3930:
4354:
370:
139:
4342:
22:
2238:, or the poetry stylistically or thematically based upon lamenting the unjust exile of the poet, either directly, or allegorically through the use of the persona of a friend or historical figure (a safer course in the case of a poet-official who might be punished for any too blatant criticism of the current emperor). During the Han dynasty, along with the development of the
2265:
can easily be classified into a limited number of types. All types have one feature in common: almost without exception they can be and have been interpreted as voicing criticism—either of the ruler, the ruler's behavior, or certain political acts or plans of the ruler; or of the court officials or
1089:
of the
Western Han dynasty were read and recited as celebrations of pure poetic delight, and were the first pieces of Chinese literature to fuse both unrestrained entertainment and moral admonitions together in single works. However, after the reign of Emperor Wu, his court culture began to be
1691:
poet of
Chinese history. Yu, like Yan Zhitui, was born in the south but forced to relocate to northern China after the south's defeat, and spent the rest of his career writing of the loss of the south as a loss of an entire culture and way of life. Yu's most famous piece is
2266:
the ruler's favorites; or, generally, of the lack of discrimination in the employment of officials. The few examples that are positive in tone recommend the authors or their peers for employment, or even contain specific political suggestions. In short, almost all
1869:
through a series of military campaigns and invasions. As the expansion progressed, many foreign plants, animals, goods, and rarities were brought to the imperial capital at Chang'an. Throughout the Han dynasty, court officials and poets often composed special
1676:
that mixes freely with popular lyric poetry, and portrayed southern China as a romantic land of pleasure and sensuality. Lotus-picking was an activity traditionally associated with peasant women, but in the early 5th century became a popular topic in
2217:
is its use as a form of sociopolitical protest, such as the theme of the loyal minister who has been unjustly exiled by the ruler or those in power at the court, rather than receiving the promotion and respect which he truly deserves. In the
1742:" had strict rules of form and expression, and required the use of consistent rhymes throughout each piece. Additionally, rules were created to govern the arrangement of tones in each poem, as the introduction of Buddhist texts written in
404:
in which a place, object, feeling, or other subject is described and rhapsodized in exhaustive detail and from as many angles as possible. They were not sung like songs, but were recited or chanted. The distinguishing characteristics of
929:
on the
Imperial Park", much of its ancient and esoteric terminology would now be unintelligible. The following portion of the rhymed list of names of minerals, precious stones, and flora and fauna from the first half of the
1311:
and cleverly mocks many aspects of the
Western Han period, including Emperor Wu himself The piece contains long passages colorfully describing life in the two capitals in great detail, including the entertainment areas.
2260:
as a literary example of the use of the theme of the loyal minister who has been unjustly exiled, rather than receiving the promotion and respect which he truly deserves. As
Hellmut Wilhelm puts it: "...the Han
921:), is a grand celebration of the Emperor's personal hunting park east of Chang'an, and is famed for its rich number of rare and difficult words and characters. If not for the survival of Chinese scholar
371:
140:
498:
poetry was harshly criticized by
Chinese scholars as excessively ornate, lacking in real emotion, and ambiguous in its moral messages. Because of these historical associations, scholarship on
3329:
Wen Xuan, or
Selections of Refined Literature, Volume Three: Rhapsodies on Natural Phenomena, Birds and Animals, Aspirations and Feelings, Sorrowful Laments, Literature, Music, and Passions
3929:
2270:
have a political purport, and, in addition, almost all of them deal with the relationship between the ruler and his officials." Seen in context, Ban Gu's discussion of Qu Yuan and the
1315:
Cai Yong, like Zhang Heng, was a prolific writer in addition to his mathematical, astronomical, and musical interests. In 159 CE, Cai was summoned to Chang'an to perform on the
3293:
3711:
541:
1046–221 BC), where it meant "to present", as in poetic recitations. It was also one of the three literary devices traditionally assigned to the songs of the
4079:
2289:, paradoxically, the "fantastic descriptions and an overflowing rhetoric...can be reduced to...restraint", as the sociopolitical criticism which was key to the
1570:. In contrast to his older contemporary Tao, Xie is known for the difficult language, dense allusions, and frequent parallelisms of his poetry. Xie's greatest
4108:
3718:
1614:
continued to be a popular form of literature, though it began to merge with the popular five- and seven-syllable poetry forms, which completely eclipsed
1603:
on
Dwelling in the Mountains" is unique in that Xie included his own annotations to the poem, without which the poem would be nearly incomprehensible.
1552:
on things" had been starkly different forms in the Han dynasty, after the 2nd century CE the distinction mostly disappeared. Although the extravagant
2242:
stylistically, the idea that it incorporate political criticism through indirection and allegory also developed. Han dynasty historian and author
4007:
2481:
The parenthetical "(r)" in these reconstructions indicates that the linguist is unable to say for certain whether or not the /r/ was present.
1131:
caused their hearers and readers to marvel at their aesthetic beauty while missing their moral messages. Yang juxtaposed early Han dynasty
3768:
3694:
1417:
as an allegory for a scholar whose talents go unrecognized and whose inability to control his tongue results in his captivity. During the
1319:
for the imperial court, but became ill shortly before arriving and returned to his home. Cai composed a poetic record of his journey in "
2424:
2402:
1340:
on
Recounting a Journey", Cai cites examples of treacherous and dishonest rulers and officials from Chinese history, then criticizes the
2138:), which was a bowl made of a coral- or shell-like substance from somewhere near India, which was then known as the "Western Regions".
2232:
as well as its incorporation of political criticism as a theme of poetry. The theme of unjust exile is related to the development of
1705:), in which he describes his life's experiences in the context of the larger context of the destruction of the south and its culture.
331:
4290:
4168:
314:
3464:
1844:
had become mainly historical pursuits, and were largely read and copied because of their inclusion on the imperial examinations.
