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transferred to pristine water, is considered to be legal. The focus of the ongoing legal debate has been on the definition of the word "addition" in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act mandates that the addition of pollutants to clean water requires a federal permit. If polluted water is being transferred one body of water to another, some courts have interpreted this as meaning no permit is needed, whereas other courts have maintained that the wording of the Clean Water Act was not intended to allow transference of polluted water from, for example, a polluted stream to a pristine lake.
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rip-offs of taxpayers in
American history to benefit billionaire industrial farmers." While Friends of the Everglades was not happy with the Bush administration's EPA, they were more hopeful with the EPA under President Obama, stating, "As a result of successful legal efforts by Friends of the Everglades and the Miccosukee Tribe, the EPA under President Obama changed direction and has now identified a realistic plan to clean up the Everglades."
385:, which allowed the transfer of polluted water into pristine waters such as in the Everglades without federal permits. Friends of the Everglades and other conservation groups continues to legally challenge the looser interpretation of the Clean Water Act but has not been totally successful. However, recent developments seem to have resulted in some progress.
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322:
management practices" in big sugar farming cuts off the pollution at its source. The state seems willing to negotiate the two sides of the contentious debate, that of big sugar and conservationists, but environmentalists are not convinced that it will be enough to adequately address the needs of the
Everglades.
464:
of
Friends of the Everglades includes Phil Kushlan, President; Peter Upton, Vice President; Alan Farago, Conservation Chair; Connie Washburn, Secretary; Richard Trotta, Treasurer; Jason Evans; Ray Judah; Nathaniel Linville; Robert Mitchell; Dave Preston; Camila Quaresma-Sharp; Robert Stein; Sylmarie
363:
based its opinion on the "unitary waters" theory, which is an interpretation of the Clean Water Act which treats all bodies of water in the United States as a single body. The implication of this was that transferring polluted water from one body of water to another, even if polluted water was being
300:
of Big Sugar plantations. Then-president of
Friends of the Everglades, Joette Lorion (1998) stated, "Why should taxpayers be made to pay a billion dollars to clean up after Big Sugar, just because the government agencies don't have the will to enforce the Clean Water Act and make the polluters pay?"
240:
was created in 1947, and as recently as 1998, has been referred to as "the most endangered national park in
America." Some of the environmental issues facing the Everglades are disrupted water flow, a drastic decline in the wading bird population, human development, invasion of exotic species, and
435:
had "acted to protect the sugar industry from paying its fair share of pollution treatment," shifting the responsibility to the taxpayers of
Florida. Friends states, "This scheme has not only created one of the nation's largest environmental catastrophes, it has also perpetrated one of the largest
257:
have an uncertain future in the
Everglades as a result of environmental issues. Former Secretary of Friends of the Everglades, Sharyn Richardson said that she got started with the organization, attracted by its philosophical ideals, stating, "when you see an injustice and you become aware of that
447:
The Young
Friends program was started in 1994 by fourth and fifth grade students at Howard Drive Elementary School in Miami, Florida, along with their teachers, Marta Whitehouse and Connie Washburn. The student organization was first formed in response to plans to build a sports and entertainment
321:
has stated that he favors "restoration, not litigation," which provides a hopeful rallying cry for environmentalists. However, state funding for what is required to prevent and clean chemical pollution in the
Everglades is not adequate to address the needs of the ecosystem. Enforcement of "better
451:
Since the mid-1990s, Young
Friends has educated more than 100,000 students about the Everglades. In recent years, they have developed supplementary educational kits, aligned to 4th grade standards. The free kits include lesson plans, class sets of books, maps, and a variety of activities.
329:, stating that it does not adequately address many critical needs. However, it does support the broader goals of this Federal plan, which dates from 1948, to protect the Everglades. In 2004, the Miccosukee tribe, along with Friends of the Everglades, initiated a lawsuit which accused the
373:
states that environmentalists are opposed to the "unitary waters" theory because it exempts polluters from obtaining federal permits which are usually required for polluting bodies of water, so long as the transferrer does not add additional pollutants to the transferred water.
448:
park on an area considered essential for wetlands restoration. Marjory Stoneman Douglas approved of the program, stating, "Take the children out to the Glades, and let them learn; education will be the only way to save the Glades. Tell them the Everglades isn't saved yet!"
