4876:
5401:
5381:
5352:
5310:
5274:
5245:
5216:
5180:
5138:
5102:
5073:
5044:
5008:
4986:
4950:
4921:
4892:
5433:
4445:
3604:
1375:
they occur as allophones. These voiced fricatives are also relatively rare in indigenous languages of the
Americas. Overall, voicing contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than in plosives, being found only in about a third of the world's languages as compared to 60 percent for plosive voicing
1418:
as somewhat random noise caused by the turbulent airflow, upon which a periodic pattern is overlaid if voiced. Fricatives produced in the front of the mouth tend to have energy concentration at higher frequencies than ones produced in the back. The centre of gravity
1394:
of approximants. This phenomenon of unpaired voiced fricatives is scattered throughout the world, but is confined to nonsibilant fricatives with the exception of a couple of languages that have but lack . (Relatedly, several languages have the
323:
and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.
1336:. This number actually outstrips the number of all consonants in English (which has 24 consonants). By contrast, approximately 8.7% of the world's languages have no phonemic fricatives at all. This is a typical feature of
118:. When forming a sibilant, one still is forcing air through a narrow channel, but in addition, the tongue is curled lengthwise to direct the air over the edge of the teeth. English , , , and are examples of sibilants.
1383:, i.e. a voiced fricative without a voiceless counterpart. Two-thirds of these, or 10 percent of all languages, have unpaired voiced fricatives but no voicing contrast between any fricative pair.
1946:
1982:
1215:
1406:
but lack , and vice versa.) The fricatives that occur most often without a voiceless counterpart are – in order of ratio of unpaired occurrences to total occurrences – , , , and .
1245:
669:
at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the
1956:
1966:
1951:
688:
do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: . However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)
1936:
56:
1913:
1903:
1898:
5499:
4805:
2851:
2597:
2865:
2858:
2604:
1356:
unknown in indigenous
Australian languages, most of the other languages without true fricatives do have in their consonant inventory.
3079:
2837:
2583:
402:
1359:
Voicing contrasts in fricatives are largely confined to Europe, Africa, and
Western Asia. Languages of South and East Asia, such as
1848:
513:
4594:
2872:
2569:
376:
125:" is an older term for fricatives used by some American and European phoneticians and phonologists for non-sibilant fricatives. "
4767:
4697:
4633:
4556:
2844:
2590:
1511:
410:
5442:
4977:
4762:
4640:
4537:
4454:
3613:
3374:
3281:
1862:
1746:
1721:
1571:
529:
523:
4717:
4654:
4459:
3464:
3356:
3263:
2576:
503:
389:
4993:
4810:
4661:
4607:
4563:
3993:
3948:
3451:
3388:
3295:
2746:
2502:
546:
250:
145:
The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences
79:
close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the
5015:
4790:
4575:
4544:
3959:
3911:
3897:
3839:
3825:
3473:
3381:
3288:
1893:
617:
535:
493:
481:
471:
415:
5492:
5064:
4739:
4724:
4504:
3973:
3491:
3402:
3363:
3309:
3270:
3027:
1696:
1675:
1521:
732:
563:
508:
445:
188:
311:) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed,
5236:
4490:
3966:
3618:
3545:
3482:
3395:
3302:
2809:
2753:
2718:
2509:
2474:
728:
552:
363:
256:
222:
208:
6156:
5749:
5523:
5301:
5080:
5035:
4600:
4582:
3527:
2795:
2551:
1857:
1337:
1333:
631:
498:
420:
343:
38:
731:", but it is actually an approximant. True doubly articulated fricatives may not occur in any language; but see
720:, fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as
601:(, a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa (such as
5722:
5252:
5207:
5093:
4510:
4449:
4444:
3876:
3804:
3608:
3603:
3409:
3316:
2962:
2921:
2657:
2324:
1371:, typically do not have such voiced fricatives as and , which are familiar to many European speakers. In some
743:
Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as
654:
569:
456:
193:
6161:
5717:
5265:
5051:
4912:
4518:
4400:
4260:
4228:
3552:
2816:
2732:
2725:
2488:
2481:
2310:
1401:
1396:
368:
262:
236:
214:
5729:
5712:
5704:
5485:
5372:
5223:
5109:
4800:
4496:
4391:
4380:
4292:
3904:
3832:
3534:
2992:
2802:
2781:
2704:
2558:
2537:
2460:
1941:
1841:
1821:
353:
333:
158:
1476:
1329:
1311:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1277:
1272:
1252:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
989:
982:
977:
969:
961:
955:
950:
944:
938:
933:
929:
924:
851:
843:
835:
815:
811:
807:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
760:
756:
627:
613:
407:
399:
386:
373:
52:
48:
5744:
5739:
5281:
4928:
4883:
4613:
4407:
3890:
3869:
3818:
3561:
2979:
2935:
2928:
2879:
2671:
2664:
2615:
2360:
2331:
2180:
2009:
697:
659:
461:
425:
6009:
5734:
5437:
5432:
5343:
4941:
4524:
4421:
4343:
3221:
3114:
3001:
2907:
2823:
2739:
2643:
2495:
2342:
2317:
2296:
850:, appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when
644:
276:
17:
5656:
5601:
5392:
5129:
4899:
4795:
4414:
4334:
4323:
3925:
3883:
3853:
3811:
3185:
2893:
2788:
2711:
2629:
2544:
2467:
2374:
2225:
2196:
1399:
435:
338:
178:
168:
751:
are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants. However, phonemically
5767:
5586:
5519:
5359:
5171:
4957:
4472:
4350:
3918:
3846:
3570:
3167:
3141:
3090:
3010:
2942:
2886:
2622:
2402:
2367:
2207:
2187:
2166:
1456:
706:
430:
1427:), may be used to determine the place of articulation of a fricative relative to that of another.
