Muscogee - Knowledge

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always speak with a straight, and not with a forked tongue; that I have always told you the truth ... Where you now are, you and my white children are too near to each other to live in harmony and peace. Your game is destroyed, and many of your people will not work and till the earth. Beyond the great River Mississippi, where a part of your nation has gone, your Father has provided a country large enough for all of you, and he advises you to remove to it. There your white brothers will not trouble you; they will have no claim to the land, and you can live upon it you and all your children, as long as the grass grows or the water runs, in peace and plenty. It will be yours forever. For the improvements in the country where you now live, and for all the stock which you cannot take with you, your Father will pay you a fair price ...

1961:. Noted historian Robert Remini wrote, "hey presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans." Washington's six-point plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The Muscogee would be the first Native Americans to be "civilized" under Washington's six-point plan. Communities within the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole tribes followed Muscogee efforts to implement Washington's new policy of civilization. 1943: 1382: 2460: 808: 3579: 653: 1291: 3895: 2333: 2135: 2760:; the Commission separately registered intermarried whites and Creek Freedmen, whether or not they had any Creek ancestry. This ruined their claims to Creek membership later, even for people who had parents or other relative who were Creek. The Dawes Rolls have been used as the basis for many tribes to establish membership descent. European-American settlers had moved into the area and pressed for statehood and access to some of the tribal lands for settlement. 3004: 6323: 3633: 2089: 1039: 2673: 2352:. It ended the war and required the tribe to cede some 20 million acres (81,000 km) of land—more than half of their ancestral territorial holdings—to the United States. Even those who had fought alongside Jackson were compelled to cede land, since Jackson held them responsible for allowing the Red Sticks to revolt. The state of Alabama was created largely from the Red Sticks' domain and was admitted to the United States in 1819. 3655: 45: 5715: 152: 1781: 2048: 1178: 2423:. The white pro-slave holding planters correctly felt its simple existence inspired escape or rebellion by the oppressed African-Americans, and they complained to the US government. The maroons had not received training in how to aim the Fort's cannons. After notifying the Spanish governor, who had very limited resources, and who said he had no orders to take action, U.S. General 2809: 3012: 1738:, on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians,' ceding a large portion of their lands to the federal government and promising to return fugitive slaves, in return for federal recognition of Muscogee sovereignty and promises to evict white settlers. McGillivray died in 1793, and with the invention of the 2860:

boys. Clan members do not claim "blood relation" but consider each other as family due to their membership in the same clan. This is expressed by their using the same kinship titles for both family and clan relations. For example, clan members of approximately the same age consider each other "brother" and "sister", even if they have never met before.

2085:. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, one consensus was universally accepted: the powerful earthquake had to have meant something. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement by convincing, not only the Muscogee, but other Native American tribes as well, that the Shawnee must be supported. 2357:

is due to the rectitude of proceeding dictated by instructions relating to the re-establishment of peace: Be it remembered, that prior to the conquest of that part of the Creek nation hostile to the United States, numberless aggressions had been committed against the peace, the property, and the lives of citizens of the United States ...

2982:: Fayet aresasvtēs. Mont fayēpat vrēpēt omvtēs, hopvyēn. Momēt vrēpēt omvtētan, nake punvttv tat pvsvtēpet, momet hvtvm efvn sulkēn omvtēs. Momet mv efv tat efv fayvlket omekv, nak punvttuce tayen pvsvtēpēt omvtēs. Mont aret omvtētan, efv tat estvn nak wohēcēto vtēkat, nake punvttvn oken mv efv-pucase enkerrēt omvtēs. 2576:. The tribe ceded their lands to Georgia in return for $ 200,000, although they were not required to move west. Troup ignored the new treaty and ordered the eviction of the Muscogee from their remaining lands in Georgia without compensation, mobilizing state militia when Adams threatened federal intervention. 1766:. The two nations agreed to settle the dispute by ball-play. With nearly 10,000 players and bystanders, the two nations prepared for nearly three months. After a day-long struggle, the Muscogee won the game. A fight broke out and the two nations fought until sundown with nearly 500 dead and many more wounded. 3719:

in their petitioning the United States government to recognize a government-to-government relationship. On August 11, 1984, these efforts culminated in the United States Government, Department of Interior, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs acknowledging that the Poarch Band of Creek Indians existed as

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Biological fathers are important within the family system but must come from another clan than the mother. But, within the clan, it is the mother's brother (the mother's nearest blood relation) who functions as the primary teacher, protector, disciplinarian and role model for children, especially for

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By 1836, when extensive Creek removal was underway, Eneah Emathala emerged as leader of the Lower Creeks ... their desire was only to be left alone in their homeland ... Gen. Winfield Scott was ordered to capture Eneah Emathala ... Captured with Emathala were some one thousand other person ... their

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Because of this system, the Muscogee Creek children born of European fathers belonged to their mother's clans and were part of their tribal communities. High-ranking daughters of chiefs often found it advantageous to marry European traders, who could provide their families with goods. Muscogee Creek

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During the 17th century, the Muscogee adopted some elements of European fashion and materials. As cloth was lighter and more colorful than deer hide, it quickly became a popular trade item throughout the region. Trade cloth in a variety of patterns and textures enabled Muscogee women to develop new

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WHEREAS an unprovoked, inhuman, and sanguinary war, waged by the hostile Creeks against the United States, hath been repelled, prosecuted and determined, successfully, on the part of the said States, in conformity with principles of national justice and honorable warfare … And whereas consideration

1957:, the first U.S. Secretary of War, proposed a cultural transformation of the Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals as individuals but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and it was continued under President 1527:

society, their children belonged to their mother's clan. With the exception of McGillivray, mixed-raced Muscogee people worked against Muscogee Creek interests, as they understood them; to the contrary, in many cases, they spearheaded resistance to settler encroachment on Muscogee Creek lands. That

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Muscogee people were gradually influenced by interactions and trade with the Europeans: trading or selling deer hides in exchange for European goods such as muskets, or alcohol. Secondly, the Spanish pressed them to identify leaders for negotiations; they did not understand government by consensus.

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to fight trespassers. The bilingual and bicultural McGillivray worked to create a sense of Muscogee nationalism and centralize political authority, struggling against village leaders who individually sold land to the United States. He also became a wealthy landowner and merchant, owning as many as

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who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. De Soto, convinced of the "riches", wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, but Cabeza de Vaca declined his offer because of a payment dispute. From 1540 to 1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and

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That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or

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Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president of the United States in 1829, and with his inauguration the government stance toward Indians turned harsher. Jackson abandoned the policy of his predecessors of treating different Indian groups as separate nations. Instead, he aggressively pursued plans to

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Friends and Brothers – By permission of the Great Spirit above, and the voice of the people, I have been made President of the United States, and now speak to you as your Father and friend, and request you to listen. Your warriors have known me long You know I love my white and red children, and

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The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the Red Sticks. Stories of the origin of the Red Stick name varies, but one is that they were named for the Muscogee tradition of carrying a bundle of sticks that mark the days until an event occurs. Sticks painted red symbolize war.

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before being forced to retreat. Although a Spanish force that set out to destroy Mikosuki got lost in the swamps, a second attempt to take San Marcos ended in disaster. After a European armistice led to the loss of British support, Bowles was discredited. The Seminole signed a peace treaty with

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and to admit them as full members and citizens of the Creek Nation, equal to the Creek in receiving annuities and land benefits. They were then known as Creek Freedmen. The US government required setting aside part of the Creek reservation land to be assigned to the freedmen. Many of the tribe

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At Jackson's request, the United States Congress opened a fierce debate on an Indian Removal Bill. In the end, the bill passed, but the vote was close. The Senate passed the measure 28 to 19, while in the House it squeaked by, 102 to 97. Jackson signed the legislation into law June 30, 1830.

1569:) in 1763, France lost its North American empire, and British-American settlers moved inland. Indian discontent led to raids against back-country settlers, and the perception that the royal government favored the Indians and the deerskin trade led many back-country white settlers to join the 1573:. Fears of land-hungry settlers and need for European manufactured goods led the Muscogee to side with the British, but like many tribes, they were divided by factionalism, and, in general, avoided sustained fighting, preferring to protect their sovereignty through cautious participation. 3720:

an "Indian Tribe". The tribe is the only federally recognized tribe in the state of Alabama. On November 21, 1984, the US government took 231.54 acres (0.9370 km) of land into trust for the tribe as a communal holding. On April 12, 1985, 229.54 acres (0.9289 km) were declared a

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In the late 1810s and early 1820s, McIntosh helped create a centralized police force called 'Law Menders,' establish written laws, and form a National Creek Council. Later in the decade, he came to view relocation as inevitable. In 1821, McIntosh and several other chiefs, including Chief

2214:. Hawkins demanded that the Muscogees turn over Little Warrior and his six companions. Instead of handing the marauders over to the federal agents, Big Warrior and the old chiefs decided to execute the war party. This decision was the spark which ignited the civil war among the Muscogee. 2755:

of 1892. These efforts were part of the US government's attempt to impose assimilation on the tribes, to introduce household ownership of land, and to remove legal barriers to the Indian Territory's achieving statehood. Members of the Creek Nation were registered as individuals on the

2792:. Additionally, Muscogee descendants of varying degrees of acculturation live throughout the southeastern United States. The majority of the Muscogee citizens live in Oklahoma, where the Muscogee Reservation is located. The Muscogee Nation is headquartered out of the nation's capital 1697:

After the war ended in 1783, the Muscogee learned that Britain had ceded their lands to the now independent United States. That year, two Lower Creek chiefs, Hopoithle Miko (Tame King) and Eneah Miko (Fat King), ceded 800 square miles (2,100 km) of land to the state of Georgia.

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On the morning of August 30, 1813, few of Fort Mims' defenders stirred in the steaming heat. In the forested shade, the Creeks watched and waited. The fort's main gate, located on the east side of the stockade, had not been closed by the garrison troops ... No sentries occupied the

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Ancestral Muscogee peoples wore clothing made of woven plant materials or animal hides, depending upon the climate. During the summer, they preferred lightweight fabrics woven from tree bark, grasses, or reeds. During the harsh winters, they used animal skins and fur for warmth.

2991:: Someone was hunting. He went hunting in far away places. He went continually, killing small game, and he had many dogs. And the dogs were hunting dogs, so he had killed many animals. When hunting, he always knew his dogs had an animal trapped by the sound of their barking. 2446:

in 1819, ceding Florida to the U.S. In 1823, a delegation of Seminole chiefs met with the new U.S. governor of Florida, expressing their opposition to proposals that would reunite them with the Upper and Lower Creek, partly because the latter tribes intended to enslave the

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The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the

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responded by prescribing the death penalty for tribesmen who surrendered additional land. Georgian settlers continued to pour into Indian lands, particularly after the discovery of gold in northern Georgia. in 1825 McIntosh and his first cousin, Georgia Governor

1548:. ... By virtue of their ancestry and upbringing, they had greater cultural, social, linguistic, and geographic ties to the colonial settlements, traveling periodically to Pensacola and the Georgia trading posts to unload their skins and pick up more trade goods. 2751:. They formed the core of a band that became known as the Snakes, which also included many Creek Freedmen. At the end of the century, they resisted the extinguishing of tribal government and break-up of communal tribal lands enacted by the US Congress with the 2495:

to the British cause, McIntosh never knew his white father. He had family ties to some of Georgia's planter elite, and after the wars became a wealthy cotton-planter. Through his mother, he was born into the prominent Wind Clan of the Creek; as the Creek had a

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Land was the most valuable asset, which the Native Americans held in collective stewardship. The southern English colonies, US government and settlers systematically obtained Muscogee land through treaties, legislation, and warfare. Some treaties, such as the

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with surrounding networks of satellite towns and farmsteads. Muscogee confederated town networks were based on a 900-year-old history of complex and well-organized farming and town layouts around plazas, ballparks, and square ceremonial dance grounds.