881:), though this is almost certainly a story added later. After arriving in the capital around 136 BC, Sima Xiangru expanded his "
3938:
3897:
3843:
460:
on things", in which any place, object, or feeling was rhapsodized in exhaustive detail. The largest collections of historical
556:
became the name of poetic expositions in which an author or composer created a comprehensive exposition and performed it as a
4117:
3417:
3390:
3363:
3314:
3232:
3171:
297:
3872:
868:, he was traditionally said to have been summoned to the imperial court after Emperor Wu happened to personally read his "
4113:
4074:
3862:
1544:, likely due to a tradition of composing works entirely in parallel couplets that arose during the period. While lyrical
4123:
3281:
3251:
2406:, vol. 1, p. 350, gives the name of the palace as "Apang", most scholarly dictionaries read the first character 阿 as
3761:
795:
prince of an illness caused by overindulgence in sensual pleasures by pushing his senses to their limits with his
4269:
3579:
483:
3346:
Knechtges, David R. (2010). "From the
Eastern Han through the Western Jin (AD 25–317)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
4086:
3957:
3336:
3206:
2371:
1948:
739:
200:
49:
4374:
4047:
3978:
3902:
3809:
1094:
and therefore having missed opportunities to encourage moral restraint. The most prominent critic of "grand
65:
3847:
3503:
3457:
2089:
339:
322:
305:
4379:
4051:
3867:
3754:
3291:
Kern, Martin (2010). "Early Chinese literature, Beginnings through Western Han". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
1751:
1303:
that is a poetic comparison between the two capitals of the Han dynasty: Luoyang and Chang'an. Zhang's
4332:
4133:
3996:
3824:
3786:
3400:
Tian, Xiaofei (2010). "From the Eastern Jin through the early Tang (317–649)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
3298:
158:
934:
on the Imperial Park" exemplifies much of the cataloging and rare terminology characteristic of grand
728:, is unusual in the author's extended use of philosophical reflection upon his own situation in life.
456:
were used as grand praises for the imperial courts, palaces, and cities, but were also used to write "
3814:
3216:
1241:
poems, which are the first to have been written in the shorter style that became typical of post-Han
448:
genre came into being around the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC and continued to be regularly used into the
179:
4103:
3836:
3831:
3798:
3600:
3487:
1750:
had stimulated the Chinese to methodical study of their own language and the identification of the
1669:
4146:
3907:
3450:
1159:
are generally known for their focus on admonishing readers and listeners to uphold moral values.
29:
3912:
3852:
3794:
3689:
1887:) on these new and unusual things, in which they described and catalogued extensively. These "
1356:
433:
composers tended to use as wide a vocabulary as possible in their compositions, and therefore
3804:
4096:
4064:
3984:
3971:
3492:
1763:
1418:
788:
706:
on the Owl", written around 170 BC, was composed following on the third year of his exile to
426:
734:
ascended the throne in 141 BC, and his 54-year reign is considered the golden age of "grand
4246:
4158:
4001:
3917:
3857:
3638:
3521:
2293:
was constrained within a very subtle, elaborately indirect, occasional, and allusive mode.
1937:
First sleet comes pattering down; then snow, copiously cluttered, falls harder and harder.
1526:
1512:
519:
8:
4206:
4141:
4037:
3819:
3593:
2047:
1861:
Between 130 and 100 BC, Emperor Wu greatly expanded China's territory into Central Asia,
1103:
503:
2228:", which is one of the earliest known works in this tradition, both as ancestral to the
1355:
poets, and were noted for their descriptions of the chaos and destruction following the
3586:
3324:
3221:
1647:
on Dwelling in the Mountains"—followed the traditional forms and subjects of classical
1291:) is considered Zhang's masterpiece. Zhang spent ten years gathering material for the
438:
236:
228:
255:
4211:
3565:
3516:
3413:
3386:
3359:
3332:
3310:
3277:
3247:
3228:
3202:
3167:
1972:
731:
542:
133:
125:
4069:
3735:
3405:
3378:
3351:
3302:
3269:
2234:
2202:
2184:, which had not yet become the traditional Chinese foods they are in modern times.
1866:
1127:), but that the extended rhetorical arguments and complex vocabulary used in grand
622:
363:
90:
4283:
3409:
3382:
3355:
3306:
1566:
is one of the best-known poets of the entire Six Dynasties period, second only to
4318:
4297:
4236:
3427:
3246:(2nd revised ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 388–391.
3090:
At least according to some Chinese literary historians. See: Hawkes (2011 ): 221.
2152:
565:
4276:
4091:
3473:
3201:]. Translated by David R. Knechtges. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
2334:
1770:, such as purely moral topics or scenes from Chinese antiquity. The "parallel
276:
269:
111:
3373:
Owen, Stephen (2010). "The Cultural Tang (650–1020)". In Owen, Stephen (ed.).
4368:
4346:
4304:
2376:
2323:
1967:, one of the most famous female poets of Chinese history, wrote a well-known
1607:
1518:
1351:
writers from the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries CE became considered great
172:
1471: Intelligent and bright, it can perceive the imperceptible.
1203: But in impeaching loyal protest, they are swift and sure.
1199: While those below eat chaff and husks without the kernels.
380:), often translated "rhapsody" or "poetic exposition", is a form of Chinese
4358:
4311:
3883:
3658:
3607:
1837:
1755:
1718:
1656:
1619:
1591:" describing Xie's personal estate that borrows its style from the famous "
1567:
1530:
1275:
1267:
1183: From a myriad directions they come, gathering like stars.
861:
656:), composed about 170 BC. Jia's surviving writings mention an earlier
631:
containing a series of riddles has been theorized to be the earliest known
627:
534:
449:
422:
418:
381:
245:
97:
28:(960–1279) painting of a 2nd-century BC literary gathering at the court of
25:
3164:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One
1921:
Now, as the time of darkness reaches its peak, and harsh air is ascendant,
1237:. Among Zhang Heng's large corpus of writings are a significant number of
1215:
on Recounting a Journey", Cai Yong (AD 159), translated by David Knechtges
4216:
3964:
3878:
3777:
3665:
3644:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
2319:
2248:
2201:) is well known as an early description of writing paper, which had only
2185:
2177:
1563:
1271:
1263:
887:
792:
761:
699:
618:
477:
385:
290:
1895:
poetry, and cover a vast number of instruments, objects, and phenomena.
1090:
criticized as having placed undue emphasis on the grandiose language in
4231:
4226:
4025:
3621:
3511:
3273:
3261:
2381:
2337:, scholar Chen Yuanlong (1652–1736) compiled a collection of all known
2285:
is political and social criticism through poetic indirection: thus, in
2005:
1933:
And then, clouds rise on river and sea; sand flies on northern deserts.
1788:
1479: Wherever it soars, it is sure to choose a good grove.
1230:
1195: While the people dwell in the open, sleep in the wet.
842:
685:
599:
502:
poetry in China almost ceased entirely between 1949 and the end of the
151:
494:
genre in Western literature. During a large part of the 20th century,
72:
56:
21:
4186:
4153:
4020:
3990:
3951:
3746:
2181:
2043:
1364:
193:
1599:, the poem uses a large number of obscure and rare characters, but "
4221:
4181:
4059:
4014:
3892:
3614:
3242:
Ho, Kenneth Pui-hung (1986). "Fu 賦". In Nienhauser, William (ed.).
