604:
70:
2385:
603:
2372:
107:
800:
2368:
eukaryotic classification, with the inclusion of classes of algae described in posterior years as well as the number of described species for each class. According to the aforementioned 2019 revision by protistologists, the diatoms (Diatomeae) do not form a single class
Bacillariophyceae, but numerous classes to reflect the phylogenetic advances over the previous decade.
1085:, either freely floating or attached to filamentous algae and plants. Diatoms are more diverse, with more than 60 genera commonly found in rivers. Many river diatoms have developed different strategies to attach to the substrate to avoid being displaced by water currents. The most basic strategy is to produce
990:
Ochrophytes are present in nearly all environments. Some classes are more common in marine habitats, while others are more frequent in freshwater or soil. Among the ochrophyte lineages are the diatoms, the most abundant photosynthetic eukaryotes worldwide in marine habitats; multicellular seaweeds,
769:
algae: "blob-like structures" where PC proteins are localized, and a vesicular network. Within the CER, there is a prominent region of tight direct contacts between the periplastid membrane and the inner nuclear envelope, where lipid transfers might occur, and perhaps exchange of other molecules.
2367:
As of 2024, ochrophytes amount to 23,314 described species, with 490 species of uncertain position. However, it is estimated that they amount to more than 100,000 species, of which the majority are diatoms. Below is the present classification of ochrophytes according to the 2019 revision of
4477:
Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae
Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure".
1159:
live as colonial chains of cells with long spines (setae) that can clog fish gills, causing their death. Among diatoms, the only toxin producers have been found among pennate diatoms, almost entirely within the genus
3458:
Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes".
2342:
groups. This method of classification is preferred among protistologists. The latest revision of the
International Society of Protistologists, in 2019, recognizes Ochrophyta as a valid taxon within the higher
4103:"Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade"
3800:
Ingvild
Riisberga; Russell J. S. Orr; Ragnhild Kluge; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Holly A. Bowers; Vishwanath Patil; Bente Edvardsen; Kjetill S. Jakobsen (2009). "Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts".
4273:
Azuma, Tomonori; Pánek, Tomáš; Tice, Alexander K.; Kayama, Motoki; Kobayashi, Mayumi; Miyashita, Hideaki; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Yabuki, Akinori; Brown, Matthew W.; Kamikawa, Ryoma (10 April 2022).
1107:) grow stalks or colonial tubes capable of reaching higher into the water column to acquire more nutrients. Brown algae (Phaeophyceae), although highly diversified, contain only seven
662:
As stramenopiles (=heterokonts), their swimming cells frequently display two markedly unequal flagella: an anterior flagellum ("tinsel") with straw-like hollow tripartite hairs called
781:
differentiate into the "girdle lamella", which runs around the periphery of the plastid, beneath the innermost membrane. The remaining thylakoids are arranged in stacks of three. In
2308:
2172:
761:
of the secondary endosymbiont; however, no nucleomorphs are known within the ochrophytes. Instead, other structures have been observed within the PC, similarly to those seen in
2974:
Bringloe TT, Starko S, Wade RM, Vieira C, Kawai H, De Clerck O, Cock JM, Coelho SM, Destombe C, Valero M, Neiva J, Pearson GA, Faugeron S, Serrão EA, Verbruggen H (2020).
2311:. Several phycologists currently advocate the use of Heterokontophyta as the phylum name for heterokont algae. However, the original use by Hoek in 1978 did not provide a
2233:
4431:"Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches"
738:(ER), together composing the chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum (CER), also known as the periplastidial endoplasmic reticulum (PER), which is often connected to the
3968:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
5498:
2850:
T. Cavalier-Smith; E. E. Chao (November 1996). "18S rRNA sequence of
Heterosigma carterae (Raphidophyceae), and the phylogeny of heterokont algae (Ochrophyta)".
2415:
2007:
1394:
261:
5950:
5945:
5913:
5908:
5470:
2638:
2580:
2572:
5940:
5707:
5646:
2630:
2622:
2487:
1995:
1449:
1028:
276:
5925:
5855:
5680:
2598:
2460:
2003:
1418:
266:
1972:
Evolutionary relationships between all ochrophyte classes based on the latest phylogenetic analyses, and the approximate number of species in each class.
1067:
and is common in cold, clear, fast-flowing mountain streams, where it attaches to a firm substrate. Xanthophycean genera commonly found in rivers include
5973:
5960:
5570:
5506:
5336:
4919:
2809:"A Vaucheriacean Alga from the Middle Neoproterozoic of Spitsbergen: Implications for the Evolution of Proterozoic Eukaryotes and the Cambrian Explosion"
2662:
2646:
5930:
5752:
5437:
5331:
5298:
5170:
2606:
2406:
2011:
1507:
1054:
habitats (rivers, streams), golden algae (Chrysophyceae) and yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) are common and occasionally abundant. The golden algal
880:
246:
4035:"A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages"
2757:
led to the description of many new groups and several classes well into the 21st century. The sequencing of the first ochrophyte genome, belonging to
5935:
5918:
5850:
5715:
5656:
5359:
5114:
5109:
4966:
4950:
4820:
2614:
2588:
2244:
2103:
1250:
90:
86:
3899:"Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte?"
5757:
5747:
5688:
5616:
5512:
5194:
5152:
5124:
5104:
5099:
5094:
4877:
2780:
1262:
786:
6325:
6171:
5641:
5968:
5762:
5721:
2654:
2389:
382:
6197:
5142:
4945:
2248:
1256:
2183:
suffix in botanical nomenclature, which corresponds to subdivisions. The phylum to which ochrophytes belong in his classification system is
4849:
1081:
789:, a consortium of several plastids, each surrounded by two or three inner membranes respectively, is enveloped by a shared outer membrane.
4101:
Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020).
5446:
4792:
1978:
Relationships among many classes of ochrophytes remain unresolved, but three main clades (called SI, SII and SIII) are supported in most
2904:
Dovilė Barcytė; Wenche Eikrem; Anette
Engesmo; Sergio Seoane; Jens Wohlmann; Aleš Horák; Tatiana Yurchenko; Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021).
4807:
1143:
at high concentrations are responsible for fish mortality, although the nature and action of their toxins is not resolved. Freshwater
5086:
6312:
6145:
6184:
3228:
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW, Cook ME (2022). "Photosynthetic
Stramenopiles I: Introduction to Photosynthetic Stramenopiles".
2175:(ICN). It remained a phylum-level taxon until 2017, when the same author lowered it to subphylum level and modified the name to
4617:
4564:
3570:
Flori S, Jouneau PH, Finazzi G, Maréchal E, Falconet D (2016). "Ultrastructure of the
Periplastidial Compartment of the Diatom
742:. The tripartite flagellar hairs, characteristic of stramenopiles, are produced within either the PER or the nuclear envelope.
3713:
Ana Luiza
Burliga; J. Patrick Kociolek (2016). "Chapter 5. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
3690:
Orlando Necchi Jr. (2016). "Chapter 7. Heterokonts (Xanthophyceae and
Chrysophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
690:, chloroplasts that have lost photosynthetic capacity and pigments but presumably continue to play a role in the synthesis of
3395:
3237:
3105:
1254:, suggest that ochrophytes had appeared by 1000 Ma. Other early putative representatives of photosynthetic stramenopiles are
745:
The periplastid compartment (PC), between the second and third layers, is a separate region that in other algal groups (i.e.
6189:
3026:(21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing".
4565:"Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)"
2975:
2115:
of this actinophryid, implying that its common ancestor with ochrophytes may have already begun domesticating plastids.
1279:
scales, and valves resembling the modern centric diatom valves, have been found in 800–700 million-years-old sediments.
1086:
4412:
3781:
734:), whose chloroplasts have only two membranes. The two outer layers of ochrophyte plastids are continguous with the
6202:
3253:
John A Raven (15 December 2020). "Determinants, and implications, of the shape and size of thylakoids and cristae".
