493:. Both of these conflicts resulted in groups of Indians being relocated to Indian Territory. The Second Seminole War began in 1835 after the Indians of Florida retaliated for repeated abuses by white settlers in Florida, including theft, violence, and illegal entry into Indian lands. One of the longest, most expensive, and deadly conflicts between Native Americans and the U.S. military, the Second Seminole War is a nearly forgotten conflict that had an extraordinary impact on southeastern U.S. history, American military tactics, and modern development of the U.S. Navy. The Indians of Florida conducted a guerrilla-style war against a numerically superior and technologically advanced enemy. The result of the war was many more indigenous people dead or deported but a U.S. failure at complete removal of Indians from Florida. By 1842, perhaps 300 Native Americans remained in Florida; more than 4,000 were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory between 1835 and 1842. The Miccosukee chief
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467:(1833) were agreements that attempted to aggregate the Native Americans in Florida into isolated tracts of land, first in central Florida, and later in southwestern and southeastern Florida. Despite the appearance of numerous agreements between the tribes of Florida and the U.S. government, these negotiations were never balanced between the parties involved because of the presence of the U.S. military at these negotiations and difficulties in translation and understanding. There also was never true representation of all of the Native Americans in Florida because the groups of men who represented the Indians during treaty negotiations did not represent all of the bands living in Florida at that time.
546:
increasing, various drainage and canal projects throughout
Florida changing the water levels around the tree islands, and declining opportunities for economic stability, Indians began to relocate to sites along the Trail. Over a dozen camps, or villages, moved closer to the Trail between 1928 and 1938. From these sites, Miccosukee Indians sought to improve their economic situation by offering airboat tours of the Everglades, indigenous crafts for sale, and other goods and services to tourists traveling across the state. Still viewed by many as Seminole Indians during this time, the Miccosukees who moved to live along the Trail also became known as the Trail Indians.
37:
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422:'s invasion of Florida. The Miccosukees eventually joined with the Seminoles in defending their Florida homeland against encroaching white settlers during the 1820s. Despite the need for such an informal alliance, the Miccosukees maintained their separate identity within the tribes of Florida. During this time in particular, the U.S. government and white settlers in Florida often viewed the Miccosukee Indians and the Seminole Indians as a single entity. About 2,000 Upper Creeks, known as
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education programs. The school's vision statement reads: "To empower every student to reach their full academic potential while being productive members of a bilingual and bicultural society. We are dedicated to serve, inspire, and encourage our students with the understanding that the culture and traditions of the
Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, along with a rigorous curriculum, are strengths upon which they can build personal, social, and academic success in the classroom and beyond."
708:
modern management." As of 2023, the current chairman is
Talbert Cypress. The rest of the Business Council are Lucas K. Osceola, Kenneth H. Cypress, William J. Osceola, and Petties Osceola, Jr., serving respectively as Assistant Chairman, Treasurer, Secretary, and Lawmaker. Curtis E. Osceola serves the Tribe as the current chief of staff. Government administration is further divided into departments including Land Resources, Water Resources, and Fish & Wildlife.
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402:. The Miccosukees and the Seminoles, however, not only continued to see themselves as separate entities within Florida but also saw themselves as wholly separate from the Creek Confederacy that continued to negotiate with Europeans and claimed influence over Alabama, Georgia, and northern Florida. In 1765, a group of Native Americans in Florida known as the "Alatchaway" (Alachua), a Muscogee-speaking group led by Cowkeeper (
538:, intentionally isolated from interactions with white Floridians except for the occasional meeting for trade. Groups of Native Americans tended to gather in bigger camps until 1900, and then they began to separate into smaller groups in the face of increased development in Central and South Florida. The isolation of camps in South Florida began to end in the late 1920s with the construction of the
603:. This strategy was successful for the Miccosukees, as the U.S. government began negotiations upon the group's return to Florida. The Trail Indians gained federal recognition of their sovereignty in 1962 as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida. Buffalo Tiger became the first chairman of the Miccosukee Tribe, and he continued to lead as chairman of the Miccosukee Business Council until 1985.
739:, now known as the Miccosukee Casino & Resort, at the northwest corner of U.S. 41 and Krome Avenue, the Miccosukee Tribe also operates the Tobacco Shop on the southwest corner. The tribe owns and operates a gas station and service plaza on the Alligator Alley Reservation located on I-75, with a gas station casino of 8,500 square feet and 150 slot machines scheduled to open in November 2023.
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Florida and became the primary tongue, despite
Muscogee often serving as the lingua franca throughout present-day Florida, Georgia, and Alabama whenever indigenous people interacted with white people. For a time during the 19th century, the Miccosukee were part of the developing Seminole identity in Florida. This identity formed in the early 19th century in Florida through a process of
514:(Holatta Micco) attacked American encampments in response to repeated harassment and destruction of property by U.S. military forces. The result of this conflict was the removal of Billy Bowlegs's band for Oklahoma, having accepted a monetary settlement. The sole remaining Indians in Florida in 1858 were those sheltering in the swamp and wetlands in the south.