207:
420:, and maintains a close alliance with the Miccosukee Indian Tribe of the Everglades region in its legal efforts. One of the major issues continues to be the heavy use of chemical fertilizers by "Big Sugar" which result in excess
889:
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Indian Tribe argued the so-called "S-9" lawsuit over the protection of the Everglades. The Supreme Court sent the case back to the District Court to be reargued in the fall of 2004. Previous Florida Governor
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Location of dispute, Okeechobee Lake. Friends of the Everglades has taken legal action to stop Big Sugar plantations from back-pumping agricultural chemicals into the lake, among other efforts.
566:
661:
Interview with Sharyn Richardson, Secretary of Friends of the Everglades and personal assistant to Marjory Stoneman Douglas. Videotaped at the Douglas House in Coconut Grove. 2006.
296:(EAA). Friends also has protested government plans to build 63 square miles of stormwater treatment area (STAs) or filtering marshes to absorb excess nutrients resulting from the
221:
to start an organization to protect the Everglades. The organization was started with a one-dollar membership contribution from Marjory Douglas as its first member. Governor
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When Marjory Stoneman Douglas first began the organization, Friends of the Everglades, along with the work of other individual activists, was instrumental in persuading the
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An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century (Environmental History and the American South)
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is a conservationist and activist organization in the United States whose mission is to "preserve, protect, and restore the only
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Friends of the Everglades has taken legal actions over the years to protect the Everglades from overdevelopment and pollution.
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The Young Friends of the Everglades program promotes environmental education among young people throughout South Florida.
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The Economics of Everglades Restoration: Missing Pieces in the Future of South Florida (Advance in Ecological Economics)
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in Everglades waters. According to activists, government agencies have been lax in their demands on the sugar industry.
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was the founder of Friends of the Everglades. She lived to 108 and started Friends of the Everglades at 87 years of age.
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In a September 2011 press release concerning current activity, Friends of the Everglades stated that it felt that the
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refers to Friends of the Everglades as an organization that has fought to preserve North America's only subtropical
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The mission of Friends of the Everglades is to preserve, protect, and restore the only Everglades in the world.
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Environmental activist Kai Marshall and Browder's office manager Judy Wilson were influential in persuading
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The Friends of the Everglades organization continues to oppose legislation that enables pollution by
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In 2009, a court victory for Friends of the Everglades was overturned by an appeals court, where the
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bypassed legal efforts to protect the Everglades from harmful back-pumping through initiating the
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and to require proper treatment of agricultural chemicals discharged to the Everglades from the
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from 1971 to 1979 was supportive of Friends of the Everglades according to Douglas in her book,
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administration to stop the development of the Miami International Airport in the Everglades.
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The organization was created in 1969-1970 by journalist, author, and environmental activist
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in 1947, about the Florida Everglades. Douglas was 79 when she founded the organization.
396:. The organization states that such efforts are finally yielding "significant results".
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Friends of the Everglades calls on Scott to make polluters pay, The Florida Independent
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Friends of the Everglades calls on Scott to make polluters pay, The Florida Independent
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Sheroes: Bold, Brash, and Absolutely Unabashed Superwomen from Susan B. Anthony to Xena
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administration that it would repeal what Friends sees as a harmful way of interpreting
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807:"State alters Everglades legal fight, tries to settle two lengthy cleanup suits"
749:"State alters Everglades legal fight, tries to settle two lengthy cleanup suits"
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776:, Michael Kettler. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law. February 16, 2011.
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Friends-and Enemies-of the Everglades: Unitary Waters in the Federal Courts
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from back-pumping agricultural chemicals from Big Sugar's plantations into
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flying over the "River of Grass", with tree islands in the background.
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Everglades National Park in Southern Florida. National Park Service,
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Friends of the Everglades v South Florida Water Management District
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Friends of the Everglades placed hope with the inauguration of the
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on two occasions. In 2003 Friends of the Everglades and the
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Legal actions by Friends of the Everglades have gone to the
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continues to fight against this issue in the courts (2011).
673:, Bob Janiskee. National Parks Traveler. November 13, 2009.
764:
National Parks Traveler. Bob Janiskee. November 13, 2009.
