1303:, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. It has the common name "bladder wrack", and is readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib.
2033:
1981:
1017:
336:
767:
species have been used as model organisms to study cell polarity, the development of growth axes, and the role of the cell wall in establishing and maintaining cell identity.
1225:
is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.
799:
is stranded on the beach and not when it is submerged under seawater. With increasing amounts of seaweed washing up on shores, there is an increasing recognition of
903:
637:
234:
1734:
Quatrano, Ralph S.; Shaw, Sidney L. (1997). "Role of the cell wall in the determination of cell polarity and the plane of cell division in Fucus embryos".
1066:
384:
975:
295:
979:
299:
1267:
is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the
British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders as found on
971:
967:
936:
291:
287:
257:
1024:
856:
343:
188:
949:
886:
269:
217:
2245:
999:
318:
1045:
1012:
364:
331:
2284:
1091:
408:
506:
757:
2017:
2219:
2258:
1771:"The role of targeted secretion in the establishment of cell polarity and the orientation of the division plane in Fucus zygotes"
1683:
Kropf, D.; Kloareg, B; Quatrano, R. (1988-01-08). "Cell wall is required for fixation of the embryonic axis in Fucus zygotes".
1581:
1532:
1503:
1475:
1446:
1380:
2263:
713:, and other industries. The purest barilla had a sodium carbonate concentration of about 30%. The seaweed was also used as
1818:
Berger, F.; Taylor, A.; Brownlee, C. (1994-03-11). "Cell Fate
Determination by the Cell Wall in Early Fucus Development".
549:, the female and male reproductive organs, produce egg cells and sperm respectively that are released into the sea where
526:
1606:
1004:
323:
1397:
2343:
1922:
647:. Small green and red algae and animals occur, protected under these large brown algae. When washed up on beaches,
2289:
501:) are present in pairs in some species, one on either side of the midrib. The erect portion of the thallus bears
498:
1248:
species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus.
490:
1147:
is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib.
2271:
1640:
Kropf, Darryl L; Bisgrove, Sherryl R; Hable, Whitney E (1999). "Establishing a growth axis in fucoid algae".
513:-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. The
1524:
1467:
1029:
954:
729:
348:
274:
2348:
2299:
1910:
1438:
862:
194:
2211:
619:
form clear zones, one below the other, along the shore down to low water mark. On sheltered shores
54:
2371:
1947:
2325:
2107:
1573:
1567:
2250:
2335:
2320:
2312:
2159:
591:
482:
2180:
1827:
1692:
1878:
1373:
Seaweeds of the South
African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium Volume 18
8:
1327:
621:
522:
1831:
1696:
677:
and other genera were harvested, dried, burned to ash, and further processed to become "
2050:
1998:
1859:
1343:
1180:
1121:
941:
741:
478:
437:
262:
49:
1747:
1653:
2376:
2307:
2167:
1851:
1843:
1800:
1792:
1751:
1716:
1708:
1665:
1657:
1602:
1577:
1528:
1499:
1471:
1442:
1376:
1321:
1294:
1103:
866:
735:
706:
603:
557:
develops directly into the diploid plant. This contrasts with the life cycle of the
420:
198:
2054:
2002:
1863:
1041:
360:
2172:
2042:
1990:
1835:
1782:
1743:
1700:
1649:
907:
873:
710:
694:
643:
238:
205:
1839:
1622:
763:
Because of their easily accessible apolar eggs and free-floating zygotes, several
2145:
1139:
1116:
923:
781:
724:
653:
558:
462:
432:
245:
2276:
1601:(1st ed.). Mendocino, CA: Mendocino sea Vegetable Company. pp. 62–63.
486:
2206:
2092:
1826:(5152). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1421–1423.
1337:
1259:
1236:
1200:
1184:
1078:
1053:
1036:
987:
898:
815:
609:
597:
510:
396:
372:
355:
306:
229:
92:
79:
41:
2046:
1994:
1770:
1370:
2365:
2130:
1847:
1796:
1755:
1712:
1691:(4836). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 187–190.