482:(present-day Oklahoma). The U.S. government still believed that the Florida Seminoles were a part of the Creek Confederacy, and the American agents involved in relocation attempted to place the Florida Indians with land under the Creek administration. Eventually, the Florida Seminoles in Oklahoma gained their own reservation and federal recognition as the
415:, the Creek Confederacy agreed that all Creeks in Georgia and Florida would return runaway slaves to their white American owners, an agreement that the Native Americans in Florida disputed because the Creeks did not speak for those living in Florida. Prior to 1812, the Creek national council was denying treaty annuities to the Tribes in Florida.
680:. Some Miccosukees live in suburban Miami. Old Tamiami Trail is the center of tribal activities in the 21st century, and it contains all of the essential needs for the tribe, including residences, the school, the police department, the health clinic, recreational amenities, and the tribe's administration building.
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Travels through North and South
Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of those Regions; Together with Observations on
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The
Miccosukee Indian Village Museum opened in 1983. The museum offers to its visitors a variety of artistic expressions such as native paintings, hand crafts, and photographs. Additionally, it is possible to find some artifacts such as cooking utensils that are also on display. The Museum is located
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The
Miccosukees have a written constitution, and all adult tribal members are part of the General Council, which manages the tribal services. The General Council elects officers to run the Business Council, which is led by a chairman. This system is "a combination of traditional tribal government and
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The
Miccosukee Tribe continued to pursue increased tribal sovereignty. On May 4, 1971, the Miccosukee Corporation assumed operational responsibility for all of the programs formerly administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. These programs included healthcare, law enforcement, and education, among
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in
Florida starting in the 1930s and 1940s. The federal and state governments persisted in treating the Indians of Florida as a unified people, eventually including a third group, known as Independents or Traditionals, who did not affiliate with either the Miccosukee or the Seminole groups. One issue
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against all
Indians living in Florida. This was the period of numerous treaties between the U.S. and various bands of Indians living in Florida as white settlers increasingly pushed for more available land, and the government in Washington, D.C. sought to support those who wished to take advantage of
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is the tribal school. The Bureau of Indian Affairs established the school in 1962, and the tribe took over administration operations in 1971. The Miccosukee educational system offers a Head Start Preschool Program and kindergarten through twelfth grade classes as well as vocational and other higher
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Reservation, which includes 20,000 acres (81 square kilometers) of developable land, much of which the Miccosukee Tribe uses for a cattle grazing lease, and nearly 55,000 acres (223 square kilometers) of wetlands. The Miccosukee Tribe provides use permits for non-Natives to use some of the wetlands
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in 1950 to claim compensation for lands taken by the U.S. government. Many of the Miccosukees contended that they never reached an official peace with the U.S., and they wanted their land returned rather than financial compensation. The U.S. settlement of the claims with the Miccosukee and Seminole
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Construction of the Tamiami Trail as the route between Tampa and Miami concluded in 1928. This brought new forms of traffic through Big Cypress and the Everglades. Not long before the completion of the Trail, Florida outlawed hunting for alligator and fur-bearing animals. With traffic in the region
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By 1858, perhaps 200 ancestors of the modern Miccosukee and Seminole Tribes remained in Florida. They survived by moving into central and southern Florida to take advantage of the topography of Big Cypress and the Everglades, which was largely unknown to the remainder of the U.S. The American Civil
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of 1813-1814. After this influx of people in the early 19th century, documented Indians in Florida numbered about 5,000. This entry of Muscogee-speaking Indians into Florida had the additional effect of pushing many Hitchiti-speaking (Miccosukee) people farther south. As early as 1827, and possibly
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By the late 1830s, the dominant indigenous language in among Native Americans living in Florida as Miccosukees or Seminoles was Mikasuki or other variants of Hitchiti. Muscogee was the dominant language within the Creek Confederacy, but Hitchiti had traveled with those who settled permanently in
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The Origin, Progress, and Conclusion of the Florida War; To Which is Appended A Record of Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, Musicians, and Privates of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, Who Were Killed in Battle or Died of Disease. As Also the Names of Officers Who Were Distinguished by
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In 1953, the Florida Seminoles were identified for termination of federal status. The Seminole Tribe of Florida organized and gained federal recognition in 1957. Due to political differences, the Miccosukee would form a separate group, gaining federal recognition in 1962. The Traditionals, or
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Divisions between the Miccosukees and Seminoles peaked during the 1950s. Under the federal government's program of termination of recognition, it proposed terminating the U.S. recognition of the Florida Seminoles in 1953. The Miccosukee response was the Buckskin Declaration in 1954, which a
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Although East and West Florida were under Spanish control at this time (1783-1821), U.S. forces under Andrew Jackson invaded Florida in 1817 under a pretext of retaliation for Indian raids against settlers in Georgia. The true reasons for invasion included pursuit of runaway slaves and the
668:, now called the Miccosukee Casino & Resort, in 1999, which includes gaming facilities, entertainment venues, bingo, and numerous restaurants and other amenities. The revenue from this enterprise has supported economic development and improvements to education and welfare.