684:"Destruction to Reconstruction: Restoring the Everglades"
625:"Destruction to Reconstruction: Restoring the Everglades"
377:
According to Friends, in the case of the Everglades, the
538:
National Women's Hall of Fame - Marjory Stoneham Douglas
325:
Friends of the Everglades has strongly criticized the
1184:
Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport
906:
Environmental Decisions of the U.S. Court of Appeals
258:
injustice, you have to take responsibility for it."
804:
589:
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439:
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588:Marjory Stoneman Douglas, John Rothchild (1990).
567:"Friends Of Everglades Toast Their Feisty Leader"
486:Biosphere 2000: Protecting our Global Environment
179:Biosphere 2000: Protecting Our Global Environment
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902:Friends of the Everglades v. So. Fla. Water Mgmt
762:Friends of the Everglades is Down, but Not Out
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671:Friends of the Everglades is Down, but Not Out
465:Trujillo; Milda Vaivada; and Blair Wickstrom.
1077:Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge
933:
564:
510:
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1279:Environmental organizations based in Florida
592:Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Voice of the River
482:Donald G. Kaufman, Cecilia M. Franz (2000).
554:. University of Georgia Press. p. 472.
940:
926:
751:. The Palm Beach Post News. July 26, 2011.
25:
1179:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
885:Friends of the Everglades - Facebook page
821:"Friends of the Everglades Legal Actions"
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327:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
1289:Water organizations in the United States
1067:Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge
724:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 107.
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1199:South Florida Water Management District
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286:South Florida Water Management District
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1062:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
1057:Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park
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805:Christine Stapleton (July 26, 2011).
455:
370:Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
1072:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge
245:. Additionally, species such as the
399:
13:
898:. Case No. 07-13829. June 4, 2009
337:of failing to enforce the federal
310:Supreme Court of the United States
284:It has taken legal action to stop
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823:. Everglades.org. Archived from
1284:Environmental issues in Florida
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440:Young Friends of the Everglades
331:Environmental Protection Agency
1294:1969 establishments in Florida
1215:The Everglades: River of Grass
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565:Vanessa Bauza (May 18, 1998).
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195:The Everglades: River of Grass
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1042:Big Cypress National Preserve
890:Federal Criminal Law Opinions
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1304:Organizations based in Miami
294:Everglades Agricultural Area
7:
809:. The Palm Beach Post News.
596:. Pineapple Press. p.
39:; 55 years ago
16:U.S. nonprofit organization
10:
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1174:Burmese pythons in Florida
786:Friends of the Everglades.
718:Richard Weisskoff (2006).
659:Everglades Digital Library
540:retrieved November 1, 2011
262:Legal and lobbying actions
251:Cape Sable seaside sparrow
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1194:Friends of the Everglades
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980:Everglades National Park
970:Draining and development
349:Everglades National Park
241:the endangerment of the
238:Everglades National Park
219:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
211:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
190:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
177:in the world." The book
55:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
490:. Kendall Hunt Pub Co.
361:federal appellate court
64:Non-profit organization
1047:Biscayne National Park
699:Cite journal requires
640:Cite journal requires
511:Varla Ventura (1998).
413:
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298:agricultural pollution
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1189:Everglades Foundation
960:Geography and ecology
686:. National Parks: 26.
627:. National Parks: 27.
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1209:Ten Thousand Islands
1098:Caloosahatchee River
795:Legal Actions. 2011.
418:US Sugar Corporation
410:Harpers Ferry Center
1240:Category:Everglades
1113:Indian River Lagoon
433:Florida Legislature
383:Water Transfer Rule
379:Bush administration
227:Governor of Florida
192:who wrote the book
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1021:Arthur R. Marshall
862:2011-11-20 at the
791:2011-11-30 at the
462:Board of Directors
456:Board of Directors
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231:Voice of the River
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148:Board of Directors
134:Executive Director
19:
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1128:Lake Worth Lagoon
965:Indigenous people
866:of the Everglades
577:on June 16, 2013.
394:environmental law
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1169:Biscayne Aquifer
1103:Fisheating Creek
1026:Garald G. Parker
1011:Hamilton Disston
985:Invasive species
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914:. July 27, 2011.
904:. June 8, 2009.
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847:. July 27, 2011.
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827:on 2012-02-08
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