2442:
2333:
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, during the reign of the
2306:
1964:
1743:
1627:
1385:
1360:
1234:
707:
661:
557:
465:
214:
2326:; it has since been the traditional source for studying classical
2310:, an early Chinese literary anthology which is still extant. The
2277:
style is less to the point of the actual evolutionary path of the
1467: Embodies the shining brilliance of fire's power.
1191: The rear teams dash forward, racing to catch up.
1106:. As a youth, Yang was an admirer and imitator of Sima Xiangru's
4255:
4196:
4176:
3442:
3268:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
2257:
2173:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1862:
1540:
are generally much shorter and less extravagant than Han dynasty
1430:
1422:
1410:
1389:
865:
665:
281:
252:
4341:
2025:), which the Chinese believed to actually have been invented by
1935:
Unbroken vapors, piled up haze, shroud the Sun, veil the clouds.
1766:. Tang writers added new topics to the traditional subjects of
4262:
4201:
4191:
3946:
3572:
2271:
2243:
2225:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2052:
1684:
1426:
1414:
1363:, who lived as a refugee in Chu following the assassination of
1341:
1308:
1300:
922:
825: Pressing and pressing, climbing and climbing,
747:
712:
669:
640:
588:
561:
397:
3402:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3375:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3348:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3294:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Volume 1: To 1375
3887:
3672:
3162:
of the Han)". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.).
2220:
2169:
2097:
2096:. During this period, Cao Pi was once presented with a large
2026:
1795:
1316:
1201:
They grandly bestow liberal generosity on fawning flatterers,
1193:
They exhaust their multifarious craft on terraces and towers,
1151:
of the Han poets "led to excess". While known as one of the
831: Rumbling and roaring, booming and crashing,
414:
410:
401:
260:
3129:
Wilhelm (1967 ): 312–314, quoting Sima Qian on Sima Xiangru.
2760:
2050:, best known as the compiler of the received version of the
1185:
The honored and favored fan their fires of lust even hotter;
833: Pushing and turning, surging and rolling –
533:", when applied to Chinese literature, first appears in the
3404:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–285.
3377:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 286–380.
3350:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–198.
3093:
3050:
3048:
3046:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2733:
2720:
2718:
1747:
1595:
on the Imperial Park" by Sima Xiangru. Like classical Han
970: Shining and sparkling like dragon scales.
3712:
Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry
2995:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2484:
1181:
The august house is resplendent, as if dwelling in Heaven;
2543:
2541:
2539:
1927:
Frothing pools no longer bubble, fiery winds do not rise.
1384:) in which Wang movingly describes climbing a tower near
864:
is generally considered to be the greatest. A native of
823: Roiling and roiling, raging and raging,
336:
319:
302:
233:
219:
205:
3430:(1967) . "The Scholar's Frustration: Notes on a Type of
3072:
3060:
3043:
3031:
3019:
2983:
2893:
2801:
2784:
2772:
2745:
2730:
2715:
2658:
2341:
extant in his day, publishing his collection in 1706 as
1487: It chitters and chatters in a lovely voice.
908:
of all. This work, whose original title was probably "
384:
that was the dominant literary form in China during the
163:
3244:
The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature
2822:
2622:
2440:, using an alternate reading of the character 車/硨. The
2042:), one of the earliest known descriptions of the game
1931:
In the land of the naked, men drape themselves in silk.
1840:(960–1279). By the 9th and 10th centuries, traditional
1536:
was gradually increasing in popularity. Six Dynasties
1465:
It embodies the sublime substance of the metal essence,
968: In manifold hues glisten and glitter,
962: Cinnabar, azurite, ocher, white clay,
429:, and extensive cataloging of their topics. Classical
2946:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2883:
2881:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2851:
2849:
2536:
2428:, vol 1, p. 170, gives the pinyin transliteration of "
2168:) is an encyclopedic description of a wide variety of
1475: Nests and perches in secluded vales.
1463: Manifests a wondrous natural beauty.
1437:
poems from their court have survived to modern times.
787:; d. 140 BC). In "Seven Stimuli", Mei Sheng acts as a
598:
songs combined with the rhetorical expositions of the
4330:
2973:
2971:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2648:
2646:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2322:
to its compilation in the 6th century CE, during the
1388:
and gazing longingly in the direction of his home in
1229:
writers of the Eastern Han period were the polymaths
821: Lofty and lofty, lifted and lifted,
130:
116:
102:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
1762:" were required for the composition sections of the
1032: Tangerine and pomelo sweet and fragrant.
4312:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
3719:
The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature
3132:
3007:
2956:
2939:
2920:
2905:
2878:
2861:
2846:
2834:
2577:
2281:and more to the point that the main purpose of the
184:
3438:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
3220:
2968:
2694:
2670:
2643:
2601:
2088:on things" in which a group of poets known as the
1925:Fire wells are extinguished, hot springs ice over,
1828:), in which prose is freely rhymed. This form of
698:achieved its greatest prominence during the early
552:. Over the course of the late 1st millennium BC,
2517:
2496:
2224:, one of the works attributed to Qu Yuan is the "
1187: All guard profit without cease.
856:Of all the authors from the golden age of "grand
635:. The earliest preserved and definitely datable
437:often contain rare and archaic Chinese words and
4366:
2589:
2565:
2553:
2117:) for the occasion. Another object-description
2073:), the earliest known poetic description of the
1923:Scorching Creek dries up, Scalding Vale freezes,
1721:(618–907). During the early Tang, a new form of
1469:Gifted with wit and acuity, it is able to speak;
1433:became a famous literary salon, and a number of
1030: Hawthorn, pear, date plum, chestnut,
4284:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
3154:Cao, Daoheng; Knechtges, David R. (2010). "Han
2304:pieces comprise the first main category in the
966: Tin, prase, gold, and silver,
490:There is no counterpart or form similar to the
1477:Whenever it flies, it does not land at random;
1114:. Yang believed that the original purpose of
1028: Cork, wild pear, vermilion willow,
724:on the Owl", besides being the earliest known
587:poetry is often viewed as a descendant of the
510:has gradually returned to its previous level.
4008:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
3762:
3458:
2349:
2196:
2163:
2142:
2133:
2112:
2100:of unusual quality which Cao had made into a
2068:
2037:
2020:
1983:
1900:
1882:
1823:
1806:
1787:developed in the Tang, and was only used for
1778:
1733:
1700:
1663:
1638:
1582:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1327:
1286:
1257:
1164:
1122:
1035:
1001:
973:
943:
916:
912:on the Excursion Hunt of the Son of Heaven" (
899:
876:
829:Doubled and diverse like the lines of troops.