6348:
6256:
4658:
3848:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, et al. (2019).
2750:
4384:
About Chlorosaccus a new genus of freshwater algae together with some comments on the systematics of related algae
3760:
3144:
706:
in comparison to other algal groups. Their chloroplasts originate from an event of secondary endosymbiosis from a
471:. Ochrophytes are one of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes, containing ecologically important algae such as
4653:
4380:Über Chlorosaccus eine neue Gattung der Süsswasseralgen nebst einiger Bemerkungen zur Systematik verwandter Algen
912:
2825:
4327:
995:) and golden algae; and an array of microscopic single-celled lineages that are also abundant, as evidenced by
4325:& Ema E.-Y. Chao (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)".
1089:, varied carbohydrate structures formed from the cell membrane. In faster-flowing waters, some diatoms (e.g.,
714:: two inner membranes, corresponding to the primary plastid membranes; a third membrane, corresponding to the
4737:
4727:
4710:
4516:"Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae"
3084:
2238:
3609:
Stadnichuk, I.N.; Kusnetsov, V.V. (2021). "Endosymbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts in Plant Cells' Evolution".
944:
3255:
1149:
species are capable of mucilage secretion at high amounts detrimental to fish gills. Within the diatoms (
106:
3799:
2710:, and for medicinal purposes. The first formal description of a stramenopile alga was that of the genus
2702:) and Japanese (ca. 500 AD) writings. Knowledge of them likely predates recorded history, being used as
799:
6303:
4610:
4102:
883:
is dominant instead. These pigment combinations extend their photosynthetic ability beyond chlorophyll
4515:
4430:
6353:
6340:
6261:
6212:
3736:
John D. Wehr (2016). "Chapter 6. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) in Rivers". In Orlando Necchi Jr. (ed.).
2749:
During the 20th century, evolutionary and phylogenetic discussions began including heterokont algae.
2759:
996:
2731:
2315:
description, which was a requirement for valid publication under the ICN until 2011. Phycologists
2148:...) are utilized, the heterokont algae are commonly regarded as an entire phylum (or division in
4742:
4275:"An Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta Plastid Organellogenesis"
1231:
1031:. The brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are almost exclusively marine, with very few freshwater genera.
952:
667:
6238:
3305:
678:
The ochrophytes are mostly photosynthetic. As such, they may possess one or more photosynthetic
6176:
6062:
5534:
4155:"A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)"
2149:
1987:
1241:
of ochrophytes is estimated to have evolved between 874 and 543 million years ago (Ma) through
1127:
Two main lineages of photosynthetic stramenopiles include many toxic species. Within the class
828:
460:
3193:
1153:), harmful effects can be due to physical damage or to toxin production. Centric diatoms like
6248:
6233:
6225:
4705:
4603:
4322:
3963:
3172:
2164:
1979:
1234:
where a red alga was transformed into the chloroplast of the common ancestor of ochrophytes.
1203:
735:
645:
373:
182:
69:
3520:
Marek Eliáš (7 June 2021). "Protist diversity: Novel groups enrich the algal tree of life".
6381:
6119:
6100:
4802:
4336:
4046:
3910:
3468:
3028:
2990:
2917:
2259:. This name referenced, among other traits, the two unequal flagella characteristic of all
940:
579:
6330:
3759:
Medlin LK, Cembella AD (2013). "Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae". In Levin SA (ed.).
3179:. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347.
8:
6376:
5457:
5265:
5055:
4932:
4813:
2754:
2469:
2442:
2288:
2264:
2071:
2015:
1631:
1522:
1043:
963:
608:
Diagram of a simplified ochrophyte cell showing the different compartments. af, anterior
286:
251:
4387:
4340:
4205:
4050:
3914:
3472:
2994:
2921:
2111:
to ochrophytes. Although it lacks chloroplasts, plastidial genes have been found in the
1015:
Several classes of heterokont algae are exclusively known from marine habitats, such as
5832:
5377:
4722:
4700:
4688:
4663:
4581:
4513:
Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003).
4402:
4360:
4299:
4274:
4181:
4154:
4135:
4069:
4034:
4002:
3967:
3933:
3898:
3874:
3849:
3773:
3626:
3502:
3342:
3307:
2829:
750:
356:
101:
4491:
4230:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta:
2903:
2359:
is fully accepted by the scientific community and backed up by phylogenetic analyses.
2320:
2199:
compose the two main branches of stramenopiles, which are regarded as the superphylum
6220:
5978:
5593:
5542:
5480:
5285:
4732:
4695:
4683:
4673:
4544:
4536:
4495:
4459:
4451:
4408:
4352:
4304:
4255:
4186:
4139:
4127:
4074:
4007:
3989:
3938:
3879:
3819:
3802:
3777:
3672:
3630:
3591:
3539:
3494:
3391:
3347:
3329:
3280:
3272:
3233:
3101:
3097:
3053:
3045:
2945:
2867:
2722:
2670:
2433:
2280:
2133:
2031:
1998:
is the sister lineage to brown algae, followed by a clade of closely related classes
1739:
1111:
present in rivers. These lack any complex multicellular thalli, and instead exist as
872:
844:
613:
524:
256:
231:
4364:
3506:
3424:
Dorrell RG, Bowler C (2017). "Chapter Three - Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles".
3306:
Denis Tikhonenkov; Mahwash Jamy; Anastasia S Borodina; et al. (16 March 2022).
5809:
4960:
4647:
4577:
4528:
4487:
4443:
4344:
4294:
4286:
4247:
4176:
4166:
4117:
4064:
4054:
4015:
3997:
3981:
3928:
3918:
3869:
3861:
3811:
3769:
3741:
3718:
3695:
3664:
3618:
3583:
3547:
3531:
3484:
3476:
3433:
3383:
3355:
3337:
3321:
3288:
3264:
3093:
3061:
3037:
3023:
2998:
2935:
2925:
2875:
2859:
2821:
2523:
2371:
2063:
2059:
1820:
1710:
739:
666:, and an immature posterior smooth flagellum ("whiplash") lacking these hairs. The
544:
298:
3655:
Andersen RA (2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae".
3003:
2863:
2384:
1245:
inference. However, the earliest fossil remains, assigned to the billion-year-old
6288:
5817:
5552:
5488:
5465:
5063:
4447:
4122:
4059:
3815:
3587:
3522:
3176:
3142:
2145:
2141:
1242:
1162:
1150:
900:
715:
617:
583:
4595:
3745:
3722:
3699:
3268:
1095:) grow directly attached to the substrate through adhesive films. Others (e.g.,
6085:
5666:
5621:
5588:
5398:
5369:
5175:
5132:
4955:
4678:
4630:
4532:
4251:
3437:
2734:. During this first era of scientific discovery, brown algae were described as
2541:
2478:
2348:
2256:
2215:
2161:
2129:
2112:
2090:
2035:
2022:
are the most basal within the SI. The SII lineage contains the golden algae or
2019:
1754:
1562:
1128:
1064:
1024:
868:
782:
774:
703:
637:
571:
512:
410:
324:
241:
144:
131:
94:
4348:
3985:
3622:
3535:
2171:, later renamed to Ochrophyta in 1996 in accordance to recommendations of the
644:
in dark green); pc, periplastidial compartment (in pink); per, periplastidial
6370:
5882:
5842:
5734:
5316:
5308:
5293:
5274:
4540:
4455:
4290:
3993:
3543:
3333:
3276:
3081:
3049:
2871:
2784:, which contains chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes as opposed to four.