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As Andrew Frank writes, "Terms such as mixed-blood and half-breed, which imply racial categories and partial Indianness, betray the ways in which Native peoples determined kinship and identity in the eighteenth- and early-nineteen-century southeast."

1349:. Fearing they would come under French influence, the British reopened the deerskin trade with the Lower Creeks, antagonizing the Yamasee, now allies of Spain. The French instigated the Upper Creeks to raid the Lower Creeks. In May 1718, the shrewd 2275:

The only explanation of this catastrophic event is that the Upper Creek leaders thought that fighting the United States was like fighting another Creek tribe, and taking Fort Mims was an even bigger victory than the Battle of Burnt Corn had been.

584:, which ceded 22,000,000 acres of land to the US, including land belonging to the Southern Muscogee who had fought alongside Jackson. The result was a weakening of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy and the forced cession of Muscogee lands to the US. 2027:, rejecting accommodation with white settlers and adaptation of European-American culture. Although Hawkins personally was never attacked, he was forced to watch an internal civil war among the Muscogee develop into a war with the United States. 2279:

The Red Stick victory spread panic throughout the southeastern United States, and the cry "Remember Fort Mims!" was popular among the public wanting revenge. With Federal troops tied up on the northern front against the British in Canada, the

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band, invited representatives of Britain, France, and Spain to his village and, in council with Upper and Lower Creek leaders, declared a policy of Muscogee neutrality in their colonial rivalry. That year, the Spaniards built the presidio of

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For years, Hawkins met with chiefs on his porch to discuss matters. He was responsible for the longest period of peace between the settlers and the tribe, overseeing 19 years of peace. In 1805, the Lower Creeks ceded their lands east of the

2415:, who had had military training, however rudimentary, and discipline (but whose English officers had departed). The Seminole only wanted to return to their villages, so the maroons became owners of the Fort. It soon came to be called the ' 440:, the Seminole emerged with a separate identity from the rest of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy. The great majority of Seminole were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, where their descendants later formed 2851:

While families include people who are directly related to each other, clans are composed of all people who are descendants of the same ancestral clan grouping. Like many Native American nations, the Muscogee Creek are

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whom they took as captured booty. After the Indians killed nearly 250–500 at the fort, settlers across the American southwestern frontier were in a panic. Although the Red Sticks won the battle, they had lost the war.

3516:, an ambassador for the US to the Creek Nation and merchant who lived in southern Georgia estimated Creek population in year 1794 at 10,000 warriors (and therefore around 50,000 people). Around the same time (1789) 2019:, which destroyed his life work of improving the Muscogee quality of life. Hawkins saw much of his work toward building a peace destroyed in 1812. A faction of Muscogee joined the Pan-American Indian movement of 720:

religious and political elites. This culture flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500, especially along the Mississippi River and its major tributaries.

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that colonists conducted in the Southeast during the 17th and 18th centuries. As the survivors and descendants regrouped, the Muscogee Creek Confederacy arose as a loose alliance of Muskogee-speaking peoples.

2195:, Hawkins' most powerful ally. Before the Muscogee Civil War began, the Red Sticks attempted to keep their activities secret from the "old chiefs" of the Creek national government. They were emboldened when 2734:

Because many Muscogee Creek people did support the Confederacy during the Civil War, the US government required a new treaty with the nation in 1866 to define peace after the war. It required the Creek to

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to request help for the Union loyalists. On September 10, they received a positive response, stating the United States government would assist them. The letter directed Opothleyahola to move his people to

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reported Creek population in 1857 as 28,214 people. It appears that Creek population declined during the subsequent years. Enumeration published in 1886 estimated only around 14,000 Creeks in Oklahoma (

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married a Muscogee woman. In Muscogee culture, unmarried Muscogee women had great freedom over their own sexuality compared to European and European-American counterparts. Under the customs of Muscogee

2856:; each person belongs to the clan of their mother, who belongs to the clan of her mother. Inheritance and property are passed through the maternal line. Hereditary chiefs were born into certain clans. 2823:

influences; however, interaction with Spain, France, and England greatly shaped it as well. They were known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language, transitioning to

1734:, who persuaded him to travel to New York City, then the capital of the U.S., and deal directly with the federal government. In the summer of 1790, McGillivray and 29 other Muscogee chiefs signed the 1409:

was the daughter of an English trader and a Muscogee woman from the powerful Wind Clan, half-sister of 'Emperor' Brim. She was the principal interpreter for Georgia's founder and first Governor Gen.

2248:, where white settlers and their Indian allies had gathered. The Red Sticks captured the fort by surprise, and carried out a massacre, killing men, women, and children. They spared only the black 4207:

Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws

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Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws

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believed young men who became educated in European ways could help them manage under the new conditions related to colonialism, while preserving important Muscogee Creek cultural institutions.

2233:. The Red Sticks fled the scene, and the U.S. soldiers looted what they found, allowing the Red Sticks to regroup and retaliate with a surprise attack that forced the Americans to retreat. The 2004:

to Washington, D.C. to be built through their territory. A number of Muscogee chiefs acquired slaves and created cotton plantations, grist mills and businesses along the Federal Road. In 1806,

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styles of clothing, which they made for both men, women, and children. They incorporated European trade items such as bells, silk ribbons, glass beads, and pieces of mirror into the clothing.

1244:, known as Ochese-hatchee (creek), where a dozen towns relocated to escape the Spanish and acquire English goods. The name "Creek" most likely derived from a shortening of Ocheese Creek (the 860:, where the Native Americans were defeated. However, the victory came at great cost to the Spanish campaign in loss of supplies, casualties, and morale. The expedition never fully recovered. 6757: 3944: 2237:, as the exchange became known, broadened the Creek Civil War to include American forces, and was interpreted as a good omen, showing that in fact the Creeks could defeat the whites. 1389:

Native Americans meet with the trustee of the colony of Georgia in England, July 1734. Notice the Native American boy (in a blue coat) and woman (in a red dress) in European clothing.

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The Ochese Creeks joined the Yamasee, burning trading posts, and raiding back-country settlers, but the revolt ran low on gunpowder and was put down by Carolinian militia and their

4804: 1378:. As the three European colonial powers established themselves along the borders of Muscogee lands, the latter's strategy of neutrality allowed them to hold the balance of power. 2141:

was one of the principal leaders of the Red Sticks. After the war, he continued to oppose white encroachment on Muscogee lands, visiting Washington, D.C., in 1826 to protest the

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In 1871, Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act to end the United States' recognizing additional Indian tribes or nations, and prohibiting additional treaties.

2169:(to whom 19th-century writers attributed fiery speeches that he "must have said") and their own religious leaders, and encouraged by British traders, Red Stick leaders such as 5518: 3197: 2544:

at his hotel. Signed by six other Lower Creek chiefs, the treaty ceded the last Lower Creek lands to Georgia, and allocated substantial sums to relocate the Muscogee to the

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carried unknowingly by the Europeans, but new to the Muscogee, the Spanish expedition resulted in epidemics of smallpox and measles, and a high rate of fatalities among the

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system, with children considered born into their mother's clan, and inheritance was through the maternal line. The Wind Clan is the first of the clans. The majority of

2300:. Outnumbered and poorly armed, much too far from Canada or the Gulf Coast to receive British aid, the Red Sticks put up a desperate fight. On March 27, 1814, General 1924:

Spain. The following year, he was betrayed by Lower Creek supporters of Hawkins at a tribal council. They turned Bowles over to the Spanish, and he died in prison in

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are the four "mother towns" of the Muscogee Confederacy. Traditionally, the Cusseta and Coweta bands are considered the earliest members of the Muscogee Nation. The

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Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II

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quickly destroyed the Fort, in a famous and picturesque, though tragic, incident in 1816 that has been called "the deadliest cannon shot in American history" (see

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won the support of the Upper Creek towns. Allied with the British, they opposed white encroachment on Muscogee lands and the "civilizing programs" administered by

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Depiction of Red Eagle's surrender to Andrew Jackson after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Jackson was so impressed with Weatherford's boldness that he let him go.

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as 'Chief of the Embassy for Creek and Cherokee Nations'; it was with British backing that he returned to train the Muscogee as pirates to attack Spanish ships.

856:. As the de Soto expedition's brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. Chief Tuskaloosa led his people in the 1904:

had negotiated with Spain and the U.S., threatening to declare war on the United States unless it returned Muscogee lands, and issuing a death sentence against

1822:, and later used this union as the basis for his claim to exert political influence among the Creeks. In 1781, a 17-year-old Bowles led Muscogee forces at the 5673: 767:, many political centers of the Mississippians were already in decline, or abandoned. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native 1711: 6747: 6289: 1283:, who were sold into slavery in Carolina and the West Indies. A decade later, tensions between colonists and Indians in the American Southwest led to the 934:

was spoken in several towns along the Chattahoochee River and across much of present-day Georgia. The Muscogee were a confederacy of tribes consisting of

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The Triumph of Ecunnau-Nuxulgee: Land Speculators, George M. Troup, State Rights, and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama, 1825–38.

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The Seminole continued to welcome fugitive black slaves and raid American settlers, leading the U.S. to declare war in 1817. The following year, General

5655: 4023: 3544:. According to Indian Affairs 1841 the number of Creeks in Oklahoma (removed west of the Mississippi) was 24,549 while 744 still remained in the east. 1819: 1714:

with Spain, recognizing Muscogee control over 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km) of land claimed by Georgia, and guaranteeing access to the British firm

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In February 1813, a small party of Red Sticks, led by Little Warrior, was returning from Detroit when they killed two families of settlers along the

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These offspring of mixed marriages occupied a different position in the economy of the Deep South than did most Creeks and Seminoles. They worked as

779:), interspersed with completely autonomous villages and tribal groups. The earliest Spanish explorers encountered villages and chiefdoms of the late 1113:

led warriors in battle and represented their villages, but held authority only insofar as they could persuade others to agree with their decisions.

6712: 6304: 5830: 4682: 4586: 4155: 2419:' by Southern planters, and it was widely known among enslaved blacks by word of mouth – a place nearby where blacks were free and had guns, as in 576:

against the United States, while the Southern Muscogee remained US allies. Once the northern Muscogee Creek rebellion had been put down by General

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had sent him by giving the Muscogee a sign. Shortly after Tecumseh left the Southeast, the sign arrived as promised in the form of an earthquake.

1726:, and Georgia mobilized its militia. McGillivray refused to negotiate with the state that had confiscated his father's plantations, but President 2524:. As a reward, McIntosh was granted 1,000 acres (4 km) at the treaty site, where he built a hotel to attract tourists to local hot springs. 627:

are federally recognized. Formed in part originally by Muscogee refugees, the Seminole people today have three federally recognized tribes: the

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wrote that the Creek lived in at least 100 towns and villages. Census taken in 1832 reported 22,700 Creeks and 900 Black slaves. Following the

2324:. Though the Red Sticks had been soundly defeated and about 3,000 Upper Muscogee died in the war, the remnants held out several months longer. 5084: 5698: 4778: 852:. De Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in 5428: 6742: 6732: 1233: 491: 5540: 4507: 6737: 6297: 5686: 5251: 4625: 2796:. The Muscogee Nation has over 100,000 citizens as of 2024, The Muscogee Nation has increased in popularity due to the television series 5752: 5736: 4812: 3540:

to Oklahoma, Indian Affairs 1836 reported 17,894 Creeks already removed to Oklahoma while an estimated 4,000 still remained east of the

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and related settlements to influence Native Americans. The British and the French opted for trade over conversion. In the 17th century,

572:(Creek War, 1813–1814). Begun as a civil war within Muscogee factions, it enmeshed the Northern Muscogee bands as British allies in the 428:. Another Muscogee group moved into Florida between roughly 1767 and 1821, trying to evade European encroachment, and intermarried with 6722: 6717: 6327: 5140: 2667: 5166: 6526: 5494: 3900: 3743:

reservation. The ruling also opened the possibility for Native Americans to have more power to regulate alcohol and casino gambling.