1661:
1461:
1108:
1096:
1083:
1071:
1058:
928:
891:
878:
626:
585:
578:
550:
425:
413:
401:
389:
377:
250:
222:
210:
172:
1704:
1855:
1787:
1669:
1597:
Lewallen, Eleanor; Lewallen, John (21 March 1996). "Bathing with
Seaweed".
1204:
1196:
962:
791:, are known to feed, mate, and create habitats out of different species of
494:
282:
105:
1804:
1720:
1409:
2232:
2139:
776:
631:
546:
518:
514:
502:
458:
135:
2224:
1405:
992:
714:
311:
125:
577:
are recorded almost worldwide. They are dominant on the shores of the
2237:
2193:
2154:
1887:
1633:
1176:
1168:
625:
usually forms a broad and dominating zone along the shore at the mid-
615:
66:
2101:
2076:. Systematics Association Publications. Vol. 5. pp. 63–77.
1811:
1319:
Clow and Clow indicate four species of seaweed as sources for kelp:
835:
2198:
2124:
1626:
1432:
1188:
1156:
749:
682:
648:
542:
155:
2034:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1982:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1676:
32:
2072:
L., and related genera". In J. P. Harding & N. Tebble (ed.).
1192:
787:
686:
670:
538:
474:
145:
115:
1275:. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of
1172:
690:
669:
In
Scotland and Norway, up until the mid-19th century, several
554:
530:
629:. Other brown algae can be found at the low-littoral such as
2185:
1493:
454:
1942:
G. Russell (1978). D. E. G. Irvine & J. H. Price (ed.).
1727:
1496:
A Checklist and Atlas of the
Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland
1762:
717:
for crop land in the same areas in which it was harvested.
678:
562:
1428:
1426:
581:, the northeastern coast of North America and California.
1944:
Modern
Approaches to the Taxonomy of Red and Brown Algae
1565:
1375:. Rondebosch: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town.
1521:
1423:
1371:
H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997).
509:(sterile surface cavities). The base of the thallus is
1599:
Sea Vegetable Gourmet Cookbook and Wildcrafter's Guide
1572:. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. pp.
1462:
C. van den Hoek, D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1995).
595:
forms a zone at the top of the shore. Just below this
481:
or with haptera. The erect portion of the thallus is
1817:
1682:
1489:
1487:
1244:, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the
823:growing next to each other in the intertidal zone,
1639:
843:, with filaments protruding; Scale bar: 20 μm
727:, along with other species such as Turkish towel (
1484:
1128:* Species recorded around the coast of Britain.
525:in the apices of the final branches. They may be
2363:
1596:
465:of rocky seashores almost throughout the world.
2068:H. T. Powell (1963). "Speciation in the genus
1219:) have been described from the British Isles.
477:is perennial with an irregular or disc-shaped
1959:
1957:
1552:. The English Universities Press Ltd, London.
468:
2067:
2015:
1970:L. II. Distribution and ecology of forms of
1963:
1768:
1733:
1518:
1433:I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976).
2086:
1908:
1876:
1781:(9). The Company of Biologists: 2623–2630.
1547:
568:
2009:
1954:
1941:
1935:
1364:
1299:This is one of the most common species of
31:
2080:
2061:
1786:
1769:Shaw, S.L.; Quatrano, R.S. (1996-09-01).
1455:
1395:
693:content of about 2.5%–5% that was mainly
685:that was less costly in Britain than the
1974:L. emend. Powell in Britain and Ireland"
1590:
1561:
1559:
1512:
1498:. British Phycological Society, London.
834:
814:
795:. This is of particular notice when the
756:have the ability to attack and kill the
489:branched, flattened and with a distinct
1541:
2364:
1494:F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006).