394:, Eufala, and Appalachicola tribal towns in southern Georgia and northern Florida. Under continuing encroachment from European, and later, American, settlers, many Miccosukee ancestors from different locations found themselves in northern Florida by the early 18th century.
699:, from which they gain their status in the tribe. In this system, the mother's older brother is highly important to her children, more than the biological father, especially for boys. The uncle is the one who introduces the boys to the men's groups of the clan and tribe.
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in northeastern Florida. Cowkeeper and his band of Indians negotiated their own agreement with the British in a separate meeting. The spring of 1787 marked the first time that a group specifically known as Seminoles attended the Lower Creeks' annual meeting. In the 1796
635:. The most populous area is known as the Miccosukee Reserved Area (MRA) or the Tamiami Trail Reservation, located about 40 miles (64 kilometers) west of Miami. The largest land section is an 87,000-acre (352 square kilometers) reservation on the northern border of
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Most Miccosukees today reside in the modern housing on the MRA along a single road known as Old Tamiami Trail or an extension to the west known as Loop Road. Some tribal members live farther west along Tamiami Trail in traditional clan camps in Big Cypress,
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The land claims and termination controversies heightened the distinction for the Miccosukee living near the Tamiami Trail. Unable to gain similar federal recognition of their own right to sovereignty, a group of Miccosukees, led by the young councilmember
216:. The town spanned sections of present-day Alabama, southern Georgia, and northern Florida. Under pressure from European encroachment into their territory during the 18th century, the Miccosukee underwent a period of increasingly frequent migration to
571:'s aides. The declaration stated that the Trail Indians wanted nothing from the U.S. government; the Indians only wanted to be able to live their lives on the land as they always had. Meanwhile, the reservation Indians in Florida became known as the
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In 1990, the tribe opened Miccosukee Indian Bingo & Gaming to generate revenue for tribal members and facilitate developing new opportunities for tribal members. Following the great success of the bingo hall, the tribe opened the 302-room
390:. According to scholarship published in collaboration with tribal elders, multiple groups of Indians joined together to form the core group that became the Miccosukee Tribe in northern Florida; these groups included elements of the Oconee,
254:. The Trail Indians, as they were called, generally kept more traditional practices. They were less interested in establishing formal relations with the federal government than the Cow Creek Seminoles to the north, who started moving to
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and northern Florida, with an extended range for hunting, fishing, and trading expeditions stretching from the Appalachian Mountains to the Florida Keys. By the late 1700s, Miccosukee-speaking villages had been built in the
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Brevets, and The Names of Others Recommended. Together with the Orders for Collecting the Remains of the Dead in Florida, and the Ceremony of Interment at St. Augustine, East Florida, on the Fourteenth Day of August, 1842
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The Miccosukee Tribe operates its own police and court system. It also has a clinic, day care center, senior center, and Community Action Agency. The tribe's educational system spans from a
238:
Descendants of those who remained in Florida were concentrated in the central and southern parts of the state. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Miccosukee established communities along the
168:
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The Miccosukee Tribe operates a gift shop, general store, service station, and the Miccosukee Indian Village Museum on the Tamiami Trail Reservation along U.S. 41. In addition to the
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The distinction between "Miccosukee" and "Seminole" began to grow as the former believed the latter were more willing to assimilate to the majority culture by moving onto designated
616:
406:) that was a precursor of the modern Florida Seminoles, rejected a meeting between the British and the Creeks at Picolata, the site of a Spanish fort about 13 miles west of
227:(1817–1858), a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminole people. During this period, many Seminoles were forced to relocate west of the
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War during the 1860s meant that the U.S. let the indigenous people in Florida live their lives as they saw fit as American military attention focused elsewhere.
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Message From the President of the United States Transmitting a Letter of the Secretary of the Interior Relative to Land Upon Which to Locate Seminole Indians
2152:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF, Reissued 2017. First published 1967 by University of Florida Press (Gainesville). Page references are to the 2017 edition.
2117:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF, Reissued 2017. First published 1997 by University Press of Florida (Gainesville). Page references are to the 2017 edition.
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The 1962 Constitution of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida initially emphasized admitting tribal members of at least half-Miccosukee ancestry.
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for hunting camps. The tribe also controls about 200,000 acres (810 square kilometers) of wetlands, most under a perpetual lease made in 1983 with the
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2124:. N.p.: Leopold Classic Library, n.d. First published 1898 by The Editor Publishing Company (Cincinnati). Page references are to the n.d. edition.
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By the late 18th century, the British recorded the name Miccosukee, or Mikasuki, as designating a Hitchiti-speaking group centered on the town of
910:
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507:, in the Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades ensured that the ancestors of present-day Miccosukees and Seminoles remained in Florida.
1740:
Harry A. Kersey Jr., "Buffalo Tiger, Bobo Dean, and the "Young Turks": A Miccosukee Prelude to the 1975 Indian Self-Determination Act"
1219:
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck (1975). "Pipesmoke and Muskets: Florida Indian Intrigues of the Revolutionary Era". In Proctor, Samuel (ed.).
