National Convention

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able-bodied and home relief "wherever possible for other varieties of the needy," while almsgiving was prohibited. A later public assistance law dated 28 June 1793 provided for state aid to be given through district ‘agencies’ to the aged, children and, for the first time in the history of France, unmarried mothers. In addition, abandoned children were to be received in hospitals until they turned 12, when they were to be apprenticed. A law of 15 October 1793, however, provided for the prohibition of begging and almsgiving and that "departmental maisons de repression are to be established, to set beggars to work." A law on pensions for soldier’s dependents was introduced on 9 February 1794, along with a "Generous and humane" law on pensions for war widows on 4 June 1794. In addition, a law of 11 May 1794 established the Grand Livre de Bienfaisance Nationale, "a register of state pensions benefiting the needy in rural areas."

1568: 283: 1727:(4 December) which set the seal on what had been the gradual development of centralized dictatorship founded on the Terror. In the center was the Convention, whose secular arm was the Committee of Public Safety, vested with immense powers: it interpreted the Convention's decrees and settled their methods of application; under its immediate authority it had all state bodies and all civil servants (even ministers would disappear in April 1794); it directed military and diplomatic activity, appointed generals and members of other committees, subject to ratification by the Convention. It held responsibility for conducting war, public order and the provisioning of the population. The Commune of Paris, a famous 7919: 7854: 7786: 2621: 176: 1059:, also called Brissotins. Historians are divided on the exact make up of the Convention but the current consensus is that the Mountain was the biggest faction with around 302–309 deputies. The Girondins were represented by 178–227 deputies and the Plain was represented by 153–250 deputies. Of the three groups the Mountain was the most cohesive and the Plain was the least cohesive. Over 94% of The Mountain voted similarly on core issues, comparatively the Girondins and the Plain were much more divided with only 70% of Girondins voting similarly on the same issues and only 58% of the Plain voting similarly on the same issues. 1481:. However, the frontier departments had remained faithful to the Convention. The rising was widespread, rather than deep. It was essentially the work of the departmental and district administrations. The communes, which were more popular in composition, showed themselves in general lukewarm or hostile, and federalist leaders soon became divided among themselves. Sincere republicans among them could not fail to be uneasy about the foreign invasion and the Vendée. Those who were seeing themselves rejected by the people sought support from the moderates, the Feuillants and even the aristocrats. 2730:

workers, along with pay for sick leave and disability and death benefits. Other Jacobin welfare projects included the founding of primary schools in some districts, an "egalitarian food policy," and the division and distribution of the land of the emigres. According to one study however, the actual impact of such policies and laws were much more limited, arguing that "Decree after decree proclaimed the eradication of mendacity and the end of chronic deprivation, and ever larger appropriations were ear-marked with seemingly reckless abandon for poor relief…all to no lasting effect."

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unanimous. There was to be no popular referendum, as Girondins had hoped. The fatal vote started on 16 January and continued until the next day. Of the 726 deputies present, 361 declared themselves for the death penalty without condition, 26 voted for death on condition that the Mailhe amendment be applied, 334 were opposed (incl. 44 who voted for death with reprieve), 5 abstained or recused. On 19 January, the question of reprieve was put to a vote: 380 votes were cast against and 310 for (2 voted on condition, 10 abstained or recused). Each time, the Girondins had split.

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demanded that "unity of government" be realized. When called upon to name those whom he was accusing, however, he refused. That failure destroyed him, for it was assumed that he was demanding a blank cheque. That night, an uneasy alliance was formed from threatened deputies and members of The Plain. On the next day, 9 Thermidor, Robespierre and his friends were not allowed to speak, and Louis Louchet of Aveyron called for the indictment of Robespierre, which the convention accepted. The men of the extreme left played the leading roles:

7660: 2520:, 250 deputies, with powers to accept or reject proposed laws. Executive power was to be shared between five Directors chosen by the Ancients from the list drawn by Five Hundred. One of the Directors would be renewed each year with re-election after five years. As one of the practical precautions, no military were allowed within 60 miles of the sitting assembly and it could relocate in case of danger. The Directory still retained great power, including emergency powers to curb freedom of the press and freedom of association. 966:

increased electorate votes, compared to 10.2% of a much smaller electorate in the 1791. The low turn-out was partly due to a fear of victimization; in Paris, Robespierre presided over the elections and, in concert with the radical press, managed to exclude any candidate of royalist sympathies. In the whole of France, only eleven primary assemblies wanted to retain the monarchy. The electoral assemblies all tacitly voted for a "republic", though only Paris used that word. The elections returned the same sort of men that the

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majority of the votes cast, and the assembly would sit for one year. The executive council of 24 members was chosen by the Legislative Assembly from among the 83 candidates chosen by the departments on the basis of universal male suffrage, and in that way, ministers were made responsible to the representatives. The exercise of popular suffrage was widened through the institution of the referendum. The Constitution was to be ratified by the people, as were laws in certain precisely defined circumstances.

2150: 1743:; to save the Republic the government mobilized all the nation's productive forces and reluctantly accepted the need for a controlled economy, which it introduced extemporaneously, as the emergency required. It was necessary to develop war production, revive foreign trade, and find new resources in France itself, and time was short. Circumstances gradually compelled it to assume the economic government of the country. Along with organization of the army, this was the most original feature of its work. 2129:

done in an attempt to please the white colonists and convince them not to join forces with the British. It also gave the colonies the power to control their own laws regarding slavery and allowed for the National Convention to wash their hands of the issue. Three deputies from Saint Domingue traveled to France to attempt to persuade the National Convention to abolish slavery. The National Convention abolished slavery after hearing speeches from the deputies on 4 February 1794. However, the

1461: 1234: 1318: 2601:, to help aid in quelling the insurrection. The rebels outnumbered the Army by the thousands, but because of their preparations the night before, Bonaparte and the armies were able to line the road into Paris with cannons from Sablons Camp. Without a way into Paris, the rebels surrendered to the Convention on Vendémiaire 13. Barras and the Convention gave the armies permission to kill. Within 45 minutes over 300 royalist rebels were dead in front of the Church of 2115:, implemented rights for free men of color that were equal to their white counterparts. On 5 May 1793 Sonthonax and Polverel attacked the plantation system and forced the owners to treat the slaves better and care more for their well-being. Sonthonax then attacked slavery itself by freeing any slave Huzards, Latin for hazards, who had been armed by their masters since they could not return to peaceful plantation life. Polverel issued a proclamation in 2360: 2542: 4463: 2470: 2877:. In six departments no executions were recorded; in 31, there were fewer than 10; in 32, fewer than 100; and only in 18 were there more than 1,000. Charges of rebellion and treason were by far the most frequent grounds for execution (78%), followed by federalism (10%), crimes of opinion (9%) and economic crimes (1.25%). Artisans, shopkeepers. wage-earners and humble folk made up the largest contingent (31%), concentrated in Lyon, 7884: 2882:

than other social categories. In the most sheltered regions, they were the only victims. Furthermore, the "Great Terror" is hardly distinguishable from the rest. In June and July 1794, it accounted for 14% of executions, as against 70% from October 1793 to May 1794, and 3.5% before September 1793. if one adds executions without trial and deaths in prison, a total of 50,000 seems likely, that is 2 per 1,000 of the population.

7829: 817: 2310:, and prisoners were massacred wholesale in gaol or on their way to prison, while in other cities, bands of so-called Companions of the Sun indiscriminately murdered "terrorists", "patriots of '89" and, most eagerly of all, purchasers of former Church properties. Such excesses were deplored in Paris, but the Convention and its Committees were powerless to contain forces that they had themselves done much to unleash. 1246:

divided concerning Louis's fate, with some arguing for royal inviolability, others supporting clemency and still others advocating lesser punishment or banishment. On 13 November, Robespierre stated in the Convention that a Constitution which Louis had violated himself, despite declaring his inviolability, could not be used in his defence. Robespierre had been taken ill and had done little other than support

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brushwood, and even household ashes for manufacturing of potassium salts, and chestnuts for distilling. All businesses were placed at the disposal of the nation: forests, mines, quarries, furnaces, forges, tanneries, paper mills, large cloth factories and shoe making workshops. The labor of men and the value of things were subject to price controls. No one had a right to speculate at the cost of

2166:, in particular, was irritated by the criticisms directed at his plans by Robespierre and Saint-Just. Dispute followed dispute. Bickering broke out on the Committee of Public Safety, with Carnot describing Robespierre and Saint-Just as "ridiculous dictators" and Collot making veiled attacks on the "Incorruptible". From the end of June to 23 July, Robespierre ceased to attend the Committee. 2348:. The government continued to provision Paris but was unable to supply the promised rations. In provinces, local municipalities resorted to some sort of regulations with indirect coercion in obtaining provisions. The misery of rural day laborers, abandoned by everyone, was often appalling. Inflation ruined creditors to the advantage of debtors and unleashed an unprecedented speculation. 1923:). The Hébertists felt that if they increased the pressure, they would triumph once and for all. Although the call appeared like one for insurrection it was probably just for a new demonstration, like the one in September. However, the Committee of Public Safety decided on 22 Ventôse Year II (12 March 1794) that the Hébertists posed too serious a threat. The Committee linked Hébert, 1720:

itself above all, and choose those popular demands which were most suitable for achieving the Assembly's aims: to crush the enemies of the Republic and dash the last hopes of the aristocracy. To govern in the name of the Convention, at the same time controlling it, and to restrain the people without quenching their enthusiasm—this was a gamble.

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night. Sometimes in exceptional circumstances, the Convention declared itself in permanent session and sat for several days without interruption. For both legislative and administrative the Convention used committees, with powers more or less widely extended and regulated by successive laws. The most famous of these committees included the

2448:), managed to obtain the passage of decrees favorable to the rebels. But at 11:30 p.m. two armed columns entered the chamber and cleared out the rioters. The next day insurgents repeated the same mistakes and after receiving promises from the deputies to take speedy measures against the famine, returned to the sections. 1715:

twelve committee members at loggerheads; Barère was more a man of the Convention than of the committee and was a link with The Plain. Robert Lindet had qualms about the Terror which, by contrast, was the outstanding theme of Collot d'Herbois and Billaud-Varenne, latecomers to the committee, forced on it by the

1079:". Three days later, the corollary that "the French republic is one and indivisible" was added to guard against federalism. A republic had been proclaimed but remained to enact a republican government. The country was little more republican in feeling or practice than it had been before at any time since 2169:

Realizing the danger of fragmentation, they attempted a reconciliation. Saint-Just and Couthon favored it, but Robespierre doubted the sincerity of his enemies. It was he who brought about the fatal intervention of the Convention. On 8 Thermidor, Year II (26 July 1794), he denounced his opponents and

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Ultimately, the Committee had undermined its own support by eliminating the Dantonists and Hébertists, both of which had backed the Committee. By compelling the Convention to allow the arrests of the Girondins and Dantonists, the Committee believed that it had destroyed its major opposition. However,

1309:

Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship, but the Montagnards believed that the Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives and even royalists to guarantee their remaining in power. The bitter enmity soon reduced the Convention to a state of limbo.

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17,000 victims names distributed according to specific geographical areas: 52% in the Vendee, 19% in the south-east, 10% in the capital and 13% in the rest of France. The distinction is between zones of turmoil and an insignificant proportion of rural areas. Between departments, the contrast becomes

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But how to make sure that the new elected body would not overturn the constitution as it was before with Legislative Assembly? Thermidorians attempted this on 5 Fructidor (22 August) by voting for a decree on "formation of a new legislative body". Article II stipulated: "All members presently active

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For the first time since the Roman Empire, a government succeeded in arming and feeding great numbers of soldiers. The technical innovations resulted chiefly from its sheer size as well the strategy that developed from it. The old system of cordons lost its prestige. Moving between the armies of the

1798:

During the summer the requisition of the levy was completed and by July the total strength of the army reached 650,000. The difficulties were tremendous. The war production just started in September. The army was in the middle of the purge. In the spring of 1794, the amalgamation was undertaken. Two

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So long as it remained united, the Committee was virtually invulnerable, but it had scarcely attained the apogee of its power before signs of internal conflict appeared. The Committee of Public Safety had never been a homogeneous body. It was a coalition cabinet. Its members were kept together less

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On 12 October 1790 the National Convention declared the only body of power who could control the status of people in the colonies were committees in the colonies themselves, which meant although free blacks met the requirement for active citizenship, the white colonists would not allow it. That was

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and Pereira, so as to present the Hébertists as parties to the "foreign plot". All were executed on 4 Germinal (24 March). This move largely silenced the Hébertists, now without their leadership. Having succeeded in stifling dissent on the left, the Committee then turned on the Dantonists, several

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Only to the wage earners did the Maximum seem thoroughly advantageous. It increased wages by one-half in relation to 1790, and commodities by only one-third. But since the Committee did not ensure that it was respected (except for bread), they would have been duped had they not been benefiting from

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The dictatorship of the Convention and the committees, simultaneously supported and controlled by the Parisian sections, representing the sovereign people in permanent session, lasted from June to September. It governed through a network of institutions set up haphazardly since spring in March, the

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The Assembly began harmoniously, but within a few days the Girondins launched a bitter attack on their Montagnard opponents. Conflict continued without interruption until the expulsion of the Girondin leaders from the Convention on 2 June 1793. The Girondins had relied on votes from the majority of

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The trial began on 10 December. The Montagnards put the debate on the ideological level. Louis XVI was classified as an enemy, who was alien to the body of the nation and as a "usurper". Balloting began on 15 January 1793. Each deputy explained his vote at the rostrum. The vote against the king was

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and, pushing aside the palace guards, burst into the chamber where the Convention met. Amidst the uproar, spokesmen of the sections outlined the people's grievances. Reliable battalions of National Guard were called and demonstrators, lacking arms and leaders, were forced to withdraw. For the most

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Whatever reasons the conspirators had behind 9 Thermidor, the events afterwards went beyond their intentions. Evidently, the remaining members on the Committees counted on staying in office and currying the favour of the Jacobin dictatorship, as though nothing more had happened than a party purge.