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sites. Precontact Muscogee societies shared agriculture, transcontinental trade, craft specialization, hunting, and religion. Early

6221: 3959: 5402: 3800:–1825), Muscogee chief prior to removing to Indian Territory led part of the pro-American Muscogee forces against the Red Sticks 3555:

Creek population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2020 there were 107,370 Creeks (including 50,168 in Oklahoma).

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The first clashes between Red Sticks and the American whites took place on July 21, 1813, when a group of American soldiers from

1236:. The Spanish and their "mission Indians" burned most of the towns along the Chattahoochee after they welcomed Scottish explorer 459:

The respective languages of all of these modern-day branches, bands, and tribes, except one, are closely related variants called

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and aid. They became known as Loyalists, and many were members of the traditional Snake band in the latter part of the century.

1980:. He began to teach agricultural practices to the tribe, starting a farm at his home on the Flint River. In time, he brought in 636: 5446: 3843:–1863), speaker, Muscogee chief, warrior leader during first two Seminole Wars and the Civil War, treaty signer, American ally 3762:, Maryland-born English adventurer and organizer of Muscogee Creek attempts to create a state outside of Euro-American control 5479: 5361: 5300: 4845: 4560: 4488: 4449: 4417: 4112: 1873:, encompassing large portions of present-day Florida, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and incorporating the 526: 424:. A small group of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy remained in Alabama, and their descendants formed the federally recognized 6319: 2973:, with some words being identical in pronunciation. The following table is an example of Muscogee text and its translation: 2438:

invaded Florida with an army that included more than 1,000 Lower Creek warriors; they destroyed Seminole towns and captured

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Wood, Brian M. (1984). "Fort Okfuskee: A British Challenge to Fort Toulouse aux Alibamons". In Waselkov, Gregory A. (ed.).

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tripled the Seminole population, and strengthened the tribe's Muscogee characteristics. In 1814, British forces landed in

811:

Hernando de Soto and his men burn Mabila, after a surprise attack by Chief Tuskaloosa and his people in 1540; painting by

756:, Icofan, Patican and others, until at length they had overcome them, and absorbed some as confederates into their tribe. 712:

led to agricultural surpluses and population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional

6466: 6339: 1417:

near Oakfuskee to compete with French trade with the Creeks at Fort Toulouse. The deerskin trade grew, and by the 1750s,

6097: 2835:

and share a vibrant tribal identity through events such as annual festivals, stickball games, and language classes. The

6486: 5782: 5603:

Swanton, John R. (1928). "Social Organization and the Social Usages of the Indians of the Creek Confederacy", in Forty-

3732: 2292:

militias were commissioned and invaded the Upper Creek towns. They were joined by Indian allies, the Lower Creek under

849: 109: 2070:, where he told the Muscogee that the comet signaled his coming. McKenney reported that Tecumseh would prove that the 820: 6411: 6356: 6351: 5665: 5590: 4933: 4910: 4885: 4332: 4165: 3702: 3572: 2676:

Members of the Creek Nation in Oklahoma around 1877. They included men of mixed Creek, European and African ancestry.

1718:

which controlled the deerskin trade, while making himself an official representative of Spain. In 1786, a council in

372: 128: 81: 3684: 1742:

white settlers on the Southwestern frontier who hoped to become cotton planters clamored for Indian lands. In 1795,

6248: 5670: 3552:) as of 1884. Indian Affairs 1910 reported 11,911 in Oklahoma. While the census of 1910 counted only 6,945 Creeks. 1639: 1515:, William Perryman, and others. These reflect Muscogee women having children with British colonists. For instance, 1413:, using her connections to foster peace between the Creek Indians and the new colony. In 1735, Georgia constructed 1189: 624: 1670:

in March 1780, with the aid of an Upper Creek war-party, but reinforcements from the Lower Creeks and local white

1405:, a Yamasee band that remained allies of Britain, allowed John Musgrove to establish a fur-trading post. His wife 6128: 5332: 3281: 2541: 2317: 2142: 1394: 1188:

Britain, France, and Spain all established colonies in the present-day Southeastern woodlands. Spain established

1532:, and knew European customs as well, made them community leaders; they "dominated Muskogee politics". As put by 541:", because they were said to have integrated numerous cultural and technological practices of their more recent 88: 6061: 6030: 4742: 4715: 4284: 4254: 3919: 3777:(unknown–1918), she was subject to a known lawsuit, highlighting a pattern of abuse against freedmen among the 3680: 3497:

impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.

2521: 2488: 2367:

Many Muscogee refused to surrender and escaped to Florida. They allied with other remnant tribes, becoming the

1886: 1795: 1671: 1627: 1613: 1148:. Clans organized hunts, distributed lands, arranged marriages, and punished lawbreakers. The authority of the 515: 66: 2702:

began gathering at Opothleyahola's plantation, where they hoped to remain neutral in the conflict between the

6621: 6253: 6194: 6133: 5925: 5894: 4020: 3606: 2691: 2396: 1942: 1655: 1620: 1500: 600: 429: 3605:

Three Muscogee tribal towns are federally recognized tribes: Alabama-Quassarte, Kialegee, and Thlopthlocco.

2780:, and Muscogee live in essentially undocumented ethnic towns in Florida. The Alabama reservation includes a 456:, resisting removal. These two tribes gained federal recognition in the 20th century and remain in Florida. 6273: 6258: 5353: 3716: 3564: 2744:

resisted these changes. The loss of lands contributed to problems for the nation in the late 19th century.

1799: 1663: 788: 748:. Here they waged war against other bands of Native American Indians, such as the Savanna, Ogeeche, Wapoo, 698: 620: 616: 425: 17: 5222:"The Creek stories of Earnest Gouge, "Tiger helps man defeat a giant lizard" [#16 on linked page]" 5040: 3991:"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010" 1984:

and workers, cleared several hundred acres, and established mills and a trading post as well as his farm.

831:

had said that America was the "richest country in the world". Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and

95: 6501: 6376: 6205: 5730: 5465: 3769: 3529: 3303: 2589: 2573: 1715: 1682:

retook Augusta in 1781. The next year an Upper Creek war-party trying to relieve the British garrison at

1272: 1201: 628: 441: 5377: 4679: 4583: 2500:

system of descent and inheritance, he achieved his chieftainship because of her. He was also related to

1946:

Painting (1805) of Benjamin Hawkins on his plantation, instructing Muscogee Creek in European technology

1467:, remnants of the 'mission Indians,' and escaped African slaves. Their name comes from the Spanish word 6436: 6386: 5843: 5278: 4385: 3512:

Early estimates of the Creek probably did not cover the whole nation but just parts of the population.

2042: 2009: 1997: 1993: 1823: 1593: 1213: 869: 612: 568:, actively resisted European-American encroachment. Internal divisions with the Lower Towns led to the 507: 5378:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Creek People in the USA | County Ethnic Groups | Statimetric" 4650:"'Burning & Destroying All Before Them': Creeks and Seminoles on Georgia's Revolutionary Frontier" 3787:, Hoboi-Hili-Miko (1750–1793), principal chief of the Upper Creek towns during the American Revolution 1972:. He personally assumed the role of principal agent to the Muscogee. He moved to the area that is now 1722:

decided to wage war against white settlers on Muscogee lands. War parties attacked settlers along the

6406: 6391: 6184: 4210: 4191: 3676: 3133: 2412: 1735: 1237: 632: 445: 77: 62: 31: 4464: 4302:

Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida as told by a Knight of Elvas

1479:" emerges linguistically from this root as well—and American Indians who fled the Europeans. In the 1381: 857: 6651: 6516: 6506: 6471: 6278: 6200: 5076: 3665: 3622: 2769: 2188:, and clashed with many of the leading chiefs of the Muscogee Nation, most notably the Lower Creek 2082: 1973: 1581: 1043: 608: 161: 5707: 5695: 5316: 2443: 1432:

in present-day Florida, guaranteeing Native hunting grounds for the deerskin trade and protecting

6446: 6268: 5624:

Worth, John E. (2000). "The Lower Creeks: Origins and Early History", in Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.),

3755: 3740: 3669: 3595: 1915:, who won the loyalty of the Lower Creeks. He built a tiny navy, and raided Spanish ships in the 1788: 1647: 596: 476: 55: 5746: 6421: 6416: 6189: 6163: 6123: 6082: 5775: 5576:

Of One Mind and of One Government: The Rise and Fall of the Creek Nation in the Early Republic.

4504: 4434: 4245:

Saunt, Claudio (1999). "'Martial virtue, and not riches': The Creek relationship to property".

3765: 3751:

Muscogee people from the 20th and 21st centuries will be listed under their respective tribes.

3525: 3219: 2781: 2707: 2703: 2585: 2349: 2269: 2207: 1920: 1363: 1326: 581: 557: 5683: 5347: 4835: 4782: 4622: 4277:

A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816

4247:

A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1816

4102: 4083:

Walter, Williams (1979). "Southeastern Indians before Removal, Prehistory, Contact, Decline".

3830:–1765) served as a cultural liaison between colonial Georgia and the Muscogee Creek community. 3739:

on July 9, 2020. The Court recognized a large part of eastern Oklahoma as part of the state's

3011: 2092:

The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee to support the Shawnee's resistance.

6168: 6071: 6046: 5815: 5610:

Walker, Willard B. (2004). "Creek Confederacy Before Removal", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.),

4970: 4550: 3954: 3924: 3849:(1644–1741), Creek chief who mediated with the British who established colonial Georgia, and 3784: 3778: 3021: 2724: 2694:, unlike many other tribes, including many of the Lower Creeks. Runaway slaves, free blacks, 2517: 2501: 2289: 2078: 2005: 1937: 1901: 1747: 1699: 1605: 1562: 1496: 1004: 959: 780: 725: 705: 671: 660: 538: 495: 5469: 5333:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841" 5144: 4478: 2558:

led about 200 Law Menders to execute McIntosh according to their law. They burned his upper

1746:

and several hundred followers defied the Treaty of New York and established the short-lived

824: 784: 736:, Georgia, and Alabama. They may have been related to the Tama of central Georgia. Muscogee 6431: 6263: 6113: 6056: 6015: 5158: 3929: 3914: 3614: 2428: 2285: 2234: 1977: 1858: 1675: 1643: 1617: 1585: 1358: 1217: 1083: 955: 895: 837: 656: 604: 511: 398: 243: 189: 5491: 1919:, and, in 1800, declared war on Spain, briefly capturing the presidio and trading post of 8: 6752: 6656: 6020: 5966: 5956: 5305:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 526–528. 3939: 3856: 2840: 2559: 2505: 2345: 2241: 2170: 2052: 2036: 1870: 1850: 1842: 1811: 1658:

control over the Georgia and Carolina interior and instigated Cherokee raids against the

1635: 1609: 1577: 1566: 1512: 1445: 1314: 1276: 1008: 911: 903: 875: 553: 468: 260: 5660: 5118: 2459: 697:, from 1000 BC to 1000 AD, locals developed pottery and small-scale horticulture of the 580:

with the aid of the Southern Muscogee Creek, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the

6606: 6586: 6496: 6210: 6148: 6138: 6118: 5979: 5810: 5406: 4367: 3949: 3736: 3721: 3599: 3583: 3155: 2793: 2748: 2681: 2620: 2392: 2129: 1807: 1268: 1000: 883: 879: 681:

lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were

484: 2451:. Instead, the Seminoles agreed to move onto a reservation in inland central Florida. 2157:, began as a civil war within the Muscogee Nation, only to become enmeshed within the 1616:

fur-trader and planter, whose properties were confiscated by Georgia. His ex-partner,

102: 6707: 6631: 6616: 6601: 6581: 6576: 6215: 6158: 6092: 5994: 5984: 5768: 5586: 5475: 5357: 4929: 4906: 4881: 4841: 4738: 4711: 4556: 4484: 4445: 4413: 4328: 4305: 4280: 4250: 4161: 4108: 3610: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3345: 2956: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2640: 2628: 2624: 2569: 2463: 2341: 2146: 1950: 1905: 1866: 1838: 1806:

by age 15. Cashiered for dereliction of duty after returning too late to his ship at

1775: 1727: 1683: 1651: 1529: 1418: 1398: 1225: 1099: 907: 741: 542: 530: 464: 460: 334: 226: 222: 4985: 4766:

The King's Ranger: Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier

529:

officially considered by the early United States government to be "civilized" under

6681: 6676: 6671: 6611: 6596: 6591: 6561: 6556: 6536: 6381: 6087: 5989: 5974: 5931: 5443: 3878: 3790: 3626: 3549: 2970: 2797: 2752: 2699: 2632: 2568:, traveled to Washington D.C. to protest the 1825 treaty. They convinced President 2476: 2467: 2321: 2293: 2200: 2192: 2185: 1965: 1958: 1912: 1687: 1667: 1519: 1504: 1410: 1371: 1342: 1334: 1055: 923: 828: 592: 413: 340: 2592:, the Muscogee were confined to a small strip of land in present-day east central 1784:

William Augustus Bowles (1763–1805) was also known as Estajoca, his Muscogee name.