5970:
5965:
5876:
5408:
5321:
5145:
4364:
3760:
3228:
3061:
3052:
3035:
2914:
2830:
2650:
2388:
2349:
2303:
2239:
1834:
1624:
Guillaume
Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi,
649:
319:, and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are
1653:". In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.)
5987:
5797:
5596:
5571:
5515:
5187:
4357:
4121:
4059:
3751:
3740:
3685:
3207:
3192:
3072:
2900:
2636:
2381:
2267:
2232:
2123:
2108:
2092:
1368:
772:
768:
717:
440:
300:
183:
72:
34:
1475:
There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. ⟨
5576:
5553:
5531:
4183:
4110:
4090:
4048:
4028:
3767:
3664:
3174:
3148:
3123:
3097:
2409:
2253:
2214:
2173:
2103:
2064:
1908:
1345:
800:
130:
76:
6014:
5977:
5689:
4646:
4172:
4152:
4130:
4068:
3781:
3720:
3043:
2395:
2246:
2148:
681:
1826:
8:
6085:
5955:
5932:
5681:
5634:
5606:
5447:
4710:
4314:
4201:
4192:
4101:
4039:
3788:
3774:
3692:
3214:
2274:
2128:
2085:
1666:
Maddieson, Ian. "Voicing in
Plosives and Fricatives", in Martin Haspelmath et al. (eds.)
1372:
1352:
and South
America that have especially small numbers of consonants. However, whereas is
752:
712:
In many languages, such as
English or Korean, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied
674:
320:
308:
270:
5950:
5783:
5591:
5548:
4733:
4163:
3729:
3678:
3657:
2416:
2260:
2118:
2098:
2052:
1803:
1537:
685:
670:
296:
6072:
6029:
5906:
5871:
5694:
5661:
5629:
5563:
5158:
4689:
4084:
3935:
3699:
3626:
3240:
2153:
2133:
2075:
1961:
1807:
1742:
1717:
1692:
1671:
1567:
1517:
1451:
1423:), i.e. the average frequency in a spectrum weighted by the amplitude (also known as
1341:
1027:
847:
788:
312:
304:
288:
199:
6097:
6090:
5945:
5901:
5896:
5759:
5671:
5648:
5624:
5581:
5540:
4968:
4022:
3713:
3671:
2143:
2113:
2080:
2070:
1795:
1441:
1360:
1349:
839:
744:
721:
591:
467:
with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.
316:
292:
266:
134:
6062:
5960:
5940:
5881:
5849:
5666:
5292:
5026:
4483:
4013:
3706:
3135:
2138:
2004:
1709:
1541:
1503:
1364:
764:
580:
556:
226:
84:
1599:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic
Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
6034:
5198:
1446:
1325:
602:
517:
98:
1799:
6150:
6120:
6080:
6057:
6024:
5997:
4857:
4374:
4216:
3630:
1507:
606:
94:
6130:
6049:
6039:
6019:
4703:
2425:
827:
776:
666:
621:
585:
475:
6135:
6125:
6115:
6002:
5859:
5455:
4869:
4852:
4626:
4146:
2950:
2019:
1997:
1657:. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
597:
539:
80:
1770:. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University.
1763:
638:
5918:
5334:
4862:
2160:
2014:
1328:
may have been the language with the most fricatives (29 not including
6107:
5913:
5864:
5819:
5806:
5120:
3796:
2438:
2042:
1786:
1436:
1415:
1391:
1386:
This phenomenon occurs because voiced fricatives have developed from
1332:), some of which did not have dedicated symbols or diacritics in the
748:
713:
284:
69:
5841:
5829:
5426:
4757:
4679:
4673:
4438:
3597:
2435:
1387:
1086:
146:
115:
103:
44:
1764:"Measuring acoustic correlates of voicing in stops and fricatives"
1714:
The Sounds of
Language: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1566:. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 36.
5814:
4530:
3734:
2290:
1992:
831:
5477:
1650:
5854:
4833:
1987:
1340:, where the few fricatives that exist result from changes to
1768:
VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on His 70th Birthday
129:" could mean just "sibilant", but some authors include also
75:
by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two
1856:
89:
27:
Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel
1379:
About 15 percent of the world's languages, however, have
854:
occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.