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The Jacobin dictatorship could hope to remain in power only so long as it was dealing successfully with a national emergency. As soon as its political opponents had been destroyed, and its foreign enemies defeated, it would lose the chief force that kept it together. The Jacobin fall happened more

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lost the War Office, the Cordeliers Club was forced to self-censor and the Government pressure brought about closing 39 popular societies. The Paris Commune, controlled by sans-culottes, was purged and filled with Committee nominees. With the execution of the Dantonists, many of the members of the

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in September; unlike Robespierre and his friends, Lazare Carnot had given his support only provisionally and for reasons of state to a policy concession to the people. But the situation which united them in the summer of 1793 was stronger than those differences of opinion. The Committee had to set

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on 21 September 1792 left open the fate of the former king. A commission was therefore established to examine the evidence against him while the Convention's Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. Most Montagnards favoured judgment and execution, but the Girondins were

1011:

According to its own ruling, the Convention elected its President every fortnight, and the outgoing President was eligible for re-election after the lapse of a fortnight. Ordinarily, the sessions were held in the morning, but evening sessions also occurred frequently, often extending late into the

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and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy. The other major innovation was to decree that deputies to that Convention should be elected by all Frenchmen twenty-one years old or more, domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labor. The

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and neighboring small towns. Because of the peasant rebellion in the Vendée, peasants are more heavily represented (28%) than the federalist and merchant bourgeoisie. Nobles (8.25%) and priests (6.5%), who would seem to have been relatively spared, actually provided a higher proportion of victims

2725:

A number of social welfare policies and programs were introduced under the National Convention. Under a public assistance law of 19 March 1793, various principles were established such as state aid to be distributed according to population in each department, while work was to be provided to the

2508:

The constitution went back to the distinction between active and passive citizens. Only citizens over twenty-five years old, disposing of an income of two hundred days of work, were eligible to be electors. This electoral body, which held the real power, included 30,000 people, half as many as in

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complained that "We are on the verge of regretting all the sacrifices that we have made for the Revolution." Police law was passed which lay down the death penalty for use of seditious language. Arms were distributed to the "good citizens", the faithful nucleus of the National Guard. The trial of

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was relaxed even before 9 Thermidor. Now virtually nobody believed in price controls any longer. Because the black market was plentifully supplied, the idea took hold that price controls equalled scarcity and that free trade, therefore, would bring back abundance. It was generally supposed by the

2242:

They were speedily disabused of that notion. Robespierrists might go out and Dantonists come in. The Convention had recovered its initiative and would put an end, once and for all, to the dictatorial committees government, which had ousted it from power. It was decreed that no member of governing

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On hearing the news the Paris Commune, loyal to the man who had inspired it, called for an insurrection and released the arrested deputies in the evening and mobilized two or three thousand militants. The night of 9–10 Thermidor was one of great confusion in Paris, as the Commune and the Assembly

2119:

on 21 June 1793, which freed all slaves who agreed to fight for the French Republic from both internal and external threats. The commissaires then ruled that the Republic would pay an indemnity to the owners of female slaves marrying free men and that all children of that union would be free. The

1714:

The committee was always managed collegially, despite the specific nature of the tasks of each director: the division into "politicians" and "technicians" was a Thermidorian invention, intended to lay the corpses of the Terror at the door of the Robespierrists alone. Many things, however, set the

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The lack of forethought displayed by the Convention during the first few days was redeemed by its vigor and skill in organizing measures of repression. Warrants were issued for the arrest of the rebellious Girondin leaders. The members of the revolting departmental administration were deprived of

1410:

The Montagnards attempted to reassure the middle classes by rejecting any idea of terror, by protecting property rights and by restricting the popular movement to very narrowly-circumscribed limits. It was a delicate balance to achieve, a balance that was destroyed in July by the worsening of the

2451:

On 3 Prairial the government assembled loyal troops, chasseurs and dragoons, national guardsmen, selected from those "who had fortune to preserve"—20,000 men in all. Faubourg Saint-Antoine was surrounded and on 4 Prairial surrendered and was disarmed. Uncertainty about how to react, hesitancy in

2033:

At the summit of the apparatus of the Terror sat the Committee of General Security, the state's second organization. It consisted of twelve members elected each month by the Convention, and vested with security, surveillance and police functions, including over civil and military authorities. It

2729:

A decree of June 1793, as noted by one study, "proposed to provide the services of physicians, nurses, midwives, and apothecaries to the sick poor." A variety of local and concrete welfare projects were pursued by the Jacobins, including a program that provided for free healthcare for armaments

1746:

All material resources were subjected to requisitioning. Farmers surrendered their grain, fodder, wool, flax, and hemp. Artisans and merchants gave up their manufactured products. Raw materials were carefully sought out: metal of all kinds, church bells, old paper, rags and parchments, grasses,

1630:

again encircled the Convention to demand the setting up of an internal revolutionary army, the arrest of suspects and a purge of the committees. It was probably the key day in the formation of the revolutionary government: the convention yielded, but kept control of events. It put Terror on the

1558:

The regions in which the revolt was dangerous were precisely those in which a large number of royalists had remained. There was no room for a third party between the Mountain, which was identified with the Republic, and royalism, which was the ally of the enemy. The royalist insurrection in the

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wanted to have representation, 21 members because of their population size and contribution to the economy. That was shot down by the National Convention as the majority of their population were slaves and thus had no rights as citizens and contributed nothing to representative population. The

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The Constitution was submitted for popular ratification and adopted by a huge margin of more than 1,801,918 in favour to some 17,610 against. The results of the plebiscite were made public on 10 August 1793, but the application of the Constitution, the text of which was placed in an ark in the

1441:

The chief aim of the Constitution was to ensure the major role of the deputies in the Convention, which was seen as being the essential basis for political democracy. The Legislative Assembly was to be elected by direct vote cast for a single member, deputies were elected on receiving a simple

1406:

In June the Montagnards played for time. On 3 June the sale of the property of emigrants, in small parcels and payable in ten years, was decreed; on the 10 June, the optional division of common lands by head; and on 17 July, the abolition, without compensation, of all that remained of manorial

2504:

The new constitution went back to the constitution of 1791 as to the dominant ideology of the country. Equality was certainly confirmed, but within the limits of civil equality. Numerous democratic rights of the constitution of 1793—the right to work, to relief, to education—were omitted. The

1402:

Scarcely had the Gironde been eliminated when the Convention, now under Montagnard leadership, found itself caught between two threats. While the federalist revolt gained strength, the popular movement, roused to fury by high prices, was increasing the pressure it exercised on the government.

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took place from 2 to 10 September 1792 after the election of the electoral colleges by primary assemblies on 26 August. Despite the introduction of universal male suffrage, the turn-out was low, though the election saw an increase in comparison to the 1791 elections—in 1792 11.9% of a greatly

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at their head, called for a planned economy from a Convention, which had no liking for the idea. However, the revolutionary logic of the mobilization of resources by national dictatorship was infinitely more powerful than economic doctrine. In August, a series of decrees gave the authorities

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resisted the idea of centralization. They saw the idea being symbolised by the desire to reduce the capital of the Revolution to a minuscule share of influence. Much of the Gironde wished to remove the Assembly from a city dominated by "agitators and flatterers of the people" but did not yet

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the trials demonstrated the Committee's lack of respect for members of the Convention, several of whom had been executed. Many Convention members who had sided with the Committee by mid-1794 no longer supported it. The Committee had acted as mediator between the Convention and the

2162:

by comradeship or common ideals than by calculation and routine. The press of business, which at first prevented personal quarrels, also produced tired nerves. Trifling differences were exaggerated into the issues of life and death. Small disputes estranged them from one another.

1476:

Indeed, the Montagnards faced dramatic circumstances: federalist insurrection, war in the Vendée, military failures and a worsening economic situation. Despite everything, a new civil war could not be avoided. By the middle of June, about 60 departments were in more or less

1273:. Within the nation, "voters" and "appellants", those against or for the execution of Louis, swore undying hatred of each other. The rest of Europe, fearing the outcome of the French Revolution in their own countries, decreed a war of extermination against regicides. 1799:

battalions of volunteers joined one battalion of regulars to constitute a demi-brigade, or regiment. At the same time, the command was reconstituted. The purge ended with most of the nobles excluded. The new generation reached the highest ranks, and the War College (

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to end the slave trade in the colonies, the National Convention refused on the grounds of slavery being too core to the French economic wealth. The committee felt "six million French people relied on the colonies to survive" and continued to stand by the argument.

2643:

Anchel (1911) concludes, "The work of the Convention was immense in all branches of public affairs. To appreciate it without prejudice, one should recall that this assembly saved France from a civil war and invasion, that it founded the system of public education

1559:

Vendée had already led the Convention to take a long step in the direction of the Terror: that is to say, the dictatorship of central power and the suppression of liberties. The Girondin insurrection now prompted it to take a decisive step in the same direction.

1889:

Following the Hébertists would jeopardize revolutionary unity, and giving in to the demands of the moderates would have undermined both the Terror and the controlled economy. However, unity, centralization and the Terror were all considered essential to the war

1210:

The Plain was a third faction during the Convention. It derived its name from their place on the floor of the Convention. During the start of the Convention, they sided with the Girondins, however, as it progressed and the Montagnards began to push for the

1384:: "If any attack made on the persons of the representatives of the nation, then I declare to you in the name of the whole country that Paris would be destroyed". On the next day, the Jacobins declared themselves in a state of insurrection. On 28 May, the 1595:. The second, which had formidable powers, is less well known than the first, which was the true executive authority and was armed with immense prerogatives. It dated from April, but its composition was thoroughly reshuffled during the summer of 1793. 2559:

But the Convention had not taken into account those Paris sections who were against Two-Thirds decrees and failed to provide precise vote figures: 47 Parisian sections had rejected the decrees. Eighteen of the Paris sections contested the result. The

2804:

The Convention had therefore been elected by small minority of the population, but those who were the most determined. That explains the ambiguity of the word "popular" when it is applied to this period: "popular" the French Revolution was certainly

2322:

economists within France that prices would at first rise but that then they would fall as a result of competition. This illusion, however, was to be shattered in the winter of 1794–1795. Formally, the National Convention had put the end to the

1872:, which formed in response to the increasing centralization of the Revolutionary Government and the dictatorship of the Committees. The Dantonists were led predominately by deputies of the Convention (rather than the sans-culottes), including 1310:

Debate after debate degenerated into verbal brawling from which no decision could emerge. The political deadlock, which had repercussions all over France, eventually drove men to accept dangerous allies: royalists in the case of Girondins,

2334:

That winter, the abandonment of the controlled economy provoked a frightful catastrophe. Prices soared and the rate of exchange fell. The Republic was condemned to massive inflation and its currency was ruined. In Thermidor, Year III,

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on 6 September. They had a few clear ideas to which they clung: to command, to fight, and to conquer. Their work in common, the danger, the taste of and pride in power created solidarity that made the Committee an autonomous organism.

1617:

discretionary powers over the production and circulation of grain and ferocious punishments for fraud. "Granaries of plenty" were prepared, to stock corn requisitioned by authorities in each district. On 23 August, the decree on the

1286:, but their insistence on monopolising all positions of authority during the Convention, and their attacks on the Montagnard leaders, soon irritated them and caused them to regard the party as a faction. One by one, deputies such as 2401:, and the implementation of the constitution of 1793. While in the sections of the center and the west formal addresses called for the punishment of the "Four" and passed over the food shortages, the sections of the east and the 2034:

employed a large staff, headed the gradually constituted network of local revolutionary committees and applied the law on suspects by sifting through the thousands of local denunciations and arrests, which it then had to try.

81: 1393:

surrounded the Convention. After an attempt of deputies to leave was stopped with guns, the deputies resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins. In that way, the Gironde ceased to be a political force.