2550:
2532:
2496:
2424:
2344:
2316:
2304:
2276:
2272:
2260:
2252:
2082:
2067:
2055:
2027:
2023:
1999:
1931:
1866:
1835:
1685:
1668:
1584:
1379:
1219:
1215:
1047:
1039:
1020:
1016:
955:
920:
876:
848:
822:
816:
723:
711:
555:
552:
532:
520:
441:
413:
333:
308:
303:
281:
226:
4238:(Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes".
4171:
3850:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
3551:
3359:
3292:
3065:
2323:
and Robert Andersen validly published Heterokontophyta as a phylum in 2023.
2207:. However, this classification system is in disuse due to the kingdom's non-
464:
6044:
5827:
5822:
5694:
5661:
5636:
5626:
5611:
5603:
5525:
5411:
5406:
5354:
5321:
5165:
5006:
4940:
4887:
4859:
4634:
4548:
4499:
4463:
4356:
4308:
4259:
4190:
4131:
4078:
4011:
3942:
3883:
3823:
3676:
3668:
3595:
3498:
3351:
3312:
3284:
3057:
2949:
2699:
2698:, were described in early Chinese (around 3000 BC), Greek (300 BC, such as
2695:
2451:
2339:
2335:
2284:
2228:
2208:
2192:
2108:
2098:
2086:
1983:
1465:
1271:
1199:
1192:
1004:
959:
904:
888:
860:
813:
758:
625:
621:
591:
536:
421:
342:
271:
157:
4019:
3387:
2879:
6297:
6158:
6111:
6094:
6031:
5742:
5583:
5578:
5160:
5044:
5019:
4854:
4784:
3972:
3308:"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"
3143:
Michael D. Guiry; Øjvind Moestrup; Robert A. Andersen (11 October 2023).
2727:
2300:
2296:
2223:
2200:
2188:
2157:
1955:
1276:
1246:
1238:
1175:
1155:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1116:
1000:
928:
864:
856:
832:
805:
754:
746:
731:
727:
683:
663:
472:
468:
449:
429:
78:
41:
34:
3489:
3325:
3082:
H.S. Yoon; R.A. Andersen; S.M. Boo; D. Bhattacharya (17 February 2009).
2187:, a clade that also contains some heterotrophic heterokonts, namely the
6317:
5798:
5651:
5560:
5346:
5326:
4831:
4476:
2940:
2833:
2515:
2356:
2292:
2047:
2042:(also known as Synchromophyceae). Both clades, SI and SII, compose the
2039:
1796:
1714:
1267:
1227:
1171:
762:
691:
687:
528:
508:
417:
293:
236:
191:
82:
3923:
3865:
3480:
3041:
2930:
2905:
2808:
6163:
6132:
5900:
5416:
5247:
5137:
5014:
4905:
4869:
4626:
2743:
2559:
2398:
2376:
2352:
2327:
2267:
discoveries, Christiaan van den Hoek introduced in 1978 the division
2204:
2046:
lineage. The remaining classes are grouped within the sister lineage
2043:
1991:
1881:
1321:
1211:
1103:
1091:
1075:
1069:
975:
948:
916:
778:
766:
719:
641:
629:
609:
567:
563:
516:
496:
445:
433:
313:
221:
118:
6056:
4400:
3740:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3717:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
3712:
3694:. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–158.
6282:
6137:
6079:
5890:
5871:
5201:
5073:
5025:
4882:
4840:
4797:
4775:
4717:
4321:
2717:
2094:
2085:, is included in some classifications as the sister lineage to the
2078:
1223:
1207:
1059:
707:
587:
559:
425:
205:
6150:
2074:, was described in 2021 and recovered as part of the SII lineage.
5631:
4995:
4913:
4153:
Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016).
4152:
3457:
2739:
2691:
2184:
2051:
1982:. The SI lineage, containing the diverse and multicellular class
1112:
1108:
1097:
971:
967:
908:
679:
649:
633:
595:
492:
437:
167:
48:
4764:
2735:
2331:
2291:. Several other names were used to group heterokont algae with
2196:
2173:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
2137:
979:
924:
852:
695:
548:
540:
476:
55:
2658:
Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004
718:
of the red alga; and an outermost layer, corresponding to the
6124:
2712:
2312:
1195:
1055:
1051:
575:
406:
199:
2018:, which are sometimes treated as one class Aurophyceae. The
1230:. This lineage of stramenopiles originated from an event of
3569:
2849:
2826:
10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0231:AVAFTM>2.0.CO;2
2703:
2010:. This is in turn the sister lineage to a clade containing
992:
699:
432:. In particular, they are characterized by photosynthetic
2707:
4206:"Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids"
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
2973:
515:
that are either naked or covered by scales, lorica or a
4427:
1115:
filamentous forms that have evolved independently from
722:
membrane. This characteristic differentiates them from
578:, distinguished from other groups of algae by specific
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3227:
551:. This is a common trait shared with their relatives,
4512:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
3962:
3768:(Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 470–484.
3444:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2845:
2843:
1206:
that also includes several heterotrophic lineages of
962:
or zoosporogenesis. In addition, they are capable of
670:
of the flagellum generally has a transitional helix.
4272:
4229:
3897:Ševčíková T, Horák A, Klimeš V, et al. (2015).
3896:
3752:
2906:"Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta"
2650:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2618:
Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
919:, outside plastids, unlike other algae. Cytoplasmic
843:
pigment is present in the stroma. The most frequent
4470:
4315:
3608:
3404:
3223:
2326:As opposed to the hierarchical classification, the
4931:
4563:
4514:
4429:
4204:Mikrjukov, Kirill A.; Patterson, David J. (2001).
4203:
4085:
3689:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3083:
2886:
2840:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2307:, which is not a validly published name under the
2214:While Ochrophyta is the preferred name by general
558:, as well as other closely related groups such as
4625:
4401:C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; H. M. Jahns (1995).
4146:
4100:
3795:
3793:
911:molecules, as a storage product. It is stored in
867:fucoxanthin. In the yellow-green or yellow-brown
6368:
5959:
3847:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3232:(4th ed.). LJLM Press. pp. 12-2–12-4.
3022:
2050:, equivalent to the SIII lineage; these are the
3200:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2796:
2519:Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017
999:. Regarding nutrition, various ochrophytes are
424:, characterized by the presence of two unequal
4428:Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008).
4032:
3890:
3790:
3758:
887:alone. Additionally, xanthophylls protect the
5397:
4611:
3637:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3423:
3177:The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics
1178:, the cause of amnesiac shellfish poisoning.
686:) per cell. Some groups contain species with
4555:
4506:
4234:, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to
4197:
3735:
3382:(5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3252:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3090:Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition)
3018:
3016:
3014:
2976:"Phylogeny and Evolution of the Brown Algae"
2956:
851:. The golden-brown or brown pigmentation in
702:groups. Ochrophytes have a distinct plastid
5041:
5005:
4223:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3519:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3077:
3075:
2805:
2473:Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
2263:, also known as heterokonts. After several
2089:, and both groups are treated as one class
1063:, in particular, can be widespread in some
907:consisting of short chains of β-1,3-linked
428:, one of which has tripartite hairs called
5227:
4618:
4604:
4394:
4266:
4026:
3558:
3513:
3299:
3246:
2738:, while microscopic algae were treated as
1994:(around 310 million years ago). The class
798:
602:
444:, with membrane-bound compartments called
68:
5244:
4421:
4298:
4180:
4170:
4121:
4068:
4058:
4001:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3932:
3922:
3873:
3488:
3341:
3187:
3185:
3121:
3011:
3002:
2939:
2929:
2351:. The subdivision of ochrophytes between
2097:phylogenetic analyses. However, a recent
1050:are predominantly freshwater classes. In
927:, which is the common storage product in
547:. All ochrophytes uniformly have tubular
4570:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
3830:
3654:
3366:
3072:
2464:R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
2383:
2370:
4992:
4561:
3197:. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 157.