2106:
2105:
1902:
1556:
851:excludes names of uncertain status:
2300:ecbd5047-a533-4ad4-8ff6-4e9d82ca190b
1286:
1464:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology
1195:it had been recorded from Counties
13:
2089:A Handbook of the British Seaweeds
1347:(Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (formerly
1171:. It had also been recorded from:
1159:by Börgesen in 1903. Powell found
1131:
14:
2388:
1623:"Sponge puzzles superbug experts"
1566:A. Clow & N. L. Clow (1952).
1251:
1228:
785:, together with other species of
1923:World Register of Marine Species
53:
1870:
1615:
748:In 2005, it was announced that
689:imported from Spain. It has an
1389:
1313:
1:
1840:10.1126/science.263.5152.1421
1748:10.1016/s1360-1385(96)10049-2
1654:10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01509-5
1358:
1271:or toothed edges as found on
803:and their close pairing with
723:species can also be used for
1648:(12). Elsevier BV: 490–494.
1525:University of Michigan Press
7:
1550:The Ecology of Rocky Shores
810:
770:
553:takes place. The resulting
10:
2393:
1468:Cambridge University Press
1435:Marine Algae of California
1292:
1257:
1234:
1137:
730:Chondracanthus exasperatus
469:Description and life cycle
2114:
2047:10.1017/S002531540001688X
1995:10.1017/S0025315400025923
1742:(1). Elsevier BV: 15–21.
1439:Stanford University Press
1155:was first described from
184:
179:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1306:
847:This list of species of
569:Distribution and ecology
1948:Systematics Association
1736:Trends in Plant Science
1705:10.1126/science.3336780
1642:Trends in Plant Science
681:", which was a type of
664:
2018:"Studies in the genus
1966:"Studies in the genus
1788:10.1242/dev.122.9.2623
1167:on the north coast of
915:M.J.Wynne & Magne
844:
832:
2321:Paleobiology Database
2074:Speciation in the Sea
2016:H. T. Powell (1957).
1964:H. T. Powell (1957).
1519:W. R. Taylor (1972).
838:
818:
592:Pelvetia canaliculata
2087:Lily Newton (1931).
1909:Guiry, M.D. (2011).
1883:Linnaeus 1753: 1158"
1877:M. D. Guiry (2006).
1629:. December 26, 2005.
1548:J. R. Lewis (1964).
1207:. Two subspecies of
739:), and finger kelp (
16:Genus of brown algae
1950:. pp. 339–369.
1832:1994Sci...263.1421B
1697:1988Sci...239..187K
1569:Chemical Revolution
1328:Ascophyllum nodosum
638:Laminaria saxatilis
622:Ascophyllum nodosum
1344:Laminaria digitata
1067:Fucus spermophorus
845:
833:
742:Laminaria digitata
657:feed and breed on
385:Fucus spermophorus
2359:
2358:
2308:Open Tree of Life
2108:Taxon identifiers
2026:L. emend. Powell"
1583:978-0-8369-1909-7
1534:978-0-472-04904-2
1523:. Ann Arbor, MI:
1505:978-3-906166-35-3
1477:978-0-521-30419-1
1448:978-0-8047-0867-8
1382:978-0-7992-1793-3
1322:Fucus vesiculosus
1295:Fucus vesiculosus
1288:Fucus vesiculosus
1124:
1112:– bladder wrack *
1111:
1104:Fucus vesiculosus
1099:
1086:
1074:
1062:– toothed wrack *
1061:
1049:
1032:
1020:
1008:
995:
982:
958:
944:
931:
910:
894:
881:
869:
736:Egregia menziesii
604:Fucus vesiculosus
446:
445:
440:
428:
421:Fucus vesiculosus
416:
404:
392:
380:
368:
351:
339:
327:
314:
302:
278:
265:
253:
241:
225:
213:
201:
175:
2384:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2315:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2279:
2277:BMSSYS0000045544
2267:
2266:
2254:
2253:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2030:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1408:. Archived from
1393:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1352:
1317:
1120:
1107:
1095:
1087:– spiral wrack *
1082:
1070:
1057:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1003:
991:
966:
953:
940:
937:Fucus evanescens
927:
902:
890:
882:– horned wrack *
877:
874:Fucus ceranoides
860:
760:superbacterium.