2086:

The monarchy made a distinction between French soil on the mainland and soil under French control such as the colonies. That distinction allowed for slavery to be illegal in France but continue in the colonies. Colonists in

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members of which were implicated in financial corruption. The Committee forced the Convention to lift the parliamentary immunity of nine Dantonist deputies, allowing them to be put on trial. On 5 April Dantonist leaders

1388:

section called the other sections to a meeting in order to organize the insurrection. On 29 May, the delegates representing 33 of the sections formed an insurrectionary committee of nine members. On 2 June, 80,000 armed

1651:

Revolutionary Tribunal and representatives on missions in the departments and was followed the next month by the Convention's representatives to the armies, also armed with unlimited powers; and enforced acceptance of

1152:, a region of France from which many of the deputies of this faction were elected (although many "Girondins" were actually Parisian by origin) and were also known as the Brissotins after their most prominent speaker, 1967:

were stunned by the Hébertists' execution. All positions of influence traditionally held by the sans-culottes were eliminated. The Revolutionary Army was disbanded, the inspectors of food-hoarding were dismissed,

1433:

The Declaration of Rights, which precedes the text of the Constitution, solemnly reaffirmed the nation's indivisibility and the great principles of equality, liberty, security, and property. In contrast to the

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The stability of the government was weakening. Next came the concentration of power, another revolutionary principle. The identification of the Committee of Public Safety with the executive was ended on 7

1783:

and the formation of the revolutionary army were thinning their ranks; many now were working in arms and equipment shops or in the offices of the committees and ministries, which were expanded enormously.

2832:

developed, they grouped themselves to the right and left of the President's chair, whiles the extreme Jacobins found a place of vantage in the higher seats at the end of the hall, which came to be called

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while it was in danger. Armaments caused more concern. As early as September 1793 efforts were made to create a large factory in Paris for rifles and sidearms. A special appeal was made to scientists.

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Barras reference to "Faubourg Saint-Antoin whose attachment to the cause of liberty is well known" in subsequent report offers curious commentary to the official evolution since journees of prairial.

2509:

1791. Later, the age limit was reduced to twenty-one. Guided by recent experience, institutions were set up to protect the Republic from two dangers: the omnipotence of an assembly and dictatorship.

2455:

4 Prairial Year III is one of the crucial dates of the revolutionary period. The people had ceased to be a political force, participants in history. They were now no more than victims or spectators.

3290: 2932: 2568:

seven sections were in state of revolt, sections which were the base of the Convention since 9 Thermidor and now won by the far right if not royalists. The Convention declared itself permanent. The

2219:

and nineteen of their political allies were executed without trial. The following day, it was the turn of a large batch of 71 men, the largest mass execution in the entire course of the Revolution.

1830:

Coalition, the French could maneuver along interior lines, deploy part of their troops along the frontiers and take advantage of the inaction of any one of their enemies to beat the others. Acting

2556:

On 23 September the results were announced: the constitution was accepted by 1,057,390 votes, with 49,978 against. The Two-Thirds decrees obtained only 205,498 votes in favor and 108,754 against.

2523:

The Constitution generally was accepted favorably, even by those on the right, who were hopeful for the upcoming elections and even more happy to get rid of the legislative body so hated by them.

1887:

Putting the needs of national defense above all other considerations, the Committee of Public Safety had no intentions of giving in to the demands of either the popular movement or the moderates.

1327:

Thus, the struggle within the Convention continued without results. The decision was to come from outside. Since the king's trial, the sans-culottes had been constantly assailing the "appealers" (

6320: 2413:

people it was the constitution of 1793—seen as a liberating utopia—which represented the solution to all evils. There were others who openly regretted the passing of "the reign of Robespierre".

910:, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 (4 7983: 2271:(24 August), restricting it to its former domain of war and diplomacy. The Committee of General Security kept its control over the police. There was now to be a total of sixteen committees. 2041:, "The severity of repressive measures in the provinces was in direct proportion to danger of revolt." Many outspoken members of the community were tried and executed for claims of treason. 1351:

to portray Girondins as soft. The Montagnards proposed measures, but the Girondins were reluctant to take such measures. The Girondins were forced to accept the Montagnards' creation of the

4994: 5147: 5045: 5113: 5096: 1535:

In addition were other incidents that compounded the fury of the revolutionaries and convinced them that their opponents had abandoned all restraint of civilized behavior. On 13 July,

7682: 1426: 2341:

were worth less than 3% of their face value. Neither peasants nor merchants would accept anything but cash. The debacle was so swift that economic life seemed to come to standstill.

981:, an immense hall in which the deputies were loosely scattered. The Salle des Machines had galleries for the public who often influenced the debates with interruptions or applause. 2405:

demanded measures to deal with the grain crisis, the implementation of the constitution of 1793, the reopening of the popular societies and the release of the imprisoned patriots.

5164: 2385:(30 March) all the sections called their general assemblies. The political geography of Paris emerged clearly from this. Convention debate was centered on two issues: the fate of 2137:

to the abolition of slavery. The issue was eventually resolved by the Committee circumventing Robespierre and ordering the abolition decree to be sent to Saint Domingue. However,

2052:

Deputies sent as "representatives on mission" by the Committee of Public Safety, armed with full powers, reacted according to both the local situation and their own temperaments.

4888: 5425: 5079: 2294:, notorious as the public prosecutor of the Great Terror of the late spring and summer of 1794, after which the Revolutionary Tribunal was quietly put aside. Yet an unofficial 2251:) from the ranks of the Convention. In November the Jacobin club was closed. Anti-Robespierrist but also anti-Jacobin reaction was in full flood. At the beginning of September 5229: 5130: 4977: 2477:

The victors now could set up a new constitution, the task the National Convention was originally elected for. The Commission of Eleven (the most notable members of which were

1086:

When the Convention met the military situation was undergoing an extraordinary transformation that seemed to confirm the Girondin prophecies of easy victory. After Valmy, the

5062: 5011: 2527:

in the Convention are re-eligible. Election assemblies may not take fewer than two-thirds of them to form the legislative body". This was known as the Law of the Two-Thirds.

5198: 2194:

were left without instructions and little by little they dispersed and left the square deserted. Around two o'clock in the morning, a column from Gravilliers section led by

1892:

In order to balance the contradictory demands of these two factions, the Revolutionary Government attempted to maintain a position halfway between the moderate Dantonists (

2739: 2275:, while aware of the dangers of fragmentation, were even more worried by its experience of monopoly of powers. In a few weeks the revolutionary government was dismantled. 5246: 5181: 5028: 4475: 2612:

in the south was stopped. On 4 Brumaire Year IV, just before breaking up, the Convention voted a general amnesty for "deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution".

5547: 2809:

in the sense of participation by the people in public affairs. But if the word "popular" is taken to mean that revolutionary policy was formed under pressure from the

1254:

consisting of Louis's personal communications with bankers and ministers. At his trial, he claimed not to recognise documents that had been clearly signed by himself.

1250:, who gave his first major speech, in his argument against the king's inviolability. On 20 November, opinion turned sharply against Louis following the discovery of a 4741: 9772: 8668: 5532: 1411:

crisis. The Convention rapidly approved the new constitution in the hope to clear itself of the charge of dictatorship and calm the anxieties of the departments.

9552: 1834:, and overwhelming the foe by sheer numbers were Carnot's principles. They were still untried and not until Bonaparte appeared did they enjoy any great success. 7549: 5891: 2141:'s attempt to return to slavery in 1801 removed France's state of being the first to abolish slavery and led to the loss of the most prosperous French colony. 3563: 7923: 5527: 2186:

was given the task of mustering an armed force, and the moderate sections gave their support. The National Guardsmen and artillerymen assembled outside the

1584: 8713: 2936: 2351:

At the beginning of spring in March–April 1795, scarcity was such that more unrest appeared almost everywhere. The city of Paris was 'active' once again.

2019:

was nominated president. The Terror was meant to discourage support for the enemies of the Revolution by condemning outspoken critics of the Montagnards.

8945: 6035: 5418: 2586:

were appointed to deal with the crisis. A decree of 12 Vendémiaire (4 October) repealed the former disarmament of the former terrorists and an appeal to

2434: 1860:

approved it. The Hébertists preferred to side with the Montagnards so long as they could hope to control the Convention through them. They dominated the

1435: 860: 2815:

movement and organized minorities, and received an egalitarian impetus from them, then yes, the Revolution had well and truly entered its "popular" age.

8335: 7236: 7191: 7098: 7045: 6976: 6846: 6820: 6737: 6634: 6561: 2824:

During the early meetings of the Convention the deputies had sat indiscriminately, where they pleased. But it was noticed that, as the quarrel between

2282:

was repealed, the prisons were opened and "suspects" were released: 500 in Paris in a single week. A few public trials were staged, including those of

2022:

The great political trials began in October. The queen was guillotined on 16 October. A special decree stifled the defense of 21 Girondins, including

1999:

Though the Terror was organized in September 1793, it was not introduced until October. It had resulted from a popular movement. A new chapter of the

5325: 1403:

Meanwhile, the Government was proving incapable of controlling the situation. In July 1793, the nation appeared to be on the point of falling apart.

8643: 7871: 5567: 4408: 2583: 2183: 7931: 5454: 7724: 5411: 4951: 4916: 3953:

Andress, David, and Manuel Covo. "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution." The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution, 2015, 6.

941:

and his allies dominated the Committee of Public Safety, represent the most radical and bloodiest phase of the French Revolution, known as the

2247:

was repealed and the Revolutionary Tribunal shorn of its abnormal powers. The Commune was replaced with a Commission of Civil Administrators (

10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 9878: 9444: 5616: 1068: 683: 8070: 7866: 5656: 8262: 8204: 7993: 6079: 2494: 1647:, on the 17th voted in the law on suspects, and on the 20th gave the local revolutionary committees the task of drawing up lists of them. 1567: 5807: 5666: 5611: 5586: 5498: 5449: 4852:

Moitt, Bernard. Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635–1848. Blacks in the Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.

2785: 2344:

The crisis was greatly aggravated by famine. Peasants finally stopped bringing any produce to market because they did not wish to accept

4484: 2441:) was read. In the chaos, none of the ringleaders thought of implementing the key item of the program: the overthrow of the government. 10140: 8693: 8050: 7389: 5730: 1907:

to demand stringent measures, and at first, the Committee proved conciliatory. The Convention voted 10 million livres for relief, on 3

17: 9217: 7816: 5342: 1807: 8648: 8100: 8003: 5152: 2486: 10085: 6270: 5101: 3028: 2597:

was tasked with putting down the royalist rebels and keep them from attacking the Convention. He recruited other generals, such as

1478: 1363: 962: 189: 8227: 5898: 4999: 9043: 8996: 8065: 7978: 7439: 5715: 853: 7634: 5646: 5050: 2037:

The goal was to strike down alleged enemies of the Revolution, in the provinces and elsewhere, of various classes. According to

10110: 9592: 9577: 9494: 8904: 8678: 8395: 6003: 5557: 5118: 4194:

Histoire generale de la revolution francaise, de l'empire, de la Restauration, de la monarchie de 1830, jusques et compris 1841

2278:

The measures affected, finally, the instruments of the Terror and opened numerous breaches in the apparatus of repression. The

1699: 985: 899: 5641: 3908: 3854: 2182:

competed for the support of the sections and their troops. The Convention proclaimed that the rebels were henceforth outlaws.

1768: 1306:

began to gravitate towards the Montagnards, and the majority, The Plain, as it was called, held itself aloof from both sides.

984:

The members of the Convention came from all classes of society, but the most numerous were lawyers. 75 members had sat in the

9345: 7806: 7745: 7703: 7534: 5987: 5690: 5508: 5503: 5493: 4659: 4598: 2996: 2376: 992:. The full number of deputies was 749, not counting 33 from the French colonies, of whom only some arrived in Paris in time. 503: 8708: 8252: 7760: 6312: 5626: 9976: 8169: 7586: 7479: 6403: 5084: 2121: 933:

Although the Convention lasted until 1795, power was effectively delegated by the Convention and concentrated in the small

38: 7459: 5671: 5337: 5300: 5169: 4982: 3052: 1803:) received six young men from each district to improve the staff. Army commanders were to be appointed by the Convention. 1606:

and its squadron had been handed over to the enemy. In the name of the wretched poverty of the people, the leaders of the

9699: 9462: 9118: 9108: 8683: 8638: 7811: 6963: 6724: 5979: 5651: 5591: 1842:

As late as September 1793, there were two distinct wings among the revolutionaries. Firstly, those who were later called

1602:

disturbances reach a peak under a double banner: price fixing and terror. On top came the news of unprecedented treason:

1509: 621: 8184: 8138: 5203: 2100:

breaking out. The French showed a much greater willingness to act on the issue of slavery when the threat of a war with

9547: 9001: 8991: 7755: 7061: 6711: 5695: 4909: 4855:

Quinney, Valerie. "Decisions on Slavery, the Slave-Trade and Civil Rights for Negroes in the Early French Revolution."

4800: 3194: 846: 8380: 7591: 7566: 5374: 5234: 5135: 2505:

Convention wanted to define rights and simultaneously reject both the privilege of the old order and social leveling.

2452:

action, and lack of revolutionary leadership had doomed the popular movement to throw away its last chance in battle.

1903:

But at the end of the winter of 1793–94, the shortage of food took a sharp turn for the worse. The Hébertists incited

9519: 9504: 8375: 7716: 7677: 7223: 6854: 5884: 5835: 5537: 5469: 5067: 5016: 4835: 4781: 4758: 4697: 4678: 4640: 4621: 4579: 4560: 4541: 4504: 3269: 3239: 2313:

The destruction of the system of revolutionary government eventually brought about the end of the 'Economic Terror'.