1023:

rivers (between 1690 and 1715), were Coweta, Cusseta (Kasihta), Koloni, Tuskegee,

890:

The Muscogee lived in autonomous villages in river valleys throughout present-day

6666: 6646: 6571: 6456: 6401: 6371: 6228: 6066: 6010: 5879: 5722: 5702: 5690: 5677: 5498: 5471:

Visions for the Future: A Celebration of Young Native American Artists, Volume 1.

5450: 4992: 4686: 4629: 4590: 4511: 4392: 4202: 4183: 4027: 3909: 2966: 2777: 2773: 2728: 2715: 2408: 2222: 1968:

as General Superintendent of Indian Affairs dealing with all tribes south of the

1854: 1703: 1570: 1476: 1433: 1429: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1264: 1197: 927: 807: 729: 694: 682: 5729: 5719:

Remonstrance of the Creek Indians against being removed from their own Territory

5656:

Creek (Muskogee) by Kenneth W. McIntosh – Encyclopedia of North American Indians

5195: 4948: 4352: 3003: 1471:, which originally referred to a domestic animal that had reverted to the wild. 1121:

or lesser chiefs, and various advisers, including a second-in-charge called the

6686: 6641: 6636: 6566: 6531: 6153: 5853: 5838: 5544: 3537: 3513: 2831:

and African-Americans into their society. Muscogee people continue to preserve

2636: 2545: 2537: 2448: 2435: 2424: 2301: 1989: 1916: 1731: 1659: 1623: 1589: 1545: 1441: 1425: 1386: 1375: 1257: 1249: 1241: 1229: 1075: 1071: 1020: 1012: 992: 947: 943: 792: 772: 764: 760: 753: 745: 588: 577: 499: 480: 421: 409: 264: 5562:

Deerskins & Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815.

5018: 3632: 1152:

was complemented by the clan mothers, mostly women elders. The Muscogee had a

6701: 6511: 6481: 6476: 6361: 6143: 6107: 5936: 5760: 4860: 4300:

Gentleman of Elva (1557). "Chapter II, How Cabeza de Vaca arrived at court".

4058: 3833: 3820: 2686: 2564: 2174: 1894: 1763: 1743: 1691: 1679: 1533: 1508: 1414: 1406: 1367: 1330: 1205: 1087: 1079: 1059: 1038: 915: 569: 386: 239: 157: 5221: 3578: 2263:

A Short History of the Ft. Mims Massacre of 1813 during the Creek Indian War

1634:, and most of the Lower Creeks nominally allied with Britain after the 1779 652: 6626: 6461: 6451: 6051: 4396:

Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.

4348: 4098: 3774: 3126: 2789: 2562:

plantation. A delegation of the Creek National Council, led by the speaker

2533: 2484: 2391:

and began arming the Seminoles. The British had built a strong fort on the

2388: 2372: 2226: 2182: 2071: 2067: 1925: 1909: 1890: 1810:, Bowles escaped north and found refuge among the Lower Creek towns of the 1723: 1719: 1541: 1516: 1424:

In 1736, Spanish and British officials established a neutral zone from the

1350: 1290: 1284: 1182: 1134: 1063: 1016: 971: 853: 832: 749: 737: 678: 472: 437: 5626:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory.

4444:(Bonnie G. ed.). University of Florida Press. pp. 271, 279–282. 2819:

Muscogee culture has greatly evolved over the centuries, combining mostly

2332: 6025: 5909: 5904: 5820: 5650: 5519:"U.S. Supreme Court deems half of Oklahoma a Native American reservation" 4442:

Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory

4223: 3964: 2853: 2836: 2757: 2600:

move all Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma.

2497: 2400: 2297: 2158: 2134: 2020: 2012:, to protect expanding settlements and serve as a reminder of U.S. rule. 2001: 1702:

led pan-Indian resistance to white encroachment, receiving arms from the

1524: 1464: 1449: 1338: 1252:), and broadly applies to all of the Muscogee Confederacy, including the 1172: 1153: 1138: 1051: 996: 983: 845: 776: 709: 690: 573: 549: 193: 4371: 1181:

A raiding party against Spanish missions in Florida passes the Ocmulgee

506:

The Muscogee Creek are associated with multi-mound centers, such as the

6426: 6102: 5869: 5745: 4549:

Rowland, Lawrence Sanders; Moore, Alexander; Rogers, George C. (1996).

4309: 3934: 3846: 3517: 2736: 2416: 2125: 1969: 1954: 1831: 1803: 1739: 1495:

Many Muscogee Creek leaders, due to intermarriage, have British names:

1298: 1193: 717: 453: 449: 272: 5349:

Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians

4634: 4594: 4516: 4480:

Creek Indian Medicine Ways: The Enduring Power of the Mvskoke Religion

2088: 1279:. These raids captured thousands of Spanish-allied Indians, primarily 5946: 5848: 5644: 5638: 4323:

Ethridge, Robbie (2003). "Chapter 5: 'The People of Creek Country'".

3521: 2962: 2695: 2672: 2552: 2480: 2439: 2384: 2281: 2245: 2230: 2218: 2211: 2121: 2016: 1878: 1865:

Kanache, his father-in-law and strongest ally. Bowles envisioned the

1846: 1601: 1597: 1456: 1346: 1280: 1095: 1082:

during the Spanish explorations), Itawa (original inhabitants of the

891: 733: 713: 686: 390: 288: 280: 201: 5569:

Rivers of History-Life on the Coosa, Tallapoosa, Cahaba and Alabama.

3945:

List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition

3654: 1475:

was used by the Spanish and Portuguese to refer to fugitive slaves—"

1267:

led the Carolina militia and Ochese Creek and Yamasee warriors on a

926:

were spoken in the upper Alabama River basin and along parts of the

498:. Between 800 and 1600 CE, they built complex cities with earthwork 44: 6396: 6331: 6322: 5899: 5889: 5874: 5864: 5858: 4611:. Montgomery, Alabama: Auburn University at Montgomery. p. 41. 2720: 2513: 2492: 2407:, cannons, powder, shot, cannonballs) to the locals: Seminoles and 2368: 2313: 2309: 2196: 2166: 2063: 2024: 1874: 1815: 1792: 1631: 1480: 1460: 1437: 1402: 1306: 1294: 1245: 1209: 1032: 1028: 975: 967: 951: 931: 812: 768: 565: 433: 417: 329: 296: 292: 205: 151: 5714: 3598:

is a federally recognized Indian Nation. Their headquarters is in

2479:

led the Lower Creek warriors who fought alongside the U.S. in the

2268:

The Fort Mims Massacre was followed two days later by the smaller

1992:

to Georgia, with the exception of the sacred burial mounds of the

6521: 5951: 4304:. Kallman Publishing Co. (1968), Translated by Buckingham Smith. 3850: 3817:) was a principal leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars. 3568: 2593: 2548:. It provided for an equally large payment directly to McIntosh. 2348:). On August 9, 1814, the Muscogee nation was forced to sign the 2305: 2162: 2059: 1882: 1827: 1780: 1759: 1221: 1220:. Traders from Carolina went to Muscogee settlements to exchange 1156: 1091: 939: 919: 899: 841: 561: 402: 394: 284: 276: 268: 209: 197: 185: 4107:. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 233–235. 2411:(escaped slaves). A few hundred maroons constituted a uniformed 2047: 1240:

in 1685. In 1690, English colonists built a trading post on the

389:. Their historical homelands are in what now comprises southern 6661: 6491: 6077: 5941: 5884: 5805: 5607:

Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 23–472.

5077:"The Deadliest Cannon Shot in American History (July 27, 1816)" 4030:

Sequoyah Research Center and the American Native Press Archives

3803: 3768:(1833–1911), represented the Creek and Seminole nations in the 3147:

Boundaries defined, Civilization of Creek, Animosities to cease

2824: 2785: 2740: 2572:

that the treaty was invalid, and negotiated the more favorable

2555: 2404: 2249: 2229:, where they had bought munitions from the Spanish governor at 2178: 2138: 1981: 1931: 1177: 1067: 1024: 988: 963: 522:

encountered ancestors of the Muscogee in the mid-16th century.

4087:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 7–10. 3617:

is headquartered in Wetumka, and Jeremiah Hoia is the current

1626:, initially persuaded the Lower Creeks to remain neutral, but 1224:, gunpowder, axes, glass beads, cloth and West Indian rum for 591:, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to 537:. In the 19th century, the Muscogee were known as one of the " 364: 6441: 6366: 5541:"'Reservation Dogs' Is a Near-Perfect Study of Dispossession" 3637: 2420: 1401:, was founded the following year, on a river bluff where the 1253: 935: 467:, all of which belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the 256: 5583:

Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South,

5321:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861. 5116: 2969:, of the early 19th century. The language is related to the 2768:

Some Muscogee in Alabama live near the federally recognized

2635:. Most Muscogee were removed to Indian Territory during the 2199:

rallied his followers and joined with a British invasion to

2030: 2015:

Hawkins was disheartened and shocked by the outbreak of the

1818:

and the other a daughter of the Hitchiti Muscogee chieftain

6758:

Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America

5628:

Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 265–298.

5019:"Ft. Mims Massacre Baldwin County, Alabama August 30, 1813" 4878:

Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South

4076: 2800:, which follows the lives of four Creek teens in Oklahoma. 1753: 1459:), they became the center of a new tribal confederacy, the 1145: 744:, in which they eventually settled on the east bank of the 358: 346: 4708:

Old Hickory's War. Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire

3589: 3015:

Ceded area as deemed by the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814

2965:

family and was well known among the frontiersmen, such as

2808: 5605:

Second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

4552:

The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514–1861

3644: 2340:

In August 1814, the Red Sticks surrendered to Jackson at

1166: 1011:(before 1690 and after 1715), and farther east along the 361: 4924:

Remini, Robert. "Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit".

4876:

Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 'Both White and Red'".

4221: 2383:

The Red Stick refugees who arrived in Florida after the

2316:

and Lower Creek warriors, crushed the Red Sticks at the

2225:) stopped a party of Red Sticks who were returning from 1129:

or ranking warrior, the principal military adviser. The

663:

site, occupied by ancestors of the Muscogee people from

471:. These languages are mostly mutually intelligible. The 5612:

Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast.

5598:

Early History of the Creek Indians and their Neighbors.

4016: 4014: 3882:

is filmed entirely in Muscogee Nation land in Oklahoma.

3866:– 1824), leader of the Red Sticks during the Creek Wars 3024:, indirectly affected the Muscogee. The treaties were: 1769: 1436:

from further British encroachment. Ca. 1750 a group of

1102:), and Tuskegee ("Napochi" in the de Luna chronicles). 4917: 4412:. University Press of Florida. pp. 6, 87, 88–91. 4327:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 93. 1105:

The most important leader in Muscogee society was the

763:

made their first forays inland from the shores of the

490:

The ancestors of the Muscogee people were part of the

4316: 3746: 2710:. On August 15, 1861, Opothleyahola and tribal chief 2491:

officer of the same name who had recruited a band of

1098:(Koasati; they had absorbed the Kaski/Casqui and the 373: 355: 349: 174:

2010: self-identified 88,332 alone and in combination

5474:

Boulder, CO: Native American Rights Fund, 2007: 82.

