1409:. Because many of these organisms had a silica capsule, they have a relatively complete fossil record, allowing modern biologists to confirm that they are, in fact, not derived from cyanobacteria, but rather an ancestor that did not possess the capability to photosynthesize. Many of the chrysophyta precursor fossils entirely lacked any type of photosynthesis-capable pigment. The most primitive stramenopiles are regarded as heterotrophic, such as the ancestors of the Chrysophyceae were likely heterotrophic flagellates that obtained their ability to photosynthesize from an endosymbiotic relationship with fucoxanthin-containing cyanobacteria.
512:
42:
70:
1329:
1392:
342:
329:. The broader monophyletic group to which the Chrysophyceae belong includes various non-algae including the bicosoecids, not the collar flagellates, opalines, oomycete fungi, proteromonads, actinophryid heliozoa, and other heterotrophic flagellates and is referred to as the
404:. However, structural studies have revealed that a short second flagellum, or at least a second basal body, is always present, so this is no longer considered a valid distinction. Most of these have no cell covering. Some have loricae or shells, such as
1817:Škaloud, P., Škaloudová, M., Pichrtová, M., Němcová, Y., Kreidlová, J. & Pusztai, M. 2013. www.chrysophytes.eu – a database on distribution and ecology of silica-scaled chrysophytes in Europe.
376:, this structure is usually globose and contains a single pore. The surface of mature cysts may be ornamented with different structural elements and are useful to distinguish species.
361:) flagellum is oriented toward the moving direction. The smooth passive flagellum, oriented toward the opposite direction, may be present only in rudimentary form in some species.
854:
2730:
3182:
3177:
3145:
3140:
2702:
822:
802:
441:
3172:
2939:
2878:
3157:
3087:
2912:
1205:
929:
3205:
3192:
2802:
2738:
2568:
2151:
1308:
775:
769:
733:
364:
An important characteristic used to identify members of the class
Chrysophyceae is the presence of a siliceous cyst that is formed endogenously. Called
3162:
2984:
2669:
2563:
2530:
2402:
1302:
1211:
1098:
1085:
999:
939:
828:
751:
642:
3167:
3150:
3082:
2947:
2888:
2591:
2346:
2341:
2198:
2182:
2052:
1048:
668:
627:
614:
595:
556:
538:
2989:
2979:
2920:
2848:
2744:
2426:
2384:
2356:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2109:
1115:
1107:
1060:
905:
899:
893:
840:
745:
727:
715:
655:
544:
454:
416:
322:
in motile cells, also treated as an order
Chromulinales. It is possible membership will be revised further as more species are studied in detail.
3429:
2873:
1154:
1150:
1137:
846:
834:
709:
673:
478:
3200:
2994:
2953:
1103:
472:
435:
3455:
2374:
2177:
1120:
860:
647:
429:
2081:
686:
601:
488:
2678:
2024:
150:
2039:
2318:
3403:
1601:
Preisig, H. R. (1995). "A modern concept of chrysophyte classification". In
Sandgren, C. D.; Smol, J. R.; Kristiansen, J. (eds.).
3442:
1849:
410:, which is sessile and grows in branched colonies. Most forms with silicaceous scales are now considered a separate group, the
1712:
1690:
1586:. The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, 75. (Brodie, J. & Lewis, J. Eds), pp. 285-313. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
1668:
Ohishi H.; Yano H.; Ito H.; Nakahara M. 1991. Observations on a chrysophyte hikarimo in a pond in Hyogo prefecture, Japan.
1468:
3447:
318:
They are now usually restricted to a core group of closely related forms, distinguished primarily by the structure of the
1811:
1772:
1612:
463:
was once included here, but is now given its own order based on differences in the structure of the flagellate stage.
3501:
1890:
498:
and its allies, freshwater genera which form branched gelatinous filaments, are often placed in the separate order
3460:
1885:
492:. These were included in various older orders, most of the members of which are now included in separate groups.
1969:
1959:
1942:
17:
1794:
Phylogenetic relationships of the “golden algae” (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids.