804:
791:-style travelling orator who tries to cure a
782:
776:
651:
617:composers were from the southwestern area of
576:
70:
54:
3153:
2490:
2446:and most modern scholarly dictionaries give
1929:On north-facing doors, panels are plastered;
1738:) supplanted the original form. "Regulated
1481:It has reddish-black feet, a vermilion beak,
1392:. Poets often used subjects of descriptive
1270:) which famously later became a favorite of
1056: Leaping gibbon, and tree-jackal.
764:, where many of them composed and presented
613:in the 2nd century BC, many of the greatest
2425:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
2403:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature
2307:Wen Xuan (Selections of Refined Literature)
1852:
1560:on things" continued to be widely written.
1189:When a front coach overturns not far ahead,
1060: The white tiger, black panther,
3769:
3755:
3465:
3451:
2029:after he departed west out of China, and "
1708:
1485:Bright and colorful, lovely in appearance,
1461:A marvelous bird from the Western Regions,
1209:Criticizing corrupt eunuchs and officials,
1197:They waste fine grain on birds and beasts,
1054: The phoenix, peacock, simurgh,
994: Aculith, dark polishing stone,
827:A layered fortress of multiplied strength,
772:of Emperor Wu's reign is "Seven Stimuli" (
676:, but it has not survived to the present.
4291:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
3345:
3331:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3323:
3260:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3037:
3025:
3001:
2989:
2899:
2828:
2816:
2795:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2739:
2724:
2664:
2637:
2547:
2208:
1473:Thus, it plays and sports on lofty peaks,
996: Quartz, and the warrior rock.
964: Orpiment, milky quartz,
904:), generally considered the most famous
817:Revolving and rushing, a glistening halo,
768:to the entire court. The earliest grand
2151:has become well known in the history of
1811:) laid the foundation for a new form of
1110:, but later came to disapprove of grand
925:'s early 4th century AD annotations to "
20:
3426:
2213:Part of the legacy associated with the
2092:each composed their own version of the
2084:'s court produced a number of notable "
1687:is generally considered the last great
1026: Cinnamon, pepper, magnolia,
851:141 BC), translated by Martin Kern
819:Front and rear conjoined and connected.
4367:
3898:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
3776:
3215:
2104:. Each of the men composed their own "
2060:in the early 2nd century AD, such as "
1988:), believed to be a description of an
1556:style of the Han mostly disappeared, "
1501:AD 198), translated by David Knechtges
1396:poems to symbolize themselves, as in "
1080:137 BC), translated by David Knechtges
992: Orbed jades, vulcan stone,
235:
132:
3750:
3446:
3180:
3099:
1651:, but an increasing number did not. "
1483: Green coat, azure mantle.
3873:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
3399:
3372:
3290:
3189:
3138:
3013:
2977:
2962:
2950:
2933:
2914:
2887:
2872:
2855:
2840:
2709:
2688:
2676:
2652:
2616:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2530:
2511:
1018:To the north there is a shady grove,
710:, and uses much of the style of the
4114:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3863:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
3166:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 317–333.
2477:
2475:
2090:Seven Masters of the Jian'an period
2056:, wrote several object-description
1891:on things" became a major genre in
1344:of the capital for similar crimes.
1155:masters of the Han dynasty, Yang's
487:, and official dynastic histories.
13:
3472:
3241:
2595:
1836:form during the late Tang and the
14:
4391:
3183:The Penguin Book of Chinese Verse
2343:Collection of Fu Through the Ages
1717:genre changed rapidly during the
1143:, saying that while those in the
990: Red jade, rose stone,
760:writers to the imperial court in
467:Selections of Refined Literature
4352:
4340:
4124:Translation of government titles
3928:
3436:Chinese Thought and Institutions
2472:
1959:407–433) (Knechtges translation)
1506:
572:as "to recite without singing" (
396:are intermediary pieces between
388:(206 BC – AD
4270:Book on Numbers and Computation
3580:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
3434:". In Fairbank, John K. (ed.).
3123:
3114:
3105:
3084:
2417:
2394:
1578:on Dwelling in the Mountains" (
1076:of Sir Vacuous", Sima Xiangru (
1020: Its trees are elm,
835:Truly, it cannot be withstood!
601:Intrigues of the Warring States
566:"Monograph on Arts and Letters"
506:in 1976. Since then, study of
484:New Songs from the Jade Terrace
337:
320:
303:
282:
261:
234:
220:
206:
185:
164:
4087:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
3958:Records of the Grand Historian
3147:
2372:Classical Chinese poetry forms
2296:
1992:brought to the Han court from
1952:
1643:)—an homage to Xie Lingyun's "
1220:
1147:provided moral standards, the
1118:was to "indirectly admonish" (
756:). Emperor Wu summoned famous
752:
743:
690:
679:
417:, varying line lengths, close
131:
117:
103:
71:
55:
1:
3979:Records of the Three Kingdoms
3903:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3810:Rebellion of the Seven States
3690:Chinese poems (category list)
3410:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.005
3383:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.006
3356:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.004
3307:10.1017/CHOL9780521855587.003
3266:A Guide to Chinese Literature
2461:
1956:
1783:) was another variant of the
1634:on Dwelling in the Suburbs" (
1498:
1077:
848:
538:
2466:
1752:four tones of Middle Chinese
847:"Seven Stimuli", Mei Sheng (
609:. During the golden age of
7:
3185:. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
2365:
1421:, the court of the warlord
1413:, in which Mi uses a caged
1357:collapse of the Han dynasty
1295:, a response to an earlier
1102:writer of the Han dynasty:
660:he wrote upon his exile to
10:
4396:
4109:Provinces and commanderies
3997:Eight Immortals of Huainan
3825:War of the Heavenly Horses
3299:Cambridge University Press
2491:Cao & Knechtges (2010)
2141:One of the poet Shu Xi's (
1510:
1367:in 192 CE, wrote a famous
1323:on Recounting a Journey" (
1282:on the Two Metropolises" (
1245:. Zhang's earliest known
1052:In the treetops there are:
683:
524:
517:
513:
4245:
4167:
4132:
4046:
3937:
3926:
3815:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
3785:
3728:
3703:
3682:
3631:
3555:
3501:
3480:
3227:. London: Penguin Books.
2350:
2205:about 150 years earlier.