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others. The Miccosukee Tribe was the first Native American tribe in the U.S. to achieve this distinction by taking advantage of the
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after they developed a constitution and corporate charter to organize a government; they achieved federal recognition in 1957.
1792:"Concerning the Miccosukee Tribe's Ongoing Negotiations with the National Park Service Regarding the Special Use Permit Area"
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Independents, are Indians living in Florida who are unaffiliated with either tribe. The Traditionals predominantly live in
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344:
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Sturtevant, William C.; Cattelino, Jessica R. (2004). "Florida Seminole and Miccosukee". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
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Sturtevant, William C.; Cattelino, Jessica R. (2004). "Florida Seminole and Miccosukee". In Fogelson, Raymond D. (ed.).
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Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida
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Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida
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Usual and Customary Use and Occupancy by the Miccosukee and Seminole Indians in Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida
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realization that Spain was too politically and militarily weak to protect Florida. In addition to the destruction of
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Pre-School Program through senior high school. Adult, vocational, and higher education programs are also available.
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New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2014. American Indian History Online. Facts On File, Inc. (accessed August 14, 2014)
828:. Later Kinhagee's people migrated south, maintaining their local village name Miccosukee as the name of the tribe.
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The indigenous people in Florida were completely discrete groups from the Creeks by 1818 at the latest, following
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ItemID=WE43&iPin=ENAIT516&SingleRecord=True Ewen, Alexander and Jeffrey Wollock. "Tiger, William Buffalo"
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West, Patsy. "Abiaka, or Sam Jones, in Context: The Miccosukee Ethnogenesis through the Third Seminole War."
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782:. The Miccosukee relationship with NASCAR dates to 2002, and it ended prior to the start of the 2010 season.
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846:(Abiaki, Abiaka, Sam Jones) (c. 1760–c. 1860), Miccosukee war chief and medicine man, Second Seminole War.
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An Assumption of Sovereignty: Social and Political Transformation Among the Florida Seminoles, 1953–1979
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Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. "Pipesmoke and Muskets: Florida Indian Intrigues of the Revolutionary Era." In
1992:
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235:, forming the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma. A group of 200 or fewer Seminoles would stay in Florida.
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865:), (1920–2015), first chairman of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, led initiatives for
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Past Miccosukee business interests have included sports sponsorship, extended to several teams in
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426:, militant Muscogee-speaking Indians, joined the tribes in Florida after being defeated in the
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A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733-1816
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A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733-1816
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1341:"Abiaka, or Sam Jones, in Context: The Mikasuki Ethnogenesis through the Third Seminole War"
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3A South. Miccosukees may use "this land for the purpose of hunting, fishing, frogging, and
563:, finally concluded in 1976; division of shares among the tribes took until 1990 to settle.
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among indigenous tribes. This preference for self-determination was later enshrined as the
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2187:, edited by Raymond D. Fogelson, 429-449. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
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system of kinship and inheritance. Children are considered to be born into their mother's
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that further divided the tribes in Florida was a small group of Seminoles filing with the
8:
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2273:. Zweihander Press, 2019. First published 1896 by American Printing House (Philadelphia).
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2194:, edited by Samuel Proctor, 13-39. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida, 1975.
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Sturtevant, William C., and Jessica R. Cattelino. "Florida Seminole and Miccosukee." In
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earlier, Mikasuki-speaking Native Americans had a permanent presence in the Everglades.
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Mahon, John K., and Brent R. Weisman. "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples." In
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Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Fifth Annual Report, 1883–1884
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Those who remained in Florida fought against U.S. forces during the second and third
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2159:, edited by Michael Gannon, 183-206. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.
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10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-39?rskey=bq62pl
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499:, also known as Sam Jones (Abiaki, Abiaka), proved an effective leader during the
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The Yamasee War: A Study of Culture, Economy, and Conflict in the Colonial South
1011:"Nativism, Resistance, and Ethnogenesis of the Florida Seminole Indian Identity"
201:, also spelled Miccosukee. The language has been referred to as a descendant of
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in 1858 until the 1920s, the indigenous people in Florida lived their lives in
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1993:"What to know about the casino gambling inside a Florida highway gas station"
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Pelts, Plumes, and Hides: White Traders among the Seminole Indians 1870–1930
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Pelts, Plumes, and Hides: White Traders among the Seminole Indians 1870-1930
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1553:. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University. p. 83.
1538:. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University. p. 21.
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by American forces in 1816, these events were the initial conflicts in the
399:
139:
115:
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Kersey, Jr., Harry A. "The Florida Seminole Land Claims Case, 1950-1990."
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The Third Seminole War began in 1855 after a small band of Indians led by
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Historically, the Miccosukees were a group that moved between present-day
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824:, who was defeated in battle in 1818 by U.S. forces commanded by General
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2059:"Kyle Busch says that he needs a sponsor to run his truck team in 2011"
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The Prophet (Otulke-thloco), Miccosukee war chief, Second Seminole War.