283:. Although "chrysophytes" is the anglicization of "Chrysophyta", it generally refers to the Chrysophyceae.
1519:
Phylogenetic relationships of the “golden algae” (haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids
69:
1028:
400:
as first defined by
Pascher in 1910 included only the latter type, with the former treated as the order
1842:
1500:
3506:
3470:
1372:
1430:
1368:
3346:
1767:
A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, distributed by Koeltz
Scientific Books, Königstein, Germany, vii + 167 pp.
3332:
1974:
511:
3529:
3483:
3294:
2766:
875:
Classification of the class
Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Kristiansen (1986):
262:, found mostly in freshwater. Golden algae is also commonly used to refer to a single species,
1579:
3493:
3478:
1937:
1835:
1567:
1546:
3434:
3377:
2034:
1169:
Classification of the class
Chrysophyceae and splinter groups according to Preisig (1995):
427:, with long branching cell extensions, though they pass through flagellate stages as well.
220:
1792:
Medlin, L. K., W. H. C. F. Kooistra, D. Potter, G. W. Saunders, and R. A. Anderson. 1997.
1517:
Medlin, L. K., W. H. C. F. Kooistra, D. Potter, G. W. Saunders, and R. A. Anderson. 1997.
1480:
8:
2689:
2497:
2287:
2164:
2045:
1741:
3064:
2609:
1954:
1932:
1920:
1895:
1673:
1450:
1446:
1237:
201:
64:
3364:
3210:
2825:
2774:
2712:
2517:
1964:
1927:
1915:
1905:
1807:
1768:
1648:
1608:
1454:
312:
264:
3369:
3041:
2192:
1879:
1716:
1644:
1553:. Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 12.
1442:
1337:
1221:
1132:
1009:
1005:
959:
917:
739:
681:
550:
181:
41:
307:) based on pigmentation and cell structure. Some heterotrophic flagellates as the
3049:
2784:
2720:
2697:
2295:
1758:
1755:
1602:
1145:
923:
721:
459:
193:
1827:
3534:
3317:
2898:
2853:
2820:
2630:
2601:
2407:
2364:
2187:
1910:
1862:
1376:
1314:
1039:
887:
814:
763:
757:
401:
107:
94:
982:
Classification of the phylum
Chrysophyta according to Margulis et al. (1990):
3523:
3114:
3074:
2966:
2548:
2540:
2525:
2506:
1627:
1406:
1284:
1253:
1187:
1064:
993:
808:
781:
446:
397:
330:
304:
299:, but since then they have been divided into several different groups (e.g.,
212:
177:
3276:
3059:
3054:
2926:
2893:
2868:
2858:
2843:
2835:
2757:
2643:
2638:
2586:
2553:
2397:
2238:
2172:
2119:
2091:
1866:
1651:. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway
1364:
1290:
1243:
1231:
1193:
1181:
1081:
969:
949:
584:
564:
358:
300:
185:
120:
3416:
3356:
3326:
3263:
2974:
2815:
2810:
2392:
2276:
2251:
2086:
2016:
1793:
1584:
Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics
1518:
1405:. Because of this, they were once considered to be a specialized form of
1402:
1395:
987:
529:
296:
276:
3408:
3030:
2883:
2792:
2578:
2558:
2462:
2063:
1356:
1342:
1296:
1199:
1069:
1044:
911:
606:
524:
Classification of the class
Chrysophyceae according to Pascher (1914):
499:
483:
450:
392:
386:
381:
354:
308:
189:
140:
56:
3421:
3390:
3341:
3132:
2648:
2479:
2369:
2246:
2137:
2101:
1858:
1380:
1263:
1090:
1052:
632:
406:
326:
319:
269:
81:
50:
3288:
3395:
3311:
3122:
3103:
2433:
2305:
2257:
2114:
2072:
2029:
2007:
1949:
1360:
1124:
660:
494:
467:
424:
1328:
2863:
2227:
2145:
1473:
466:
Other members are non-motile. Cells may be naked and embedded in
411:
130:
1996:
1073:
619:
570:
325:
292:
1822:
1391:
3382:
341:
280:
259:
1685:
Goff, Matt. "Chromophyton (Golden Glow Mystery Revisited)".