1936: 1373: 782: 7424: 973:

On 20 September the Convention held its first session in the "Salle des Cent-Suisses", the next day it moved to the

10095: 9787: 9628: 9582: 8370: 8277: 7611: 6087: 6027: 5740: 5661: 5596: 2686:, and definitely established the social and political gains of the Revolution." By a decree of 4 February 1794 (16 735: 8805: 8593: 8520: 5552: 3556: 2703: 2478: 2108: 10115: 10100: 8746: 8455: 7394: 5856: 5828: 5800: 5735: 5710: 5636: 5621: 5277: 5251: 2096:

in France originally opposed slavery during the 1780s, but much of the opposition was ignored as a result of the

2093: 804: 522: 8588: 8485: 8075: 7069: 5186: 5033: 2667: 2133:

delayed sending the proclamation to the colonies for two months. That was because of the apparent opposition of

1969: 1865: 1850:

himself was never the official leader of a party that advocated war to the death and adopted the program of the

10080: 9807: 9382: 8981: 8583: 8360: 7053: 6191: 6043: 5764: 5705: 5295: 3300: 2107:

In 1792 the National Convention agreed to delegate 3 commissaries for Saint Domingue. Two of the commissaires,

1775:

the favorable conditions that a great war always offers the labor force. Still Paris became calmer because the

1703: 1632: 1488:, the symbol of previous successes, capitulated to the Prussians, and the Austrians captured the fortresses of 946: 907: 7988: 5316: 10090: 9730: 9350: 9291: 9286: 8986: 7509: 6984: 6828: 6807: 6745: 6665: 6528: 6263: 6183: 6148: 5759: 5562: 5518: 5384: 5364: 4902: 2659: 2417: 2008: 1592: 1183:

created friction among the people that served as a propaganda tool and combat weapon for the two groups. The

1157: 1017: 903: 799: 792: 777: 765: 750: 552: 140: 9372: 7419: 7409: 6096: 2120:

National Convention eventually allowed for six representative members for the colony. When pressured by the

1340: 1103: 1067:

The first session was held on 20 September 1792. The following day, the assembly agreed to the proposition "

10058: 9797: 9276: 9113: 8698: 8385: 8282: 7773: 7750: 7695: 7581: 7524: 6411: 6343: 5700: 5631: 5354: 4925: 2464: 2398: 2016: 7690: 6493: 5606: 475: 9915: 9635: 9509: 9499: 9247: 9088: 9036: 8800: 8425: 8320: 8199: 8179: 8090: 8019: 7841: 7339: 7106: 6799: 6652: 6140: 5601: 2422:

But it was not the end. A new explosion was on the horizon. Insurrection was being openly prepared. On 1

2212: 1916: 1826:, and a host of others, backed by officers who combined abilities as soldiers and their political sense. 1671: 1583:

The Constituent Assembly had legislated through its commissions. The Convention governed by means of its

1420: 1247: 989: 967: 772: 8623: 8475: 7489: 7384: 6622: 5542: 1928: 10105: 9826: 9747: 9514: 9424: 9403: 9103: 9093: 9083: 8935: 8490: 7469: 6693: 6642: 6574: 6474: 6258: 6167: 5954: 5793: 4862:

Nash, Gary B. "Reverberations of Haiti in the American North: Black Saint Dominguans in Philadelphia."

4400: 3151:

Kim, Minchul (2018). "Pierre-Antoine Antonelle and representative democracy in the French Revolution".

2130: 2004: 1643:

for grain and fodder (general controls for prices, and wages on the 29th), on the 14th reorganized the

1588: 1356: 1013: 978: 934: 927: 915: 787: 755: 730: 290: 262: 248: 8470: 8232: 7364: 5769: 5725: 5720: 2620: 1949: 1932: 1877: 1639:

to the Committee of Public Safety, on the 9th created the revolutionary army, on the 11th decreed the

10006: 9762: 9677: 9650: 9567: 9362: 9207: 8950: 8535: 8267: 8110: 7965: 7768: 7331: 7207: 7130: 7008: 6992: 5774: 5488: 2632: 2490: 1793: 1188: 1168:, they got their name from the high bleachers on which they sat while the Convention was in session. 356: 299: 8845: 8390: 8222: 7998: 7379: 2594: 1739:

Administrative and economic centralization went hand in hand. The state of siege forced France into

9587: 9557: 9162: 8658: 8505: 8460: 7790: 7785: 7529: 7359: 7349: 7162: 7146: 7024: 6939: 6786: 6770: 6673: 6447: 6011: 921:

The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of King

318: 175: 8085: 2189: 1973:

National Convention lost trust in the Committee and even began to fear for their personal safety.

1963:

The execution of the leaderships of both rival factions caused some to become disillusioned. Many

1489: 1003: 9843: 9725: 9672: 9618: 9572: 9261: 8510: 8465: 8174: 8055: 7732: 7554: 7178: 7085: 6753: 6569: 6512: 6427: 6132: 5971: 5024: 4883: 2513: 1981:

from which they both had acquired their strength. By executing the Hébertists and alienating the

1924: 1525: 1262: 760: 740: 433: 154: 8515: 8410: 7464: 3306: 1815: 1675: 465: 9948: 9910: 9868: 9853: 9645: 9467: 9367: 9029: 8300: 8133: 7737: 7429: 7414: 7287: 7154: 7032: 6778: 6698: 6367: 6242: 6234: 6124: 5681: 5216: 4933: 2769: 2695: 2691: 2430: 2000: 1644: 1352: 1332: 1266: 1228: 1212: 1153: 949:, the Convention lasted for another year until a new constitution was written, ushering in the 938: 745: 693: 572: 7244: 5333: 4401:"Napoleon and Counter-Revolutionary Royalists – 13 Vendémiaire Year 4 – Napoleon & Empire" 2986: 2651: 2512:

Bicameral legislature as a precaution against sudden political fluctuations was proposed: the

1524:'s revolt expelled the French from the island with British support. British troops opened the 1331:), quickly came to desire their expulsion from the Convention and demanded the establishing a 9873: 9863: 9655: 9479: 9387: 9322: 8840: 8154: 8105: 8040: 7571: 7454: 7444: 7322: 7317: 7215: 7170: 6923: 6870: 6688: 6678: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6359: 6215: 5863: 5440: 5264: 4964: 2482: 2283: 2237: 1823: 1723:

The ensemble of institutions, measures and procedures which constituted it was codified in a

1242: 1184: 1099: 1036: 1032: 891: 703: 630: 592: 532: 68: 6899: 4513:

Andress, David, and Manuel Covo. "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution." In

2870: 2437:

and entered the sitting chamber. After an hour of uproar, "The Insurrection of the People" (

9898: 9439: 9377: 9266: 9157: 8779: 8653: 8415: 8237: 8159: 8008: 7616: 7606: 7399: 7114: 6931: 6878: 6683: 6466: 5750: 4517:, The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution, Chapter 017. Oxford University Press, 2015. 1291: 1270: 1172: 1111: 883: 582: 308: 31: 8095: 7576: 7494: 6647: 6592: 5370: 3081:

Patrick, Alison (1969). "Political Divisions in the French National Convention, 1792–93".

2549: 1919:

obtained a decree confiscating the property of suspects and distributing it to the needy (

1344: 1075:. On the same day, it was decreed that "in future the acts of the assembly shall be dated 8: 9981: 9938: 9858: 9812: 9689: 9682: 9662: 9623: 9535: 9327: 9296: 9271: 9237: 9139: 9134: 8855: 8785: 8633: 8563: 8420: 8400: 8365: 8340: 8272: 7973: 7499: 6883: 6762: 6520: 6432: 6199: 6175: 5934: 5479: 5143: 5041: 4990: 2517: 2390: 2256: 2175: 2061: 1679: 1505: 1466: 1381: 1283: 1180: 977:, which had little room for the public and bad acoustics. From 10 May 1793 it met in the 542: 451: 390: 380: 150: 8540: 8495: 5109: 5092: 3024: 2707: 2112: 1000:

were appointed in the Convention by Girondins. Besides these, however, the newly formed

9893: 9838: 9792: 9640: 9606: 9190: 8315: 8080: 8045: 7896: 7858: 7853: 7601: 7519: 7514: 7260: 7252: 6947: 6907: 6719: 6612: 6376: 6351: 6295: 6278: 6116: 4770: 4610: 3168: 3106: 3098: 2874: 2719: 2609: 2598: 2303: 2295: 2279: 2244: 2069: 2042: 1957: 1819: 1724: 1455: 1224: 1176: 1107: 1090:

withdrew to the frontier, and in November, French troops occupied the left bank of the

1080: 8663: 8480: 8242: 8115: 7672: 7626: 5963: 4736:. Vol. III: Novembre 1793 – Juillet 1794. Introduction et notes explicatives par 4083:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 26.

4074:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 26.

4056:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 25.

4047:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 24.

4038:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 24.

2195: 2049:

were two of the more notable men executed for their "threats" against the Revolution.

1920: 1683: 974: 243: 10039: 10021: 10016: 10001: 9986: 9925: 9888: 9802: 9735: 9713: 9694: 9562: 9489: 9312: 9212: 9098: 9078: 9055: 8892: 8825: 8815: 8795: 7901: 7199: 7138: 7122: 6915: 5995: 5849: 5816: 5273: 4831: 4796: 4777: 4754: 4693: 4674: 4655: 4636: 4617: 4594: 4575: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4500: 4175: 4065:

Andress, David, and Covo "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 26.

3971:

Andress, David, and Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 6.

3265: 3235: 3172: 3110: 2992: 2602: 2497:) drafted a text which would reflect the new balance of power. It was presented on 5 2291: 2097: 2081: 2012: 1940: 1380:, who was presiding over the Convention, launched into a diatribe reminiscent of the 1095: 1024: 997: 895: 887: 512: 411: 271: 64: 8450: 8149: 6439: 6339: 6286: 5403: 3259: 2536: 1868:'s offices, and could generally carry the Commune with them. The other wing was the 1847: 1655:

as the sole legal tender, price controls for grain and the forced loan of a billion

1619: 937:

from April 1793. The eight months from the fall of 1793 to the spring of 1794, when

9953: 9905: 9777: 9752: 9242: 8960: 8820: 8613: 8608: 8598: 8330: 8257: 8194: 8164: 7936: 7906: 7801: 7504: 7354: 7279: 7016: 7000: 6955: 6891: 6862: 6657: 6536: 6419: 6384: 5926: 5877: 5870: 5464: 5459: 5291: 5160: 4553:

La République jacobine. Terreur, guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire (1792–1794)

3900: 3846: 3160: 3090: 2858: 2382: 1536: 950: 485: 9415: 9254: 8739: 5842: 4591:

Incidence of the Terror During the French Revolution: A Statistical Interpretation

4192: 3164: 2263:

left the Committee of Public Safety; by the end of the year, they were in prison.

2065: 1577: 652: 457: 10048: 10011: 9996: 9991: 9933: 9848: 9408: 9149: 8885: 8673: 8350: 8345: 8310: 8060: 7664: 7659: 7561: 7484: 7374: 7344: 6703: 6579: 6304: 6250: 6051: 5380: 5360: 3962:

Andress, David, Covo, "Race, Slavery, and Colonies in the French Revolution.", 6.

3056: 2838: 2778: 2171: 1994: 1861: 1707: 1640: 1636: 1572: 1544: 1369: 1336: 1122:

proclaimed its union with France. The successes made it safe to quarrel at home.

1072: 1028: 942: 641: 9394: 8530: 5075: 2298:

continued. In the provinces the Terror assumed violent and vicious form. In the

1438:, the 1793 added rights to public assistance, work, education and insurrection. 1359:. Social and economic difficulties exacerbated the tensions between the groups. 603: 9971: 9966: 9958: 9782: 9740: 9317: 8955: 8897: 8703: 8525: 8305: 8025: 7888: 7883: 7833: 7828: 7648: 6836: 6070: 5350: 5225: 5126: 4973: 3229: 3049: 2866: 2760: 2699: 2243:

committees should hold office for more than four months. Three days later, the

2149: 2088: 2046: 2038: 1945: 1873: 1663: 1521: 1377: 1251: 836: 422: 5058: 5007: 2565: 2473:

Constitution de la République Française du 5 Fructidor l'an III (22 août 1795)

1047:

The National Convention was made up of three major factions: The Montagnards (

10074: 10053: 9883: 9667: 9355: 8969: 8940: 8810: 8628: 8405: 8247: 8143: 8035: 7596: 7539: 5577: 5194: 4717:

Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution

4479: 4469: 2675: 2572:

knew the score. They knew the art of insurrection by heart and to bring down

2367:

Discontent increased along with the shortages. On 17 March a delegation from

2163: 1695: 1446:

debating-chamber of the Convention, was postponed until peace had been made.

