33:
586:"It appears that de Martens did not think of international law as something different from, and in a sense above, diplomacy.… de Martens considered in his professional duty as a scholar and writer on international law to defend and back up the policies of his government at any price.… Obviously his motivation was overwhelmingly, if not exclusively, political and patriotic. Legal argument served him as a refined art to tender his pleas for Russian claims more impressive or more palatable. He was not really a man of law...."
409:
580:"The spirit of arbitration will be perverted more seriously if the neutral arbitrator does not possess the external and internal independence from his government, which, according to the conception of most countries of Western civilization, is an essential attrribute of judicial office. That independence de Martens certainly did not have, and it is difficult to see how he could have acquired it within the framework of the Tsarist regime and tradition."
791:
490:
570:. Nussbaum noted that they were invariably signed by de Martens as professor of international law at the University of St. Petersburg and as member of the Institut de Droit International. Martens did not mention his high position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The articles were thus only unrestrained briefs for various actions of the Russian government.
248:(13 volumes, 1874–1902). This collection, published in Russian and French in parallel columns, contains not only the texts of the treaties but valuable introductions dealing with the diplomatic conditions of which the treaties were the outcome. These introductions are based largely on unpublished documents from the Russian archives.
577:
arbitrators-judges with an ultimatum: either they agreed with a generally pro-British solution or
Martens, as umpire, would join the British arbitrators in a solution that would be even more against Venezuela. Nussbaum held that Mr Provost's account seemed "entirely credible in all essential parts" and concluded:
161:
559:
Nussbaum pointed out that
Martens gave an extensive meaning to the notion of "international administrative law," even including war in the field of international administration, and emphasized that the supreme principle of international administrative law was expediency. Nussbaum was very critical of
576:
Then, Nussbaum turned to
Martens's activities as arbitrator and found them "most conspicuous." In particular, Nussbaum referred to a memorandum of Venezuelan lawyer Severo Mellet Provost that had been made public posthumously. The memorandum made the claim that Martens had approached his fellow US
452:). His surname, Martens, is included in the Russian Heraldic Book No. 14, though it is uncertain if this entry relates to him or to another noble of the same name. His social advancement was the more remarkable, as it was exclusively based on his professional merits.
556:"Flagrant lack of objectivity and conscientiousness. The Tsars and Tsarinas invariably appear as pure representatives of peace, conciliation, moderation and justice, whereas the moral qualities of their non-Russian opponents leave much to be desired."
552:
Nussbaum set himself the task of analysing the 'writings and actions' of
Martens. First, he turned his attention to Martens' celebrated two-volume textbook and pointed out several pro-Russian gaps and biases in its historical part:
293:
In the delicate questions raised in some of these works
Martens stated his case with learning and ability, even when it was obvious that he was arguing as a special pleader. Martens was repeatedly chosen to act in
255:
is probably the best-known of his original works. It was written in
Russian, a German edition appearing in 1884–1885, and a French edition in 1883–1887. It displays much judgment and acumen, though some of the
351:– at the second conference. His visits to the chief capitals of Europe in the early part of 1907 were an important preliminary in the preparation of the programme. He was judge of the Russian supreme
1163:
400:, in which he argued that the best remedy for the ills of Russia would be the dissolution of that assembly and the election of another on a narrower franchise. He died suddenly in June 1909.
806:
689:"Martens was of Estonian ethnic origin, an issue thoroughly researched recently in Estonia on the basis of complicated church and orphanage records." Richard B. Bilder & W. E. Butler, "
888:
870:
166:"Professor Martens, Professor of International Law at the Saint Petersburg University, a permanent member of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has died according to the telegram at the
1168:
1178:
424:
Martens in publications since the early 1870s, this title might have been bestowed upon him either with one of the more distinguished
Russian Orders, or with the title of a
1173:
237:. These were the first of a long series of studies which won for their author a worldwide reputation, and raised the character of the Russian school of international
1153:
1138:
1183:
573:
For example, Nussbaum concluded that the 1874 article by
Martens on the Brussels conference, "It is purely apologetic and has nothing to do with law."
563:"Expanding the range of international administrative law meant, therefore, expanding the dominance of expediency – which is the very opposite of law."
1148:
199:
995:
811:
416:
The date and circumstances of
Martens' ennoblement are not clear. While it is undisputed that he called himself and was referred to as
1143:
549:, himself the author of a well-received history of the law of nations, published an article on Martens, which still "makes waves".