1580:
Molecular systematics of the Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae
291:
Originally they were taken to include all such forms of the
1742:
Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae.
1521:. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 11: 187–219.
414:, but a few belong among the Chromulinales proper, such as
1501:"Golden Alga: Management Data Series 236: Management of
1789:. Bibliotheca Phycologica, Vol. 110, J. Cramer, Berlin.
1804:
Chrysophyte algae: ecology, phylogeny and development.
1802:
Sandgren, C.D., J.P. Smol, and J. Kristiansen . 1995.
1643:
1604:
Chrysophyte algae: ecology, phylogeny and development
1782:
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, xiv + 337 pp.
315:
were sometimes seen as related to golden algae too.
2163:
476:, or coccoid and surrounded by a cell wall, as in
275:The Chrysophyceae should not be confused with the
1857:
439:are typical of these. There is also one species,
3521:
3191:
1531:Duff, K. E.; Zeeb, B. A.; Smol, John P. (1995).
353:The "primary" cell of chrysophytes contains two
1435:Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft
1705:
1634:. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 1990.
1607:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–74.
2629:
1843:
1750:Duff, K.E., B.A. Zeeb & J.P. Smol. 1995.
1018:
453:. These were originally treated as the order
445:, which has a complex life cycle involving a
55:, a tree like sessile form with cells in the
1630:, J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman.
1530:
449:plasmodial stage, similar to those found in
2273:
2237:
2459:
1850:
1836:
1778:Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen . 1986.
1596:
1594:
1592:
384:, with either two visible flagella, as in
40:
2476:
1424:
1422:
1271:
977:
1785:Kristiansen, J. and Preisig, H. . 2001.
1765:Golden algae: a biology of chrysophytes.
1760:. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
1535:. Springer-Science+Business Media, B. V.
1390:
1327:
510:
340:
2224:
1600:
1589:
1428:
14:
3522:
1993:
1806:Cambridge University Press, New York.
1419:
3293:
3292:
1831:
1637:
1276:According to Guiry and Guiry (2019):
870:
3471:23eb99f6-ddf2-46b5-bbad-adb48fc1d229
1780:Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems.
1524:
1461:
1359:, and are important for studies of
1029:van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995)
24:
1787:Encyclopedia of chrysophyte genera
1551:Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems
1447:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1914.tb07573.x
789:
696:
506:
25:
3546:
1547:The Chrysophyta - a reassessment.
1481:"Introduction to the Chrysophyta"
1401:Chrysophytes contain the pigment
1164:
519:
1469:Taxonomy Browser (Chrysophyceae)
482:. A few are filamentous or even
357:. The active, "feathered" (with
68:
1797:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1734:
1696:
1679:
1662:
1621:
1505:at Texas State Fish Hatcheries"
1367:freshwater ecosystems, and for
578:
1572:
1556:
1539:
1511:
1493:
794:According to Starmach (1985):
701:According to Bourrely (1957):
336:
13:
1:
1670:Japanese Journal of Phycology
1412:
380:Most members are unicellular
1752:Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts
1533:Atlas of Chrysophycean Cysts
1431:"Ăśber Flagellaten und Algen"
1386:
1355:Chrysophytes live mostly in
457:. The superficially similar
279:, which is a more ambiguous
229:Stein 1878 emend. Klebs 1892
7:
515:Some genera of chrysophytes
423:Some members are generally
10:
3551:
1763:Jørgen Kristiansen. 2005.
1745:American Journal of Botany
1689:(online). March 16, 2011.
1340:, Japan. Uncertain genus (
1323:
390:, or sometimes one, as in
286:
3301:
3271:
3255:
3131:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3073:
3040:
3027:
3023:
2965:
2938:
2911:
2834:
2801:
2783:
2765:
2756:
2729:
2711:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2622:
2600:
2577:
2539:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2472:
2455:
2416:
2383:
2355:
2317:
2304:
2286:
2269:
2220:
2136:
2100:
2071:
2062:
2015:
2006:
1989:
1873:
1799:(Supplement) 11: 187–219.