677:
may be added to specify an approximant realization, .
639:
IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants
3635:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1670:, pp. 26–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
452:
The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,
121:
The usage of two other terms is less standardized: "
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
803:, which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives:
735:for a putative (and rather controversial) example.
1502:
1348:, but also occurs in some indigenous languages of
327:
1788:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1741:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 162–3.
6148:
716:states of the glottis, without any accompanying
634:(a laterally lisped or ) (Modern South Arabian)
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
767:; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few
5493:
4806:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1842:
1655:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
5617:
5500:
5486:
1849:
1835:
665:No language distinguishes fricatives from
114:A particular subset of fricatives are the
1904:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
403:voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
93:); or the side of the tongue against the
514:voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative
229:, partially palatalized), as in English
1736:
821:
738:
377:voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative
239:(domed, partially palatalized), as the
14:
6149:
2074:
1785:
1668:The World Atlas of Language Structures
1612:
411:voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
5481:
4831:
4313:
4012:
3728:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2040:
1875:
1830:
1708:
1561:
530:voiceless retroflex lateral fricative
524:voiced postalveolar lateral fricative
487:
4842:
4783:
4476:
3686:
3647:
2056:
1761:
1691:. Cambridge University Press, 1984.
1564:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
1498:
1496:
759:contrasts with a tense, unaspirated
691:
575:The lateral fricative occurs as the
504:voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
390:voiced dental non-sibilant fricative
107:). This turbulent airflow is called
47:. For the distinction between ,
4811:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3665:
3625:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1513:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1479:⟩ are not IPA transcription.
727:In addition, is usually called a "
547:voiceless palatal lateral fricative
205:voiced predorsal sibilant (laminal)
24:
3721:
1894:International Phonetic Association
618:voiceless lateral-median fricative
536:Voiced retroflex lateral fricative
494:voiceless dental lateral fricative
472:voiceless velopharyngeal fricative
416:Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
251:voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
223:voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
25:
6173:
5407:
5391:
5371:
5358:
5342:
5320:
5300:
5280:
5264:
5251:
5235:
5222:
5206:
5186:
5170:
5157:
5144:
5128:
5108:
5092:
5079:
5063:
5050:
5034:
5014:
4992:
4976:
4956:
4940:
4927:
4911:
4898:
4882:
4738:
4723:
4716:
4696:
4672:
4660:
4653:
4639:
4632:
4606:
4593:
4581:
4574:
4562:
4555:
4543:
4536:
4517:
4503:
4489:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4390:
4379:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4322:
4291:
4259:
4227:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4171:
4162:
4151:
4129:
4120:
4109:
4100:
4089:
4067:
4058:
4047:
4038:
4027:
3992:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3947:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3750:
3739:
3693:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3450:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3362:
3355:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3269:
3262:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3191:
3184:
3173:
3166:
3147:
3140:
3122:
3113:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3026:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2978:
2961:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2149:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1815:
1601:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
1493:
733:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
707:breathy-voiced glottal transition
564:voiceless velar lateral fricative
509:voiced alveolar lateral fricative
446:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
202:, with tongue tip at lower teeth)
5507:
5431:
5399:
5379:
5350:
5308:
5272:
5243:
5214:
5178:
5136:
5100:
5071:
5042:
5006:
4984:
4948:
4919:
4890:
4874:
4443:
3679:
3658:
3602:
1947:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1716:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 129.
729:voiceless labial-velar fricative
673:to the letters, . Likewise, the
553:voiced palatal lateral fricative
364:voiceless linguolabial fricative
5524:International Phonetic Alphabet
3700:
1858:International Phonetic Alphabet
1755:
1739:Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics
1730:
1702:
1681:
1660:
1643:
1338:Australian Aboriginal languages
632:voiced lateral-median fricative
499:voiced dental lateral fricative
482:voiced velopharyngeal fricative
421:Voiced alveolar fricative trill
344:voiceless labiodental fricative
328:Central non-sibilant fricatives
257:voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
237:voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
209:voiceless postalveolar sibilant
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
4791:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3714:
3672:
2041:
1967:IPA chart for English dialects
1876:
1766:. In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.).