733:), feather boa (
695:sodium carbonate
644:Alaria esculenta
463:intertidal zones
436:
424:
412:
400:
388:
376:
359:
347:
335:
322:
310:
286:
273:
261:
258:Fucus evanescens
249:
233:
221:
209:
206:Fucus ceranoides
192:
171:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2110:
2100:
2085:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2028:
2024:Fucus distichus
2014:
2010:
1976:
1972:Fucus distichus
1962:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1915:Linnaeus, 1753"
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1816:
1812:
1767:
1763:
1732:
1728:
1681:
1677:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1564:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1396:Michael Guiry.
1394:
1390:
1383:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1349:Fucus digitatus
1318:
1314:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1262:
1256:
1239:
1233:
1223:Fucus distichus
1142:
1140:Fucus distichus
1136:
1133:Fucus distichus
1117:Fucus virsoides
1025:Fucus nereideus
924:Fucus distichus
857:Fucus atomarius
839:Conceptacle of
819:Two species of
813:
782:Coelopa frigida
773:
725:thalassotherapy
704:
700:
667:
654:Coelopa pilipes
571:
559:flowering plant
471:
433:Fucus virsoides
344:Fucus nereideus
246:Fucus distichus
189:Fucus atomarius
170:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2372:Fucales genera
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2340:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2242:
2229:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2136:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2093:British Museum
2079:
2060:
2041:(2): 407–432.
2008:
1989:(3): 663–693.
1953:
1934:
1901:
1869:
1810:
1761:
1726:
1675:
1632:
1614:
1608:978-0964764378
1607:
1589:
1582:
1555:
1540:
1533:
1511:
1504:
1483:
1476:
1454:
1447:
1422:
1388:
1381:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1338:Fucus serratus
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1293:Main article:
1290:
1285:
1277:F. vesiculosus
1260:Fucus spiralis
1258:Main article:
1255:
1253:Fucus spiralis
1250:
1237:Fucus serratus
1235:Main article:
1232:
1230:Fucus serratus
1227:
1185:Outer Hebrides
1138:Main article:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1100:
1088:
1079:Fucus spiralis
1075:
1063:
1054:Fucus serratus
1050:
1037:Fucus radicans
1033:
1021:
1009:
996:
988:Fucus gardneri
984:
972:K. R. Nicastro
959:
950:Fucus furcatus
946:
933:
920:
913:Fucus cottonii
899:Fucus cottonii
895:
887:Fucus chalonii
883:
870:
841:F. vesiculosus
829:F. vesiculosus
827:in the front,
812:
809:
772:
769:
702:
698:
666:
663:
610:Fucus serratus
598:Fucus spiralis
570:
567:
470:
467:
444:
443:
442:
441:
429:
417:
405:
397:Fucus spiralis
393:
381:
373:Fucus serratus
369:
356:Fucus radicans
352:
340:
328:
315:
307:Fucus gardneri
303:
292:K. R. Nicastro
279:
270:Fucus furcatus
266:
254:
242:
230:Fucus cottonii
226:
218:Fucus chalonii
214:
202:
182:
181:
177:
176:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
80:Diaphoretickes
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
42:Fucus serratus
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2389:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
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963:Fucus guiryi
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521:embedded in
519:conceptacles
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361:L. Bergström
354:
342:
332:Fucus mytili
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296:E. A. Serrão
283:Fucus guiryi
281:
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166:
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136:Phaeophyceae
126:Ochrophytina
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2233:iNaturalist
2140:Wikispecies
1775:Development
1281:F. serratus
1273:F. serratus
1265:F. spiralis
1242:F. serratus
1215:and subsp.