1373:environmental degradation
486:in organization, such as
207:
200:
175:
170:
65:Scientific classification
63:
48:
39:
34:
1821:, Beiheft 142: 141-146.
1747:91(10): 1508–1522. 2004.
1702:Sandgren et al. (1995).
1632:Handbook of Protoctista
1578:Andersen, R.A. (2007).
258:, are a large group of
2767:Discosporangiophycidae
1740:Andersen, R. A. 2004.
1647:; Guiry, G.M. (2019).
1566:. McGraw Hill. p. 23,
1562:Sharma, O. P. (1986).
1398:
1352:
1336:("algae of light") in
1272:Guiry and Guiry (2019)
978:Margulis et al. (1990)
855:Craspedomonadophycidae
516:
502:, but may belong here.
350:
3479:Paleobiology Database
2731:Chrysoparadoxophyceae
1394:
1331:
514:
344:
3183:Arachnoidiscophytina
3178:Rhizosloleniophytina
3146:Leptocylindrophyceae
3141:Leptocylindrophytina
2703:Pleurochloridellales
2035:Pseudodendromonadida
1545:Round, F.E. (1986).
1280:Class Chrysophyceae
1035:Class Chrysophyceae
823:Acontochrysophycidae
803:Heterochrysophycidae
798:Class Chrysophyceae
705:Class Chrysophyceae
591:Class Chrysophyceae
534:Class Chrysophyceae
442:Myxochrysis paradoxa
355:specialized flagella
3173:Coscinodiscophytina
2940:Schizocladiophyceae
2879:Phaeosiphoniellales
2690:Phaeothamniophyceae
2498:Olisthodiscophyceae
2288:Hyphochytriomycetes
2165:Labyrinthulomycetes
1429:Pascher, A (1914).
1313:Chrysophyceae ordo
1173:Class Chrysophyceae
879:Class Chrysophyceae
3158:Ellerbeckiophytina
3106:
3102:
3088:Sarcinochrysidales
3065:Rhizochromulinales
3033:
3029:
2913:Phaeosacciophyceae
2610:Pinguiochrysidales
2482:
2478:
2465:
2461:
2306:Peronosporomycetes
2279:
2275:
2230:
2226:
1999:
1995:
1399:
1353:
1238:Rhizochromulinales
1206:Sancinochrysidales
930:Sarcinochrysidales
871:Kristiansen (1986)
517:
351:
295:and multicellular
252:golden-brown algae
3517:
3516:
3295:Taxon identifiers
3286:
3285:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3211:Bacillariophyceae
3206:Biddulphiophyceae
3193:Bacillariophytina
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2907:
2906:
2826:Syringodermatales
2803:Dictyochophycidae
2775:Discosporangiales
2739:Chrysoparadoxales
2713:Chrysomerophyceae
2618:
2617:
2569:Thallochrysidales
2518:Eustigmatophyceae
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2152:Pseudophyllomitus
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
1564:Textbook of Algae
1503:Prymnesium parvum
1309:Thallochrysidales
776:Craspedomonadales
770:Silicoflagellales
734:Thallochrysidales
313:choanoflagellates
265:Prymnesium parvum
242:, usually called
236:
235:
230:
224:
215:
166:
16:(Redirected from
3542:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3451:
3450:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3290:
3289:
3189:
3188:
3163:Probosciophytina
3111:
3110:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3042:Dictyochophyceae
3038:
3037:
3034:
3025:
3024:
2985:Rhizochloridales
2763:
2762:
2670:Aurearenophyceae
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2627:
2626:
2564:Rhizochrysidales
2531:Goniochloridales
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2403:Salilagenidiales
2315:
2314:
2311:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2193:Thraustochytrida
2161:
2160:
2069:
2068:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1902:
1882:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1757:; 2001, Vol. 2,
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1715:. Archived from
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1426:
1303:Rhizochrysidales
1222:Dictyochophyceae
1212:Chrysomioridales
1133:Chrysosphaerales
1099:Chrysamoebidales
1086:Pedinellophyceae
1010:Silicoflagellata
1006:Dictyochophyceae
1000:Pedinellophyceae
960:Dictyochophyceae
940:Pedinellophyceae
918:Chrysosphaerales
829:Chrysarachniales
752:Rhizochrysidales
740:Chrysosphaerales
682:Chrysosphaerales
643:Rhizochrysidales
551:Chrysosphaerales
228:
219:
211:
210:Chrysomonadales
182:Chrysosphaerales
164:
73:
72:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3267:
3215:
3187:
3168:Melosirophytina
3151:Corethrophyceae
3127:
3101:
3092:
3083:Pelagomonadales
3069:
3050:Florenciellales
3028:
2999:
2961:
2948:Schizocladiales
2934:
2903:
2889:Scytothamniales
2830:
2797:
2785:Ishigeophycidae
2779:
2752:
2725:
2721:Chrysomeridales
2707:
2698:Phaeothamniales
2684:
2653:
2614:
2596:
2592:Chlamydomyxales
2573:
2535:
2512:
2477:
2460:
2439:
2412:
2379:
2351:
2347:Rozellopsidales
2342:Olpidiopsidales
2309:
2308:
2300:
2296:Hyphochytriales
2274:
2265:
2225:
2204:
2199:Stellarchytrium
2183:Oblongichytrida
2159:
2124:
2096:
2058:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1900:
1878:
1869:
1856:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1590:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1389:
1375:resulting from
1326:
1274:
1167:
1146:Phaeothamniales
1049:Pseudokephyrion
1025:
980:
924:Phaeothamniales
873:
792:
790:Starmach (1985)
722:Phaeothamniales
699:
697:Bourrely (1957)
669:Chrysotrichales
628:Ochromonadineae
615:Isochrysidineae
596:Chrysomonadales
581:
557:Chrysotrichales
539:Chrysomonadales
522:
509:
507:Classifications
460:Rhizochromulina
339:
289:
268:, which causes
227:Chrysomonadina
194:Phaeothamniales
192:
188:
184:
180:
163:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3351:
3338:
3323:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3257:Incertae sedis
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2990:Tribonematales
2987:
2982:
2980:Mischococcales
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2921:Phaeosacciales
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2899:Tilopteridales
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Desmarestiales
2851:
2849:Asterocladales
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2821:Sphacelariales
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:Chrysoparadoxa
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2639:Chattonellales
2635:
2633:
2631:Raphidomonadea
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:Pinguiophyceae
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2467:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2427:Diatomophthora
2422:
2420:
2418:incertae sedis
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2408:Saprolegniales
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2385:Saprolegniidae
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Peronosporales
2361:
2359:
2357:Peronosporidae
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Lagenismatales
2334:
2332:Haptoglossales
2329:
2327:Anisolpidiales
2323:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:Labyrinthulida
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Proteromonadea
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:Mesomycetozoea
1972:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1911:Diaphoretickes
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1800:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1748:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1704:
1695:
1678:
1672:39(1): 37-42,
1661:
1636:
1620:
1613:
1588:
1571:
1555:
1538:
1523:
1510:
1492:
1472:
1460:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1388:
1385:
1377:eutrophication
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:incertae sedis
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1165:Preisig (1995)
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1142:
1129:
1116:Chrysocapsales
1112:
1108:Chrysarachnion
1095:
1078:
1061:Mallomonadales
1057:
1040:Ochromonadales
1024:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1002:
996:
979:
976:
975:
974:
973:
972:
963:
962:
955:
954:
953:
952:
943:
942:
935:
934:
933:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
906:Chrysocapsales
902:
900:Chrysamoebales
896:
894:Mallomonadales
890:
888:Ochromonadales
881:
880:
872:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
851:
850:
849:
843:
841:Chrysosaccales
837:
831:
819:
818:
817:
815:Ochromonadales
811:
791:
788:
787:
786:
785:
784:
778:
772:
766:
764:Isochrysidales
760:
758:Ochromonadales
754:
748:
746:Chrysosaccales
742:
736:
730:
728:Chrysapionales
724:
718:
716:Stichogloeales
712:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
691:
678:
665:
656:Chrysocapsales
652:
639:
638:
637:
624:
611:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
573:
567:
561:
560:
559:
553:
547:
545:Chrysocapsales
541:
521:
520:Pascher (1914)
518:
508:
505:
504:
503:
484:parenchymatous
464:
455:Chrysamoebales
421:
417:Paraphysomonas
402:Ochromonadales
338:
335:
288:
285:
234:
233:
232:
231:
225:
218:Chrysomonadea
216:
205:
204:
198:
197:
173:
172:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
95:Diaphoretickes
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:Class of algae
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3547:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Chrysophyceae
3528:
3527:
3525:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3333:Chrysophyceae
3328:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3303:Chrysophyceae
3300:
3296:
3291:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3115:Bolidophyceae