2197:
2164:
2143:
2134:
2113:
2069:
2046:. Han dynasty librarian
2038:
2021:
1984:
1901:
1883:
1847:
1824:
1807:
1779:
1734:
1701:
1696:on Lamenting the South" (
1664:
1639:
1583:
1525:remained a major part of
1497:on the Parrot", Mi Heng (
1443:
1405:
1380:
1328:
1287:
1258:
1165:
1139:-like expositions in the
1123:
1036:
1002:
974:
944:
917:
900:
885:of Sir Vacuous" into his
877:
805:
783:
777:
652:
577:
560:. Han dynasty historian
367:
351:
330:
313:
296:
289:
275:
268:
251:
244:
227:
213:
199:
192:
178:
171:
157:
150:
124:
110:
96:
89:
84:
80:
64:
48:
44:
37:
3868:Trung sisters' rebellion
3832:Han conquest of Gojoseon
3799:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
3601:Three Hundred Tang Poems
3488:Classical Chinese poetry
3194:
2387:
2358:in total contains 4,155
2172:-based foods, including
2033:on Encirclement Chess" (
1996:around AD 110. Scholar
1670:Emperor Jianwen of Liang
1375:on Climbing the Tower" (
50:Traditional Chinese
4147:Ancient Chinese coinage
3908:Yellow Turban Rebellion
3695:List of poems (article)
2900:Idema & Haft (1997)
2817:Idema & Haft (1997)
2638:Idema & Haft (1997)
2548:Idema & Haft (1997)
2121:from the Cao court is "
1947:on Snow", Xie Huilian (
1709:Tang and Song dynasties
1672:), is a short, lyrical
1668:), by Xiao Gang (later
1332:), his most well-known
1272:Imperial Concubine Yang
1262:), which describes the
1225:Two of the most famous
1058:Beneath them there are:
895:on the Imperial Park" (
716:and other songs of the
670:"Encountering Sorrow" (
66:Simplified Chinese
30:Liu Wu, Prince of Liang
4169:Science and technology
3913:End of the Han dynasty
3853:Han conquest of Nanyue
3264:; Haft, Lloyd (1997).
3223:The Songs of the South
3190:Gong, Kechang (1997).
2318:pieces from the early
2252:pointedly refers to a
2209:Sociopolitical protest
2108:on the Agate Bridle" (
2080:The literary salon of
1962:
1587:), a Han-style "grand
1504:
1218:
1098:" was the other great
1083:
854:
664:which he modeled upon
32:
4097:Three Ducal Ministers
3985:Flying Horse of Gansu
3972:Book of the Later Han
3683:Individual poems list
3493:Modern Chinese poetry
3199:Studies on the Han Fu
3181:Davis, A. R. (1990).
3120:Wilhelm (1967 ): 311.
3102:, p. xlvi–xlvii.
2000:wrote two well-known
1897:
1764:imperial examinations
1511:Further information:
1439:
1419:Three Kingdoms period
1253:on the Hot Springs" (
1161:
940:
812: 訇隱匈磕，軋盤涌裔，原不可當。
808: 顒顒卬卬，椐椐彊彊，莘莘將將。
801:
24:
4375:Chinese poetry forms
4159:Sino-Roman relations
4002:Mawangdui Silk Texts
3918:Battle of Red Cliffs
3858:Han conquest of Dian
3639:Antithetical couplet
3522:Six Dynasties poetry
3111:Davis (1990): xlviii
1979:on the Great Bird" (
1971:during the reign of
1832:became the dominant
1513:Six Dynasties poetry
1266:at Mount Li (modern
988:Of stones there are:
520:History of fu poetry
409:include alternating
315:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
4038:Eastern Han Chinese
3939:Society and culture
3844:Southward expansion
3805:Lü Clan disturbance
3704:Modern compilations
3594:Complete Tang Poems
3325:Knechtges, David R.
2314:collects all known
1802:on E-pang Palace" (
1758:, these "regulated
1754:. Beginning in the
1527:contemporary poetry
504:Cultural Revolution
16:Chinese poetry form
4380:Han dynasty poetry
4256:Balanced Discourse
3795:Chu–Han Contention
3587:Nineteen Old Poems
3301:. pp. 1–115.
3274:10.3998/mpub.22826
2769:, p. 144-145.
1794:In 826, Tang poet
1725:called "regulated
1521:period (220–589),
33:
4328:
4327:
3837:Four Commanderies
3744:
3743:
3566:Classic of Poetry
3419:978-0-521-11677-0
3392:978-0-521-11677-0
3365:978-0-521-11677-0
3316:978-0-521-11677-0
3234:978-0-14-044375-2
3173:978-90-04-19127-3
2691:, pp. 92–93.
1973:Emperor He of Han
1141:Classic of Poetry
1066:and leopard cat.
872:of Sir Vacuous" (
841:Description of a
781:), by Mei Sheng (
732:Emperor Wu of Han
544:Classic of Poetry
355:
354:
347:
346:
201:Yale Romanization
91:Standard Mandarin
4387:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4336:
3932:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3736:Cantonese poetry
3467:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3428:Wilhelm, Hellmut
3423:
3396:
3369:
3342:
3320:
3287:
3257:
3238:
3226:
3212:
3186:
3177:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:Knechtges (2010)
3076:
3070:
3067:Knechtges (2010)
3064:
3058:
3055:Knechtges (2010)
3052:
3041:
3038:Knechtges (2010)
3035:
3029:
3026:Knechtges (2010)
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:, p. 23-25.
3002:Knechtges (1996)
2999:
2993:
2990:Knechtges (2010)
2987:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2829:Knechtges (1996)
2826:
2820:
2814:
2799:
2796:Knechtges (2010)
2793:
2782:
2779:Knechtges (2010)
2776:
2770:
2767:Knechtges (2010)
2764:
2758:
2755:Knechtges (2010)
2752:
2743:
2740:Knechtges (2010)
2737:
2728:
2725:Knechtges (2010)
2722:
2713:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:Knechtges (2010)
2662:
2656:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2455:
2421:
2415:
2398:
2353:
2352:
2235:Xiaoxiang poetry
2200:
2199:
2188:poet Fu Xian's "
2167:
2166:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2116:
2115:
2072:
2071:
2064:on the Lychee" (
2041:
2040:
2024:
2023:
1987:
1986:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1918:
1917:
1886:
1885:
1867:Korean Peninsula
1863:northern Vietnam
1827:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1782:
1781:
1737:
1736:
1704:
1703:
1667:
1666:
1642:
1641:
1626:pieces, such as
1586:
1585:
1502:
1500:
1493:Opening lines, "
1458:
1457:
1408:
1407:
1400:on the Parrot" (
1383:
1382:
1331:
1330:
1290:
1289:
1261:
1260:
1216:
1178:
1177:
1126:
1125:
1081:
1079:
1062: The
1049:
1048:
1015:
1014:
985:
984:
957:
956:
920:
919:
914:Tiānzǐ yóuliè fù
903:
902:
880:
879:
852:
850:
814:
813:
786:
785:
780:
779:
754:
745:
655:
654:
625:). A chapter of
623:Sichuan Province
580:
579:
540:
391:
379:
378:
377:
376:
374:
343:
342:
341:
326:
325:
324:
309:
308:
307:
285:
284:
264:
263:
240:
239:
238:
223:
222:
209:
208:
188:
187:
167:
166:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
135:
120:
119:
106:
105:
82:
81:
76:
75:
60:
59:
35:
34:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4319:Zhoubi Suanjing
4298:Huangdi Neijing
4263:Book of Origins
4241:
4237:Zhang Zhongjing
4163:
4128:
4042:
3933:
3924:
3820:Han–Xiongnu War
3781:
3775:
3745:
3740:
3729:Regional styles
3724:
3699:
3678:
3627:
3558:and collections
3557:
3551:
3497:
3476:
3471:
3420:
3393:
3366:
3339:
3317:
3284:
3254:
3235:
3209:
3196:
3174:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2940:
2932:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2802:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2623:
2615:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:, p. 5-10.