5074: 4894: 4737:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 4. 4011: 3890: 3602:

and their current Principal Chief is David W. Hill.

3487: 2784:

and 16-story hotel. The Creek tribe holds an annual

2610:

President Andrew Jackson addressing the Creeks, 1829

2371:. Muscogee were later involved on both sides of the 1640:

during the Mobile and Pensacola campaigns of 1780–81

848:

area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee

827:, returned to Spain in 1537, he told the Court that 724:

The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the

560:, the Upper Towns of the Muscogee, supported by the 420:) by the federal government in the 1830s during the 5581:Perdue, Theda. Chapter 2: "Both White and Red", in 3567:are a tribe of Muscogee people, descended from the 1440:moved to the neutral zone, after clashing with the 1137:officiated at various rituals, including providing 863: 352: 343: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4548: 4224:"Moundbuilders, North Georgia's early inhabitants" 1830:, he travelled to London. He was received by King 1630:Capt. William McIntosh led a group of pro-British 1463:, which grew to include earlier refugees from the 5671:Southeastern Native American Documents, 1763–1842 5215: 5213: 4779:"Alexander McGillivray – Encyclopedia of Alabama" 4299: 802: 759:In the mid-16th century, when explorers from the 6699: 5186: 5184: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 4555:. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 88–89. 4542: 4325:Creek Country: The Creek Indians and their World 4157:Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition 2875:Beaver Clan (Itamalgi, Isfanalgi, Itchhasuaigi), 2639:in 1834, with additional removals following the 2623:, in 1832 the Creek National Council signed the 2240:On August 30, 1813, Red Sticks led by Red Eagle 2066:, whose name meant "shooting star", traveled to 1638:. Muscogee warriors fought on behalf of Britain 1329:in 1702, and took advantage of the war to build 1216:(modern-day Charleston), the capital of the new 1125:, respected village elders, medicine men, and a 689:, which became extinct following the end of the 383:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 4880:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. 4833: 4470: 1889:, which drew the boundary between the U.S. and 1483:language, which lacked an 'r' sound, it became 685:who pursued a wide range of animals, including 677:At least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or 6728:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state) 5790: 5710:, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 5600:Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 5504:November 8, 2007 (retrieved February 25, 2010) 5210: 5194:. AAANativeArts.com. 1999–2005. Archived from 4706:Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2003). 4705: 4249:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–63. 4179: 4177: 4126: 4124: 2153:The Creek War of 1813–1814, also known as the 1248:name for the body of water known today as the 740:describes a migration from places west of the 6305: 5776: 5666:Comprehensive Creek Language materials online 5585:The University of Georgia Press. p. 51. 5492:"Native American Week Planned at UNM-Gallup." 5219: 5181: 5099: 2631:to the U.S., and accepting relocation to the 2454: 2442:. Jackson's victory forced Spain to sign the 1556: 795:also recorded encounters with these peoples. 27:Indigenous people from Southeastern Woodlands 4293: 2923:Turtle Clan (Locvlke) – related to Wind Clan 2661: 2516:, signed away Lower Creek lands east of the 1932:Pre-removal (late 18th–early 19th centuries) 492:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere 6748:Native Americans in the American Revolution 5512: 5510: 5339: 5032: 5016: 4940: 4827: 4476: 4353:"The Indigenous Languages of the Southeast" 4174: 4121: 4085:Southeastern Indians: Since the Removal Era 3727: 3683:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2975: 2932:Wolf Clan (Yahalgi) – related to Bear Clan. 2747:The Loyalists among the Creek tended to be 2627:, ceding their remaining lands east of the 2327: 1885:. Bowles' first act was declaring the 1796 1397:was created in 1732; its first settlement, 6312: 6298: 5783: 5769: 5302:Primitive society and its vital statistics 4837:Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions 4701: 4699: 4410:The Native American World Beyond Apalachee 4147: 3983: 2668:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 1897:, because the Indians were not consulted. 408:Most of the Muscogee people were forcibly 5298: 5292: 5010: 4871: 4869: 4840:. Harvard University Press. p. 113. 4091: 3901:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3703:Learn how and when to remove this message 2961:The Muscogee language is a member of the 2031:A comet, earthquakes, and Tecumseh (1811) 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 6222:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States 5614:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 5571:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 5507: 5403:"Executive Branch – the Muscogee Nation" 5119:"Fort Benning – The Land and the People" 4647: 4477:Lewis, David Jr; Jordan, Ann T. (2008). 4322: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4215: 4160:. Indiana University Press. p. 19. 4130: 3960:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park 3631: 3577: 3558: 3010: 3002: 2807: 2671: 2458: 2331: 2133: 2087: 2046: 1941: 1802:at age 14 and becoming an ensign in the 1779: 1754:Muscogee and Choctaw land dispute (1790) 1600:. This alliance was orchestrated by the 1596:, against white settlers in present-day 1421:exported up to 50,000 deerskins a year. 1380: 1289: 1273:Spanish missions in the Florida interior 1176: 1037: 823:, a castaway who survived the ill-fated 806: 651: 6713:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 5661:History of the Creek Indians in Georgia 5539:St. Felix, Doreen (September 20, 2021) 5345: 5270: 5087:from the original on September 14, 2017 5068: 4696: 4347: 3590:Federally recognized tribes in Oklahoma 3236:23 million acres (93,000 km) 1144:The most important social unit was the 882:. These losses were exacerbated by the 716:. Stratified societies developed, with 708:arose as the cultivation of maize from 14: 6700: 5578:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5564:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5516: 5276: 5256:GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac 5075:Administrative staff (July 27, 2016). 5038: 4946: 4875: 4866: 4435:"The Lower Creeks: Origin and History" 4153: 4097: 4082: 3645:Federally recognized tribes in Alabama 3007:Muscogee Creek land cessions 1733–1832 2655:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now 2115: 1528:they usually spoke English as well as 1263:In 1704, Irish colonial administrator 1167:British, French, and Spanish expansion 1031:, Oconee, Ocmulgee, Apalachicola, and 637:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 328: 6293: 5764: 5651:Creek Nation Indian Territory Project 5439: 5437: 4901:Remini, Robert. "The Reform Begins". 4730: 4710:(revised ed.). Stackpole Books. 4432: 4274: 4263: 4244: 3870: 3507: 2899:Maize Clan (Aktayatsalgi, Atchialgi), 2690:refused to form an alliance with the 2648:colors were black, red, and white ... 2403:, offered it, with all its ordnance ( 2051:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by 1313:, the Ochese Creeks fled west to the 5560:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland (1993). 4606: 4407: 3681:adding citations to reliable sources 3648: 3169:Boundary lines, Animosities to cease 2911:Raccoon Clan (Wahlakalgi, Wotkalgi), 2843:are revered gatherings and rituals. 2399:, and in 1815, after the end of the 2058:A comet appeared in March 1811. The 2008:was built on a hill overlooking the 1770:State of Muskogee and William Bowles 1762:were in conflict over land near the 1086:), Hothliwahi (Ullibahali), Hilibi, 981:The basic social unit was the town ( 179:Regions with significant populations 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 6743:Native American tribes in Tennessee 6733:Native American tribes in Louisiana 5639:Muscogee (Creek) Nation of Oklahoma 5621:Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. 5421: 5249: 5231:from the original on August 3, 2010 5224:. The College of William and Mary. 3406:Treaty with the Creeks And Seminole 3230:Fort Jackson near Wetumpka, Alabama 2908:Panther Clan (Chukotalgi, Katsalg), 2815:(or Shelocta) was a Muscogee chief. 1309:allies. The Yamasee took refuge in 1141:, used in purification ceremonies. 783:, beginning on April 2, 1513, with 487:, unrelated to any other language. 24: 6738:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 6627:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 5454:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission 5434: 5169:from the original on July 30, 2024 5117:Sharyn Kane & Richard Keeton. 4928:. History Book Club. p. 258. 4923: 4905:. History Book Club. p. 201. 4900: 4680:The Origin of the Seminole Indians 4133:"Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief" 4104:Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times 3747:Notable historical Muscogee people 2920:Toad Clan (Pahosalgi, Sopaktalgi), 2914:Salt Clan (Okilisa, Oktchunualgi), 2872:Bear Clan (Muklasalgi, Nokosalgi), 1580:, the Upper Creeks sided with the 1208:. In 1670, English colonists from 693:age. During the time known as the 25: 6769: 6723:Native American tribes in Florida 6718:Native American tribes in Alabama 5731:"Creek or Muskogee Indians" 5632: 5517:Hurley, Lawrence (July 9, 2020). 5456:. 2010 (retrieved April 10, 2010) 4976:1997 (retrieved December 5, 2009) 4222:About North Georgia (1994–2006). 3573:Alabama-Coushatta Tribes of Texas 3502:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 3488:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 3325:Treaty of the Creek Indian Agency 3166:Colerain (Camden County, Georgia) 2643:, although some remained behind. 2579: 2081:shook the Muscogee lands and the 1814:basin. He married two wives, one 6321: 6249:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 5713: 4805:"Relationship With Other Tribes" 4384:Isham, Theodore and Blue Clark. 3893: 3653: 3613:and its chief is Tarpie Yargee. 1953:, the first U.S. president, and 1849:. He established his capital at 1490: 1448:, where they had fled after the 1050:The Upper Towns, located on the 864:Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy 787:'s landing in Florida. The 1526 625:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas 339: 150: 43: 6129:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) 5696:Encyclopedia of Alabama article 5533: 5502:University of New Mexico Today. 5485: 5459: 5395: 5370: 5325: 5309: 5243: 5151: 5133: 5055: 5001: 4996:War of 1812 People and Stories. 4979: 4963: 4949:"George Washington And Indians" 4854: 4797: 4771: 4758: 4724: 4672: 4641: 4615: 4600: 4576: 4533: 4524: 4497: 4458: 4426: 4401: 4378: 4341: 4238: 4196: 3733:The United States Supreme Court 3026: 2867:Muscogee clans are as follows: 2827:farming methods, and accepting 2542:second Treaty of Indian Springs 2378: 1046:, occupied during the mid-1500s 54:needs additional citations for 6031:College of the Muscogee Nation 5684:New Georgia Encyclopedia entry 5567:Jackson,Harvey H. III (1995). 4279:. Cambridge University Press. 4051: 4042: 4033: 3920:College of the Muscogee Nation 2896:Hickory-Nut Clan (Odshisalgi), 2522:first Treaty of Indian Springs 1964:In 1796, Washington appointed 1887:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso 1826:. After seeking refuge in the 1730:sent a special emissary, Col. 1074:(Kusa; the dominant people of 803:Spanish expedition (1540–1543) 13: 1: 6254:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 6190:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814) 6134:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites 5895:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites 4693:, Vol. 15, No. 1, March 1937. 3971: 3860: 3837: 3824: 3807: 3794: 3636:Micah Wesley, Muscogee Creek- 3629:. George Scott is the mekko. 