1311: 1295: 821: 562: 8435: 4447:

To Heal Humankind The Right to Health in History By Adam Gaffney, 2017, P.46

4429:

To Heal Humankind The Right to Health in History By Adam Gaffney, 2017, P.46

3186: 2003:

was opened after 5 September, divided into four sections: the Committees of

1843: 1376:

marched to the Convention to demand the release of the activists. In reply,

9767: 9472: 9429: 9229: 9200: 8976: 8921: 8835: 8790: 8618: 8500: 8292: 7449: 7434: 7404: 4942: 4737: 4494: 3255: 2933:"Du 2 au 10 septembre 1792: élection des députés à la Convention nationale" 2834: 2811: 2753: 2116: 1811: 1656: 1613: 1493: 1347:, which began in March 1793, were all used as arguments by Montagnards and 1179:, and the Parisian dominance of politics. Antagonism between Paris and the 1161: 1141: 1135: 1048: 993: 926:

National Convention was, therefore, the first French assembly elected by a

670: 401: 198: 27:

Single-chamber assembly in France from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795

5242: 1460: 1233: 9434: 9337: 9182: 8830: 8688: 8578: 8355: 8325: 7474: 6794: 6587: 5309: 5284: 5177: 4438:

The Longman Companion to the French Revolution By Colin Jones, 2014, P.26

4197:(in French). Vol. 3. Paris: Bourgogne et Martinet. pp. 317–318. 2208: 2134: 1764: 1756: 1691: 1317: 665: 8928: 2687: 2636: 9943: 9172: 8734: 8573: 8189: 7544: 6019: 4894: 4092:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery.", 464–465.

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pacified the Girondin west in July without a single death sentence. In

1953: 1881: 1869: 1760: 1193: 1165: 338: 107: 8441: 4809:

Stein, Robert. "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery."

4488:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 2501:(23 June) and passed on 22 August 1795 (5 Fructidor of the Year III). 2359: 1908: 1852: 1626:

On 5 September, Parisians tried to repeat the revolt of 2 June. Armed

1608: 1282:

the deputies, many of whom were alarmed as well as scandalized by the

1008:

annexed to France from 1782 to 1789 were allowed to send deputations.

9281: 8568: 8214: 8125: 7708: 7077: 3980:

Robert Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery."

2829: 2746: 2574: 2541: 2268: 2023: 1501: 1484:

July and August were bad months on the frontiers. Within three weeks

1335:

to deal with supposed aristocratic plots. Military setbacks from the

1205: 1145: 1131: 1056: 1052: 1035:

and had three distinct periods: Girondin, Montagnard or Jacobin, and

922: 224: 211: 5785: 2862: 2469: 2386: 2328: 2260: 1912: 1429:

Constitution du Peuple Française du 6 Messidor l'an I (24 June 1793)

1425: 1303: 1171:

Three issues dominated the first months of the National Convention:

8916: 8911: 8850: 8729: 8603: 7369: 4101:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery.", 465.

4029:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery.", 458.

4020:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery.", 456.

4002:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery.", 455.

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by shooting because the guillotine was not working swiftly enough.

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4110:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery", 466.

4011:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery", 456.

3993:

Stein, "The Revolution of 1789 and the Abolition of Slavery", 454.

2307: 1083:

but now had to become a republic because it no longer had a king.

9195: 9063: 4496:

The Terror: the merciless war for freedom in revolutionary France

2546:

Napoleon Bonaparte quelling of the Royalist revolt 13 Vendémiaire

2394: 2252: 2216: 2027: 1740: 1667: 1517: 1287: 1149: 1087: 365: 9021: 4523:

The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789–1804, in 4 vols

2680:), created institutions of capital importance, like that of the 1261:

On the morning of 21 January, the Convention ordered the entire

1071:" and was carried with cheers. On the 22nd came the news of the 9484: 9052: 2408:

On the morning of 12 Germinal (1 April) crowds gathered on the

2287: 2053: 1687: 1603: 1529: 1372:'s trial and the arrest of sectional activists. On 25 May, the 1299: 369: 7984:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

2593:

During the nights of Vendémiaire 12–13 (October 4–5), General

1364:

Insurrection of 31 May –& § 32;2 June 1793

7918: 2101: 1806:

What gradually emerged was a well-equipped military command.

1752: 1513: 1485: 1119: 1091: 4652:

The Jacobin clubs in the French Revolution: the Middle Years

4279: 9757: 9167: 2057: 1196:, which would have run counter to its political ambitions. 1115: 328: 7958: 4811:

Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes D'Histoire

4344: 4342: 4230: 4228: 4157: 4155: 3982:

Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes D'Histoire

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rapidly than expected because of issues within the party.

1551:, and they were believed to have used her as their agent. 7798: 4371: 4369: 4267: 4213: 4130: 4128: 3935: 3697: 3695: 3632: 3416: 3414: 3134: 3132: 2956: 2954: 2306:

flung the bodies of its victims, men and women, into the

3438: 3209: 1512:

took advantage of the diversion of republican forces at

1496:

and invaded northern France. Spanish troops crossed the

4891:

from the Ball State University Digital Media Repository

4864:

Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies

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bastion, was neutralized by coming under its control.

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formed a nucleus of resolute Montagnards who rallied

8714:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

4828:

The Thermidorean regime and the directory: 1794–1799

4673:. Vol. I. New York: Columbia University Press. 4633:

The King's Trial: Luis XVI vs. the French Revolution

4201: 3923: 3869: 3596: 3581: 3562:. Charles Tilly University of Michigan. March 1977. 3522: 3351: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2327:

as the season had started on the Christmas Eve of 4

1985:, the Committee became unnecessary to the Assembly. 192:

and the subsequent purge of the National Convention:

188:

Composition of the National Convention prior to the

8946:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6036:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