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304: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2230:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: James & Johnson, 1791. Reprinted as
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1794:. Resources Committee, US House of Representatives. September 25, 1997
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of 1830, the U.S. relocated several thousand Seminole and hundreds of
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2131:. Atlanta, GA: National Park Service and Texas Tech University, 1995.
2019:, Turner Sports Interactive, NASCAR, 6 Mar 2002, accessed 29 Apr 2010
1116:, Field Museum, Anthropological Series, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2 August 1941
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Miccosukee sisters in Everglades City, sometime between 1933 and 1960
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982:
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Pratt, R. H. "Report on the Seminoles." In U.S. Congress, Senate,
967:"Spanish Loanwords in Languages of the Southeastern United States"
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2522:
2299:
Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom
2255:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government, 1887. Reprinted as
1914:
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in 1821, and the American government soon increased pressure for
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23:
Native American tribe in Florida who speak the Mikasuki language
2957:
2821:
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2685:
2241:. Charleston, S.C.: Burges & Honour, 18 Broad-Street, 1836.
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840:(Tiger Tail), (d. 1843) Miccosukee leader, Second Seminole War.
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600:
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2031:"Aric Almirola's Sole Focus Is Now Camping World Truck Series"
1453:
Uonconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
2206:
Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
2171:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1857:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1838:
Encyclopedia of the American Indian in the Twentieth Century,
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Self-Governance Communication and Education Tribal Consortium
1656:
Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
1598:. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida. p. 93.
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Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
1483:
Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
1394:
Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
1328:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 179–180.
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Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
1223:. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida. p. 34.
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Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
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Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians
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2022:
1611:
Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee People
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1722:
Reno, Bob (July 28, 1959). "Seminoles Win Cuban Approval".
1568:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 68–69.
1113:
Camp, Clan, and Kin among the Cow Creek Seminole of Florida
696:
588:
197:
The Miccosukee, along with the Florida Seminole, speak the
2309:. New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1848. Reprinted as
2017:
Dave Rodman, "Bodine gets boosts in sponsorship, schedule"
1253:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220.
2234:. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 1996.
1139:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 443.
1088:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 432.
2185:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast
1711:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 85–86.
1673:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 81–82.
1658:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 132.
1643:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 79–82.
1613:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 124.
1137:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast
1086:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast
904:
902:
900:
478:, who lived in close association as allies, west to the
205:, a dialect of Hitchiti, and another term for Hitchiti.
2138:. Gainesville: The University Presses of Florida, 1975.
1485:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 57.
1455:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 58.
1396:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 46.
1313:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 43.
1208:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 14.
1169:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. p. 13.
503:; his strategy of hiding the tribe on tree islands, or
1283:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 7–8.
831:
Capechimico, Miccosukee war chief, First Seminole War.
617:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
897:
834:
Miccopotokee, Miccosukee leader, Second Seminole War.
660:
to carry on the traditional Miccosukee way of life."
567:
Miccosukee delegation personally delivered to one of
2321:
2251:
MacCauley, Clay. "The Seminole Indians of Florida."
1746:, Volume 29, Number 1 / 2005, ISSN 0161-6463 (Print)
1062:
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 69-70
2287:. Exec. Doc. 139, 50th Congress, 1st session, 1888.
2164:
Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present
2050:
1628:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4.
1583:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 9.
1326:
Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present
1134:
1083:
242:, a roadway completed in 1928 that ran through the
2276:Ober, Frederick A. "Ten Days with the Seminoles."
1854:
1686:"The Florida Seminole Land Claims Case, 1950-1990"
1509:. n.p.: Leopold Classic Library. pp. 211–212.
1470:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. pp. 136–139.
1411:. n.p.: Leopold Classic Library. pp. 166–167.
1058:Native Languages of the Southeastern United States
1004:
1002:
1000:
855:William McKinley Osceola, Miccosukee Trail Indian.
2301:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000.
2278:Appleton's Journal of Literature, Science and Art
2266:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995.
2208:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1999.
2166:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998.
1055:Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005).
3180:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
3171:
1706:
1668:
1638:
1623:
1578:
1278:
997:
631:in southern Florida, collectively known as the
611:administration's stated preference in 1970 for
2670:
2294:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.
2248:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996.
2192:Eighteenth-Century Florida and its Borderlands
2180:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
1707:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1669:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1639:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1624:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1579:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1440:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. pp. vii.
1298:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. pp. 6–7.
1279:Tiger, Buffalo; Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (2002).
1221:Eighteenth-Century Florida and its Borderlands
950:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2656:
2367:
2150:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842
1438:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1379:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1364:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1296:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1236:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1191:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
1152:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
971:International Journal of American Linguistics
816:, (c. 1750 – c. 1819), the last chief of the
459:settling the new territory. Treaties such as
2264:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
2237:Cohen, M. M. (An officer of the left wing).
2201:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
1744:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1381:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 42.
1366:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 23.
1266:History of the Scond Seminole War, 1835-1842
1238:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 20.