3607:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 3446:Treaty with the Creeks, Etc., 3110:Treaty of Shoulder-bone Creek 2881:Bog Potato Clan (Ahalakalgi), 1853:, a village on the shores of 1588:(Lower Cherokee) warriors of 1370:. In 1721, the British built 1117:ruled with the assistance of 840:, and then westward into the 664: 647: 611:, all based in Oklahoma, are 601:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town 6274:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 6259:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 6074:(predecessor to Lower Towns) 5645:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 5444:"Oklahoma's Tribal Nations." 5354:University of Oklahoma Press 5258:. Digital Library of Georgia 5252:"Shoulder-bone Creek Treaty" 5159:"Home - The Muscogee Nation" 4998:(retrieved December 5, 2009) 4861:Chris Kimball, "W.A. Bowles" 4654:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4190:(2nd ed.), London 1794, pp. 3717:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 3565:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 2926:Wild-Cat Clan (Koakotsalgi), 2362:Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814 1800:Maryland Loyalists Battalion 1163:have belonged to this clan. 699:Eastern Agricultural Complex 621:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana 617:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 525:The Muscogee were the first 426:Poarch Band of Creek Indians 184:United States (historically 7: 6240:Federally recognized tribes 6206:Treaty of Washington (1826) 5466:Native American Rights Fund 5277:Onecle (November 8, 2005). 4595:Georgia Encyclopedia Online 4510:September 25, 2012, at the 4360:Anthropological Linguistics 4209:(2nd ed.), London 1794, p. 3886: 3859:, also known as Red Eagle ( 3853:, his wife and partial heir 3770:Second Confederate Congress 3758:(1763–1805), also known as 3582:Muscogee Creek-Navajo from 3530:Treaty of Washington (1826) 3261:Treaty of the Indian Spring 2998: 2950: 2937: 2727:, where they would receive 2590:Treaty of Washington (1826) 2574:Treaty of Washington (1826) 1837:In 1799, Bowles formed the 1798:family, enlisting with the 1710:In 1784, he negotiated the 1642:, where Spain re-conquered 1487:, and eventually Seminole. 902:, speaking several related 659:, was part of a precontact 629:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 442:federally recognized tribes 10: 6774: 6195:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost 5792:Muscogee Creek Confederacy 5701:November 11, 2014, at the 5299:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 4991:November 18, 2005, at the 4398:Retrieved August 20, 2012. 4026:February 13, 2012, at the 3241:Treaty of the Creek Agency 2954: 2803: 2665: 2455:Treaties of Indian Springs 2344:(near the present city of 2308:, aided by the 39th U. S. 2119: 2077:On December 16, 1811, the 2043:1812 New Madrid earthquake 2040: 2034: 1935: 1900:He denounced the treaties 1877:, Upper and Lower Creeks, 1841:, with the support of the 1773: 1758:In 1790, the Muscogee and 1557:American Revolutionary War 1341:in 1717, trading with the 1170: 870:Mississippian shatter zone 867: 642: 552:'s interpretations of the 381:), are a group of related 322:Muscogee Creek Confederacy 29: 6545: 6338: 6238: 6185:Treaty of New York (1790) 6177: 6039: 6003: 5965: 5918: 5829: 5798: 5617:Winn, William W. (2015). 5596:Swanton, John R. (1922). 5427:Oklahoma Indian Affairs. 4731:Frank, Andrew K. (2005). 2662:American Civil War (1861) 2508:, both mixed-race Creek. 2413:Corps of Colonial Marines 1664:Battle of King's Mountain 1584:, fighting alongside the 1333:at the confluence of the 633:Seminole Tribe of Florida 615:tribes. In addition, the 469:Muscogean language family 255: 250: 238: 233: 221: 216: 183: 178: 173: 168: 149: 32:Muskogee (disambiguation) 6279:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 6201:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 5747:"Muskhogean Stock" 5574:Kokomoor, Kevin (2019). 5141:"Woodson County history" 5081:Explore Southern History 5041:"Treaty with The Creeks" 4834:Jane G. Landers (2010). 4809:South East Indian Tribes 4648:Kokomoor, Kevin (2014). 4638:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4635:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4597:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4517:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4467:(accessed May 12, 2010). 4154:Finger, John R. (2001). 3735:issued their ruling for 3728:Expansion of reservation 3715:Eddie L. Tullis led the 3623:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 3282:Treaty of Indian Springs 3177:Treaty of Fort Wilkinson 2846: 2770:Poarch Creek Reservation 2763: 2584:In the aftermath of the 2536:, a leading advocate of 2328:Muscogee diaspora (1814) 2318:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 2143:treaty of Indian Springs 1791:was born into a wealthy 1716:Panton, Leslie & Co. 1325:as the first capital of 609:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town 162:Birmingham Museum of Art 6592:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 6269:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 5753:Encyclopædia Britannica 5737:Encyclopædia Britannica 5449:March 28, 2010, at the 5346:Foreman, Grant (1972). 4433:Worth, John E. (2000). 4275:Saunt, Claudio (1999). 3756:William Augustus Bowles 3741:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 3596:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 2929:Wind Clan (Hutalgalgi), 2917:Skunk Clan (Kunipalgi), 2890:Fish Clan (Hlahloalgi), 2680:At the outbreak of the 2296:and the Cherokee under 1789:William Augustus Bowles 1662:back-country after the 1455:Led by Chief Secoffee ( 1444:-speaking towns of the 789:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 597:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 477:Muscogee (Creek) Nation 6328:Native American tribes 6164:Creek National Capitol 6124:Kimbell-James Massacre 6083:Leon-Jefferson culture 5756:(11th ed.). 1911. 5740:(11th ed.). 1911. 5689:July 23, 2013, at the 5676:April 7, 2020, at the 5220:Earnest Gouge (2010). 5163:www.muscogeenation.com 4974:New York Times: Books. 4734:Creeks and Southerners 4691:Chronicles of Oklahoma 4628:July 23, 2013, at the 4589:June 14, 2013, at the 4521:Accessed May 12, 2010. 4408:Hann, John H. (2006). 4391:July 20, 2010, at the 4135:. Southeast Chronicles 4131:Prentice, Guy (2003). 3766:Samuel Benton Callahan 3641: 3586: 3526:Treaty of Fort Jackson 3505: 3466:Treaty with the Creeks 3426:Treaty with the Creeks 3386:Treaty with the Creeks 3366:Treaty with the Creeks 3220:Treaty of Fort Jackson 3125:All lands east of the 3016: 3008: 2905:Otter Clan (Osanalgi), 2902:Mole Clan (Takusalgi), 2887:Deer Clan (Itchualgi), 2884:Cane Clan (Kohasalki), 2816: 2677: 2659: 2613: 2586:Treaty of Fort Jackson 2529:Creek National Council 2470: 2365: 2350:Treaty of Fort Jackson 2337: 2270:Kimbell-James Massacre 2266: 2150: 2109: 2093: 2055: 1947: 1921:San Marcos de Apalache 1869:, with its capital at 1785: 1594:Cherokee–American wars 1550: 1390: 1364:San Marcos de Apalache 1302: 1228:pelts (as part of the 1185: 1047: 816: 674: 582:Treaty of Fort Jackson 558:New Madrid earthquakes 496:Mississippian cultures 475:today are part of the 401:and parts of northern 6169:Crazy Snake Rebellion 6072:Apalachicola Province 6047:Mississippian culture 5928:(Francis the Prophet) 5497:July 3, 2012, at the 5429:2008 Pocket Pictorial 5083:. Old Kitchen Media. 4947:Miller, Eric (1994). 4609:Fort Toulouse Studies 4021:Transcribed documents 3955:Nuyaka (Creek Nation) 3925:Crazy Snake Rebellion 3785:Alexander McGillivray 3779:Five Civilized Tribes 3635: 3581: 3559:Muscogee tribes today 3494: 3070:Treaty of Coweta Town 3022:Treaty of San Lorenzo 3014: 3006: 2878:Bird Clan (Fusualgi), 2811: 2725:Wilson County, Kansas 2675: 2653:Burt & Ferguson- 2645: 2602: 2502:Alexander McGillivray 2462: 2354: 2335: 2290:Mississippi Territory 2255: 2137: 2120:Further information: 2095: 2091: 2079:New Madrid earthquake 2050: 2041:Further information: 2035:Further information: 2006:Fort Benjamin Hawkins 1945: 1938:Five Civilized Tribes 1936:Further information: 1902:Alexander McGillivray 1783: 1774:Further information: 1748:Trans-Oconee Republic 1700:Alexander McGillivray 1650:raised a division of 1612:, a wealthy Scottish 1606:Alexander McGillivray 1563:French and Indian War 1538: 1497:Alexander McGillivray 1384: 1293: 1180: 1171:Further information: 1041: 810: 781:Mississippian culture 726:Mississippian culture 706:Mississippian culture 672:Cartersville, Georgia 661:Mississippian culture 655: 539:Five Civilized Tribes 452:moved south into the 251:Related ethnic groups 6622:Mescalero-Chiricahua 6377:Cheyenne and Arapaho 6264:Kialegee Tribal Town 6114:Battle of Burnt Corn 6016:Four Mothers Society 4971:"The Shooting Star.' 4685:May 9, 2008, at the 4505:Creek Indian Leaders 3930:Etowah Indian Mounds 3915:Battle of Burnt Corn 3677:improve this section 3625:is headquartered in 3615:Kialegee Tribal Town 3609:is headquartered in 3304:Treaty of Washington 3198:Treaty of Washington 2893:Fox Clan (Tsulalgi), 2714:contacted President 2429:Battle of Negro Fort 2235:Battle of Burnt Corn 2201:capture Fort Detroit 1707:sixty black slaves. 1644:British West Florida 1561:With the end of the 1374:at the mouth of the 1084:Etowah Indian Mounds 910:was spoken from the 613:federally recognized 605:Kialegee Tribal Town 512:Etowah Indian Mounds 330:[məskóɡəlɡi] 308:, also known as the 244:Four Mothers Society 63:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 6021:Green Corn Ceremony 5957:William Weatherford 5382:www.statimetric.com 5198:on February 1, 2010 5192:"Creek Confederacy" 4785:on October 15, 2013 4440:. In McEwan (ed.). 4048:Mahon, pp. 187–189. 3940:Green corn ceremony 3857:William Weatherford 2841:Green Corn Ceremony 2506:William Weatherford 2346:Montgomery, Alabama 2242:William Weatherford 2171:William Weatherford 2116:Red Stick rebellion 2105:The American Indian 2053:William Henry Smyth 2037:Great Comet of 1811 2010:Ocmulgee Old Fields 1994:Ocmulgee Old Fields 1824:Battle of Pensacola 1712:Treaty of Pensacola 1692:'Mad' Anthony Wayne 1636:Capture of Savannah 1610:Lachlan McGillivray 1578:American Revolution 1565:(also known as the 1513:William Weatherford 1009:Chattahoochee River 978:, and many others. 904:Muskogean languages 876:infectious diseases 874:Because of endemic 146: 6392:Citizen Potawatomi 6211:Indian Removal Act 6149:Indian Removal Act 6139:Battle of Ocheesee 6119:Fort Mims Massacre 5725:published in 1827. 5061:Merwyn Garbarino, 4863:, Southern History 4386:"Creek (Mvskoke)." 3950:Muskogee, Oklahoma 3871:In popular culture 3737:McGirt v. Oklahoma 3642: 3600:Okmulgee, Oklahoma 3587: 3584:Okmulgee, Oklahoma 3508:Population history 3156:Treaty of Colerain 3134:Treaty of New York 3090:Treaty of Savannah 3050:Treaty of Savannah 3017: 3009: 2829:European-Americans 2817: 2682:American Civil War 2678: 2621:Indian Removal Act 2551:In April, the old 2485:First Seminole War 2471: 2393:Apalachicola River 2338: 2161:. Inspired by the 2151: 2130:Fort Mims massacre 2103:Roger L. Nichols, 2094: 2056: 1948: 1861:. It was ruled by 1786: 1736:Treaty of New York 1704:Spanish in Florida 1690:troops under Gen. 1646:. Loyalist leader 1391: 1321:explorers founded 1303: 1301:and nephew in 1733 1218:colony of Carolina 1186: 1109:or village chief. 1090:, Wakokai, Atasi, 1048: 1042:The protohistoric 884:Indian slave trade 880:indigenous peoples 825:Narváez expedition 817: 785:Juan Ponce de León 675: 485:linguistic isolate 144: 6695: 6694: 6617:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 6357:Alabama-Quassarte 6287: 6286: 6216:Treaty of Cusseta 6159:Creek War of 1836 6110:(Creek civil war) 6093:State of Muskogee 5995:Mikasuki-Hitchiti 5799:Four mother towns 5480:978-1-55591-655-8 5409:on April 21, 2021 5363:978-0-8061-1172-8 5279:"Indian Treaties" 5165:. July 30, 2024. 5147:on June 28, 2011. 5017:Steve Canerossi. 