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2537:
2529:
2518:
2510:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2422:
2418:
2414:, in this case.
2399:
2395:
2390:
2368:
2299:
2211:
2153:Chinese cuisine
1961:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1859:
1850:
1711:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:性辯慧而能言兮，才聰明以識機。
1447:
1446:體金精之妙質兮，合火德之明輝。
1445:
1444:惟西域之靈鳥兮，挺自然之奇姿。
1223:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1176:弘寬裕於便辟兮，糾忠諫其駸急。
1175:
1174:消嘉榖於禽獸兮，下糠粃而無粒。
1173:
1172:窮變巧於台榭兮，民露處而寢洷。
1171:
1170:前車覆而未遠兮，後乘驅而競及。
1169:
1168:貴寵煽以彌熾兮，僉守利而不戢。
1167:
1166:皇家赫而天居兮，萬方徂而星集。
1082:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
860:" composition,
853:
846:
840:
837:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
815:
811:
809:
807:
693:
688:
682:
527:
522:
516:
389:
372:
369:
368:
138:
137:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4393:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4118:Chief Official
4111:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4092:Nine Ministers
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Han–Minyue War
3841:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Jian'an poetry
3514:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:Chinese poetry
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3424:
3418:
3397:
3391:
3370:
3364:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3315:
3288:
3282:
3258:
3252:
3239:
3233:
3213:
3207:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3141:, p. 255.
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3092:
3083:
3081:, p. 193.
3071:
3069:, p. 194.
3059:
3057:, p. 170.
3042:
3040:, p. 150.
3030:
3028:, p. 149.
3018:
3016:, p. 129.
3006:
2994:
2992:, p. 118.
2982:
2967:
2965:, p. 361.
2955:
2953:, p. 350.
2938:
2936:, p. 289.
2919:
2917:, p. 270.
2904:
2902:, p. 110.
2892:
2890:, p. 267.
2877:
2875:, p. 264.
2860:
2858:, p. 232.
2845:
2843:, p. 235.
2833:
2821:
2819:, p. 109.
2800:
2798:, p. 156.
2783:
2781:, p. 145.
2771:
2759:
2757:, p. 144.
2744:
2742:, p. 143.
2729:
2727:, p. 157.
2714:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2667:, p. 184.
2657:
2642:
2621:
2600:
2598:, p. 388.
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2535:
2516:
2495:
2493:, p. 317.
2483:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2416:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2335:Kangxi Emperor
2298:
2295:
2210:
2207:
2147:; AD 263–302)
1943:Excerpt from "
1940:
1916:霰淅瀝而先集，雪粉糅而遂多。
1898:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1815:called "prose
1791:compositions.
1710:
1707:
1698:Āi Jiāngnán fù
1508:
1505:
1490:
1440:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1162:
1072:Excerpt from "
1069:
941:
838:
802:
799:descriptions.
789:Warring States
692:
689:
681:
678:
526:
523:
518:Main article:
515:
512:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
334:
328:
327:
317:
311:
310:
300:
294:
293:
287:
286:
279:
277:Middle Chinese
273:
272:
270:Middle Chinese
266:
265:
258:
249:
248:
242:
241:
231:
225:
224:
217:
211:
210:
203:
197:
196:
194:Yue: Cantonese
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
169:
168:
161:
155:
154:
148:
147:
128:
122:
121:
114:
108:
107:
100:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:Transcriptions
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
52:
46:
45:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4392:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:Shuowen Jiezi
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:. Cambridge:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3283:0-89264-123-1
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3253:0-253-32983-3
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:Hawkes, David
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3192:Han fu yanjiu
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 95.
2979:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2831:, p. 51.
2830:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2712:, p. 93.
2711:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2679:, p. 11.
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2655:, p. 89.
2654:
2649:
2647:
2640:, p. 98.
2639:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2619:, p. 90.
2618:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2550:, p. 97.
2549:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2533:, p. 91.
2532:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2514:, p. 88.
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Dong Zhongshu
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:Liang dynasty
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:Verses of Chu
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:been invented
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2053:Verses of Chu
2049:
2045:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1804:Ēpáng gōng fù
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:Liang dynasty
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Six Dynasties
1514:
1507:Six Dynasties
1496:
1488:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:and his sons
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1214:
1204:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1023:
939:
937:
933:
928:
924:
915:
911:
907:
898:
894:
890:
889:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
844:
836:
800:
798:
794:
790:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Verses of Chu
715:
714:
709:
705:
702:. Jia Yi's "
701:
697:
687:
677:
675:
673:
667:
663:
659:
650:
647:on the Owl" (
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
590:Verses of Chu
586:
582:
575:
574:bù gē ér sòng
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
549:
545:
536:
532:
521:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
375:
365:
361:
360:
350:
335:
333:
329:
318:
316:
312:
301:
299:
298:Baxter (1992)
295:
292:
288:
280:
278:
274:
271:
267:
259:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
237:
232:
230:
226:
218:
216:
212:
204:
202:
198:
195:
191:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
141:
134:
129:
127:
123:
115:
113:
109:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:
69:
67:
63:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
27:
23:
19:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4030:
4013:
4006:
3989:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3884:Red Eyebrows
3717:
3710:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3620:
3613:
3608:Wangchuan ji
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:Poetry works
3435:
3431:
3401:
3374:
3347:
3328:
3292:
3265:
3243:
3222:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3100:Davis (1990)
3095:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2958:
2895:
2836:
2824:
2774:
2762:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2591:
2579:
2574:, p. 5.
2567:
2562:, p. 3.
2555:
2486:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2359:
2355:
2347:Lìdài fù huì
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2189:
2178:steamed buns
2160:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2131:Chēqú wǎn fù
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1944:
1912:於是河海生雲，朔漠飛沙。
1899:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1878:on things" (
1875:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1838:Song dynasty
1833:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1756:Tang dynasty
1739:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:Tang dynasty
1714:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:and poetry.