1848:
1846:
1683:
1593:
1268:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 7.
1193:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 7.
1173:
1154:. Gainesville: Library Press@UF. p. 5.
915:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
2663:
2649:
2564:Indigenous people of the Everglades region
2374:
2360:
190:, it is one of three federally recognized
35:
2313:. Tampa: University of Tampa Press, 2000.
2197:Tiger, Buffalo, and Harry A. Kersey, Jr.
1735:
1733:
364:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:The Miccosukee were displaced during the
3102:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
2601:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
2280:14 (July–August 1875), 142-144, 171-173.
2199:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades.
2173:. London: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2122:Red Patriots: The Story of the Seminoles
2115:Swamp Sailors in the Second Seminole War
1953:
1924:, Official Website, accessed 29 Apr 2010
1852:
1843:
1507:Red Patriots: The Story of the Seminoles
1468:Swamp Sailors in the Second Seminole War
1409:Red Patriots: The Story of the Seminoles
1323:
852:Ingraham Billy, Miccosukee medicine man.
722:
376:
146:
1810:
1808:
1709:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1671:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1653:
1641:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1626:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1608:
1581:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1563:
1480:
1450:
1391:
1308:
1281:Buffalo Tiger: A Life in the Everglades
1203:
1164:
1008:
791:in 41 Tamiami Trail, Miami, FL, 33131.
666:Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Facility
650:South Florida Water Management District
622:
3172:
2399:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1730:
1218:
908:
674:Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park
2644:
2355:
2056:
1990:
1775:
1465:
1435:
1376:
1361:
1293:
1263:
1248:
1233:
1188:
1149:
964:
807:
718:
2239:Notices of Florida and the Campaigns
1979:Miccosukee Resort & Gaming Hotel
1827:
1805:
1721:
1548:
1533:
1338:
1079:
1077:
521:
302:adding citations to reliable sources
273:
212:, a tribal town affiliated with the
63:Regions with significant populations
2028:
1504:
1406:
1009:Weisman, Brent R. (December 2007).
13:
2219:
591:in July 1959 during the brand-new
14:
3201:
3185:Native American tribes in Florida
2317:
2259:. N.p.: Legare Street Press, n.d.
1991:Cohen, Howard (August 17, 2023).
1757:"Tribal Self-Governance Timeline"
1074:
727:Miccosukee Indian Village in 1972
627:The tribe today occupies several
3129:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
2608:Seminole Nation v. United States
2324:
1654:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1609:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1564:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1481:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1451:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1392:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1309:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1204:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
1165:Weisman, Brent Richards (1999).
278:
80:
69:
44:
3009:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
2257:The Seminole Indians of Florida
2078:
2010:
1984:
1972:
1927:
1908:
1882:
1784:
1749:
1715:
1700:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1602:
1587:
1572:
1557:
1542:
1527:
1498:
1489:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1429:
1400:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1332:
1317:
1302:
1287:
1272:
1257:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1197:
1182:
1158:
1143:
1128:
1119:
289:needs additional citations for
2911:College of the Muscogee Nation
2346:Miccosukee Resort & Gaming
1960:"Tribal Programs and Business"
1939:Miccosukee Casino & Resort
1894:Miccosukee Casino & Resort
1684:Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (1993).
1594:Kersey, Jr., Harry A. (1975).
1101:
1092:
1065:
958:
909:Martin, Jack B. (2017-05-24),
879:
733:Miccosukee Resort & Gaming
633:Miccosukee Indian Reservations
1:
3134:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
3070:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
3014:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
2775:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
2107:
1696:(1): 35–55 – via STARS.
702:
683:
114:Traditional tribal religion,
3154:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
3139:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
2954:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
2381:
2213:Florida Historical Quarterly
2143:Florida Historical Quarterly
2029:Fan, Horn (April 14, 2010).
1690:Florida Historical Quarterly
1345:Florida Historical Quarterly
1324:Milanich, Jerald T. (1998).
794:
595:regime's celebration of the
246:and connected the cities of
7:
3120:Federally recognized tribes
3086:Treaty of Washington (1826)
2404:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
2391:Federally recognized tribes
1861:. Oxford University Press.
1351:(3): 373 – via STARS.
678:Collier-Seminole State Park
561:Seminole Nation in Oklahoma
559:of Florida, as well as the
484:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
184:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
157:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians
132:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
30:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians
18:Miccosukee (disambiguation)
10:
3208:
3075:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
2672:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
2232:Travels and Other Writings
2228:the Manners of the Indians
2215:93, no. 3 (2015): 366-410.
2157:The New History of Florida
2086:"Miccosukee Indian School"
1969:, Miccosukee Tribe website
1824:, Miccosukee Tribe website
1815:"Tribe: Reservation areas"
269:
15:
3118:
3065:Treaty of New York (1790)
3057:
2919:
2883:
2845:
2798:
2709:
2678:
2617:
2587:
2556:
2493:
2465:
2417:
2409:Seminole Tribe of Florida
2389:
2204:Weisman, Brent Richards.