4847:978-0-674-05416-5 4815:on March 19, 2022 4562:978-1-57003-090-1 4539:Incomplete source 4490:978-0-8263-2368-2 4451:9-780-8130-2086-0 4419:978-0-8130-2982-5 4114:978-1-4000-3072-9 3713: 3712: 3705: 3611:Wetumka, Oklahoma 3546:Henry Schoolcraft 3485: 3484: 3359:create allotments 3346:Treaty of Cusseta 3096:Colony of Georgia 3076:Colony of Georgia 3056:Colony of Georgia 2996: 2995: 2957:Muscogee language 2821:European-American 2813:Selocta Chinnabby 2641:Creek War of 1836 2625:Treaty of Cusseta 2570:John Quincy Adams 2487:. The son of the 2464:Charles Bird King 2444:Adams–Onís Treaty 2147:Charles Bird King 1996:. They allowed a 1951:George Washington 1928:two years later. 1906:George Washington 1867:State of Muskogee 1857:near present-day 1839:State of Muskogee 1776:State of Muskogee 1728:George Washington 1226:white-tailed deer 742:Mississippi River 587:During the 1830s 543:European American 535:civilization plan 531:George Washington 520:Spanish explorers 465:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 461:Muscogee, Mvskoke 335:Muscogee language 302: 301: 227:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 6765: 6547:Tribal languages 6527:United Keetoowah 6457:Muscogee (Creek) 6417:Fort Sill Apache 6352:Absentee Shawnee 6326: 6325: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6178:Politics and law 6088:Battle of Taliwa 5932:William McIntosh 5861:(four locations) 5831:Groups and towns 5785: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5717: 5548: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5514: 5505: 5489: 5483: 5463: 5457: 5441: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5405:. Archived from 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5250:Seibert, David. 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5230: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5143:. Archived from 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5114: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4983: 4977: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811:. Archived from 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4781:. Archived from 4775: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4703: 4694: 4678:Forbs, Gerald, " 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4645: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4546: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4439: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4405: 4399: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4357: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4272: 4261: 4260: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4219: 4213: 4200: 4194: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4018: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3987: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3879:Reservation Dogs 3865: 3862: 3842: 3839: 3829: 3826: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3799: 3796: 3791:William McIntosh 3708: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3657: 3649: 3627:Okemah, Oklahoma 3550:Indian Territory 3534:Second Creek War 3503: 3116:State of Georgia 3027: 2976: 2971:Choctaw language 2798:Reservation Dogs 2753:Dawes Commission 2700:Seminole Indians 2657: 2633:Indian Territory 2611: 2477:William McIntosh 2468:William McIntosh 2363: 2322:Tallapoosa River 2294:William McIntosh 2264: 2203:in August 1812. 2193:William McIntosh 2186:Benjamin Hawkins 2107: 1966:Benjamin Hawkins 1959:Thomas Jefferson 1913:Benjamin Hawkins 1820:William Perryman 1688:Continental Army 1674:never came, and 1567:Seven Years' War 1520:Benjamin Hawkins 1505:William McIntosh 1411:James Oglethorpe 1372:Fort King George 1357:of the powerful 1277:Queen Anne's War 922:(Coushatta) and 858:Battle of Mabila 850:Native Americans 829:Hernando de Soto 683:hunter-gatherers 669: 666: 619:of Alabama, the 593:Indian Territory 527:Native Americans 494:, also known as 414:Indian Territory 377: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 332: 327: 204:; now primarily 169:Total population 154: 147: 143: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6549: 6541: 6412:Eastern Shawnee 6402:Delaware Nation 6343: 6341: 6334: 6320: 6318: 6288: 6283: 6234: 6229:Sharp v. Murphy 6173: 6098:Forbes purchase 6067:Long Swamp Site 6035: 5999: 5961: 5914: 5825: 5794: 5789: 5744: 5728: 5723:Lydia Sigourney 5708:Creek (Mvskoke) 5703:Wayback Machine 5691:Wayback Machine 5678:Wayback Machine 5647:, official site 5641:, official site 5635: 5555:Further reading 5552: 5551: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5499:Wayback Machine 5490: 5486: 5464: 5460: 5451:Wayback Machine 5442: 5435: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5356:. p. 111. 5344: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4993:Wayback Machine 4984: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4922: 4918: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4704: 4697: 4687:Wayback Machine 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4642: 4630:Wayback Machine 4620: 4616: 4605: 4601: 4591:Wayback Machine 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4512:Wayback Machine 4502: 4498: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4406: 4402: 4393:Wayback Machine 4383: 4379: 4355: 4351:(Spring 2005). 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4317: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4264: 4257: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4220: 4216: 4203:William Bartram 4201: 4197: 4184:William Bartram 4182: 4175: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4096: 4092: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4028:Wayback Machine 4019: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3969: 3910:Black Seminoles 3899: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3873: 3863: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3810: 3797: 3749: 3730: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3674: 3658: 3647: 3592: 3561: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3490: 3356:Washington City 3119:Sparta, Georgia 3001: 2967:Gideon Lincecum 2959: 2953: 2940: 2935: 2849: 2806: 2778:Mobile, Alabama 2766: 2749:traditionalists 2716:Abraham Lincoln 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2612: 2609: 2582: 2466:'s portrait of 2457: 2449:Black Seminoles 2381: 2364: 2361: 2330: 2265: 2262: 2223:Mobile, Alabama 2132: 2118: 2108: 2102: 2045: 2039: 2033: 1974:Crawford County 1940: 1934: 1855:Lake Miccosukee 1845:Creeks and the 1778: 1772: 1756: 1678:militia led by 1571:Sons of Liberty 1559: 1493: 1434:Spanish Florida 1430:St. Johns River 1319:French Canadian 1311:Spanish Florida 1269:series of raids 1198:Spanish Florida 1190:Jesuit missions 1175: 1169: 928:Tennessee River 872: 866: 805: 730:Tennessee River 695:Woodland period 667: 650: 645: 375: 342: 338: 325: 164: 156:Muscogee Creek 142: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6771: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6550:(still spoken) 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:Otoe-Missouria 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6407:Delaware Tribe 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6336: 6335: 6317: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6242:(20th century) 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6154:Trail of Tears 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5985:Creek-Seminole 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5926:Josiah Francis 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5742: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5693: 5681: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5633:External links 5631: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5550: 5549: 5545:The New Yorker 5532: 5506: 5484: 5458: 5433: 5420: 5394: 5369: 5362: 5338: 5324: 5308: 5291: 5269: 5242: 5209: 5180: 5150: 5132: 5098: 5067: 5054: 5043:. First People 5031: 5009: 5007:Adams, 777–778 5000: 4978: 4969:Sugden, John. 4962: 4939: 4926:Andrew Jackson 4916: 4903:Andrew Jackson 4893: 4886: 4865: 4853: 4846: 4826: 4796: 4770: 4764:Edward Cashin 4757: 4743: 4723: 4716: 4695: 4671: 4640: 4614: 4599: 4575: 4561: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4496: 4489: 4469: 4457: 4450: 4425: 4418: 4400: 4377: 4340: 4333: 4315: 4292: 4285: 4262: 4255: 4237: 4214: 4195: 4173: 4166: 4146: 4120: 4113: 4090: 4075: 4059:"Yuchi/Euchee" 4050: 4041: 4032: 4010: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3876:The TV series 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3854: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3801: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3763: 3748: 3745: 3729: 3726: 3711: 3710: 3661: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3621:or chief. The 3591: 3588: 3560: 3557: 3514:James Seagrove 3509: 3506: 3499: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186:Fort Wilkinson 3184: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2955:Main article: 2952: 2949: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2848: 2845: 2805: 2802: 2765: 2762: 2663: 2660: 2650: 2637:Trail of Tears 2619:Following the 2607: 2581: 2580:Removal (1834) 2578: 2546:Arkansas River 2538:Indian removal 2456: 2453: 2436:Andrew Jackson 2425:Andrew Jackson 2397:Prospect Bluff 2380: 2377: 2359: 2329: 2326: 2302:Andrew Jackson 2260: 2117: 2114: 2100: 2032: 2029: 1933: 1930: 1917:Gulf of Mexico 1771: 1768: 1755: 1752: 1732:Marinus Willet 1686:was routed by 1660:North Carolina 1652:King's Rangers 1624:George Galphin 1590:Dragging Canoe 1558: 1555: 1501:Josiah Francis 1492: 1489: 1393:The colony of 1376:Altamaha River 1250:Ocmulgee River 1242:Ocmulgee River 1238:Henry Woodward 1230:deerskin trade 1168: 1165: 1135:medicine maker 1076:East Tennessee 1021:Savannah River 865: 862: 821:Cabeza de Vaca 804: 801: 793:South Carolina 791:expedition in 773:Coosa chiefdom 765:Gulf of Mexico 746:Ocmulgee River 657:Etowah Mound C 649: 646: 644: 641: 589:Indian Removal 578:Andrew Jackson 548:Influenced by 481:Yuchi language 444:. Some of the 422:Trail of Tears 314:Muscogee Creek 300: 299: 253: 252: 248: 247: 236: 235: 231: 230: 219: 218: 214: 213: 181: 180: 176: 175: 171: 170: 166: 165: 155: 140: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6770: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507:Seneca-Cayuga 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6144:Seminole Wars 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6108:Red Stick War 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937:Peter McQueen 5935: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5591:0-8203-2731-X 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5440: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5280: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5214: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5042: 5035: 5020: 5013: 5004: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4986:"The Creeks." 4982: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4934:0-9650631-0-7 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4911:0-9650631-0-7 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4887:0-8203-2731-X 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623:Creek Indians 4618: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4584:Mary Musgrove 4579: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4486: 4483:. UNM Press. 4482: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4366:(1): 11, 34. 