2685:
2226:. The origin of this name is the class
2128:In hierarchical classifications, where
1275:(600–550 Ma). Scales similar to modern
648:(in blue); pf, posterior flagellum; v,
479:. They are classified either as phylum
367:Guiry, R.A.Andersen & Moestrup 2023
6369:
4761:
4377:
3949:
3182:
2334:as valid groups, rejecting the use of
6061:
6060:
4599:
6341:2dfc2322-42f4-418c-babb-50ef339aaa70
6213:5b401e1a-5717-47d7-9133-c67b6328f2a4
2674:Haeckel 1878, emend. Adl et al. 2019
2446:Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš, 2021
2160:. The phylum was first described by
2123:
1191:The ochrophytes constitute a highly
4404:Algae: an introduction to phycology
3611:Russian Journal of Plant Physiology
3377:
894:
27:Temporal range: Middle Proterozoic
13:
4582:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x
3854:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3774:10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00404-4
2983:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
2232:, introduced by Finnish biologist
2222:is considered more familiar among
1087:extracellular polymeric substances
463:, and additional pigments such as
14:
6393:
4591:
2482:Cahdefaud 1950, emend. Silva 1980
2362:
1986:, or brown algae, experienced an
710:, which lead to four surrounding
4240:European Journal of Protistology
3098:10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00253-4
2751:Transmission electron microscopy
2500:Allorge 1930 emend. Fritsch 1935
1122:
812:Ochrophyte chloroplasts contain
574:eukaryotes, they are considered
105:
32:
4407:. Cambridge: University Press.
4371:
4279:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3729:
3706:
3683:
3602:
3145:"Validation of the phylum name
2772:
2755:molecular phylogenetic analysis
2330:classification only recognizes
2101:study places one actinophryid,
1166:. More than a dozen species of
934:
863:and others is conferred by the
839:binds to thylakoids, while the
792:
673:
539:develop as large multicellular
4386:] (in German). Stockholm:
4328:Journal of Molecular Evolution
4033:Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010).
3426:Advances in Botanical Research
3194:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
3166:
2243:in 1899 to include the orders
2218:and protozoologists, the name
2118:
502:
351:>100,000 estimated species
1:
4492:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X
4378:Luther, Alexander F. (1899).
3004:10.1080/07352689.2020.1787679
2864:10.2216/I0031-8884-35-6-500.1
2790:
2726:. Shortly after, unicellular
2156:, within the Stramenopila or
2026:, as well as smaller classes
1034:
847:in ochrophytes is the yellow
773:Commonly, within the plastid
616:; fs, flagellar swelling; g,
448:organized in piles of three,
4562:Hibberd DJ (February 1981).
4448:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003
4123:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781
4060:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3816:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004
3762:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
3588:10.1016/j.protis.2016.04.001
2778:The only known exception is
2666:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2642:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2634:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2626:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2610:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2602:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2592:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2584:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2576:D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019
2536:Andersen & Saunders 1993
1181:
970:, by three different modes:
899:Ochrophyte algae accumulate
7:
3746:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_6
3723:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_5
3700:10.1007/978-3-319-31984-1_7
3269:10.1016/J.JPLPH.2020.153342
3256:Journal of Plant Physiology
2077:One group of heterotrophic
1282:
1186:
1170:are capable of producing a
991:such as brown algae (e.g.,
939:Ochrophytes are capable of
923:are also common. They lack
891:from high intensity light.
657:
10:
6398:
4533:10.1078/143446103322166518
4252:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002
3657:American Journal of Botany
3438:10.1016/bs.abr.2017.06.003
2510:; Tribophyceae) – 616 spp.
2234:Alexander Ferdinand Luther
985:
6272:
6069:
6039:
6023:
5899:
5881:
5868:
5864:
5841:
5808:
5795:
5791:
5733:
5706:
5679:
5602:
5569:
5551:
5533:
5524:
5497:
5479:
5456:
5436:
5429:
5425:
5390:
5368:
5345:
5307:
5284:
5264:
5257:
5240:
5223:
5184:
5151:
5123:
5085:
5072:
5054:
5037:
4988:
4904:
4868:
4839:
4830:
4783:
4774:
4757:
4641:
4349:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8
3986:10.1007/S00709-017-1147-3
3623:10.1134/S1021443721010179
3572:Phaeodactylum tricornutum
3536:10.1016/J.CUB.2021.04.025
1953:
1929:
1879:
1864:
1857:
1833:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1752:
1737:
1707:
1683:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1629:
1622:
1582:
1560:
1553:
1520:
1505:
1498:
1462:
1447:
1440:
1416:
1392:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1328:
1312:
1296:
1010:
620:; gl, girdle lamella; m,
362:
355:
348:
341:
218:
213:
197:
190:
102:Scientific classification
100:
76:
67:
23:
3191:Reviers, B. de. (2006).
2766:
2760:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2271:for five algal classes:
2070:. A new class of algae,
997:environmental sequencing
495:. Their plastids are of
349:23,314 described species
2806:Butterfield NJ (2004).
2251:, later separated into
1232:secondary endosymbiosis
829:photosynthetic pigments
668:ciliary transition zone
461:photosynthetic pigments
5535:Discosporangiophycidae
4291:10.1093/molbev/msac065
3669:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508
2394:
2381:
2150:botanical nomenclature
2054:or Bacillariophyceae,
1988:evolutionary radiation
804:Chemical structure of
632:in darker purple); p,
586:traits, such as their
545:differentiated tissues
511:organisms composed of
6234:Paleobiology Database
5499:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
4323:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
4172:10.1093/molbev/msw168
3964:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
3388:10.1017/9781316407219
2732:Otto Friedrich Müller
2419:Wetherbee et al. 2019
2416:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
2387:
2374:
2165:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2008:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1980:phylogenetic analyses
1395:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1266:(750–700 Ma) and the
1204:eukaryotic supergroup
736:endoplasmic reticulum
646:endoplasmic reticulum
549:mitochondrial cristae
262:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
5951:Arachnoidiscophytina
5946:Rhizosloleniophytina
5914:Leptocylindrophyceae
5909:Leptocylindrophytina
5471:Pleurochloridellales
4803:Pseudodendromonadida
3966:(5 September 2017).
3029:Journal of Phycology
2910:Journal of Phycology
2686:History of knowledge
2639:Arachnoidiscophytina
2581:Leptocylindrophyceae
2573:Leptocylindrophytina
941:asexual reproduction
5941:Coscinodiscophytina
5708:Schizocladiophyceae
5647:Phaeosiphoniellales
5458:Phaeothamniophyceae
5266:Olisthodiscophyceae
5056:Hyphochytriomycetes
4933:Labyrinthulomycetes
4341:2006JMolE..62..388C
4213:Acta Protozoologica
4051:2010PLoSO...512759B
3915:2015NatSR...510134S
3473:2019JPcgy..55..257W
3326:10.1098/RSOB.210325
2995:2020CRvPS..39..281B
2922:2021JPcgy..57.1094B
2631:Rhizosoleniophytina
2623:Coscinodiscophytina
2554:Guillou et al. 1999
2545:Kawachi et al. 2003
2488:Schizocladiophyceae
2470:Phaeothamniophyceae
2443:Olisthodiscophyceae
2402:Cavalier-Smith 1986
2295:organisms, such as
2289:Chloromonadophyceae
2265:electron microscopy
2203:within the kingdom
2072:Olisthodiscophyceae
2016:Phaeothamniophyceae
1996:Schizocladiophyceae
1632:Olisthodiscophyceae
1523:Phaeothamniophyceae
1450:Schizocladiophyceae
1044:Phaeothamniophyceae
1029:Schizocladiophyceae
964:sexual reproduction
915:located within the
751:chlorarachniophytes
420:, organisms with a
287:Olisthodiscophyceae
277:Schizocladiophyceae
252:Phaeothamniophyceae
5926:Ellerbeckiophytina
5874:
5870:
5856:Sarcinochrysidales
5833:Rhizochromulinales
5801:
5797:
5681:Phaeosacciophyceae
5378:Pinguiochrysidales
5250:
5246:
5233:
5229:
5074:Peronosporomycetes
5047:
5043:
4998:
4994:
4767:
4763:
4232:Incisomonas marina
3173:Cavalier-Smith, T.