1781:Mahon (1996), pp. 202–204
1466:Buker, George E. (2017).
785:
754:. These include the 2009
573:Seminole Tribe of Florida
188:Seminole Tribe of Florida
136:Seminole Tribe of Florida
126:
121:
113:
108:
97:
92:
67:
62:
57:
52:
43:
34:
3159:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
3081:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
2630:Miccosukee Indian School
2271:The Seminoles of Florida
2145:72, no. 1 (1993): 35-55.
2090:Miccosukee Indian School
1853:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
1505:Coe, Charles H. (n.d.).
1407:Coe, Charles H. (n.d.).
965:Brown, Cecil H. (1998).
872:
801:Miccosukee Indian School
752:Billy Ballew Motorsports
637:Everglades National Park
556:Indian Claims Commission
3149:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
2269:Moore-Willson, Minnie.
1890:"Programs and Business"
1549:Goss, James A. (1995).
1534:Goss, James A. (1995).
1436:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1377:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1362:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1294:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1264:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1249:Saunt, Claudio (1999).
1234:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1189:Mahon, John K. (2017).
1150:Mahon, John K. (2017).
925:(inactive 2024-08-26),
658:subsistence agriculture
654:Water Conservation Area
3044:Creek National Capitol
3004:Kimbell-James Massacre
2963:Leon-Jefferson culture
2244:Kersey, Jr., Harry A.
2134:Kersey, Jr., Harry A.
1015:Historical Archaeology
728:
258:around the same time.
152:
3049:Crazy Snake Rebellion
2952:Apalachicola Province
2927:Mississippian culture
2808:(Francis the Prophet)
911:"Muskogean Languages"
726:
597:26th of July Movement
377:Pre-Twentieth Century
150:
122:Related ethnic groups
3144:Kialegee Tribal Town
2994:Battle of Burnt Corn
2896:Four Mothers Society
2579:Green Corn Rebellion
2533:Four Mothers Society
2501:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum
2475:Afro-Seminole Creole
2262:Milanich, Jerald T.
2162:Milanich, Jerald T.
1519:: CS1 maint: year (
1421:: CS1 maint: year (
1339:West, Patsy (2015).
838:Thlocklo Tustenuggee
623:Twenty-first Century
569:President Eisenhower
526:From the end of the
298:improve this article
182:. Together with the
169:federally recognized
58:640 enrolled members
16:For other uses, see
2901:Green Corn Ceremony
2837:William Weatherford
2538:Green Corn Ceremony
2506:Alligator wrestling
2290:Ramsey, William L.
1125:Mahon, pp. 202–204.
1098:Mahon, pp. 190–191.
822:Miccosukee, Florida
648:and located in the
551:Indian reservations
501:Second Seminole War
31:
3091:Indian Removal Act
3029:Indian Removal Act
3019:Battle of Ocheesee
2999:Fort Mims Massacre
2342:, Official Website
2225:Bartram, William.
2092:. October 13, 2023
1981:, official website
1965:2013-06-16 at the
1941:. October 13, 2023
1920:2008-05-07 at the
1896:. October 13, 2023
1820:2013-06-16 at the
1763:. October 19, 2023
1027:10.1007/bf03377302
867:self-determination
808:Notable Miccosukee
729:
719:Business interests
613:self-determination
528:Third Seminole War
472:Indian Removal Act
445:First Seminole War
441:Apalachicola River
413:Treaty of Colerain
153:
29:
3167:
3166:
3096:Treaty of Cusseta
3039:Creek War of 1836
2990:(Creek civil war)
2973:State of Muskogee
2875:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
2679:Four mother towns
2638:
2637:
2485:Muscogee language
2480:Mikasuki language
2304:Sprague, John T.
2297:Smith, Marvin T.
2169:Pritzker, Barry.
2113:Buker, George E.
2057:Broomberg, Nick.
1726:. pp. 1, 2A.
1179:Pritzker, p. 390.
932:978-0-19-938465-5
760:Sprint Cup Series
737:Miami-Dade county
522:Twentieth Century
450:Florida became a
374:
373:
366:
348:
264:Big Cypress Swamp
229:Mississippi River
214:Creek Confederacy
199:Mikasuki language
145:
144:
3197:
3058:Politics and law
2968:Battle of Taliwa
2812:William McIntosh
2741:(four locations)
2711:Groups and towns
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2625:Ahfachkee School
2588:Politics and law
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
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2340:Miccosukee Tribe
2334:
2329:
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2176:Saunt, Claudio.
2120:Coe, Charles H.
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691:The tribe has a
646:State of Florida
480:Indian Territory
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233:Indian Territory
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53:Total population
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3109:Sharp v. Murphy
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2978:Forbes purchase
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2511:Black Seminoles
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2323:
2320:
2311:The Florida War
2222:
2220:Further reading
2148:Mahon, John K.
2127:Goss, James A.
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1967:Wayback Machine
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764:Brad Keselowski
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641:Alligator Alley
639:, known as the
625:
524:
476:Black Seminoles
465:Payne's Landing
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218:Spanish Florida
172:Native American
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977:(2): 148–167.