4252: 3881: 2966: 2354: 4793:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française 4769: 4609: 4173: 2988:The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre 4180:(in French). Paris: Baudouin frères. p. 199. 3315:, p. 42, in "Armoir de Fer" by Grendron, F.. 2904: 2011:were to propose the names of judges and jurymen; 1265:to line both sides of the route to the scaffold. 10072: 7872:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4884:Presidents of the National Convention: 1792–1795 1915:presented a new general Maximum, and on the 8th 1547:. She had been in touch with Girondin rebels in 651: 4671:The French Revolution: from its Origins to 1793 4654:. Princeton University Press. pp. 308–10. 3324:Hardman, John (2016) The life of Louis XVI, p. 2458: 2207:On the evening of 10 Thermidor (28 July 1794), 1532:. The military situation had become desperate. 1276: 1144:than the Montagnards, although they were still 5914:Significant civil and political events by year 4191:Vivien, L. (1842). P.M. Pourrat freres (ed.). 3261:Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution 1771:perfected metallurgy and manufacture of arms. 1528:in August, and in October, the Allies invaded 1218: 1156:. The Montagnards drew their support from the 9037: 5801: 5419: 4910: 4174:Durand de Maillane, Pierre Toussaint (1825). 3234:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 106. 2690:) it also ratified and expanded to the whole 2584:Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras 2564:section issued a call to insurrection. By 11 2444:The remainder of the Montagnards, The Crest ( 2433:and Marceau. The armed battalions arrived at 2426:(20 May 1795) the alarm bells sounded in the 1662:At last, France saw a government take shape. 854: 9413: 9392: 9252: 8967: 8926: 8902: 8883: 7867:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4635:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4515:The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution 2991:. University of Chicago Press. p. 119. 2776: 2767: 2758: 2744: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2657: 2649: 2286:, held responsible for the mass drowning at 2199: 2187: 1779:were gradually finding ways to subsist; the 1623:turned able-bodied civilians into soldiers. 1587:. Two of them were of essential importance: 1516:in order to invade France from the east. In 1449: 1241:The Convention's unanimous declaration of a 1125: 1001: 54: 6554: 4889:National Convention pamphlets and documents 4731: 3296: 2786:Ministers of the French National Convention 1562: 9044: 9030: 8071:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 5808: 5794: 5731:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic 5426: 5412: 4917: 4903: 4616:. Routledge: University of Toronto Press. 4529: 3941: 3638: 3444: 3264:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 648. 3221: 3215: 2222: 1631:agenda on 5 September, on the 6th elected 861: 847: 8336:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 7994:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 7817:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 5396:Acting presidents are denoted by italics. 4830:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4612:A Social History of the French Revolution 4536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3248: 2369:faubourgs Saint-Marceau and Saint-Jacques 1148:. The Girondins drew their name from the 8768: 6052:Nationalization of the Church properties 4924: 4871:A Short History of the French Revolution 4825: 4816: 4706: 4690:The French Revolution: from 1793 to 1799 4687: 4668: 4360: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4246: 4234: 4161: 4146: 4119: 3821: 3785: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3713: 3701: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3626: 3614: 3543: 3420: 3369: 3345: 3123: 3068: 2978: 2960: 2619: 2540: 2468: 2358: 2231: 2148: 1566: 1459: 1424: 1397: 1316: 1232: 8997:Historiography of the French Revolution 8268:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 7979:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 4722: 4649: 4607: 4492: 4348: 4134: 3809: 3797: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3284: 3227: 3138: 3080: 2857:more striking. Some were hard hit, the 1414: 1368:The final showdown was precipitated by 14: 10073: 8004:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 7959:Other significant figures and factions 4790: 4767: 4630: 4520: 4473: 4375: 4219: 4190: 3833: 3773: 3725: 3456: 3432: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3333: 3312: 3254: 2984: 2919: 2854:Based on recent figures of the Terror: 1787: 1160:and the popular societies such as the 1062: 1042: 928:suffrage without distinctions of class 9025: 8872: 8767: 8051:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 7957: 7807:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 7746:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 7704:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 7307: 6553: 6184:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 5912: 5815: 5789: 5407: 4898: 4709:The Thermidorians & the Directory 4588: 4569: 4550: 4387: 4333: 4207: 3929: 3887: 3875: 3602: 3590: 3531: 3357: 3011: 2972: 2377:Insurrection of 12 Germinal, Year III 2249:commission des administrateurs civils 1215:, The Plain began to side with them. 1031:powers during the first years of the 894:for its first three years during the 10136:1795 events of the French Revolution 10131:1794 events of the French Revolution 10126:1793 events of the French Revolution 10121:1792 events of the French Revolution 8205:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 7617:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 7308: 6404:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 4748: 4574:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 4525:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 4261: 3569:from the original on 1 February 2022 3197:from the original on 11 October 2016 3187:"Girondin | political group, France" 3031:from the original on 18 October 2018 2495:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 2122:Society of the Friends of the Blacks 1808:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers 190:Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 39:National Convention (disambiguation) 8873: 7812:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 4732:Robespierre, Maximilien de (1958). 4177:Histoire de la Convention nationale 3150: 2608:Moderate repression ensued and the 2605:. The rest had scattered and fled. 2487:François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas 2363:Journée du 1er Prairial de l'an III 1837: 1069:That royalty be abolished in France 206:The Mountain (disputed members) (7) 24: 9002:Influence of the French Revolution 8992:Symbolism in the French Revolution 7756:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 7717:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 5972:Convocation of the Estates General 4846: 4521:Aulard, François-Alphonse (1910). 3901:"Reign of Terror | French history" 3847:"Reign of Terror | French history" 1343:'s defection to the enemy and the 25: 10152: 10141:Historical legislatures in France 9051: 8644:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 8376:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 7678:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 7460:François Christophe de Kellermann 6699:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 5434:Governments of France (1792–1870) 4877: 4555:. Paris: Le Seuil, coll. Points. 4411:from the original on 4 April 2017 3911:from the original on 20 June 2020 3857:from the original on 20 June 2020 3557:"From Mobilization to Revolution" 2030:, and they perished on the 31st. 2015:stayed as public prosecutor, and 1077:First Year of the French Republic 233:The Plain (disputed members) (97) 219:Girondins (disputed members) (49) 91:Emblem of the National Convention 8371:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 8278:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 8248:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 8139:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 7917: 7882: 7852: 7827: 7784: 7658: 7535:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 7316: 6088:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 5597:First ministry of Louis-Philippe 4772:The French Revolution: 1787–1799 4719:(Oxford University Press, 2013). 4572:The French Revolution: 1770–1814 4461: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4393: 2885: 2683:Grand Livre de la Dette publique 2625:Autel de la Convention nationale 2516:with rights to propose laws and 2355:Crushing of the popular movement 1896:) and the extremist Hébertists ( 1110:on 6 November and evacuated the 830: 815: 281: 174: 80: 10086:Defunct unicameral legislatures 8709:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 8456:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 8381:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 7592:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 7587:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 7567:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 7395:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 6313:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 4533:The Jacobin Republic: 1792–1794 4184: 4167: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3893: 3839: 3549: 3318: 3179: 3144: 3074: 2848: 2818: 9383:Government of National Defense 8982:Women in the French Revolution 8584:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 7761:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 7425:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 7054:French invasion of Switzerland 5765:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III 5509:Provisional Government of 1815 5494:Provisional Government of 1814 4753:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 3043: 3025:"Saint-Just: Lieux de mémoire" 3017: 2925: 2798: 2530: 908:insurrection of 10 August 1792 13: 1: 10111:1792 establishments in France 9292:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 9287:War of the Spanish Succession 8987:Incroyables and merveilleuses 8806:Pierre Claude François Daunou 8594:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 7725:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 7696:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 6993:Naval Engagement off Brittany 6746:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 6720:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 6529:Constitution of the Year VIII 6264:Committee of General Security 6149:National Legislative Assembly 6004:National Constituent Assembly 5760:Third cabinet of Napoleon III 4499:. Farrar: Straus and Giroux. 3165:10.1080/01916599.2018.1442955 3083:The Journal of Modern History 2898: 2710:, though this did not affect 2479:Pierre Claude François Daunou 2331:Year III (24 December 1794). 1666:resigned from it on 10 July. 1252:secret cache of 726 documents 1102:in October, were defeated by 1018:Committee of General Security 986:National Constituent Assembly 916:Convention's adopted calendar 900:National Constituent Assembly 8905:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 8699:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 8589:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 8486:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 8386:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 8076:Charles Malo François Lameth 7751:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 7582:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 7525:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 6725:Second Battle of Wissembourg 6412:Constitution of the Year III 5652:Transitional cabinet of 1839 4857:The Journal of Negro History 4650:Kennedy, Michael L. (1988). 2668:École des langues orientales 2465:Constitution of the Year III 2459:Constitution of the Year III 2144: 2017:Martial Joseph Armand Herman 1970:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 1314:in that of the Montagnards. 1277:Crisis and fall of Girondins 1199: 956: 7: 8801:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 8426:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 8361:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 8321:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 8200:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 8185:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 8180:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 7989:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 7842:William V, Prince of Orange 6712:First Battle of Wissembourg 6669:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 6385:Closing of the Jacobin Club 6254:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 6211:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 6071:Abolition of the Parlements 6044:Women's March on Versailles 4727:. New York: Alfred a Knopf. 2740:Fall of the French monarchy 2733: 1421:French Constitution of 1793 1219:Trial and execution of king 10: 10157: 9773:French subdivisions by GDP 9520:2022 presidential election 9505:2017 presidential election 8936:French Republican calendar 8491:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 8116:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 7470:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 7420:Charles François Dumouriez 7410:Jacques François Dugommier 7224:League of Armed Neutrality 7057:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 7009:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 6832:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6811:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6475:Second Congress of Rastatt 6259:Committee of Public Safety 6246:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 5587:Paris Municipal Commission 5455:Committee of Public Safety 4821:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 4813:17, no. 3 (1982): 447–468. 4776:. New York: Random House. 4707:Lefebvre, Georges (1964). 4688:Lefebvre, Georges (1963). 4669:Lefebvre, Georges (1962). 4453: 2534: 2462: 2418:Insurrection of 1 Prairial 2415: 2374: 2372:strength was approaching. 2235: 2131:Committee of Public Safety 2094:Société des amis des Noirs 2079: 2075: 1992: 1791: 1734: 1690:, then successfully added 1453: 1418: 1361: 1357:Committee of Public Safety 1341:Charles François Dumouriez 1222: 1203: 1129: 1014:Committee of Public Safety 935:Committee of Public Safety 906:. Created after the great 36: 29: 18:French National Convention 10034: 9924: 9834: 9825: 9721: 9712: 9614: 9605: 9543: 9534: 9455: 9336: 9305: 9277:Second Hundred Years' War 9228: 9181: 9148: 9127: 9119:Liberalism and radicalism 9071: 9062: 8951:Cult of the Supreme Being 8879: 8868: 8774: 8763: 8722: 8556: 8549: 8434: 8291: 8213: 8124: 8111:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 8017: 7966:Patriotic Society of 1789 7964: 7953: 7915: 7880: 7850: 7825: 7782: 7769:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 7691:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 7656: 7647: 7625: 7330: 7314: 7303: 7272: 7235: 7208:Convention of Alessandria 7190: 7097: 7044: 6975: 6845: 6819: 6736: 6633: 6560: 6549: 6505: 6494:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 6486: 6459: 6396: 6332: 6227: 6160: 6109: 6063: 5955:What Is the Third Estate? 5946: 5919: 5908: 5823: 5749: 5680: 5576: 5517: 5478: 5439: 5394: 5263: 5215: 4963: 4932: 4711:. New York: Random House. 4530:Bouloiseau, Marc (1983). 3228:Bernard, Jack F. (1973). 3153:History of European Ideas 2985:Jordan, David P. (1989). 2718:and was abolished by the 2615: 2582:. Five members including 2491:Antoine Claire Thibaudeau 2204:and arrested insurgents. 2200: 2188: 1988: 1856:, ostensibly because the 1794:French Revolutionary Army 1450:Federalist revolt and war 1126:Girondins and Montagnards 898:, following the two-year 242: 237: 182: 173: 165: 160: 146: 136: 128: 120: 115: 101: 96: 74: 63: 48: 9548:Administrative divisions 8659:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 8624:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8506:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 8476:François-Nicolas Vincent 8461:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 7635:Charles-Alexandre Linois 7530:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 7510:François Séverin Marceau 7490:François Joseph Lefebvre 7385:Jean-Étienne Championnet 7360:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 7355:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 7350:Alexandre de Beauharnais 7340:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 7062:French Invasion of Egypt 6940:Second Battle of Bassano 6674:Battle of Kaiserslautern 6448:Conspiracy of the Equals 6141:The Constitution of 1791 6012:Storming of the Bastille 5317:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 4943:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 4826:Woronoff, Denis (1984). 4817:Thompson, J. M. (1959). 4723:Mathiez, Albert (1929). 4608:Hampson, Norman (1988). 4570:Furet, François (1996). 4476:Convention, The National 4474:Anchel, Robert (1911). " 3303:., in Tome IX, Discours. 2791: 2660:École Normale Supérieure 2439:L'Insurrection du Peuple 2109:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 1929:François-Nicolas Vincent 1563:Revolutionary government 1192:encourage an aggressive 1140:The Girondins were more 640: 602: 432: 421: 400: 30:Not to be confused with 10096:Provisional governments 9768:Franc (former currency) 9373:Coup of 2 December 1851 9346:Long nineteenth century 8639:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 8511:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8471:Antoine-François Momoro 8466:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8283:François de Neufchâteau 8233:Charles-François Lebrun 8175:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 8056:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 7932:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 7738:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 7733:Karl Mack von Leiberich 7365:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 7179:Second Battle of Zurich 7070:Irish Rebellion of 1798 6916:First Battle of Bassano 6754:Second Battle of Boulou 6555:Revolutionary campaigns 6513:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 6428:Council of Five Hundred 6216:First republic declared 6152:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 6133:Declaration of Pillnitz 5857:Constitutional monarchy 4791:Soboul, Albert (2005). 4768:Soboul, Albert (1974). 