2742:under the name of
2730:were described by
2599:Ellerbeckiophytina
2565:(=Bacillariophyta
2461:Phaeosacciophyceae
2395:
2382:
2347:group, within the
2107:, as the probable
2004:Phaeosacciophyceae
1419:Phaeosacciophyceae
1003:, usually through
873:eustigmatophyceans
487:, or as subphylum
267:Phaeosacciophyceae
6364:
6363:
6221:Open Tree of Life
6063:Taxon identifiers
6054:
6053:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5979:Bacillariophyceae
5974:Biddulphiophyceae
5961:Bacillariophytina
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5675:
5674:
5594:Syringodermatales
5571:Dictyochophycidae
5543:Discosporangiales
5507:Chrysoparadoxales
5481:Chrysomerophyceae
5386:
5385:
5337:Thallochrysidales
5286:Eustigmatophyceae
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4920:Pseudophyllomitus
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4165:(11): 2890–2898.
3924:10.1038/srep10134
3866:10.1111/jeu.12691
3663:(10): 1508–1522.
3481:10.1111/jpy.12822
3397:978-1-107-55565-5
3239:978-0-9863935-4-9
3107:978-0-12-373944-5
3042:10.1111/JPY.13431
2931:10.1111/jpy.13155
2763:, began in 2002.
2723:Species Plantarum
2720:in his 1753 work
2671:Bacillariophyceae
2663:Biddulphiophyceae
2647:Bacillariophytina
2491:Kawai et al. 2003
2434:Eustigmatophyceae
2281:Bacillariophyceae
2152:) by the name of
2124:Taxonomic history
2064:silicoflagellates
2032:Eustigmatophyceae
1976:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1941:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1846:
1845:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1740:Eustigmatophyceae
1726:
1725:
1696:
1695:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1429:
1428:
1405:
1404:
845:accessory pigment
831:, in addition to
440:enclosed by four
405:, are a group of
399:heterokontophytes
392:
391:
386:
365:Heterokontophyta
257:Chrysomerophyceae
232:Eustigmatophyceae
186:
6389:
6357:
6356:
6344:
6343:
6334:
6333:
6321:
6320:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6304:Heterokontophyta
6293:
6292:
6291:
6274:Heterokontophyta
6265:
6264:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6206:
6205:
6193:
6192:
6180:
6179:
6167:
6166:
6154:
6153:
6141:
6140:
6128:
6127:
6115:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6058:
6057:
5957:
5956:
5931:Probosciophytina
5879:
5878:
5875:
5866:
5865:
5810:Dictyochophyceae
5806:
5805:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5753:Rhizochloridales
5531:
5530:
5438:Aurearenophyceae
5434:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5395:
5394:
5332:Rhizochrysidales
5299:Goniochloridales
5262:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5171:Salilagenidiales
5083:
5082:
5079:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4961:Thraustochytrida
4929:
4928:
4837:
4836:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4670:
4650:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4585:
4567:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4390:. pp. 1–22.
4375:
4369:
4368:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4174:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4125:
4107:
4098:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4062:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4005:
3960:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3926:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3845:
3828:
3827:
3797:
3788:
3787:
3767:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3652:
3635:
3634:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3567:
3556:
3555:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3492:
3455:
3442:
3441:
3421:
3402:
3401:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3345:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3225:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3147:Heterokontophyta
3140:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3087:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3024:Michael D. Guiry
3020:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2980:
2971:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2933:
2916:(4): 1094–1118.
2901:
2884:
2883:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2811:
2803:
2785:
2776:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2607:Probosciophytina
2603:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:) – 14,684 spp.
2568:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2524:Dictyochophyceae
2520:
2509:
2506:; Heteromonadea
2505:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2407:Aurearenophyceae
2403:
2269:Heterokontophyta
2242:
2220:Heterokontophyta
2093:on the basis of
2060:Dictyochophyceae
2012:Aurearenophyceae
1990:during the late
1925:
1860:
1859:
1821:Dictyochophyceae
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1717:
1711:Synchromophyceae
1672:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1578:
1556:
1555:
1508:Aurearenophyceae
1501:
1500:
1469:
1443:
1442:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
895:Storage products
881:vaucheriaxanthin
802:
777:, three stacked
757:, the vestigial
740:nuclear envelope
730:, red algae and
640:in light green,
624:(in orange); n,
606:
507:Ochrophytes are
485:Heterokontophyta
397:, also known as
381:
380:Stramenochromes
377:
368:
329:
299:Dictyochophyceae
247:Aurearenophyceae
185:1986 emend. 1996
181:
110:
109:
72:
62:
58:
51:
44:
37:
31:
21:
20:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6329:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6247:
6245:
6237:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6211:
6209:
6201:
6196:
6188:
6183:
6175:
6170:
6162:
6157:
6149:
6144:
6136:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6035:
5983:
5955:
5936:Melosirophytina
5919:Corethrophyceae
5895:
5869:
5860:
5851:Pelagomonadales
5837:
5818:Florenciellales
5796:
5767:
5729:
5716:Schizocladiales
5702:
5671:
5657:Scytothamniales
5598:
5565:
5553:Ishigeophycidae
5547:
5520:
5493:
5489:Chrysomeridales
5475:
5466:Phaeothamniales
5452:
5421:
5382:
5364:
5360:Chlamydomyxales
5341:
5303:
5280:
5245:
5228:
5207:
5180:
5147:
5119:
5115:Rozellopsidales
5110:Olpidiopsidales
5077:
5076:
5068:
5064:Hyphochytriales
5042:
5033:
4993:
4972:
4967:Stellarchytrium
4951:Oblongichytrida
4927:
4892:
4864:
4826:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4668:
4646:
4637:
4624:
4594:
4589:
4560:
4556:
4511:
4507:
4475:
4471:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4399:
4395:
4376:
4372:
4320:
4316:
4271:
4267:
4228:
4224:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4151:
4147:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4031:
4027:
3961:
3950:
3895:
3891:
3846:
3831:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3734:
3730:
3711:
3707:
3688:
3684:
3653:
3638:
3607:
3603:
3568:
3559:
3523:Current Biology
3518:
3514:
3456:
3445:
3422:
3405:
3398:
3378:Lee RE (2018).