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420:Andrew Jackson
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859:Buffalo Tiger
857:
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768:Camping World
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609:Richard Nixon
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581:Buffalo Tiger
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540:Tamiami Trail
537:
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512:Billy Bowlegs
508:
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491:Seminole Wars
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408:St. Augustine
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329:
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318:
315: –
314:
310:
309:Find sources:
303:
299:
293:
292:
287:This section
285:
281:
276:
275:
267:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Tamiami Trail
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:Seminole Wars
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
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195:
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185:
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177:
174:tribe in the
173:
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107:
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91:
88:
83:
77:
76:United States
72:
66:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
19:
3107:
3100:
3077:(unratified)
2932:Pisgah phase
2749:
2724:Apalachicola
2606:
2599:
2419:Reservations
2310:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
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2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2094:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1997:Miami Herald
1996:
1986:
1974:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1856:
1837:
1829:
1796:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1743:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1655:
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1112:
1103:
1094:
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1051:
1018:
1014:
974:
970:
960:
936:, retrieved
914:
881:
862:
798:
789:
746:, primarily
741:
730:
710:
706:
690:
687:
670:
662:
629:reservations
626:
605:
584:
577:
565:
548:
544:
525:
516:
509:
494:
488:
469:
449:
433:
417:
400:ethnogenesis
396:
380:
360:
351:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:"Miccosukee"
308:
296:Please help
291:verification
288:
260:
256:reservations
237:
222:
207:
196:
161:/ˌmɪkəˈsuki/
156:
154:
116:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
2906:Stomp dance
2790:Tribal town
2701:Tukabatchee
2548:Stomp dance
2437:Fort Pierce
2427:Big Cypress
2096:October 13,
2070:10 December
2042:26 November
2002:October 13,
1945:October 13,
1900:October 13,
1767:October 19,
885:Pronounced
863:Heenehatche
844:Ar-pi-uck-i
756:Aaron's 499
693:matrilineal
587:), visited
585:Heenehatche
542:(U.S. 41).
532:Big Cypress
496:Ar-pi-uck-i
463:(1823) and
194:entities.
3190:Miccosukee
3174:Categories
2983:Red Sticks
2942:Moundville
2785:Tallapoosa
2750:Miccosukee
2452:Miccosukee
2108:References
1798:2011-03-02
938:2023-12-04
887:/ˈhɪʧəˌti/
780:Mike Bliss
776:Nationwide
772:Kyle Busch
713:Head Start
703:Government
684:Membership
536:Everglades
437:Negro Fort
424:Red Sticks
388:Everglades
324:newspapers
244:Everglades
210:Miccosukee
176:U.S. state
2860:Apalachee
2847:Languages
2827:Neamathla
2729:Coushatta
2618:Education
2528:Fastachee
2467:Languages
2447:Immokalee
2442:Hollywood
2348:, website
1515:cite book
1417:cite book
1035:0440-9213
991:0020-7071
795:Education
735:hotel in
619:of 1975.
428:Creek War
93:Languages
2891:Religion
2780:Sabacola
2770:Okfuskee
2760:Muscogee
2755:Muklassa
2745:Hitchiti
2739:Fowltown
2516:Mascogos
2432:Brighton
2383:Seminole
1963:Archived
1918:Archived
1818:Archived
1043:53460080
946:citation
814:Kinhagee
774:, and a
758:winning
534:and the
505:hammocks
392:Hitchiti
203:Hitchiti
192:Seminole
186:and the
128:Seminole
109:Religion
99:Mikasuki
2920:History
2884:Culture
2870:Koasati
2855:Alabama
2832:Osceola
2799:Leaders
2734:Eufaula
2719:Alabama
2696:Kasihta
2557:History
2523:Chickee
2494:Culture
456:removal
439:on the
383:Georgia
338:scholar
270:History
180:Florida
167:) is a
103:English
87:Florida
2958:Chiaha
2937:Etowah
2822:Menawa
2765:Okchai
2691:Coweta
2686:Abihka
2064:Yahoo!
1865:
1041:
1033:
989:
929:
786:Museum
744:NASCAR
676:, and
601:Havana
593:Castro
340:
333:
326:
319:
311:
2457:Tampa
1039:S2CID
873:Notes
818:Creek
404:Ahaya
345:JSTOR
331:books
252:Miami
248:Tampa
140:Creek
2098:2023
2072:2014
2044:2014
2004:2023
1947:2023
1902:2023
1876:2010
1863:ISBN
1769:2023
1521:link
1423:link
1031:ISSN
987:ISSN
952:link
927:ISBN
799:The
766:, a
750:and
697:clan
589:Cuba
317:news
250:and
155:The
134:and
1023:doi
979:doi
919:doi
820:of
652:'s
599:in
300:by
231:to
178:of
138:),
3176::
2088:.
2061:.
2033:.
1995:.
1937:.
1892:.
1845:^
1836:,
1807:^
1759:.
1742:,
1732:^
1694:72
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