1631:
1618:
1606:
1593:
1588:Exploring the Spanish Language
1580:
1555:
1530:
1469:
655:voiceless pharyngeal fricative
570:voiced velar lateral fricative
457:voiceless epiglottal fricative
198:voiceless predorsal sibilant (
13:
1:
3707:
1486:
1319:
747:("plain") fricatives. Other
369:voiced linguolabial fricative
101:(appearing twice in the name
4801:Voiceless bidental fricative
1909:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1651:Absence of Common Consonants
1637:Laver (1994: 255–256)
1409:
1267:
1243:
1213:
1165:
1083:
1025:
919:
698:voiceless glottal transition
354:voiced labiodental fricative
334:voiceless bilabial fricative
263:voiceless retroflex sibilant
215:voiced postalveolar sibilant
152:
7:
2010:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1430:
660:voiced pharyngeal fricative
624:or ) (Modern South Arabian)
462:voiced epiglottal fricative
426:voiceless palatal fricative
10:
6178:
4832:
1778:
1381:unpaired voiced fricatives
645:voiceless uvular fricative
159:voiceless coronal sibilant
6106:
6071:
6048:
5986:
5931:
5892:
5840:
5805:
5796:
5776:
5758:
5703:
5680:
5647:
5562:
5539:
5530:
5513:
5333:
5291:
5197:
5119:
5025:
4967:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4840:
4827:
4796:Nasal palatal approximant
4473:Co-articulated consonants
4373:
4318:
4281:
4249:
4214:
4145:
4083:
4021:
3982:
3934:
3862:
3795:
3733:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3506:
3428:
3335:
3239:
3134:
3034:
2949:
2776:
2680:
2532:
2434:
2289:
2159:
2091:
2063:
2049:
2036:
1975:
1929:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1800:10.1017/S0025100300004448
1538:"Definition of Frication"
1258:
1249:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1169:
1162:
1090:
1080:
928:
923:
787:), and in the (central?)
775:, in the Siouan language
436:voiceless velar fricative
339:voiced bilabial fricative
277:voiced retroflex sibilant
189:voiceless apical sibilant
179:voiceless dental sibilant
137:fricatives in the class.
1762:Kiss, Zoltán G. (2013).
1462:
1457:List of phonetics topics
431:voiced palatal fricative
140:
87:(the final consonant of
3645:Non-pulmonic consonants
2777:Non-sibilant fricative
2533:Non-sibilant affricate
1899:History of the alphabet
1737:Johnson, Keith (2012).
1649:Maddieson, Ian. 2008. "
1639:Principles of Phonetics
650:voiced uvular fricative
448:(articulation disputed)
169:voiced coronal sibilant
35:phonetic transcriptions
6157:Manner of articulation
5516:Articulatory phonetics
1957:Sinological extensions
1369:Austronesian languages
1324:Until its extinction,
773:Oto-Manguean languages
769:Sino-Tibetan languages
755:fricatives are rare.
441:voiced velar fricative
259:(laminal, palatalized)
253:(laminal, palatalized)
194:voiced apical sibilant
184:voiced dental sibilant
32:This article contains
5690:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1822:Fricatives in English
1516:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1414:Fricatives appear in
921:central non-sibilant
830:fricatives are rare.
799:). The record may be
609:), and in Mongolian.
474:(often occurs with a
279:(apical or subapical)
6162:Fricative consonants
6015:Labio-palatalization
3429:Lateral approximant
1269:nasalized fricative
822:Nasalized fricatives
739:Aspirated fricatives
682:bilabial approximant
5705:Double articulation
2053:Pulmonic consonants
1710:Zsiga, Elizabeth C.
1562:Lodge, Ken (2009).
1373:Dravidian languages
860:
859:Types of fricative
3983:Lateral fricative
3629:, to the left are
3336:Lateral fricative
2124:Postalveolar
2109:Linguolabial
1952:Naming conventions
1915:Journal of the IPA
1689:Patterns of Sounds
858:
686:dental approximant
488:Lateral fricatives
6144:
6143:
6030:Pharyngealization
5927:
5926:
5792:
5791:
5750:Uvular–epiglottal
5643:
5642:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5418:
5417:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4776:
4775:
4601:Uvular–epiglottal
4468:
4467:
4430:
4429:
3641:
3640:
3589:
3588:
3507:Lateral tap/flap
2104:Labiodental
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
1962:World Orthography
1748:978-1-4051-9466-2
1723:978-1-4051-9103-6
1603:, 2nd ed., p 695.
1573:978-0-8264-8873-2
1452:Laminal consonant
1317:
1316:
1150:
1136:
1071:
1063:
1028:lateral fricative
994:
987:
974:
966:
848:Coatzospan Mixtec
838:and Kwangali and
789:Chumash languages
692:Pseudo-fricatives
97:, in the case of
16:(Redirected from
6169:
6098:Voice onset time
5803:
5802:
5723:Labial–retroflex
5615:
5614:
5537:
5536:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5479:
5478:
5459:
5435:
5412:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5383:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5325:
5324:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5285:
5284:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5019:
5018:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4877:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4829:
4828:
4781:
4780:
4742:
4727:
4720:
4700:
4676:
4664:
4657:
4643:
4636:
4610:
4597:
4585:
4578:
4569:Labial–retroflex
4566:
4559:
4547:
4540:
4521:
4511:Labial–retroflex
4507:
4493:
4477:
4447:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4383:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4326:
4297:
4265:
4233:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4177:
4168:
4157:
4135:
4126:
4115:
4106:
4095:
4073:
4064:
4053:
4044:
4033:
4019:bottom: uvular)
3996:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3951:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3743:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3636:
3606:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3537:
3530:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3454:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3366:
3359:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3170:
3151:
3144:
3126:
3117:
3100:
3093:
3082:
3075:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3030:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2982:
2965:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2428:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2352:
2345:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2217:
2210:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2038:
2037:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1810:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1706:
1700:
1687:Maddieson, Ian.