1093:
194:, where he successfully completed the full course of studies at a German high school and in 1863 entered the law faculty of
1133:
339:(August 1905) and prepared the way for the Russo-Japanese convention. He was employed in laying the foundations for the
514:
186:, Martens was later raised and educated as a German-speaker. He lost both parents at the age of nine and was sent to a
1074:
1123:
753:
532:
432:), or simply with his appointment as a full professor. He was never registered in the matriculae of the knightage of
1128:
595:
566:
Further, Nussbaum turned his attention to the other (publicist) writings of
Martens, mostly the ones published in
1158:
463:
309:
206:
in the university of St. Petersburg, and in 1872 professor of public law in the Imperial School of Law and the
260:
which it defends by no means command universal assent. More openly biased in character are such treatises as:
299:
121:
117:
1118:
1188:
1079:
653:
195:
852:
661:
942:
Nussbaum, Arthur (1952), "Frederic de Martens - Representative Tsarist Writer on International Law",
726:
505:
295:
335:
He played an important part in the negotiations between his own country and Japan, which led to the
329:
375:
371:
739:
715:
340:
179:
133:
1015:
665:
600:
317:
148:. As a scholar, he is probably best remembered today for having edited 15 volumes of Russian
145:
796:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
320:
in 1891. He was the presiding arbitrator in the arbitration of the boundary dispute between
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1108:
673:
359:
207:
8:
975:
336:
211:
57:
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1056:
1048:
737:
441:
246:
Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres
32:
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749:
677:
500:
387:
203:
129:
94:
1040:
1007:
619:
425:
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408:
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238:
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827:
348:
228:
352:
284:
160:
141:
815:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 786.
347:
at the first conference and president of the fourth committee – that on
298:. Among the controversies which he sat as judge or arbitrator were: the
1052:
656:(1756–1821) who was incidentally also an international lawyer, born in
472:
215:
961:
Our Martens: F.F. Martens, International Lawyer and Architect of Peace
1088:
996:"Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909) – A Humanist of Modern Times"
707:
392:
321:
313:
1044:
840:– via ЕНИП - ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА "НАУЧНОЕ НАСЛЕДИЕ РОССИИ".
170:
train station on June 7. The deceased was an Estonian by ethnicity."
1039:(4). American Society of International Law: 983–985. October 1909.
449:
445:
257:
187:
124:
6 June] 1909) was a diplomat and jurist in service of the
355:
established to determine cases arising during the war with Japan.
175:
53:
1164:
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
657:
461:
Friedrich Martens is featured as the main character in the novel
433:
386:
October 1901); he was also one of the runner-up nominees for the
225:
had appeared in 1869, and had been followed in 1873 by that upon
144:, notably the dispute between France and the United Kingdom over
976:"Friedrich von Martens: A Great International Lawyer from Pärnu"
963:". The original,"С пальмовой ветвью мира" was published in 1993.
363:
305:
234:
149:
890:
Traité de droit international traduit du russe par Alfred Lèo
872:
Traité de droit international traduit du russe par Alfred Lèo
854:
Traité de droit international traduit du russe par Alfred Lèo
383:
390:
in 1902. In April 1907, he addressed a remarkable letter to
397:
379:
233:, which had been translated into German and republished at
164:
Friedrich Martens' death notice, published on June 8, 1909
308:
and the United States – the first case determined by the
366:
October 1902 in connection with the tercentenary of the
316:– and the dispute between Great Britain and France over
140:) and helped to settle the first cases of international
568:
Revue de droit international et de législation comparée
931:. No. 36594. London. October 24, 1901. p. 3.
829:Современное международное право цивилизованных народов
412:
Friedrich Martens (circa 1900) on a 2014 Russian stamp
358:
He received honorary degrees from the universities of
210:. In 1874, he was selected special legal assistant to
1169:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian)
946:, vol. 22, pp. 51–66 – via HeinOnline
916:. No. 36893. London. October 8, 1902. p. 4.
1179:
Russian judges of international courts and tribunals
832:. СПб.: Тип. Министерства путей сообщения (А. Бенке)
624:Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс (Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens)
16:
Legal scholar, Imperial Russian diplomat (1845–1909)
1174:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
128:who made important contributions to the science of
893:. Vol. III. Paris: Librairie A. Marescq. Aine
875:. Vol. II. Paris: Librairie A. Marescq. Aine
198:. In 1868, he started his service at the Russian
1100:
1154:19th-century historians from the Russian Empire
660:. He was professor of international law at the
768:Estonian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973, (volume 5)
652:Friedrich Martens should not be confused with
545:In 1952, the German émigré scholar in the US,
1139:Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration
959:Vladimir Pustogarov. (English version 2000) "
120:15 August] 1845 – 19 June [
1184:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
244:First amongst them must be placed the great
993:
31:
668:(1808–13), and the representative of the
533:Learn how and when to remove this message
283:The African Conference of Berlin and the
1149:Delegates to the Hague Peace Conferences
994:Pustogarov, Vladimir V (June 30, 1996).
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1101:
714:) issue, image available in an online
510:undue weight given to just one critic.