4593:. Peter Smith Pub Inc. 4493:Andress, David (2006). 4485:Encyclopædia Britannica 4405:www.napoleon-empire.com 3905:Encyclopædia Britannica 3851:Encyclopædia Britannica 3231:Talleyrand: a biography 3191:Encyclopædia Britannica 3050:The National Convention 2702:by civil commissioners 2514:Council of Five Hundred 2446:la Crête de la Montagne 2223:Thermidorian Convention 1933:Antoine-François Momoro 1925:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 1598:The summer of 1793 saw 1500:and began advancing on 155:Council of Five Hundred 10116:1795 disestablishments 10101:Constituent assemblies 9788:Science and technology 9445:Provisional Government 9414: 9393: 9253: 8968: 8927: 8903: 8884: 8396:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 8391:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 8301:Maximilien Robespierre 8134:Jacques Pierre Brissot 7999:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 7430:Louis-Charles de Flers 7415:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 7380:Jean François Carteaux 7155:First Battle of Zurich 7118:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 7073:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 7033:Treaty of Campo Formio 6779:Glorious First of June 6707:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 6666:Expedition to Sardinia 6344:Desmoulins guillotined 6279:Assassination of Marat 6271:Fall of the Girondists 6243:Revolutionary Tribunal 6235:Execution of Louis XVI 6125:Champ de Mars massacre 6028:Abolition of Feudalism 5691:Provisional Government 4631:Jordan, David (1979). 4589:Greer, Donald (1935). 3984:17, no. 3 (1982): 451. 2842: 2777: 2770:Maximilien Robespierre 2768: 2759: 2745: 2692:French colonial empire 2682: 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2640: 2595:Jacques-François Menou 2553: 2474: 2364: 2154: 2001:Revolutionary Tribunal 1645:Revolutionary Tribunal 1580: 1473: 1430: 1353:Revolutionary Tribunal 1333:Revolutionary Tribunal 1324: 1271:Place de la Revolution 1238: 1237:The trial of Louis XVI 1229:Execution of Louis XVI 1213:execution of Louis XVI 1173:revolutionary violence 1154:Jacques Pierre Brissot 1002: 939:Maximilien Robespierre 879: 476:Valois-Angoulême kings 55: 10081:French First Republic 8841:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 8106:Jean-Charles Pichegru 8086:Jean-François Rewbell 7572:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7455:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 7445:Jacques Maurice Hatry 7216:Battle of Hohenlinden 7089:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 6924:Battle of Emmendingen 6871:Battle of Castiglione 6758:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 6689:Battle of Hondschoote 6360:Thermidorian Reaction 6324:(throughout the year) 6097:Fête de la Fédération 6023:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 6007:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 5991:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 4819:The French Revolution 4751:The French Revolution 4749:Rude, George (1988). 4725:The French Revolution 4551:Dupuy, Roger (2005). 2623: 2544: 2483:Jean-Denis Lanjuinais 2472: 2362: 2238:Thermidorian Reaction 2232:Thermidorian Reaction 2152: 2060:, some months later, 1824:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1725:decree of 14 Frimaire 1570: 1463: 1428: 1398:Montagnard Convention 1322:Fall of the Girondins 1320: 1236: 1033:French First Republic 892:French First Republic 69:French First Republic 10091:Government of France 9593:World Heritage Sites 9510:Coronavirus pandemic 8769:Influential thinkers 8516:Jean-François Varlet 8416:Jean-Lambert Tallien 8411:Jean Bon Saint-André 8238:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 8160:Marquis de Condorcet 8009:Nicolas de Condorcet 7774:Dagobert von Wurmser 7607:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 7550:Pierre-Jacques Osten 7465:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 7400:Louis-Nicolas Davout 7390:Chapuis de Tourville 6932:Battle of Schliengen 6879:Battle of Theiningen 6800:Battle of Aldenhoven 6684:Battle of Wattignies 6653:Battle of Neerwinden 6467:Coup of 18 Fructidor 5980:Death of the Dauphin 5696:Executive Commission 5592:Provisional Ministry 4926:Presidents of France 3301:_tome_9.djvu/122 120 3299:, pp. 104–105, 3055:25 July 2017 at the 2696:abolition of slavery 2633:François-Léon Sicard 2578:was easier than the 2174:, who attacked, and 1816:Jean Baptiste Kléber 1700:Prieur of Cote-d'Ore 1415:Constitution of 1793 1112:Austrian Netherlands 1023:The Convention held 990:Legislative Assembly 970:had chosen in 1791. 904:Legislative Assembly 890:for one day and the 884:constituent assembly 880:Convention nationale 684:Provisional Republic 466:Valois-Orléans kings 141:Legislative Assembly 56:Convention nationale 37:For other uses, see 32:Political Convention 9731:Automotive industry 9515:2021 labor protests 9272:Peace of Westphalia 9140:History of Normandy 9135:History of Brittany 8856:Mary Wollstonecraft 8634:Jean Sylvain Bailly 8421:Pierre Louis Prieur 8366:Jean-Henri Voulland 8341:Jacques-Louis David 8273:Jean Joseph Mounier 7974:Jean Sylvain Bailly 7612:Belgrand de Vaubois 7500:Jean-Antoine Marbot 7440:Emmanuel de Grouchy 7245:Treaty of Lunéville 6884:Battle of Neresheim 6829:Siege of Luxembourg 6808:Siege of Luxembourg 6763:Battle of Tourcoing 6694:Siege of Bellegarde 6521:Coup of 18 Brumaire 6433:Council of Ancients 6208:National Convention 6200:September Massacres 6176:Brunswick Manifesto 6168:France declares war 5935:Assembly of Vizille 5450:National Convention 5334:François Mitterrand 5144:Alexandre Millerand 5042:Jean Casimir-Perier 4991:Patrice de MacMahon 4288:, pp. 142–143. 4222:, pp. 411–412. 3287:, pp. 308–310. 2939:on 22 December 2018 2652:École Polytechnique 2552:, rue Saint-Honoré. 2518:Council of Ancients 2068:relied on frequent 1788:Army of the Year II 1680:Prieur of the Marne 1676:Jeanbon Saint-Andre 1506:War of the Pyrenees 1467:Jacques-Louis David 1436:Declaration of 1789 1382:Brunswick Manifesto 1284:September massacres 1063:Girondin Convention 1043:Political breakdown 947:fall of Robespierre 876:National Convention 151:Council of Ancients 50:National Convention 9798:Telecommunications 9500:2015 Paris attacks 9363:Revolution of 1848 9191:Visigothic Kingdom 8694:Loménie de Brienne 8669:Madame de Lamballe 8604:Napoléon Bonaparte 8401:Prieur de la Marne 8316:Camille Desmoulins 8170:Marie Jean Hérault 8046:Jean-Sifrein Maury 8041:Arnaud de La Porte 7897:Alexander Korsakov 7683:Count of Clerfayt 7602:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 7515:Auguste de Marmont 7370:Napoléon Bonaparte 7261:Algeciras campaign 7253:Treaty of Florence 7131:Battle of Stockach 6964:Ireland expedition 6948:Battle of Calliano 6908:Battle of Rovereto 6900:Battle of Würzburg 6352:Law of 22 Prairial 6321:Anti-clerical laws 6296:The Death of Marat 6117:Flight to Varennes 5741:Louis Napoleon (2) 5736:Louis Napoleon (1) 4869:Popkin, Jeremy D. 4795:. Quadrige / PUF. 2720:law of 20 May 1802 2641: 2599:Napoleon Bonaparte 2554: 2548:, in front of the 2475: 2365: 2318:free trade minded 2304:Companions of Jehu 2280:law of 22 Prairial 2155: 2070:summary executions 2043:Camille Desmoulins 1702:on 14 August, and 1581: 1474: 1456:Federalist revolts 1431: 1325: 1267:Louis was beheaded 1239: 1225:Trial of Louis XVI 1108:Battle of Jemappes 979:Salle des Machines 837:History portal 333: until 50 BC 249:Salle des Machines 10106:French Revolution 10068: 10067: 10030: 10029: 9821: 9820: 9708: 9707: 9700:Political parties 9636:Foreign relations 9601: 9600: 9530: 9529: 9313:French Revolution 9267:Thirty Years' War 9248:Absolute monarchy 9213:Kingdom of France 9109:Foreign relations 9089:Political history 9019: 9018: 9015: 9014: 8893:Cockade of France 8864: 8863: 8826:Antoine Lavoisier 8816:Benjamin Franklin 8796:Anacharsis Cloots 8759: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8679:Louis de Breteuil 8521:Theophile Leclerc 7949: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7902:Alexander Suvorov 7643: 7642: 7577:Józef Poniatowski 7495:Étienne Macdonald 7299: 7298: 7200:Battle of Marengo 7163:Battle of Trebbia 7147:Battle of Cassano 7139:Battle of Magnano 7123:Battle of Ostrach 7025:Battle of Neuwied 6787:Battle of Fleurus 6771:Battle of Tournay 6648:War in the Vendée 6584:Royalist Revolts 6545: 6544: 6102: 6078:Abolition of the 5996:Tennis Court Oath 5988:National Assembly 5817:French Revolution 5783: 5782: 5499:First restoration 5401: 5400: 5371:François Hollande 5274:Charles de Gaulle 4873:. Sixth ed. 2015. 4859:55, no. 2 (1970). 4742:Éditions sociales 4661:978-0-691-05526-8 4600:978-0-8446-1211-9 3014:, pp. 34–40. 2998:978-0-226-41037-1 2629:Autel républicain 2550:Église Saint-Roch 2435:Place du Carousel 2292:Fouquier-Tinville 2104:seemed imminent. 2098:French Revolution 2082:Slavery in France 2013:Fouquier-Tinville 1941:Anacharsis Cloots 1345:War in the Vendée 1177:trial of the king 1118:was occupied and 998:Anacharsis Cloots 963:indirect election 902:and the one-year 896:French Revolution 888:Kingdom of France 871: 870: 822:France portal 715: 714: 612: 611: 523:Kingdom of France 513:French Revolution 504:Long 19th century 494: 493: 442: 441: 412:Kingdom of France 347: 346: 255: 254: 147:Succeeded by 124:20 September 1792 65:Kingdom of France 16:(Redirected from 10148: 9832: 9831: 9748:Economic history 9719: 9718: 9612: 9611: 9541: 9540: 9419: 9398: 9297:Seven Years' War 9262:Wars of Religion 9258: 9243:House of Bourbon 9238:Early modern era 9218:Fundamental laws 9094:Military history 9069: 9068: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9023: 9022: 8973: 8961:Temple of Reason 8932: 8908: 8889: 8870: 8869: 8821:Thomas Jefferson 8765: 8764: 8684:de Chateaubriand 8614:Joseph Bonaparte 8609:Lucien Bonaparte 8599:Marie Antoinette 8554: 8553: 8541:Sylvain Maréchal 8496:François Hanriot 8331:Louis Philippe I 8258:Louis Philippe I 8253:Philippe Égalité 8195:Olympe de Gouges 8165:Charlotte Corday 8155:Étienne Clavière 7955: 7954: 7937:Antonio Ricardos 7922: 7921: 7907:Andrei Rosenberg 7887: 7886: 7857: 7856: 7832: 7831: 7802:Ralph Abercromby 7789: 7788: 7764: 7741: 7728: 7720: 7712: 7699: 7686: 7663: 7662: 7654: 7653: 7558: 7505:Marcellin Marbot 7328: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7309:Military leaders 7305: 7304: 7292: 7284: 7280:Treaty of Amiens 7265: 7257: 7249: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7183: 7182:(25–26 Sep 1799) 7175: 7167: 7166:(17–20 Jun 1799) 7159: 7151: 7150:(27–28 Apr 1799) 7143: 7135: 7127: 7126:(20–21 Mar 1799) 7119: 7111: 7107:Second Coalition 7090: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7058: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7017:Treaty of Leoben 7013: 7005: 7004:(14–15 Jan 1797) 7001:Battle of Rivoli 6997: 6989: 6985:Italian campaign 6968: 6960: 6959:(15–17 Nov 1796) 6956:Battle of Arcole 6952: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6920: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6892:Battle of Amberg 6888: 6875: 6867: 6863:Battle of Lonato 6859: 6855:Italian campaign 6833: 6812: 6804: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6750: 6729: 6728:(26–27 Dec 1793) 6716: 6708: 6670: 6662: 6658:Battle of Famars 6626: 6551: 6550: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6498: 6479: 6471: 6452: 6444: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6364: 6356: 6348: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6129: 6121: 6120:(20–21 Jun 1791) 6100: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6056: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5939: 5931: 5927:Day of the Tiles 5910: 5909: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5787: 5786: 5775:Cousin-Montauban 5465:French Consulate 5460:French Directory 5428: 5421: 5414: 5405: 5404: 5346: 5329: 5304: 5292:Georges Pompidou 5255: 5238: 5207: 5190: 5173: 5161:Gaston Doumergue 5156: 5139: 5122: 5110:Raymond Poincaré 5105: 5093:Armand Fallières 5088: 5071: 5054: 5037: 5020: 5003: 4986: 4955: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4841: 4822: 4806: 4787: 4775: 4764: 4745: 4728: 4715:Linton, Marisa, 4712: 4703: 4684: 4665: 4646: 4627: 4615: 4604: 4585: 4566: 4547: 4526: 4510: 4489: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4276:, pp. 9–10. 4271: 4265: 4259: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3297:Robespierre 1958 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2935:. 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6886: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6841: 6831: 6815: 6810: 6802: 6789: 6781: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6748: 6732: 6727: 6714: 6706: 6704:Siege of Toulon 6668: 6660: 6643:First Coalition 6629: 6620: 6556: 6541: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6501: 6496: 6482: 6477: 6469: 6455: 6450: 6442: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6392: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6305:Law of Suspects 6299: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6253: 6251:Reign of Terror 6245: 6237: 6223: 6218: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6156: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6119: 6105: 6090: 6082: 6073: 6059: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6031:(4–11 Aug 1789) 6030: 6022: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5982: 5974: 5966: 5964:Réveillon riots 5958: 5942: 5937: 5929: 5915: 5904: 5819: 5814: 5784: 5779: 5745: 5721:Petit ministère 5682:Second Republic 5676: 5572: 5513: 5474: 5435: 5432: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5381:Emmanuel Macron 5361:Nicolas Sarkozy 5340: 5323: 5298: 5259: 5249: 5232: 5217:Fourth Republic 5211: 5201: 5184: 5167: 5150: 5133: 5116: 5099: 5082: 5065: 5048: 5031: 5014: 4997: 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1995:Reign of Terror 1991: 1960:were executed. 1921:Ventôse Decrees 1888: 1862:Cordeliers Club 1840: 1796: 1790: 1737: 1708:Billaud-Varenne 1659:from the rich. 1637:Billaud-Varenne 1573:La Marseillaise 1565: 1545:Jean-Paul Marat 1465: 1458: 1452: 1423: 1417: 1400: 1370:Jean-Paul Marat 1366: 1337:First Coalition 1279: 1243:French Republic 1231: 1223:Main articles: 1221: 1208: 1202: 1138: 1130:Main articles: 1128: 1073:Battle of Valmy 1065: 1051:), the Marais ( 1045: 975:Salle du Manège 968:active citizens 959: 943:Reign of Terror 873: 867: 831: 829: 816: 814: 809: 717: 716: 709: 694:Fourth Republic 675: 642:Interwar period 624: 614: 613: 573:Second Republic 506: 496: 495: 454: 444: 443: 359: 349: 348: 302: 273: 266: 247: 244:Salle du Manège 230: 228: 221: 220: 216: 215: 208: 207: 203: 202: 195: 193: 185: 153: 132:3 November 1795 111: 110: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 67: 59: 52: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10154: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9963:Cultural icons 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9783:Stock exchange 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9733: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9583:National parks 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9558:Climate change 9555: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9480:Fifth Republic 9477: 9476: 9475: 9465: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9388:Third Republic 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9325: 9323:First Republic 9320: 9318:Napoleonic era 9315: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9193: 9187: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9163:Greek colonies 9160: 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9137: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9049: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8956:Cult of Reason 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8900: 8898:Flag of France 8895: 8890: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8704:Jacques Necker 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8526:Claire Lacombe 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8451:Jacques Hébert 8447: 8445: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8306:Georges Danton 8303: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8150:Henri Grégoire 8146: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8091:Camille Jordan 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7863: 7861: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7795: 7793: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7688: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7325: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7285: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7258: 7250: 7241: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7196: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7176: 7171:Battle of Novi 7168: 7160: 7158:(4–7 Jun 1799) 7152: 7144: 7136: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7103: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7006: 6998: 6990: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6953: 6951:(6–7 Nov 1796) 6945: 6937: 6929: 6921: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6866:(3–4 Aug 1796) 6860: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6837:Peace of Basel 6834: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6792: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6751: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6717: 6709: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6679:Siege of Mainz 6676: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6615: 6610: 6608:Siege of Mainz 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6590: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6472: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6440:13 Vendémiaire 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6417: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6302: 6292: 6287:Levée en masse 6284: 6276: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6248: 6240: 6231: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6192:10th of August 6189: 6181: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6085: 6076: 6074:(Feb–Jul 1790) 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6049: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5607:Casimir Perier 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5441:First Republic 5437: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5368: 5358: 5351:Jacques Chirac 5348: 5331: 5314: 5306: 5289: 5281: 5270: 5268: 5267:(1958–present) 5265:Fifth Republic 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5240: 5226:Vincent Auriol 5222: 5220: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5192: 5175: 5158: 5141: 5127:Paul Deschanel 5124: 5107: 5090: 5073: 5056: 5039: 5022: 5005: 4988: 4974:Adolphe Thiers 4970: 4968: 4965:Third Republic 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4939: 4937: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4878:External links 4876: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4814: 4807: 4802:978-2130536055 4801: 4788: 4782: 4765: 4759: 4746: 4734:Textes choisis 4729: 4720: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4685: 4679: 4666: 4660: 4647: 4641: 4628: 4622: 4605: 4599: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4527: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4490: 4480:Chisholm, Hugh 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4392: 4390:, p. 167. 