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1586:Pountain (2014)
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1504:Ladefoged, Peter
1500:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1442:Apical consonant
1405:
1397:voiced affricate
1361:Mandarin Chinese
1331:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1254:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1167:apical sibilant
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
992:
991:
985:
984:
979:
972:
971:
967:
964:
963:
957:
952:
947:
946:
940:
935:
931:
926:
861:
857:
853:
845:
837:
817:
813:
809:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
762:
758:
700:, as in English
629:
622:laterally lisped
615:
409:
401:
392:, as in English
388:
379:, as in English
375:
356:, as in English
346:, as in English
171:, as in English
161:, as in English
54:
50:
21:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6102:
6067:
6044:
5989:
5982:
5923:
5888:
5836:
5788:
5772:
5754:
5718:Labial–alveolar
5699:
5676:
5657:Alveolo-palatal
5639:
5613:
5602:Palato-alveolar
5558:
5526:
5520:Co-articulation
5509:
5506:
5476:
5467:
5457:
5456:unrounded
5452:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5341:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5299:
5287:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5205:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5033:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4836:
4815:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:Labial–alveolar
4743:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4701:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4550:Labial–alveolar
4548:
4541:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4497:Labial–alveolar
4494:
4486:
4469:
4464:
4294:
4262:
4250:Voiced lateral
4230:
4205:
4194:
4185:
4174:
4165:
4154:
4132:
4123:
4112:
4103:
4092:
4070:
4061:
4050:
4041:
4030:
4018:
4016:
3634:
3623:
2129:Retroflex
2045:
2024:
1983:ASCII encodings
1971:
1925:
1878:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1818:
1813:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1707:
1703:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:121.9:1518-1538
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1542:Merriam-Webster
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1433:
1412:
1390:of plosives or
1322:
1216:fricative trill
1205:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1098:
1065:
1057:
1046:
1019:
1000:
988:
968:
960:
943:
932:
912:
901:
896:
888:
880:
875:
870:
856:
840:Souletin Basque
824:
741:
694:
641:
555:(allophonic in
545:or or extIPA
490:
330:
155:
143:
83:in the case of
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6077:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6035:Glottalization
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Palatalization
6007:
6006:
6005:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5768:Velopharyngeal
5764:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Labial–palatal
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5713:Labial–coronal
5709:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5587:Denti-alveolar
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5398:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5249:
5242:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5177:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5142:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4990:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4678:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4647:Labial–palatal
4645:
4638:
4631:
4630:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4516:
4515:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4282:Nasal lateral
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3007:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Bilabial
2096:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1930:Special topics
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:External links
1814:
1812:
1811:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1754:
1747:
1729:
1722:
1701:
1680:
1659:
1642:
1630:
1617:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1572:
1554:
1529:
1522:
1508:Maddieson, Ian
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Hush consonant
1444:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1411:
1408:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1246:fricative flap
1242:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1119:
1108:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1004:
995:
980:
975:
958:
953:
948:
941:
936:
927:
922:
918:
917:
914:
909:
906:
903:
898:
893:
890:
885:
882:
877:
872:
867:
864:
823:
820:
740:
737:
710:
709:
704:
693:
690:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
640:
637:
636:
635:
625:
573:
572:
566:
560:
549:
543:
532:
526:
521:
511:
506:
501:
496:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
465:
464:
459:
450:
449:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
405:
397:
384:
371:
366:
361:
351:
341:
336:
329:
326:
281:
280:
274:
260:
254:
248:
234:
220:
219:
218:
212:
206:
203:
196:
191:
186:
181:
166:
154:
151:
142:
139:
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6174:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Uvularization
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5998:Labialization