1092:Fucus tendo
993:P. C. Silva
968:G. I. Zardi
917:nom. illeg.
904:M. J. Wynne
831:in the back
825:F. serratus
777:seaweed fly
711:glassmaking
705:), used in
632:Himanthalia
573:Species of
523:receptacles
517:develop in
483:dichotomous
459:brown algae
409:Fucus tendo
312:P. C. Silva
288:G. I. Zardi
235:M. J. Wynne
122:Subphylum:
2366:Categories
2091:. London:
1928:2012-02-29
1894:August 21,
1416:2007-04-28
1406:NUI Galway
1359:References
1331:(formerly
1046:L. Kautsky
955:Stackhouse
715:fertilizer
707:soapmaking
649:kelp flies
547:antheridia
527:monoecious
515:gametangia
365:L. Kautsky
275:Stackhouse
2155:AlgaeBase
1888:AlgaeBase
1848:0036-8075
1797:1477-9129
1756:1360-1385
1713:0036-8075
1662:1360-1385
1217:edentatus
1177:Fair Isle
1169:Caithness
1153:edentatus
1122:J. Agardh
1030:Lightfoot
867:Bertoloni
752:grown on
616:Laminaria
531:dioecious
438:J. Agardh
349:Lightfoot
199:Bertoloni
67:Eukaryota
2377:Fucaceae
2207:Fungorum
2125:Wikidata
2055:85774776
2003:56433449
1864:41196632
1856:17776514
1670:10562734
1627:BBC News
1211:(subsp.
1189:Scotland
1183:and the
1181:St Kilda
1157:Shetland
1018:Nienburg
1005:Clemente
942:C.Agardh
892:Feldmann
863:Woodward
811:Taxonomy
771:Predator
750:bacteria
683:soda ash
651:such as
627:littoral
499:vesicles
479:holdfast
337:Nienburg
324:Clemente
263:C.Agardh
223:Feldmann
195:Woodward
180:Species
156:Fucaceae
152:Family:
112:Phylum:
63:Domain:
2336:4894902
2313:7643865
2251:1086407
2225:1010512
2131:Q180597
1828:Bibcode
1820:Science
1805:8787737
1721:3336780
1693:Bibcode
1685:Science
1201:Donegal
1193:Ireland
1163:subsp.
1151:subsp.
805:Coelopa
788:Coelopa
687:barilla
671:seaweed
661:algae.
584:In the
543:oogonia
539:meiosis
475:thallus
162:Genus:
146:Fucales
142:Order:
132:Class:
116:Gyrista
2349:144129
2333:uBio:
2326:351508
2297:NZOR:
2199:1FUCUG
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363:&
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2246:IRMNG
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2116:Fucus
2070:Fucus
2051:S2CID
2029:(PDF)
2020:Fucus
1999:S2CID
1977:(PDF)
1968:Fucus
1919:WoRMS
1913:Fucus
1881:Fucus
1860:S2CID
1574:65–90
1400:Fucus
1335:L.),
1307:Notes
1301:Fucus
1246:Fucus
1205:Kerry
1197:Clare
1191:; in
908:Magne
849:Fucus
821:Fucus
801:Fucus
797:Fucus
793:Fucus
765:Fucus
754:Fucus
721:Fucus
675:Fucus
659:Fucus
575:Fucus
563:seeds
511:stipe
497:(air-
455:genus
453:is a
450:Fucus
239:Magne
167:Fucus
100:Clade
87:Clade
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2290:3011
2285:NCBI
2259:ITIS
2220:GBIF
2194:EPPO
2186:9836
1896:2006
1852:PMID
1844:ISSN
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1279:and
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758:MRSA
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665:Uses
641:and
613:and
545:and
505:and
473:The
2272:NBN
2181:EoL
2168:CoL
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