4365: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4349:Goddard, Ives 4344: 4336: 4334:0-8078-5495-6 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4167:0-253-33985-5 4163: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4099:Brands, H. W. 4094: 4086: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4015: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3891: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3835: 3834:Opothleyahola 3832: 3822: 3821:Mary Musgrove 3819: 3805: 3802: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3707: 3704: 3696: 3693:February 2023 3686: 3682: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3662:This section 3660: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3640:artist and DJ 3639: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3571:, as are the 3570: 3566: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3498: 3493: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3353:United States 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3227:United States 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3183:United States 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3163:United States 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3144:New York City 3143: 3141:United States 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3005: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2948: 2944: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776:northeast of 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2687:Opothleyahola 2683: 2674: 2669: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2565:Opothleyahola 2561: 2560:Chattahoochee 2557: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2540:, signed the 2539: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2373:Seminole Wars 2370: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312:Regiment and 2311: 2307: 2304:'s Tennessee 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:Peter McQueen 2173:(Red Eagle), 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:Red Stick War 2148: 2145:. Painted by 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1895:null and void 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:Chattahoochee 1840: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Chattahoochee 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1764:Noxubee River 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1744:Elijah Clarke 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680:Elijah Clarke 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1534:Claudio Saunt 1531: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:Peter McQueen 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491:Intermarriage 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446:Chattahoochee 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1415:Fort Okfuskee 1412: 1408: 1407:Mary Musgrove 1404: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Apalachee Bay 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Fort Toulouse 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:Chattahoochee 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Indian slaves 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Apalachee Bay 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:North Georgia 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:rivers, were 1061: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:Alabama River 913: 912:Chattahoochee 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 885: 881: 877: 871: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 814: 809: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771:(such as the 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679:Paleo-Indians 673: 670:–1550 CE, in 662: 658: 654: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Red Stick War 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:United States 384: 380: 379: 369: 336: 331: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 245: 241: 240:Protestantism 237: 232: 229:, and English 228: 224: 220: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 163: 159: 158:bandolier bag 153: 148: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6517:Thlopthlocco 6227: 6220: 6197:(unratified) 6052:Pisgah phase 5844:Apalachicola 5791: 5751: 5735: 5721:. A poem by 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5553: 5543: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5501: 5487: 5470: 5461: 5453: 5423: 5411:. Retrieved 5407:the original 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5381: 5372: 5348: 5341: 5327: 5317: 5311: 5301: 5294: 5282:. Retrieved 5272: 5262:November 30, 5260:. Retrieved 5255: 5245: 5233:. Retrieved 5200:. Retrieved 5196:the original 5171:. Retrieved 5162: 5153: 5145:the original 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5089:. Retrieved 5080: 5070: 5063:The Seminole 5062: 5057: 5045:. Retrieved 5039:Paul Burke. 5034: 5022:. Retrieved 5012: 5003: 4995: 4981: 4973: 4965: 4953:. Retrieved 4951:. Eric Mille 4942: 4925: 4919: 4902: 4896: 4877: 4856: 4836: 4829: 4819:February 24, 4817:. Retrieved 4813:the original 4808: 4799: 4789:December 22, 4787:. Retrieved 4783:the original 4773: 4765: 4760: 4748:. Retrieved 4733: 4726: 4707: 4690: 4674: 4664:February 14, 4662:. Retrieved 4657: 4653: 4643: 4633: 4617: 4608: 4602: 4578: 4566:. Retrieved 4551: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4515: 4499: 4479: 4472: 4460: 4441: 4428: 4409: 4403: 4395: 4380: 4363: 4359: 4343: 4324: 4318: 4301: 4295: 4276: 4246: 4240: 4228:. Retrieved 4226:. Golden Ink 4217: 4206: 4198: 4187: 4156: 4149: 4139:February 11, 4137:. Retrieved 4103: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4066:. Retrieved 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4001:. Retrieved 3997: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3877: 3775:Stella Mason 3759: 3750: 3731: 3714: 3699: 3690: 3675:Please help 3663: 3618: 3604: 3593: 3562: 3554: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3233:Land cession 3189:Land cession 3127:Oconee River 3122:Land cession 3018: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2832: 2818: 2790:Thanksgiving 2767: 2746: 2733: 2711: 2685: 2679: 2654: 2646: 2618: 2614: 2603: 2598: 2583: 2563: 2550: 2534:George Troup 2526: 2510: 2473: 2472: 2433: 2389:West Florida 2382: 2379:Seminole War 2375:in Florida. 2366: 2355: 2339: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2256: 2239: 2227:West Florida 2216: 2205: 2189: 2183:Indian agent 2154: 2152: 2110: 2104: 2096: 2076: 2072:Great Spirit 2068:Tuckabatchee 2057: 2014: 1998:Federal Road 1986: 1963: 1949: 1926:Havana, Cuba 1910:Indian agent 1899: 1891:West Florida 1862: 1836: 1787: 1757: 1724:Oconee River 1720:Tuckabatchee 1709: 1696: 1666:. He seized 1648:Thomas Brown 1575: 1560: 1551: 1539: 1517:Indian agent 1494: 1484: 1472: 1468: 1454: 1423: 1392: 1354: 1351:Emperor Brim 1304: 1287:of 1715–17. 1285:Yamassee War 1262: 1214:Charles Town 1187: 1183:trading post 1160: 1149: 1143: 1130: 1127:tustunnuggee 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1064:Tuckabatchee 1049: 1007:, along the 982: 980: 972:Tuckabatchee 889: 873: 854:the Americas 833:conquistador 818: 797: 758: 738:oral history 723: 703: 676: 586: 547: 524: 505: 489: 479:, but their 473:Yuchi people 458: 438:ethnogenesis 432:to form the 430:local tribes 407: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 303: 246:, and others 141:Ethnic group 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 18:Creek people 6497:Sac and Fox 6026:Stomp dance 5910:Tribal town 5821:Tukabatchee 4689:", p. 108, 4465:Creek Towns 4039:Fogelson ix 4003:February 7, 3965:Stomp dance 3864: 1781 3841: 1798 3828: 1700 3815: 1836 3811: 1765 3798: 1775 3722:reservation 3542:Mississippi 3045:Ceded Land 3036:Signed with 2854:matrilineal 2837:Stomp Dance 2758:Dawes Rolls 2712:Micco Hutko 2692:Confederacy 2629:Mississippi 2518:Flint River 2498:matrilineal 2401:War of 1812 2298:Major Ridge 2258:blockhouse. 2159:War of 1812 2021:Tenskwatawa 2002:New Orleans 1859:Tallahassee 1654:to contest 1618:Scots-Irish 1586:Chickamauga 1576:During the 1525:matrilineal 1465:Yamasee War 1450:Yamasee War 1265:James Moore 1173:Yamasee War 1154:matrilineal 1139:black drink 1005:Lower Towns 997:Tuckabutche 846:Mississippi 777:Coosa River 752:, Yamasee, 710:Mesoamerica 691:Pleistocene 668: 1000 574:War of 1812 550:Tenskwatawa 545:neighbors. 448:, with the 337:; English: 194:Mississippi 160:, c. 1820, 6753:Negro Fort 6702:Categories 6657:Potawatomi 6342:recognized 6103:Red Sticks 6062:Moundville 5905:Tallapoosa 5870:Miccosukee 5413:January 5, 5235:January 5, 5202:August 11, 5047:October 4, 5024:October 4, 4744:0803220162 4717:0807128678 4568:October 8, 4530:Walker 390 4310:B000J4W27Q 4286:0521660432 4256:0521660432 3998:census.gov 3972:References 3935:Fushatchee 3847:Tomochichi 3813: – c. 3518:Henry Knox 2737:emancipate 2666:See also: 2417:Negro Fort 2288:, and the 2221:(north of 2208:Duck River 2126:Red Sticks 1970:Ohio River 1955:Henry Knox 1832:George III 1804:Royal Navy 1740:cotton gin 1473:Cimarrones 1469:cimarrones 1335:Tallapoosa 1299:Tomochichi 1196:friars in 1194:Franciscan 1131:heles hayv 1056:Tallapoosa 966:(Chiaha), 868:See also: 732:in modern 728:along the 718:hereditary 648:Precontact 623:, and the 554:1811 comet 516:Moundville 454:Everglades 450:Miccosukee 436:. 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Reuters 5284:March 31, 5125:August 7, 3664:does not 3522:Creek War 2963:Muskogean 2696:Chickasaw 2553:Red Stick 2481:Creek War 2440:Pensacola 2385:Creek War 2282:Tennessee 2246:Fort Mims 2244:attacked 2231:Pensacola 2219:Fort Mims 2212:Nashville 2122:Creek War 2017:Creek War 1879:Chickasaw 1871:Miccosuki 1851:Miccosuki 1847:Seminoles 1808:Pensacola 1672:Loyalists 1608:, son of 1602:Coushatta 1598:Tennessee 1592:, in the 1457:Cowkeeper 1385:Yamacraw 1347:Coushatta 1327:Louisiana 1281:Apalachee 1096:Coushatta 1044:King site 976:Oakfuskee 892:Tennessee 769:chiefdoms 734:Tennessee 714:chiefdoms 687:megafauna 391:Tennessee 297:Seminoles 289:Coushatta 281:Chickasaw 263:peoples: 261:Muskogean 217:Languages 202:Tennessee 119:July 2024 6708:Muscogee 6632:Muscogee 6607:Delaware 6602:Comanche 6582:Cheyenne 6577:Cherokee 6502:Seminole 6437:Kickapoo 6432:Kialegee 6397:Comanche 6372:Cherokee 6332:Oklahoma 6011:Religion 5900:Sabacola 5890:Okfuskee 5880:Muscogee 5875:Muklassa 5865:Hitchiti 5859:Fowltown 5699:Archived 5687:Archived 5674:Archived 5525:July 11, 5495:Archived 5447:Archived 5226:Archived 5173:July 30, 5167:Archived 5085:Archived 4989:Archived 4683:Archived 4660:(4): 300 4626:Archived 4587:Archived 4508:Archived 4389:Archived 4372:25132315 4101:(2005). 4063:Omniglot 4024:Archived 3887:See also 3760:Estajoca 3536:and the 3500:— 2999:Treaties 2951:Language 2938:Clothing 2794:Okmulgee 2721:Fort Row 2651:— 2608:— 2588:and the 2514:Shelocta 2493:Hitchiti 2489:Loyalist 2483:and the 2369:Seminole 2360:— 2342:Wetumpka 2314:Cherokee 2310:Infantry 2261:— 2197:Tecumseh 2167:Tecumseh 2101:— 2064:Tecumseh 2025:Tecumseh 2000:linking 1990:Ocmulgee 1875:Cherokee 1816:Cherokee 1793:Maryland 1684:Savannah 1632:Hitchiti 1628:Loyalist 1614:Loyalist 1485:simanoli 1481:Hitchiti 1461:Seminole 1442:Muskogee 1426:Altamaha 1419:Savannah 1403:Yamacraw 1399:Savannah 1307:Cherokee 1295:Yamacraw 1271:against 1246:Hitchiti 1222:firearms 1212:founded 1210:Barbados 1202:missions 1029:Hitchiti 1013:Ocmulgee 968:Hitchiti 952:Tuskegee 932:Hitchiti 908:Muskogee 813:Herb Roe 566:Tecumseh 556:and the 508:Ocmulgee 446:Seminole 434:Seminole 418:Oklahoma 316:or just 306:Muscogee 293:Mascogos 234:Religion 223:Muscogee 206:Oklahoma 145:Muscogee 6682:Wyandot 6677:Wichita 6672:Shawnee 6612:Koasati 6597:Choctaw 6562:Arapaho 6557:Alabama 6532:Wichita 6522:Tonkawa 6512:Shawnee 6387:Choctaw 6040:History 6004:Culture 5990:Koasati 5975:Alabama 5952:Osceola 5919:Leaders 5854:Eufaula 5839:Alabama 5816:Kasihta 5387:May 11, 5091:May 15, 4750:May 26, 4068:May 30, 3851:Senauki 3685:removed 3670:sources 3569:Koasati 3538:removal 3042:Purpose 2989:English 2980:Mvskoke 2804:Culture 2594:Alabama 2520:at the 2409:maroons 2405:muskets 2320:on the 2306:militia 2286:Georgia 2210:, near 2165:leader 2163:Shawnee 2149:, 1837. 2083:Midwest 2062:leader 2060:Shawnee 1978:Georgia 1883:Choctaw 1828:Bahamas 1760:Choctaw 1676:Georgia 1668:Augusta 1656:Patriot 1621:Patriot 1582:British 1546:factors 1542:traders 1530:Mvskoke 1428:to the 1395:Georgia 1343:Alabama 1297:leader 1275:during 1258:Natchez 1157:kinship 1119:micalgi 1092:Alibamu 1088:Eufaula 1060:Alabama 1033:Sawokli 960:Cusseta 944:Alabama 940:Koasati 924:Alibamu 920:Koasati 914:to the 900:Alabama 896:Georgia 842:Alabama 838:Georgia 775:on the 761:Spanish 643:History 564:leader 562:Shawnee 410:removed 403:Florida 399:Georgia 395:Alabama 385:in the 333:in the 310:Mvskoke 285:Choctaw 277:Yamasee 269:Koasati 265:Alabama 210:Alabama 198:Florida 190:Georgia 186:Alabama 103:scholar 6667:Seneca 6662:Quapaw 6647:Pawnee 6642:Ottawa 6572:Cayuga 6492:Quapaw 6482:Peoria 6477:Pawnee 6472:Ottawa 6362:Apache 6344:tribes 6078:Chiaha 6057:Etowah 5942:Menawa 5885:Okchai 5811:Coweta 5806:Abihka 5589: 5478: 5360: 5121:. 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