3376:
3367:
3304:
3300:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3226:
3201:
3190:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3156:Notulae Algarum
3151:
3141:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3085:"Stramenopiles"
3080:
3073:
3021:
3012:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2902:
2887:
2848:
2841:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2694:, in the class
2688:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2615:Melosirophytina
2609:
2601:
2591:
2589:Corethrophyceae
2583:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2507:
2503:
2502:(=Heterokontae
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2410:Kai et al. 2008
2409:
2401:
2380:(Chrysophyceae)
2365:
2321:Øjvind Moestrup
2245:Chloromonadales
2236:
2216:protistologists
2130:taxonomic ranks
2126:
2121:
2104:Actinophrys sol
2062:(including the
1967:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1847:
1802:
1795:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1727:
1709:
1697:
1667:
1620:
1616:
1605:
1596:
1580:
1576:
1543:
1534:
1488:
1479:
1464:
1430:
1406:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1285:
1251:Palaeovaucheria
1243:molecular clock
1220:labyrinthuleans
1189:
1184:
1168:Pseudonitzschia
1163:Pseudonitzschia
1151:Bacillariophyta
1125:
1065:drainage basins
1037:
1013:
988:
937:
901:chrysolaminarin
897:
869:raphidophyceans
810:
809:
808:
795:
787:aurearenophytes
783:synchromophytes
716:plasma membrane
676:
660:
655:
654:
653:
618:Golgi apparatus
584:ultrastructural
570:. As primarily
505:
409:. They are the
403:stramenochromes
372:
366:
350:
322:
320:
209:
203:
180:
104:
87:Partridge Point
63:
61:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Phylum of algae
12:
11:
5:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6345:
6335:
6322:
6309:
6294:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6253:
6243:
6230:
6217:
6207:
6194:
6181:
6168:
6155:
6142:
6129:
6116:
6106:
6091:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6027:
6025:Incertae sedis
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5963:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5876:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5803:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5758:Tribonematales
5755:
5750:
5748:Mischococcales
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5712:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5689:Phaeosacciales
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5667:Tilopteridales
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5622:Desmarestiales
5619:
5617:Asterocladales
5614:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5589:Sphacelariales
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:Chrysoparadoxa
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5442:
5440:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:Chattonellales
5403:
5401:
5399:Raphidomonadea
5392:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5370:Pinguiophyceae
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5252:
5235:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5195:Diatomophthora
5190:
5188:
5186:incertae sedis
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5176:Saprolegniales
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5153:Saprolegniidae
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5133:Peronosporales
5129:
5127:
5125:Peronosporidae
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Lagenismatales
5102:
5100:Haptoglossales
5097:
5095:Anisolpidiales
5091:
5089:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4958:
4956:Labyrinthulida
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Proteromonadea
4874:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:Mesomycetozoea
4740:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4679:Diaphoretickes
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4593:
4592:External links
4590:
4588:
4587:
4554:
4527:(2): 211–228.
4505:
4469:
4442:(3): 435–457.
4420:
4413:
4393:
4370:
4335:(4): 388–420.
4314:
4265:
4246:(3): 328–353.
4222:
4196:
4145:
4084:
4025:
3980:(1): 297–357.
3948:
3889:
3829:
3810:(2): 191–204.
3789:
3782:
3751:
3728:
3705:
3682:
3636:
3601:
3582:(1): 254–267.
3557:
3512:
3467:(2): 257–278.
3443:
3403:
3396:
3365:
3298:
3245:
3238:
3199:
3181:
3165:
3120:
3106:
3071:
3010:
2989:(4): 281–321.
2955:
2885:
2858:(6): 500–510.
2839:
2820:(2): 231–252.
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:Chrysoparadoxa
2770:
2768:
2765:
2690:Multicellular
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2563:Dumortier 1821
2557:
2548:
2542:Pinguiophyceae
2539:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2494:
2485:
2479:Raphidophyceae
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2393:(Phaeophyceae)
2364:
2363:Classification
2361:
2349:SAR supergroup
2257:Raphidophyceae
2195:. Gyrista and
2162:protozoologist
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:nuclear genome
2091:Raphidomonadea
2036:Pinguiophyceae
2020:Raphidophyceae
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:Pinguiophyceae
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:(golden algae)
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:Raphidophyceae
1559:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1263:Germinosphaera
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1129:Raphidophyceae
1124:
1121:
1036:
1033:
1025:Pinguiophyceae
1012:
1009:
987:
984:
936:
933:
921:lipid droplets
896:
893:
877:xanthophyceans
835:. Chlorophyll
803:
797:
796:
794:
791:
704:ultrastructure
675:
672:
659:
656:
607:
601:
600:
572:photosynthetic
519:. They can be
504:
501:
491:within phylum
411:photosynthetic
390:
389:
388:
387:
378:
374:Cavalier-Smith
369:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
339:
338:
337:
336:
325:Incertae sedis
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:Raphidophyceae
239:
234:
229:
216:
215:
211:
210:
204:
195:
194:
188:
187:
183:Cavalier-Smith
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
142:
135:
134:
132:Diaphoretickes
129:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
97:
95:Cape Peninsula
74:
73:
65:
64:
54:
47:
40:
33:
30:1000–0 Ma
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6394:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6026:
6022:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5883:Bolidophyceae
5880:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5843:Pelagophyceae
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5790:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5735:Xanthophyceae
5732:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:Neodermatales
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Actinophryida
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5317:Chromulinales
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5309:Chrysophyceae
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:Eustigmatales
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5275:Olisthodiscus
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4706:Stramenopiles
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:(major groups
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4635:Stramenopiles
4632:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4583:
4579:
4576:(2): 93–119.
4575:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4486:(3): 245–63.
4485:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4414:0-521-30419-9
4410:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4159:Mol Biol Evol
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4116:(6): 125781.
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:(9): e12759.
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3783:9780123847201
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:: R733–R735.
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:(3): 210325.
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:Bolidophyceae
2549:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2533:Pelagophyceae
2531:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2498:
2497:Xanthophyceae
2495:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2455:Hansgirg 1886
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2425:Chrysophyceae
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Stramenopiles
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:Michael Guiry
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:Stramenopiles
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Xanthophyceae
2274:
2273:Chrysophyceae
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:Stramenopiles
2258:
2254:
2253:Xanthophyceae
2250:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:to match the
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:raphidophytes
2084:
2083:Actinophryida
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:Pelagophyceae
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:Bolidophyceae
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:Synurophyceae
2025:
2024:Chrysophyceae
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:Xanthophyceae
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:Actinophryida
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:Bolidophyceae
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:Pelagophyceae
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:Synurophyceae
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:Chrysophyceae
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:Actinophryida
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:(brown algae)
1467:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:Xanthophyceae
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:hyphochytrids
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1131:, strains of
1130:
1123:Harmful algae
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Xanthophyceae
1045:
1041:
1040:Chrysophyceae
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:Pelagophyceae
1018:
1017:Bolidophyceae
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:cell division
954:
950:
946:
945:fragmentation
942:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
819:
815:
807:
801:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:) contains a
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:archaeplastid
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
669:
665:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:morphological
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:stramenopiles
554:
553:heterotrophic
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:multicellular
530:
526:
522:
521:single-celled
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:, a group of
415:
414:stramenopiles
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
384:
379:
375:
370:
364:
363:
361:
358:
354:
347:
344:
340:
335:
334:Actinophryida
332:
331:
330:
328:
326:
315:
312:
310:
309:Bolidophyceae
307:
305:
304:Pelagophyceae
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
288:
285:
283:
282:Xanthophyceae
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
227:Chrysophyceae
225:
224:
223:
220:
219:
217:
212:
207:
202:
201:
196:
193:
189:
184:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:Stramenopiles
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
22:
19:
6273:
6070:
6045:paraphyletic
6030:
6024:
5969:Mediophyceae
5828:Pedinellales
5823:Dictyochales
5763:Vaucheriales
5722:Schizocladia
5720:
5695:Phaeosaccion
5693:
5662:Sporochnales
5637:Laminariales
5627:Ectocarpales
5612:Ascoseirales
5604:Fucophycidae
5526:Phaeophyceae
5511:
5445:
5355:Synchromales
5322:Hibberdiales
5273:
5230:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5166:Leptomitales
5024:
5007:Bigyromonada
4965:
4941:Amphitremida
4918:
4888:Blastocystea
4860:Opalomonadea
4819:
4812:
4728:Opisthokonta
4573:
4569:
4557:
4524:
4520:
4508:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4439:
4435:
4423:
4403:
4396:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4332:
4326:
4317:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4199:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4113:
4109:
4042:
4038:
4028:
3977:
3971:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3860:(1): 4–119.
3857:
3853:
3807:
3801:
3761:
3754:
3737:
3731:
3714:
3708:
3691:
3685:
3660:
3656:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3490:11343/233613
3464:
3460:
3429:
3425:
3379:
3317:
3313:Open Biology
3311:
3301:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3229:
3192:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3111:. Retrieved
3089:
3033:
3027:
2986:
2982:
2913:
2909:
2855:
2851:
2817:
2814:Paleobiology
2813:
2779:
2774:
2758:
2748:
2728:chrysophytes
2721:
2711:
2700:Theophrastus
2696:Phaeophyceae
2689:
2655:Mediophyceae
2567:Haeckel 1878
2508:Leedale 1983
2457:– 2,124 spp.