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:Coronal–velar
5743:
5741:
5740:Labial–uvular
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5503:
5498:
5496:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5462:
5461:
5460: rounded
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5410:
5394:
5387:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5345:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5316:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5267:
5260:
5254:
5238:
5231:
5225:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5147:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5037:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4979:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4959:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4885:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4741:
4735:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4656:
4648:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4614:Labial–uvular
4609:
4602:
4596:
4584:
4577:
4565:
4558:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Case variants
1940:
1938:
1937:Cursive forms
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1697:0-521-26536-3
1694:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1676:0-19-925591-1
1673:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1523:0-631-19815-6
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1425:spectral mean
1422:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1153:
1120:
1109:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1056:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1015:
1010:
1005:
996:
981:
976:
959:
954:
949:
942:
937:
920:
915:
910:
907:
904:
899:
894:
891:
886:
883:
878:
873:
868:
865:
863:
862:
855:
849:
841:
833:
829:
826:Phonemically
819:
802:
790:
778:
774:
770:
766:
754:
750:
746:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
708:
705:
703:
699:
696:
695:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
633:
626:
623:
619:
612:
611:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
578:
571:
567:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
531:
527:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
483:
480:
477:
473:
470:
469:
468:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
406:
404:
398:
395:
391:
385:
382:
378:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:, but may be
290:
286:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:in English vi
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
156:
150:
148:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
6050:Tongue shape
6040:Nasalization
6020:Velarization
5990:articulation
5824:
5760:Pathological
5735:Labial–velar
5618:Active place
5597:Postalveolar
5572:Linguolabial
5508:Articulation
5453:
4730:Labial–velar
4680:
4667:Labial–velar
4622:
4588:Labial–velar
4525:Labial–velar
4471:
4017:(top: velar;
3863:
3644:
3624:
2682:
2051:
1918:
1914:
1794:(2): 91–93,
1791:
1787:
1767:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1713:
1704:
1688:
1683:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1613:Laufer (1991
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1532:
1512:
1471:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1358:
1353:
1346:approximants
1323:
945:θ̟ð̟(θ̪͆ð̪͆)
825:
801:Cone Tibetan
742:
726:
711:
701:
679:
667:approximants
664:
596:
590:
584:
576:
574:
476:cleft palate
466:
451:
393:
380:
357:
347:
301:postalveolar
282:
244:
240:
230:
172:
162:
144:
126:
122:
120:
113:
108:
102:
88:
77:articulators
65:
63:
51:and ⟨
33:
5860:Approximant
5577:Interdental
5554:Labiodental
4692:approximant
4627:approximant
2951:Approximant
2020:IPA Braille
1998:Kirshenbaum
1376:contrasts.
598:Machynlleth
568:or extIPA
562:or extIPA
551:or extIPA
534:or extIPA
528:or extIPA
131:labiodental
81:soft palate
6151:Categories
5988:Secondary
5978:Percussive
5946:Ingressive
5919:Continuant
5443:full chart
4969:Near-close
4763:full chart
4685:(variable)
4455:full chart
3938:affricate
3614:full chart
3243:affricate
2043:Consonants
2015:IPA number
1877:IPA topics
1487:References
1367:, and the
1350:New Guinea
1320:Occurrence
771:, in some
749:phonations
18:Frickative
6108:Phonation
6086:Aspirated
6081:Voiceless
5956:Implosive
5941:Egressive
5933:Airstream
5914:Occlusive
5865:Semivowel
5825:Fricative
5820:Affricate
5807:Obstruent
5682:Laryngeal
5635:Subapical
5607:Retroflex
5293:Near-open
5027:Close-mid
4711:Implosive
4704:Velarized
4623:Fricative
4375:Voiceless
4315:Implosive
3864:Fricative
3797:Affricate
3631:voiceless
2683:fricative
2681:Sibilant
2439:affricate
2086:Laryngeal
1976:Encodings
1808:145231104
1437:Affricate
1416:waveforms
1410:Acoustics
1392:fortition
1062:(laminal)
986:(laminal)
965:(laminal)
902:retroflex
828:nasalized
753:aspirated
714:phonation
630:or and
616:or and
321:subapical
309:retroflex
285:sibilants
271:subapical
217:(laminal)
211:(laminal)
153:Sibilants
116:sibilants
109:frication
70:consonant
66:fricative
6003:Rounding
5971:Ejective
5966:Pulmonic
5951:Ejective
5877:Tap/flap
5842:Sonorant
5830:Sibilant
5784:Bidental
5592:Alveolar
5549:Bilabial
5454:Legend:
5448:template
5427:IPA help
5199:Open-mid
4768:template
4758:IPA help
4734:Ejective
4706:alveolar
4460:template
4439:IPA help
3730:Ejective
3619:template
3598:IPA help
3036:Tap/flap
2436:Sibilant
2119:Alveolar
1712:(2013).
1510:(1996).