1678:
1673:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1620:Tang dynasty
1615:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:Tao Yuanming
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1494:
1450:故其嬉游高峻，棲跱幽深。
1441:
1434:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1347:A number of
1346:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1276:Tang dynasty
1268:Huaqing Pool
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1226:
1224:
1212:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1063:
1021:
960:In the soil:
942:
935:
931:
926:
913:
909:
905:
896:
892:
886:
882:
873:
869:
862:Sima Xiangru
857:
855:
803:
796:
773:
769:
765:
757:
751:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
711:
703:
695:
694:
671:
657:
648:
644:
636:
632:
626:
614:
610:
604:
600:
593:
589:
584:
583:
573:
569:
553:
547:
543:
535:Zhou dynasty
530:
528:
507:
499:
495:
491:
489:
482:
476:
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
452:(960–1279).
450:Song dynasty
445:
443:
434:
430:
423:onomatopoeia
419:alliteration
406:
393:
382:rhymed prose
358:
357:
356:
246:Southern Min
180:Romanization
159:Romanization
98:Hanyu Pinyin
38:
26:Song dynasty
18:
4217:Luoxia Hong
4080:Family tree
3965:Book of Han
3879:Xin dynasty
3778:Han dynasty
3632:Major forms
3547:Qing poetry
3542:Ming poetry
3537:Yuan poetry
3532:Song poetry
3527:Tang poetry
3262:Idema, Wilt
3148:Works cited
3139:Tian (2010)
3014:Kern (2010)
2978:Kern (2010)
2963:Owen (2010)
2951:Owen (2010)
2934:Owen (2010)
2915:Tian (2010)
2888:Tian (2010)
2873:Tian (2010)
2856:Tian (2010)
2841:Tian (2010)
2710:Kern (2010)
2689:Kern (2010)
2677:Gong (1997)
2653:Kern (2010)
2617:Kern (2010)
2584:Gong (1997)
2572:Gong (1997)
2560:Gong (1997)
2531:Kern (2010)
2512:Kern (2010)
2438:Jūqú wǎn fù
2434:Musāragalva
2320:Han dynasty
2297:Collections
2249:Book of Han
2192:on Paper" (
2186:Western Jin
2159:on Pasta" (
2127:Musāragalva
2110:Mǎnǎo lè fù
2006:board games
2004:on ancient
1661:Cǎi lián fù
1659:-picking" (
1618:during the
1610:(502–587),
1606:During the
1564:Xie Lingyun
1529:, although
1517:During the
1325:Shù xíng fù
1274:during the
1264:hot springs
1221:Eastern Han
1047: 蟃蜒貙犴。
1045: 白虎玄豹，
1041: 騰遠射干。
1039: 鵷鶵孔鸞，
1013: 橘柚芬芳。
1011: 樝棃梬栗，
1009: 蘗離朱楊，
1007: 桂椒木蘭，
1005: 楩柟豫樟，
983: 碝石碔砆。
981: 瑊玏玄厲，
979: 琳瑉昆吾，
977: 赤玉玫瑰，
955: 照爛龍鱗。
953: 眾色炫耀，
951: 錫碧金銀，
949: 雌黃白坿，
947: 丹青赭堊，
897:Shànglín fù
888:magnum opus
810:壁壘重堅，沓雜似軍行。
700:Han dynasty
691:Western Han
680:Han dynasty
478:Book of Han
427:parallelism
386:Han dynasty
291:Old Chinese
4369:Categories
4232:Zhang Heng
4227:Wang Chong
4048:Government
4026:Han poetry
3622:Zhuying ji
3512:Han poetry
3502:Poetry by
3481:Major eras
3338:0691021260
3208:0940490145
2462:References
2382:Han poetry
2356:Collection
2354:). Chen's
2312:Selections
1975:entitled "
1914:連氛累䨠，揜日韜霞。
1910:北戶墐扉，裸壤垂繒。
1908:沸潭無湧，炎風不興。
1902:若迺玄律窮，嚴氣升。
1865:, and the
1857:on things"
1789:rhetorical
1636:Jiāo jū fù
1580:Shān jū fù
1456:采采麗容，咬咬好音。
1454:紺趾丹嘴，綠衣翠矜。
1452:飛不妄集，翔必擇林。
1377:Dènglóu fù
1371:entitled "
1307:is highly
1284:Èr jīng fù
1255:Wēnquán fù
1231:Zhang Heng
1104:Yang Xiong
1085:The grand
1024:, camphor,
843:tidal bore
806:純馳浩蜺，前後駱驛。
686:Han poetry
684:See also:
605:Zhanguo ce
529:The term "
439:characters
332:Zhengzhang
112:Wade–Giles
4207:Liu Xiang
4187:Ding Huan
4154:Silk Road
4021:Old Texts
3991:Huainanzi
3952:Sima Qian
2596:Ho (1986)
2467:Footnotes
2436:Bowl" as
2400:Although
2182:dumplings
1981:Dà què fù
1880:yǒngwù fù
1798:'s poem "
1402:Yīngwǔ fù
1365:Dong Zhuo
1309:satirical
1135:with the
1003:其北則有陰林巨樹，
649:Fúniǎo fù
4222:Sima Tan
4182:Cai Yong
4060:Ban Chao
4052:military
4015:Yiwu Zhi
3893:Chengjia
3615:Wen Xuan
3327:(1996).
3219:(1985).
2443:Guangyun
2366:See also
2066:Lìzhī fù
2035:Wěiqí fù
2018:Chūpú fù
1965:Ban Zhao
1941:—
1906:火井滅，溫泉冰。
1904:焦溪涸，湯谷凝。
1874:called "
1744:Sanskrit
1628:Shen Yue
1491:—
1386:Jingzhou
1361:Wang Can
1235:Cai Yong
1207:—
1070:—
839:—
762:Chang'an
708:Changsha
662:Changsha
621:(modern
568:defined
558:rhapsody
471:Wen xuan
464:are the
425:, loose
215:Jyutping
4333:Portals
4277:Fangyan
4212:Liu Xin
4197:Hua Tuo
4177:Cai Lun
4142:Coinage
4134:Economy
4070:Emperor
4065:Ma Yuan
3787:History
3504:dynasty
2432:on the
2258:Qu Yuan
2246:in his
2174:noodles
2161:Bǐng fù
2155:: his "
2129:Bowl" (
2125:on the
2077:fruit.