253:International Law of Civilised Nations
1033:American Journal of International Law
1000:International Review of the Red Cross
973:
771:
695:American Journal of International Law
82:, Livonia Governorate, Russian Empire
944:Nordisk Tidsskrift International Ret
483:
223:The Right of Private Property in War
857:. Paris: Librairie A. Marescq. Aine
202:. In 1871, he became a lecturer in
174:Born to ethnic Estonian parents at
13:
455:
265:Russia and England in Central Asia
227:The Office of Consul and Consular
14:
1200:
1068:
826:Мартенс, Федер Федерович (1882).
738:Vladimir Vasilʹevich Pustogarov,
560:the application of that concept:
789:
664:(1783–89), a state councilor of
596:List of Russian legal historians
488:
1144:Diplomats of the Russian Empire
935:
920:
905:
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710:daily, page 3 of June 8, 1909 (
632:Frédéric Frommhold (de) Martens
132:. He represented Russia at the
1080:DE MARTENS HAS HOPE FOR RUSSIA
953:
819:
807:Martens, Frédéric Frommhold de
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700:
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613:
403:
396:on the position of the second
310:Permanent Court of Arbitration
114:Friedrich Fromhold von Martens
1:
865:– via Internet Archive.
693:by Jaan Kross", book review,
583:Finally, Nussbaum concluded:
136:(during which he drafted the
748:. Kluwer Law International.
691:Professor Martens' Departure
640:
479:
464:Professor Martens' Departure
440:) or one of the other three
343:. He was one of the Russian
271:Russia's Conflict with China
241:in all civilised countries.
155:
7:
967:
912:"University intelligence".
654:Georg Friedrich von Martens
589:
508:. The specific problem is:
471:, 1984) by Estonian author
200:ministry of foreign affairs
10:
1205:
1134:International law scholars
469:Professor Martensi ärasõit
296:international arbitrations
110:Friedrich Fromhold Martens
1012:10.1017/S0020860400089890
623:
438:Livländische Ritterschaft
208:Imperial Alexander Lyceum
196:St. Petersburg University
87:
68:
39:
30:
23:
1124:People from Kreis Pernau
1087:, June 10, 1907 Special
697:(1994), No. 4, page 864.
606:
330:Venezuela Crisis of 1895
1129:Estonian legal scholars
1031:"Frederic de Martens".
887:Martens, F. De (1887).
869:Martens, F. De (1886).
851:Martens, F. De (1883).
812:Encyclopædia Britannica
662:University of Göttingen
341:Hague Peace Conferences
134:Hague Peace Conferences
116:, (27 August [
1159:Russian legal scholars
974:Fleck, Dieter (2003).
740:William Elliott Butler
631:
413:
180:Governorate of Livonia
171:
150:international treaties
983:Baltic Defense Review
601:Russian legal history
444:(that is of Estonia,
411:
277:The Egyptian Question
163:
901:– via Gallica.
883:– via Gallica.
515:improve this section
504:to meet Knowledge's
1075:The Martens Society
1018:on October 14, 2012
678:Frankfurt upon Main
337:peace of Portsmouth
328:which followed the
58:Livonia Governorate
1189:Russian scientists
1084:The New York Times
442:Baltic knighthoods
428:(according to the
414:
172:
1119:People from Pärnu
927:"United States".
674:German Confederal
543:
542:
535:
506:quality standards
497:This section may
388:Nobel Peace Prize
345:plenipotentiaries
301:Pious Fund Affair
204:international law
130:international law
107:
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95:international law
93:Contributions to
25:Friedrich Martens
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1014:. Archived from
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1020:. Retrieved
1016:the original
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895:. Retrieved
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513:Please help
509:
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349:maritime law
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318:Newfoundland
300:
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229:Jurisdiction
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221:His book on
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146:Newfoundland
113:
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74:(1909-06-19)
18:
1114:1909 deaths
1109:1845 births
989:(2): 19–26.
954:Biographies
897:October 25,
879:October 25,
861:October 25,
836:October 25,
745:Our Martens
517:if you can.
404:Ennoblement
353:prize court
231:in the East
142:arbitration
1103:Categories
680:(1816–21).
666:Westphalia
473:Jaan Kross
304:, between
216:chancellor
46:1845-08-27
1089:Cablegram
1061:246010637
929:The Times
914:The Times
708:Postimees
641:Footnotes
523:July 2021
480:Criticism
393:The Times
376:Edinburgh
372:Cambridge
322:Venezuela
314:The Hague
258:doctrines
251:Martens'
156:Biography
968:Articles
742:(2000).
676:diet of
590:See also
499:require
446:Courland
188:Lutheran
1053:2186432
1022:June 1,
800::
672:in the
658:Hamburg
620:Russian
501:cleanup
434:Livonia
178:in the
1059:
1051:
794:
752:
628:French
364:D.C.L.
360:Oxford
306:Mexico
289:(1887)
279:(1882)
273:(1881)
267:(1879)
235:Berlin
1057:S2CID
1049:JSTOR
979:(PDF)
607:Notes
384:LL.D.
176:Pärnu
112:, or
54:Pärnu
1024:2012
899:2017
881:2017
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