1431:See also
1388:lenition
1354:entirely
1342:plosives
1149:(closed)
1087:sibilant
1085:laminal
1070:(apical)
993:(apical)
973:(apical)
916:glottal
900:palatal/
897:alveolar
892:alveolar
889:alveolar
866:bilabial
852:/fvszʃʒ/
675:downtack
592:Llewelyn
583:, as in
297:alveolar
147:friction
127:Strident
104:Llanelli
73:produced
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
6121:Breathy
5907:Lateral
5872:Vibrant
5815:Plosive
5695:Glottal
5662:Palatal
5630:Laminal
5564:Coronal
5458:•
4858:Central
4690:Lateral
4531:Plosive
4319:Voiced
4217:lateral
4215:Tenuis
4206:
3936:Lateral
3241:Lateral
2291:Plosive
2154:Glottal
2134:Palatal
2076:Coronal
1993:X-SAMPA
1779:Sources
1590:, p. 18
1135:(domed)
978:ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔
911:pharyn-
874:linguo-
832:Umbundu
722:Finnish
313:laminal
305:palatal
289:coronal
200:laminal
123:Spirant
37:in the
6131:Creaky
6091:Tenuis
6058:Sulcal
5902:Rhotic
5897:Liquid
5798:Manner
5672:Uvular
5649:Dorsal
5625:Apical
5582:Dental
5541:Labial
5436:
4834:Vowels
4683:-sound
4448:
4085:Voiced
4023:Tenuis
3627:voiced
3607:
2598:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2144:Uvular
2114:Dental
2093:Manner
2081:Dorsal
2071:Labial
1806:
1745:
1720:
1695:
1674:
1626:Lingua
1570:
1547:27 May
1520:
1477:s̄ ṣ ŝ
1365:Korean
1190:s̺̠z̺̠
1173:s̺̪z̺̪
1126:s̻̠z̻̠
1117:s͇ʰz͇ʱ
1094:s̻̪z̻̪
908:uvular
887:denti-
884:dental
881:dental
879:inter-
876:labial
871:dental
869:labio-
814:, and
765:Korean
757:/s~sʰ/
745:tenuis
718:manner
671:uptack
595:, and
557:Jebero
317:apical
293:dental
267:apical
135:uvular
95:molars
85:German
53:
6136:Stiff
6126:Slack
6116:Modal
6073:Voice
6063:Domed
5961:Click
5882:Trill
5855:Vowel
5850:Nasal
5777:Other
5667:Velar
5532:Place
5438:audio
4870:Close
4853:Front
4784:Other
4718:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4484:Nasal
4450:audio
4147:Nasal
4014:Click
3609:audio
3136:Trill
2605:d̠ɹ̠˔
2161:Nasal
2139:Velar
2065:Place
1988:SAMPA
1863:chart
1804:S2CID
1463:Notes
1404:]
1400:[
1326:Ubykh
1253:ɾ̞̊ɾ̞
1232:ʀ̝̊ʀ̝
1223:r̝̊r̝
1199:ʃʰ ʒʱ
990:ɻ̝̊ɻ̝
970:ɹ̝̊ɹ̝
905:velar
895:post-
846:. In
842:have
680:(The
603:Xhosa
586:Lloyd
581:Welsh
518:Mehri
315:, or
303:, or
227:domed
141:Types
99:Welsh
68:is a
41:(IPA)
5335:Open
4863:Back
4740:t͡pʼ
3974:q𝼄ʼ
3967:k𝼄ʼ
3960:c𝼆ʼ
3826:t̠ʃʼ
3812:t̪θʼ
3805:p̪fʼ
3735:Stop
3186:ɽ̊r̥
2852:ɹ̠̊˔
2584:tɹ̝̊
2005:TIPA
1919:JIPA
1743:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1615::91)
1568:ISBN
1549:2021
1518:ISBN
1299:ʃ̃ʒ̃
1294:s̃z̃
1287:θ̃ð̃
1273:ɸ̃β̃
1207:ʂʰʐʱ
1196:ʃ̺ʒ̺
1180:s̺z̺
1159:ɕʰʑʱ
1132:ʃ̻ʒ̻
1122:s̠z̠
1112:s͇z͇
1104:s̟z̟
1100:s̄z̄
1075:𝼄ʟ̝
1059:𝼆ʎ̝
1053:ɬ̠ɮ̠
1048:ɬʰɮʱ
1037:ɬ̪ɮ̪
1012:ħ̝ʕ̝
1007:χ̝ʁ̝
1002:xʰɣʱ
962:θ͇ð͇
956:θ̠ð̠
939:θ̼ð̼
934:fʰvʱ
913:geal
844:/h̃/
834:has
816:/xʰ/
812:/ʂʰ/
808:/ɕʰ/
805:/sʰ/
797:/ʃʰ/
795:and
793:/sʰ/
785:/fʰ/
783:and
781:/sʰ/
761:/s͈/
684:and
607:Zulu
605:and
538:(in
287:are
283:All
133:and
90:Bach
5121:Mid
4725:ɠ͡ɓ
4608:q͡p
4595:q͡ʡ
4583:ɡ͡b
4576:k͡p
4564:ɖ͡b
4557:ʈ͡p
4545:d͡b
4538:t͡p
4519:ŋ͡m
4505:ɳ͡m
4491:n͡m
4186:ɴ𝼊
4184:ŋ𝼊
4124:ɢ𝼊
4122:ɡ𝼊
4062:q𝼊
4060:k𝼊
3949:tɬʼ
3854:qχʼ
3847:kxʼ
3840:tɕʼ
3833:tʂʼ
3819:tsʼ
3546:𝼈̥
3317:ɡʟ̝
3310:k𝼄
3303:ɟʎ̝
3296:c𝼆
3289:d𝼅
2866:ɻ̊˔
2859:ɹ̠˔
2591:dɹ̝
2577:d̪ð
2570:t̪θ
2559:b̪v
2552:p̪f
2482:d̠ʒ
2475:t̠ʃ
1887:IPA
1796:doi
1421:CoG
1344:or
1334:IPA
1330:/h/
1278:f̃ṽ
1067:ꞎɭ˔
836:/ṽ/
777:Ofo
763:in
702:hat
620:(a
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383:ing