2452:Phaeophyceae
2437:Hibberd 1981
2430:– 1,274 spp.
2428:Pascher 1914
2390:Pelvetiopsis
2388:
2375:
2366:
2340:polyphyletic
2336:paraphyletic
2325:
2285:Phaeophyceae
2268:
2227:
2224:phycologists
2219:
2213:
2209:monophyletic
2193:Bigyromonada
2180:
2177:Ochrophytina
2176:
2168:
2167:in 1986, as
2153:
2127:
2109:sister group
2102:
2099:phylogenomic
2076:
1984:Phaeophyceae
1977:
1954:
1930:
1880:
1865:
1834:
1819:
1753:
1738:
1708:
1684:
1666:
1630:
1583:
1561:
1521:
1506:
1466:Phaeophyceae
1463:
1448:
1417:
1393:
1378:
1305:
1272:Miaohephyton
1270:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1236:
1200:Stramenopila
1190:
1167:
1161:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1058:
1038:
1014:
1005:phagocytosis
989:
960:sporogenesis
938:
935:Reproduction
931:and plants.
905:carbohydrate
898:
889:photosystems
884:
861:golden algae
840:
836:
823:
817:
814:chlorophylls
811:
793:Pigmentation
772:
747:cryptomonads
744:
728:glaucophytes
684:chloroplasts
677:
674:Chloroplasts
664:mastigonemes
661:
628:(in purple,
622:mitochondria
592:chloroplasts
537:Phaeophyceae
506:
489:Ochrophytina
488:
484:
480:
469:xanthophylls
456:
452:
430:mastigonemes
422:cell nucleus
402:
398:
394:
393:
323:
321:
272:Phaeophyceae
198:
178:Ochrophytina
177:
151:
138:
125:
91:Dave's Caves
18:
6382:Heterokonts
6298:Wikispecies
6159:iNaturalist
6095:Wikispecies
6032:Platysulcus
5743:Botrydiales
5584:Onslowiales
5579:Dictyotales
5161:Albuginales
5143:Rhipidiales
5078:(Oomycetes)
5045:Pseudofungi
5020:Pirsoniales
4946:Amphifilida
4855:Nanomonadea
4785:Bicosoecida
3973:Protoplasma
3738:River Algae
3715:River Algae
3692:River Algae
3617:(1): 1–16.
3092:: 721–731.
2941:10852/86515
2504:Luther 1899
2303:and lastly
2301:Heterokonta
2297:Chromophyta
2249:Confervales
2237: [
2229:Heterokontæ
2201:Heterokonta
2189:Pseudofungi
2158:Heterokonta
2119:Systematics
1956:Pseudofungi
1277:chrysophyte
1257:Jacutianema
1247:xanthophyte
1239:total group
1228:bicosoecids
1176:domoic acid
1156:Chaetoceros
1146:Gonyostomum
1140:Chattonella
1134:Heterosigma
1119:ancestors.
1001:mixotrophic
929:green algae
865:xanthophyll
857:brown algae
833:fucoxanthin
806:fucoxanthin
763:haptophytes
755:nucleomorph
732:green algae
688:leucoplasts
503:Description
473:brown algae
450:chlorophyll
395:Ochrophytes
385:et al. 1994
174:Subphylum:
79:kelp forest
43:Proterozoic
24:Ochrophytes
6377:Ochrophyta
6371:Categories
6101:Ochrophyta
6071:Ochrophyta
5799:Diatomista
5652:Ralfsiales
5561:Ishigeales
5417:Commatiida
5347:Picophagea
5327:Hydrurales
5231:Ochrophyta
4850:Placididea
4832:Placidozoa
4236:Solenicola
3552:Q124822461
3432:: 57–103.
3360:Q112636995
3293:Q104691547
3263:: 153342.
3066:Q124684077
2852:Phycologia
2791:References
2529:– 217 spp.
2527:Silva 1980
2516:Diatomista
2439:– 218 spp.
2357:Diatomista
2293:ambiregnal
2154:Ochrophyta
2081:protists,
2048:Diatomista
2040:Picophagea
1884:(diatoms)
1797:Diatomista
1715:Picophagea
1306:Ochrophyta
1268:brown alga
1260:(750 Ma),
1172:neurotoxin
1082:Bumilleria
1035:Freshwater
953:vegetative
949:propagules
849:β-carotene
779:thylakoids
692:aminoacids
642:thylakoids
529:coenocytic
509:eukaryotic
481:Ochrophyta
465:β-carotene
446:thylakoids
434:organelles
418:eukaryotes
294:Diatomista
237:Picophagea
192:Type genus
83:understory
6289:Q21286613
5901:Diatomeae
5447:Aurearena
5248:Chrysista
5138:Pythiales
5015:Developea
4906:Sagenista
4870:Opalinata
4793:Bicoecida
4723:Amoebozoa
4701:Alveolata
4689:Cryptista
4664:Eukaryota
4627:Eukaryota
4541:1434-4610
4456:1434-4610
4140:227315556
4020:Q47194626
3994:0033-183X
3909:: 10134.
3631:255012748
3544:0960-9822
3380:Phycology
3334:2046-2441
3277:0176-1617
3050:0022-3646
2880:Q54493514
2872:0031-8884
2744:infusoria
2560:Diatomeae
2556:– 18 spp.
2484:– 58 spp.
2475:– 31 spp.
2399:Chrysista
2377:Dinobryon
2353:Chrysista
2328:cladistic
2205:Chromista
2079:heliozoan
2044:Chrysista
1992:Paleozoic
1882:Diatomeae
1322:Chrysista
1212:oomycetes
1182:Evolution
1104:Nitzschia
1092:Cocconeis
1076:Tribonema
1070:Vaucheria
976:anisogamy
917:cytoplasm
767:chromerid
720:phagosome
712:membranes
630:nucleolus
610:flagellum
568:Alveolata
564:Telonemia
517:cell wall
497:red algal
459:as their
442:membranes
371:Ochrista
343:Diversity
314:Diatomeae
222:Chrysista
119:Eukaryota
6283:Wikidata
6177:11904997
6109:BioLib:
6086:Q1048772
6080:Wikidata
5891:Parmales
5872:Khakista
5202:Miracula
5026:Pirsonia
4883:Opalinea
4841:Wobblata
4808:Borokida
4798:Anoecida
4776:Opalozoa
4718:Amorphea
4696:Rhizaria
4684:Hacrobia
4674:Excavata
4659:Bacteria
4549:13677449
4500:23194637
4464:18358776
4388:Norstedt
4365:29567514
4357:16557340
4309:35348760
4260:23219323
4191:27512113
4132:33278705
4079:20862282
4039:PLOS ONE
4016:Wikidata
4012:28875267
3943:26017773
3884:30257078
3824:19213601
3677:21652306
3596:27179349
3548:Wikidata
3507:54477112
3499:30536815
3461:J Phycol
3356:Wikidata
3352:35291881
3289:Wikidata
3285:33385618
3175:(1986).
3062:Wikidata
3058:38245909
3036:: 1–15.
2950:33655496
2876:Wikidata
2718:Linnaeus
2692:seaweeds
2547:– 5 spp.
2538:–31 spp.
2466:– 8 spp.
2448:– 2 spp.
2211:nature.
2191:and the
2181:-phytina
2169:Ochrista
2095:18S rDNA
1283:Internal
1224:opalines
1210:such as
1208:protists
1187:External
1060:Hydrurus
966:through
913:vesicles
708:red alga
680:plastids
658:Flagella
596:pigments
588:flagella
560:Rhizaria
525:colonial
499:origin.