3112:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3075:Pelagophyceae
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:Xanthophyceae
2964:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Neodermatales
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Actinophryida
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Chromulinales
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:Chrysophyceae
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Eustigmatales
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2507:Olisthodiscus
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Stramenopiles
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:(major groups
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Stramenopiles
1864:
1860:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:Nova Hedwigia
1816:
1813:
1812:0-521-46260-6
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:3-906166-23-6
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1719:on 2008-09-22
1718:
1714:
1713:"Chrysophyta"
1708:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1614:9780521462600
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1407:cyanobacteria
1404:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:Chromulinales
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:Synurophyceae
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:Chromulinales
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1155:Thallochrysis
1152:
1151:Phaeothamnion
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:Chrysosphaera
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:Synurophyceae
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:According to
1022:
1019:van den Hoek
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
995:
994:Chrysophyceae
991:
990:
989:
985:
984:
983:
971:
967:
966:
965:
964:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
946:
945:
944:
941:
937:
936:
931:
927:
925:
921:
919:
915:
913:
909:
907:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:
883:
882:
878:
877:
876:
862:
858:
857:
856:
852:
848:
847:Phaeoplacales
844:
842:
838:
836:
835:Stylococcales
832:
830:
826:
825:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
809:Chromulinales
806:
805:
804:
800:
799:
797:
796:
795:
783:
782:Chromulinales
779:
777:
773:
771:
767:
765:
761:
759:
755:
753:
749:
747:
743:
741:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
723:
719:
717:
713:
711:
710:Phaeoplacales
707:
706:
704:
703:
702:
689:
688:
683:
679:
676:
675:
674:Phaeothamnion
670:
666:
663:
662:
657:
653:
650:
649:
644:
640:
635:
634:
629:
625:
622:
621:
616:
612:
609:
608:
603:
599:
598:
597:
593:
592:
590:
589:
588:
586:
583:According to
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
548:
546:
542:
540:
536:
535:
533:
532:
531:
527:
526:
525:
513:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
479:Chrysosphaera
475:
474:
469:
465:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
447:multinucleate
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
422:
419:
418:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:Chromulinales
395:
394:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
348:
343:
334:
332:
331:Stramenopiles
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:Synurophyceae
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Chrysophyceae
226:
222:
217:
214:
209:
208:
206:
203:
199:
196:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:Chromulinales
174:
169:
165:Pascher, 1914
162:
161:Chrysophyceae
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Stramenopiles
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
66:
62:
59:-like shells
58:
54:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Golden algae
33:
30:
19:
18:Chrysophyceae
3302:
3277:paraphyletic
3262:
3256:
3201:Mediophyceae
3060:Pedinellales
3055:Dictyochales
2995:Vaucheriales
2954:Schizocladia
2952:
2927:Phaeosaccion
2925:
2894:Sporochnales
2869:Laminariales
2859:Ectocarpales
2844:Ascoseirales
2836:Fucophycidae
2758:Phaeophyceae
2743:
2677:
2587:Synchromales
2554:Hibberdiales
2505:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2398:Leptomitales
2256:
2239:Bigyromonada
2197:
2173:Amphitremida
2150:
2120:Blastocystea
2092:Opalomonadea
2051:
2044:
1960:Opisthokonta
1818:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1779:
1764:
1751:
1744:
1735:Bibliography
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1707:
1698:
1687:Sitka Nature
1686:
1681:
1669:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1639:
1631:
1628:Margulis, L.