360:ine
350:ine
269:or
175:ip
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5522:–
5518:–
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5172:ɤ̞
5146:ø̞
5130:e̞
4681:Sj
4634:ɥ̊
4422:ʛ̥
4415:ɠ̊
4408:ʄ̊
4401:ᶑ̊
4392:ɗ̥
4381:ɓ̥
4295:ɴǁ
4293:ŋǁ
4263:ɢǁ
4261:ɡǁ
4231:qǁ
4229:kǁ
4195:ɴǂ
4193:ŋǂ
4175:ɴǃ
4173:ŋǃ
4166:ɴǀ
4164:ŋǀ
4155:ɴʘ
4153:ŋʘ
4133:ɢǂ
4131:ɡǂ
4113:ɢǃ
4111:ɡǃ
4104:ɢǀ
4102:ɡǀ
4093:ɢʘ
4091:ɡʘ
4071:qǂ
4069:kǂ
4051:qǃ
4049:kǃ
4042:qǀ
4040:kǀ
4031:qʘ
4029:kʘ
3994:ɬʼ
3926:χʼ
3919:xʼ
3912:ɕʼ
3905:ʂʼ
3898:ʃʼ
3891:sʼ
3884:θʼ
3877:fʼ
3870:ɸʼ
3789:ʡʼ
3782:qʼ
3775:kʼ
3768:cʼ
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3741:pʼ
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3694:RF
3687:PA
3666:LD
3659:BL
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3571:ʟ̆
3562:ʎ̆
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3528:ɺ̥
3492:ʟ̠
3410:ʟ̝
3403:𝼄
3396:ʎ̝
3389:𝼆
3382:𝼅
3282:tꞎ
3271:dɮ
3264:tɬ
3208:ʀ̥
3193:ɽr
3168:r̥
3142:ʙ̥
3124:ʡ̆
3115:ɢ̆
3091:ɽ̊
3073:ɾ̥
3062:ɾ̼
3044:ⱱ̟
3028:ʔ̞
2873:ɻ˔
2845:ð̠
2838:θ̠
2817:ð̼
2810:θ̼
2672:ʔh
2665:ʡʢ
2658:ʡʜ
2651:ɢʁ
2644:qχ
2637:ɡɣ
2630:kx
2623:ɟʝ
2616:cç
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2538:pɸ
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2503:tɕ
2496:dʐ
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2468:dz
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2332:d̼
2325:t̼
2318:b̪
2311:p̪
2268:ɴ̥
2254:ŋ̊
2240:ɲ̊
2226:ɳ̊
2208:n̥
2197:n̼
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2167:m̥
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2067:→
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1792:21
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1540:.
1506:;
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1402:dʒ
1363:,
1312:h̃
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1203:ʂʐ
1186:ṣẓ
1155:ɕʑ
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1145:ʆʓ
1141:ŝẑ
1044:ɬɮ
1021:ɦ̝
1017:h̝
998:xɣ
983:çʝ
951:θð
930:fv
925:ɸβ
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810:,
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577:ll
540:Ao
396:at
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247:on
245:si
241:si
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231:sh
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5393:ɑ
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5322:ɐ
5302:æ
5282:ɔ
5266:ʌ
5253:ɞ
5237:ɜ
5224:œ
5208:ɛ
5159:ə
5110:o
5094:ɤ
5081:ɵ
5065:ɘ
5052:ø
5036:e
5016:ʊ
4994:ʏ
4978:ɪ
4958:u
4942:ɯ
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4913:ɨ
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4884:i
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4674:ɧ
4662:w
4655:ʍ
4641:ɥ
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4358:ɠ
4351:ʄ
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4335:ɗ
4324:ɓ
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3708:V
3701:P
3680:A
3673:D
3535:ɺ
3483:ʟ
3474:ʎ
3465:ɭ
3452:l
3375:ꞎ
3364:ɮ
3357:ɬ
3229:ʢ
3222:ʜ
3215:ʀ
3175:r
3149:ʙ
3098:ɽ
3080:ɾ
3053:ⱱ
3011:ɰ
3002:j
2993:ɻ
2980:ɹ
2963:ʋ
2943:ɦ
2936:h
2929:ʕ
2922:ħ
2915:ʁ
2908:χ
2901:ɣ
2894:x
2887:ʝ
2880:ç
2831:ð
2824:θ
2803:v
2796:f
2789:β
2782:ɸ
2754:ʑ
2747:ɕ
2740:ʐ
2733:ʂ
2726:ʒ
2719:ʃ
2712:z
2705:s
2426:ʔ
2417:ʡ
2410:ɢ
2403:q
2396:ɡ
2389:k
2382:ɟ
2375:c
2368:ɖ
2361:ʈ
2350:d
2343:t
2304:b
2297:p
2275:ɴ
2261:ŋ
2247:ɲ
2233:ɳ
2215:n
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