2048:Wang Yi
2014:Chaupar
1998:Ma Rong
1994:Parthia
1990:ostrich
1949:Chinese
1622:. Some
1431:Cao Zhi
1423:Cao Cao
1411:Mi Heng
1390:Luoyang
1342:eunuchs
1336:. In "
874:Zǐxū fù
866:Chengdu
740:Chinese
666:Qu Yuan
564:in the
548:Shijing
525:Origins
514:History
364:Chinese
323:p(r)a-s
306:p(r)jas
253:Hokkien
4347:Poetry
4202:Liu An
4192:Du Shi
3947:Ban Gu
3780:topics
3573:Chu Ci
3416:
3389:
3362:
3335:
3313:
3280:
3250:
3231:
3205:
3170:
2450:, not
2410:, not
2244:Ban Gu
2226:Li Sao
2194:Zhǐ fù
2180:, and
2102:bridle
2082:Cao Pi
2075:lychee
1951::
1848:Topics
1776:piānfù
1685:Yu Xin
1534:poetry
1427:Cao Pi
1415:parrot
1409:), by
1301:Ban Gu
1145:Poetry
1064:manyan
923:Guo Pu
750::
748:pinyin
742::
713:Li Sao
672:Li Sao
641:Jia Yi
594:Chu ci
562:Ban Gu
475:, the
398:poetry
392:220).
390:
366::
4359:China
4247:Texts
4104:Kings
3888:Lulin
3673:yuefu
3197:[
2388:Notes
2170:dough
2098:agate
2027:Laozi
1821:wénfù
1796:Du Mu
1657:Lotus
1548:and "
1317:guqin
1022:nanmu
918:天子遊獵賦
774:Qī fā
628:Xunzi
415:prose
411:rhyme
402:prose
338:*
321:*
304:*
173:Hakka
136:
4075:list
4050:and
3886:and
3414:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3360:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3229:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3195:漢賦研究
3168:ISBN
2351:歷代賦彙
2272:Chu
2135:硨磲碗賦
2114:瑪瑙勒賦
1808:阿房宫賦
1748:Pali
1746:and
1731:lǜfù
1713:The
1702:哀江南賦
1630:'s "
1574:is "
1429:and
1278:. "
1249:is "
1233:and
1120:fèng
1043:其下則有
1037:其上則有
753:dàfù
720:. "
643:'s "
578:不歌而誦
444:The
413:and
400:and
340:mpas
3659:shi
3406:doi
3379:doi
3352:doi
3303:doi
3270:doi
3158:賦 (
2448:chē
2274:sao
2256:by
2070:荔枝賦
2039:圍棋賦
2022:樗蒲賦
2016:" (
2012:on
2008:: "
1985:大雀賦
1953:謝惠連
1884:詠物賦
1819:" (
1774:" (
1729:" (
1665:採蓮賦
1655:on
1640:郊居賦
1584:山居賦
1532:shi
1406:鸚鵡賦
1381:登樓賦
1359:.
1329:述行賦
1299:by
1288:二京賦
1259:溫泉賦
975:其石則
945:其土則
901:上林賦
891:, "
878:子虛賦
793:Chu
738:" (
668:'s
653:鵩鳥賦
639:is
619:Shu
581:).
441:.
283:pjù
256:POJ
229:IPA
126:IPA
4371::
4031:Fu
3666:qu
3652:fu
3645:ci
3432:Fu
3412:.
3385:.
3358:.
3309:.
3276:.
3160:Fu
3156:Fu
3045:^
2970:^
2941:^
2922:^
2907:^
2880:^
2863:^
2848:^
2803:^
2786:^
2747:^
2732:^
2717:^
2696:^
2645:^
2624:^
2603:^
2538:^
2519:^
2498:^
2474:^
2452:jū
2430:Fu
2362:.
2360:fu
2339:fu
2330:.
2328:fu
2316:fu
2302:Fu
2291:fu
2287:fu
2283:fu
2279:fu
2268:fu
2263:fu
2254:fu
2240:fu
2230:fu
2215:fu
2198:紙賦
2190:Fu
2176:,
2165:餅賦
2157:Fu
2149:fu
2144:束皙
2123:Fu
2119:fu
2106:Fu
2094:fu
2086:fu
2062:Fu
2058:fu
2044:Go
2031:Fu
2010:Fu
2002:fu
1977:Fu
1969:fu
1957:c.
1955:;
1945:Fu
1893:fu
1889:fu
1876:fu
1872:fu
1855:Fu
1842:fu
1834:fu
1830:fu
1825:文賦
1817:fu
1813:fu
1800:Fu
1785:fu
1780:駢賦
1772:fu
1768:fu
1760:fu
1740:fu
1735:律賦
1727:fu
1723:fu
1715:fu
1694:Fu
1689:fu
1679:fu
1674:fu
1653:Fu
1649:fu
1645:Fu
1632:Fu
1624:fu
1616:fu
1612:fu
1601:Fu
1597:fu
1593:Fu
1589:fu
1576:Fu
1572:fu
1558:fu
1554:fu
1550:fu
1546:fu
1542:fu
1538:fu
1523:fu
1499:c.
1495:Fu
1435:fu
1398:Fu
1394:fu
1373:Fu
1369:fu
1353:fu
1349:fu
1338:Fu
1334:fu
1321:Fu
1305:fu
1297:fu
1293:fu
1280:Fu
1251:Fu
1247:fu
1243:fu
1239:fu
1227:fu
1213:Fu
1157:fu
1153:fu
1149:fu
1137:fu
1133:fu
1129:fu
1116:fu
1112:fu
1108:fu
1100:fu
1096:fu
1092:fu
1087:fu
1078:c.
1074:Fu
938::
936:fu
932:Fu
927:Fu
910:Fu
906:fu
893:Fu
883:Fu
870:Fu
858:fu
849:c.
797:fu
784:枚乘
778:七發
770:fu
766:fu
758:fu
746:;
744:大賦
736:fu
726:fu
722:Fu
704:Fu
696:Fu
658:fu
645:Fu
637:fu
633:fu
615:fu
611:fu
585:Fu
570:fu
554:fu
539:c.
531:fu
508:fu
500:fu
496:fu
492:fu
481:,
462:fu
458:fu
454:Fu
446:fu
435:fu
431:fu
421:,
407:fu
394:Fu
359:Fu
262:hù
221:fu
207:fu
186:fu
165:fǔ
152:Wu
118:fu
104:fù
39:Fu
4335::
4120:)
4116:(
3875:)
3846:(
3801:)
3797:(
3770:e
3763:t
3756:v
3466:e
3459:t
3452:v
3422:.
3408::
3395:.
3381::
3368:.
3354::
3341:.
3319:.
3305::
3286:.
3272::
3256:.
3237:.
3211:.
3176:.
2454:.
2412:ā
2408:ē
2345:(
1853:"
1692:"
1211:"
1124:諷
930:"
845:,
674:)
607:)
603:(
596:)
592:(
550:)
546:(
537:(
473:)
469:(
373:賦
362:(
73:赋
57:賦
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