1623:
1603:
1583:
1574:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1513:
1502:
1495:
1484:. Retrieved
1475:
1463:
1438:
1434:
1400:
1365:oligotrophic
1363:dynamics in
1354:
1349:Chromophyton
1348:
1345:, Ochromonas
1341:
1333:
1291:Hibberdiales
1275:
1244:Dictyochales
1232:Pedinellales
1194:Hibberdiales
1182:Bicosoecales
1168:
1149:
1136:
1119:
1104:Rhizochrysis
1102:
1089:
1082:Pedinellales
1068:
1043:
1026:
1020:
981:
970:Dictyochales
950:Pedinellales
874:
793:
700:
685:
672:
659:
646:
631:
618:
605:
585:Smith (1938)
582:
579:Smith (1938)
565:Heterokontae
523:
493:
487:
477:
473:Chrysosaccus
471:
458:
440:
436:Rhizochrysis
434:
428:
415:
405:
391:
385:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:mastigonemes
352:
346:
324:
317:
301:Haptophyceae
290:
274:
263:
256:golden algae
255:
251:
248:chrysomonads
247:
244:chrysophytes
243:
239:
237:
221:Saville-Kent
186:Hibberdiales
176:
160:
147:Superclass:
141:Ochrophytina
114:
101:
88:
49:
29:
3417:iNaturalist
3327:Wikispecies
3264:Platysulcus
2975:Botrydiales
2816:Onslowiales
2811:Dictyotales
2393:Albuginales
2375:Rhipidiales
2310:(Oomycetes)
2277:Pseudofungi
2252:Pirsoniales
2178:Amphifilida
2087:Nanomonadea
2017:Bicosoecida
1754:, Vol. 1.,
1649:"AlgaeBase"
1645:Guiry, M.D.
1441:: 136–160.
1403:fucoxanthin
1396:Fucoxanthin
1317:(11 genera)
1121:Chrysocapsa
988:Chrysophyta
861:Monosigales
648:Chrysamoeba
530:Chrysophyta
451:slime molds
430:Chrysamoeba
382:flagellates
370:stomatocyst
345:Diagram of
337:Description
309:bicosoecids
297:brown algae
277:Chrysophyta
213:Engler 1903
137:Subphylum:
3524:Categories
3031:Diatomista
2884:Ralfsiales
2793:Ishigeales
2649:Commatiida
2579:Picophagea
2559:Hydrurales
2463:Ochrophyta
2082:Placididea
2064:Placidozoa
1723:2009-06-13
1655:2019-06-03
1486:2009-06-13
1413:References
1369:assessment
1357:freshwater
1343:Chromulina
1297:Hydrurales
1200:Hydrurales
1070:Mallomonas
1045:Ochromonas
912:Hydrurales
687:Epichrysis
607:Mallomonas
602:Cromulinae
500:Hydrurales
489:Phaeoplaca
470:, such as
393:Chromulina
387:Ochromonas
366:statospore
347:Ochromonas
270:fish kills
190:Hydrurales
3342:AlgaeBase
3133:Diatomeae
2679:Aurearena
2480:Chrysista
2370:Pythiales
2247:Developea
2138:Sagenista
2102:Opalinata
2025:Bicoecida
1955:Amoebozoa
1933:Alveolata
1921:Cryptista
1896:Eukaryota
1859:Eukaryota
1455:257830577
1387:Evolution
1381:acid rain
1264:Synurales
1091:Pedinella
1084:(= Class
1063:(= Class
1053:Dinobryon
853:Subclass
821:Subclass
801:Subclass
633:Dinobryon
626:Suborder
613:Suborder
600:Suborder
571:Diatomeae
528:Division
407:Dinobryon
374:statocyst
327:Chromista
151:Limnistia
82:Eukaryota
53:divergens
51:Dinobryon
3354:BioLib:
3318:Q1763065
3312:Wikidata
3123:Parmales
3104:Khakista
2434:Miracula
2258:Pirsonia
2115:Opalinea
2073:Wobblata
2040:Borokida
2030:Anoecida
2008:Opalozoa
1950:Amorphea
1928:Rhizaria
1916:Hacrobia
1906:Excavata
1891:Bacteria
1361:food web