438:plastids
426:flagella
357:Synonyms
214:Classes
206:Linnaeus
164:Phylum:
115:Domain:
6318:8147789
6249:4934253
6226:8031327
6203:2696291
5632:Fucales
5087:Eogamia
4996:Gyrista
4914:Eogyrea
4821:Cantina
4733:Animals
4654:Archaea
4521:Protist
4480:Protist
4436:Protist
4337:Bibcode
4300:9004409
4219:: 3–25.
4182:5482393
4110:Protist
4070:2940848
4047:Bibcode
4003:5756292
3934:4603697
3911:Bibcode
3903:Sci Rep
3875:6492006
3803:Protist
3576:Protist
3469:Bibcode
3343:8924772
3113:2 March
2991:Bibcode
2918:Bibcode
2834:4096845
2740:animals
2493:– 1 sp.
2421:– 1 sp.
2412:– 1 sp.
2185:Gyrista
2134:kingdom
2052:diatoms
1198:within
1193:diverse
1113:benthic
1109:species
1098:Eunotia
986:Ecology
972:isogamy
968:gametes
909:glucose
853:diatoms
759:nucleus
726:algae (
650:vacuole
634:plastid
626:nucleus
614:eyespot
535:. Some
493:Gyrista
477:diatoms
168:Gyrista
50:Archean
6354:370437
6338:NZOR:
6262:345465
6246:uBio:
6239:150275
6210:NZOR:
6190:969917
6138:1HETKP
6047:groups
4814:Rictus
4765:Bigyra
4711:Plants
4648:Domain
4547:
4539:
4498:
4462:
4454:
4411:
4363:
4355:
4307:
4297:
4258:
4189:
4179:
4138:
4130:
4077:
4067:
4018:
4010:
4000:
3992:
3941:
3931:
3882:
3872:
3822:
3780:
3675:
3629:
3594:
3550:
3542:
3505:
3497:
3394:
3358:
3350:
3340:
3332:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3236:
3162:(297).
3104:
3064:
3056:
3048:
2948:
2878:
2870:
2832:
2736:plants
2332:clades
2287:, and
2197:Bigyra
2138:phylum
2066:) and
1926:
1922:
1801:
1794:
1619:
1615:
1579:
1575:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1117:marine
1011:Marine
980:oogamy
925:starch
775:stroma
696:lipids
638:stroma
612:; es,
541:thalli
208:, 1753
77:Dense
6349:WoRMS
6326:IRMNG
6257:WoRMS
6172:IRMNG
6164:48221
6112:14853
4738:Fungi
4382:[
4361:S2CID
4285:(4).
4209:(PDF)
4136:S2CID
4106:(PDF)
3766:(PDF)
3627:S2CID
3503:S2CID
3230:Algae
3152:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2830:JSTOR
2767:Notes
2716:, by
2713:Fucus
2313:Latin
2241:]
2146:order
2142:class
1799:/SIII
1196:clade
1056:genus
1052:lotic
576:algae
543:with
513:cells
407:algae
383:Leipe
200:Fucus
152:Clade
139:Clade
126:Clade
89:near
81:with
6313:GBIF
6198:NCBI
6185:ITIS
6146:GBIF
6133:EPPO
6125:3402
4545:PMID
4537:ISSN
4496:PMID
4460:PMID
4452:ISSN
4409:ISBN
4353:PMID
4305:PMID
4256:PMID
4187:PMID
4128:PMID
4075:PMID
4008:PMID
3990:ISSN
3939:PMID
3880:PMID
3820:PMID
3778:ISBN
3673:PMID
3592:PMID
3540:ISSN
3495:PMID
3392:ISBN
3348:PMID
3330:ISSN
3281:PMID
3273:ISSN
3234:ISBN
3160:2023
3115:2024
3102:ISBN
3054:PMID
3046:ISSN
2946:PMID
2868:ISSN
2753:and
2708:dyes
2704:food
2355:and
2255:and
2247:and
2038:and
2014:and
2006:and
1237:The
1226:and
1202:, a
1137:and
1079:and
1046:and
1027:and
993:kelp
903:, a
875:and
821:and
785:and
765:and
749:and
700:heme
698:and
594:and
582:and
566:and
475:and
467:and
455:and
376:1986
57:Had.
36:Pha.
6331:118
6120:EoL
5258:SII
4631:SAR
4578:doi
4529:doi
4525:154
4488:doi
4484:149
4444:doi
4440:159
4345:doi
4295:PMC
4287:doi
4248:doi
4177:PMC
4167:doi
4118:doi
4114:171
4065:PMC
4055:doi
3998:PMC
3982:doi
3978:255
3929:PMC
3919:doi
3870:PMC
3862:doi
3812:doi
3808:160
3770:doi
3742:doi
3719:doi
3696:doi
3665:doi
3619:doi
3584:doi
3580:167
3574:".
3532:doi
3485:hdl
3477:doi
3434:doi
3384:doi
3338:PMC
3322:doi
3265:doi
3261:257
3094:doi
3038:doi
2999:doi
2936:hdl
2926:doi
2860:doi
2822:doi
2338:or
2309:ICN
1617:SII
978:or
943:by
827:as
531:or
483:or
436:or
401:or
145:SAR
85:at
6373::
6351::
6328::
6315::
6300::
6285::
6259::
6236::
6223::
6200::
6187::
6174::
6161::
6151:98
6148::
6135::
6122::
6097::
6082::
5430:PX
5391:SI
4633::
4629::
4574:82
4572:.
4568:.
4543:.
4535:.
4523:.
4519:.
4494:.
4482:.
4458:.
4450:.
4438:.
4434:.
4359:.
4351:.
4343:.
4333:62
4331:.
4303:.
4293:.
4283:39
4281:.
4277:.
4254:.
4244:49
4242:.
4217:40
4215:.
4211:.
4185:.
4175:.
4163:33
4161:.
4157:.
4134:.
4126:.
4112:.
4108:.
4087:^
4073:.
4063:.
4053:.
4041:.
4037:.
4014:.
4006:.
3996:.
3988:.
3976:.
3970:.
3951:^
3937:.
3927:.
3917:.
3905:.
3901:.
3878:.
3868:.
3858:66
3856:.
3852:.
3832:^
3818:.
3806:.
3792:^
3776:.
3671:.
3661:91
3659:.
3639:^
3625:.
3615:68
3613:.
3590:.
3578:.
3560:^
3546:.
3538:.
3528:31
3526:.
3501:.
3493:.
3483:.
3475:.
3465:55
3463:.
3446:^
3430:84
3428:.
3406:^
3390:.
3368:^
3354:.
3346:.
3336:.
3328:.
3318:12
3316:.
3310:.
3287:.
3279:.
3271:.
3259:.
3202:^
3184:^
3158:.
3154:.
3123:^
3100:.
3088:.
3074:^
3060:.
3052:.
3044:.
3034:00
3032:.
3013:^
2997:.
2987:39
2985:.
2981:.
2958:^
2944:.
2934:.
2924:.
2914:57
2912:.
2908:.
2888:^
2874:.
2866:.
2856:35
2854:.
2842:^
2828:.
2818:30
2816:.
2812:.
2798:^
2746:.
2706:,
2319:,
2299:,
2283:,
2279:,
2275:,
2239:fi
2144:,
2140:,
2136:,
2058:,
2034:,
2030:,
2002:,
1337:SI
1222:,
1218:,
1214:,
1174:,
1101:,
1073:,
1042:,
1023:,
1019:,
1007:.
982:.
974:,
958:,
951:,
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652:.
598:.
590:,
562:,
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523:,
154::
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4502:.
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4417:.
4367:.
4347::
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4311:.
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4262:.
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4081:.
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4043:5
4022:.
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