1334:hikarimo
1332:Pond of
1125:Hydrurus
1088:, e.g.,
1067:, e.g.,
661:Hydrurus
495:Hydrurus
468:mucilage
425:amoeboid
412:synurids
320:flagella
202:Synonyms
127:Phylum:
78:Domain:
3494:6200193
3409:7073563
2864:Fucales
2319:Eogamia
2228:Gyrista
2146:Eogyrea
2053:Cantina
1965:Animals
1886:Archaea
1338:Hitachi
1324:Ecology
1148:(e.g.,
1135:(e.g.,
1118:(e.g.,
1101:(e.g.,
1042:(e.g.,
986:Phylum
684:(e.g.,
671:(e.g.,
658:(e.g.,
645:(e.g.,
630:(e.g.,
617:(e.g.,
604:(e.g.,
293:diatoms
287:Members
171:Orders
157:Class:
131:Gyrista
3507:146230
3491:uBio:
3468:NZOR:
3396:1CHRYC
3279:groups
2046:Rictus
1997:Bigyra
1943:Plants
1880:Domain
1810:
1771:
1611:
1582:. In:
1467:NCBI.
1453:
1307:Order
1301:Order
1295:Order
1289:Order
1283:Order
1262:Order
1252:Class
1242:Order
1236:Order
1230:Order
1220:Class
1210:Order
1204:Order
1198:Order
1192:Order
1186:Order
1180:Order
1144:Order
1131:Order
1114:Order
1097:Order
1080:Order
1074:Synura
1059:Order
1038:Order
1023:(1995)
1021:et al.
1004:Class
998:Class
992:Class
968:Order
958:Class
948:Order
938:Class
928:Order
922:Order
916:Order
910:Order
904:Order
898:Order
892:Order
886:Order
859:Order
845:Order
839:Order
833:Order
827:Order
813:Order
807:Order
780:Order
774:Order
768:Order
762:Order
756:Order
750:Order
744:Order
738:Order
732:Order
726:Order
720:Order
714:Order
708:Order
680:Order
667:Order
654:Order
641:Order
620:Synura
594:Order
569:Class
563:Class
555:Order
549:Order
543:Order
537:Order
396:. The
3535:Algae
3502:WoRMS
3484:69590
3430:IRMNG
3422:51943
3370:7NF3P
3357:14854
3347:87256
1970:Fungi
1451:S2CID
281:taxon
260:algae
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
3461:2825
3456:NCBI
3448:1448
3443:ITIS
3435:1377
3404:GBIF
3391:EPPO
3383:3412
1823:link
1808:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1691:link
1674:link
1609:ISBN
1549:In:
1379:and
433:and
311:and
238:The
223:1881
3378:EoL
3365:CoL
2490:SII
1863:SAR
1443:doi
1371:of
1347:or
1008:(=
372:or
349:sp.
254:or
108:SAR
57:cup
3526::
3504::
3481::
3458::
3445::
3432::
3419::
3406::
3393::
3380::
3367::
3344::
3329::
3314::
2662:PX
2623:SI
1865::
1861::
1591:^
1449:.
1439:32
1437:.
1433:.
1421:^
1383:.
1351:).
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1123:,
1106:,
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1031::
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303:,
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117::
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91::
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2075:*
1977:)
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1775:.
1726:.
1693:.
1676:.
1658:.
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1569:.
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1445::
1158:)
1141:)
1128:)
1111:)
1094:)
1077:)
1056:)
1012:)
690:)
677:)
664:)
651:)
636:)
623:)
610:)
420:.
20:)
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