4380: 4378:, p. 473. 4365: 4353: 4351:, p. 247. 4338: 4336:, p. 166. 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4264:, p. 115. 4251: 4239: 4237:, p. 516. 4224: 4212: 4210:, p. 150. 4200: 4183: 4166: 4164:, p. 134. 4151: 4149:, p. 508. 4139: 4137:, p. 229. 4124: 4122:, p. 502. 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3944:, p. 210. 3934: 3932:, p. 138. 3922: 3892: 3880: 3878:, p. 135. 3868: 3838: 3836:, p. 341. 3826: 3814: 3812:, p. 221. 3802: 3800:, p. 220. 3790: 3778: 3776:, p. 359. 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3728:, p. 400. 3718: 3706: 3691: 3689:, p. 109. 3679: 3677:, p. 101. 3667: 3665:, p. 104. 3655: 3653:, p. 100. 3643: 3641:, p. 100. 3631: 3619: 3607: 3605:, p. 133. 3595: 3593:, p. 134. 3580: 3548: 3536: 3534:, p. 132. 3521: 3519:, p. 340. 3509: 3507:, p. 337. 3497: 3495:, p. 189. 3485: 3483:, p. 336. 3473: 3471:, p. 338. 3461: 3459:, p. 316. 3449: 3437: 3435:, p. 314. 3425: 3410: 3408:, p. 313. 3398: 3396:, p. 311. 3386: 3384:, p. 309. 3374: 3362: 3360:, p. 122. 3350: 3348:, p. 272. 3338: 3336:, p. 284. 3326: 3317: 3305: 3289: 3277: 3270: 3247: 3240: 3220: 3208: 3178: 3143: 3141:, p. 157. 3128: 3126:, p. 315. 3116: 3095:10.1086/240442 3089:(4): 447–463. 3073: 3071:, p. 320. 3061: 3042: 3016: 3004: 2997: 2977: 2975:, p. 115. 2965: 2963:, p. 310. 2950: 2924: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2884: 2867:Maine-et-Loire 2847: 2817: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2761:Georges Danton 2756: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2700:Saint-Domingue 2617: 2614: 2570:conventionnels 2537:13 Vendémiaire 2535:Main article: 2532: 2529: 2463:Main article: 2460: 2457: 2416:Main article: 2410:Ile de la Cité 2375:Main article: 2356: 2353: 2273:Conventionnels 2236:Main article: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2201:Hôtel de Ville 2190:Hôtel de Ville 2146: 2143: 2089:Saint Domingue 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2047:Georges Danton 2039:Albert Mathiez 1993:Main article: 1990: 1987: 1848:Jacques Hébert 1839: 1836: 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1781:levée en masse 1736: 1733: 1620:levée en masse 1564: 1561: 1555:their office. 1479:open rebellion 1451: 1448: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1399: 1396: 1378:Maximin Isnard 1362:Main article: 1278: 1275: 1263:National Guard 1220: 1217: 1204:Main article: 1201: 1198: 1127: 1124: 1100:besieged Lille 1064: 1061: 1044: 1041: 958: 955: 869: 868: 866: 865: 858: 851: 843: 840: 839: 811: 810: 808: 807: 802: 797: 796: 795: 790: 785: 775: 770: 769: 768: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 719: 718: 713: 712: 706: 704:Fifth Republic 700: 699: 696: 690: 689: 686: 680: 679: 676: 674: 673: 668: 662: 659: 658: 655: 648: 647: 644: 637: 636: 633: 631:Third Republic 625: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 609: 606: 599: 598: 595: 593:Third Republic 589: 588: 585: 579: 578: 575: 569: 568: 565: 559: 558: 555: 549: 548: 545: 539: 538: 535: 533:First Republic 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 507: 502: 501: 498: 497: 492: 491: 488: 482: 481: 478: 472: 471: 468: 455: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 439: 436: 429: 428: 425: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 397: 396: 393: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 344: 343:50 BC – 486 AD 341: 335: 334: 331: 325: 324: 323:600 BC – 49 BC 321: 319:Greek colonies 315: 314: 311: 303: 298: 297: 294: 293: 287: 286: 278: 277: 268: 267: 260: 253: 252: 240: 239: 235: 234: 186: 183: 180: 179: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 106: 105: 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 79: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 61: 60: 53: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10153: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10033: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Birth control 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9824: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9711: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9619:Constitutions 9617: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9418: 9417: 9416:Années folles 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9378:Second Empire 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356:July Monarchy 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9255:Ancien Régime 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9040: 9035: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970:Sans-culottes 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8941:Metric system 8939: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8766: 8762: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8740:Panthéon Club 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8629:Joachim Murat 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8406:Gilbert Romme 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8228:de Cambacérès 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8212: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8144:Madame Roland 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:André Chénier 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8036:Grace Elliott 8034: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7952: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597:Joseph Souham 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:Joachim Murat 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520:André Masséna 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7291:(25 Jun 1802) 7289: 7286: 7283:(25 Mar 1802) 7281: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7262: 7259: 7256:(18 Mar 1801) 7254: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7225: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7211:(15 Jun 1800) 7209: 7206: 7203:(14 Jun 1800) 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7180: 7177: 7174:(15 Aug 1799) 7172: 7169: 7164: 7161: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7145: 7140: 7137: 7134:(25 Mar 1799) 7132: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7115:Siege of Acre 7113: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7086:Peasants' War 7084: 7079: 7076: 7071: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7036:(17 Oct 1797) 7034: 7031: 7028:(18 Apr 1797) 7026: 7023: 7020:(17 Apr 1797) 7018: 7015: 7012:(25 Jan 1797) 7010: 7007: 7002: 6999: 6996:(13 Jan 1797) 6994: 6991: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6962: 6957: 6954: 6949: 6946: 6941: 6938: 6935:(26 Oct 1796) 6933: 6930: 6927:(19 Oct 1796) 6925: 6922: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6906: 6901: 6898: 6895:(24 Aug 1796) 6893: 6890: 6887:(11 Aug 1796) 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6790:(26 Jun 1794) 6788: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6774:(22 May 1794) 6772: 6769: 6766:(18 May 1794) 6764: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6749:(24 Apr 1794) 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6715:(13 Oct 1793) 6713: 6710: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6661:(23 May 1793) 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6535: 6532:(24 Dec 1799) 6530: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6516:(18 Jun 1799) 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6497:(11 May 1798) 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6449: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6415:(22 Aug 1795) 6413: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6388:(11 Nov 1794) 6386: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6372:(28 Jul 1794) 6369: 6366: 6363:(27 Jul 1794) 6361: 6358: 6355:(10 Jun 1794) 6353: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6322: 6319: 6316:(16 Oct 1793) 6314: 6311: 6308:(17 Sep 1793) 6306: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290:(23 Aug 1793) 6288: 6285: 6282:(13 Jul 1793) 6280: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6238:(21 Jan 1793) 6236: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6219:(22 Sep 1792) 6217: 6214: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6198: 6195:(10 Aug 1792) 6193: 6190: 6185: 6182: 6179:(25 Jul 1792) 6177: 6174: 6171:(20 Apr 1792) 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6147: 6142: 6139: 6136:(27 Aug 1791) 6134: 6131: 6128:(17 Jul 1791) 6126: 6123: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6101:(14 Jul 1790) 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091:(12 Jul 1790) 6089: 6086: 6083:(23 Jun 1790) 6081: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6050: 6045: 6042: 6039:(26 Aug 1789) 6037: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6015:(14 Jul 1789) 6013: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5999:(20 Jun 1789) 5997: 5994: 5989: 5986: 5983:(4 June 1789) 5981: 5978: 5973: 5970: 5967:(28 Apr 1789) 5965: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5938:(21 Jul 1788) 5936: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5843:Ancien Régime 5840: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751:Second Empire 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578:July Monarchy 5575: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5548:Richelieu (2) 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Richelieu (1) 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5470:Paris Commune 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5195:Albert Lebrun 5193: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4839: 4837:0-521-28917-3 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4783:0-394-47392-2 4779: 4774: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4760:1-55584-150-3 4756: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4699:0-231-02519-X 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4680:0-231-08599-0 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4642:0-520-04399-5 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4623:0-7100-6525-6 4619: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4581:0-631-20299-4 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4562:2-02-039818-4 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4543:0-521-28918-1 4539: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4506:0-374-27341-3 4502: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4470:public domain 4459: 4458: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4363:, p. 31. 4362: 4361:Woronoff 1984 4357: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4324:, p. 20. 4323: 4322:Woronoff 1984 4318: 4312:, p. 17. 4311: 4310:Woronoff 1984 4306: 4300:, p. 15. 4299: 4298:Woronoff 1984 4294: 4287: 4286:Lefebvre 1963 4282: 4275: 4274:Woronoff 1984 4270: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247:Woronoff 1984 4243: 4236: 4235:Thompson 1959 4231: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4162:Lefebvre 1963 4158: 4156: 4148: 4147:Thompson 1959 4143: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4120:Thompson 1959 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3890:, p. 19. 3889: 3884: 3877: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3824:, p. 90. 3823: 3822:Lefebvre 1963 3818: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3788:, p. 88. 3787: 3786:Lefebvre 1963 3782: 3775: 3770: 3764:, p. 61. 3763: 3762:Lefebvre 1963 3758: 3752:, p. 99. 3751: 3750:Lefebvre 1963 3746: 3740:, p. 98. 3739: 3738:Lefebvre 1963 3734: 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 96. 3715: 3714:Lefebvre 1963 3710: 3704:, p. 71. 3703: 3702:Lefebvre 1963 3698: 3696: 3688: 3687:Lefebvre 1963 3683: 3676: 3675:Lefebvre 1963 3671: 3664: 3663:Lefebvre 1963 3659: 3652: 3651:Lefebvre 1963 3647: 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 64. 3628: 3627:Lefebvre 1963 3623: 3617:, p. 62. 3616: 3615:Lefebvre 1963 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3565: 3558: 3552: 3546:, p. 68. 3545: 3544:Lefebvre 1963 3540: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3447:, p. 67. 3446: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3423:, p. 55. 3422: 3421:Lefebvre 1963 3417: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3372:, p. 42. 3371: 3370:Lefebvre 1963 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3346:Lefebvre 1963 3342: 3335: 3330: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3273: 3271:0-394-55948-7 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3256:Schama, Simon 3251: 3243: 3241:0-399-11022-4 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3218:, p. 51. 3217: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3124:Thompson 1959 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3069:Thompson 1959 3065: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2961:Thompson 1959 2957: 2955: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2676:Conservatoire 2670: 2669: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2588:sans-culottes 2585: 2581: 2580:sans-culottes 2577: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2466: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431:Saint-Antoine 2429: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2229: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2198:burst in the 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2066:Joseph Fouché 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Public Safety 2002: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1983:sans-culottes 1980: 1979:sans-culottes 1974: 1971: 1966: 1965:sans-culottes 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905:sans-culottes 1901: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:sans-culottes 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1820:André Masséna 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1801:Ecole de Mars 1795: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777:sans-culottes 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1717:sans-culottes 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589:Public Safety 1586: 1579: 1578:François Rude 1575: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539:murdered the 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1427: 1422: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1392: 1391:sans-culottes 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:Paris Commune 1371: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349:sans-culottes 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1312:sans-culottes 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:Paris Commune 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 988:, 183 in the 987: 982: 980: 976: 971: 969: 964: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 924: 919: 917: 914:IV under the 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 864: 859: 857: 852: 850: 845: 844: 842: 841: 838: 827: 823: 813: 812: 806: 803: 801: 798: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 776: 774: 771: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 726: 725: 721: 720: 707: 705: 702: 701: 697: 695: 692: 691: 687: 685: 682: 681: 677: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 661: 660: 656: 654: 653:Années folles 650: 649: 645: 643: 639: 638: 634: 632: 629: 628: 623: 618: 617: 607: 605: 601: 600: 596: 594: 591: 590: 586: 584: 583:Second Empire 581: 580: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 564: 563:July Monarchy 561: 560: 556: 554: 551: 550: 546: 544: 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 499: 489: 487: 486:Bourbon kings 484: 483: 479: 477: 474: 473: 469: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 458:Ancien Régime 453: 448: 447: 437: 435: 431: 430: 426: 424: 420: 419: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 403: 399: 398: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 382: 379: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364: 363: 358: 353: 352: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 320: 317: 316: 312: 310: 307: 306: 301: 296: 295: 292: 289: 288: 284: 280: 279: 276: 270: 269: 264: 259: 258: 250: 245: 241: 238:Meeting place 236: 229: 226: 213: 200: 191: 187: 181: 177: 172: 168: 164: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 109: 104: 100: 95: 83: 73: 70: 66: 62: 57: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9949:Coat of arms 9939:Architecture 9911:Social class 9869:Homelessness 9854:Demographics 9808:Trade unions 9741:Central bank 9683:criminal law 9646:Human rights 9629:presidential 9473:Algerian War 9456:Contemporary 9430:Vichy France 9425:World War II 9395:Belle Époque 9328:First Empire 9230:Early Modern 9201:West Francia 8977:Phrygian cap 8922:Bastille Day 8836:Thomas Paine 8791:Edmund Burke 8786:Beaumarchais 8780:Les Lumières 8778: 8619:Joseph Fesch 8531:Pauline Léon 8501:Jacques Roux 8440: 8024: 7450:Lazare Hoche 7435:Paul Grenier 7405:Louis Desaix 7264:(8 Jul 1801) 7248:(9 Feb 1801) 7219:(3 Dec 1800) 7142:(5 Apr 1799) 6943:(6 Nov 1796) 6919:(8 Sep 1796) 6911:(4 Sep 1796) 6903:(3 Sep 1796) 6874:(5 Aug 1796) 6803:(2 Oct 1794) 6782:(1 Jun 1794) 6524:(9 Nov 1799) 6470:(4 Sep 1797) 6407:(1 Apr 1795) 6377:White Terror 6370:guillotined 6347:(5 Apr 1794) 6294: 6274:(2 Jun 1793) 6207: 6144:(3 Sep 1791) 6095: 6055:(2 Nov 1789) 6047:(5 Oct 1789) 5975:(5 May 1789) 5953: 5930:(7 Jun 1788) 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5504:Hundred Days 5480:First Empire 5385:2017–present 5308: 5283: 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Retrieved 4404: 4395: 4383: 4356: 4349:Hampson 1988 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4249:, p. 2. 4242: 4215: 4203: 4193: 4186: 4176: 4169: 4142: 4135:Hampson 1988 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913:. Retrieved 3904: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3850: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3810:Hampson 1988 3805: 3798:Hampson 1988 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3571:. Retrieved 3551: 3539: 3517:Mathiez 1929 3512: 3505:Mathiez 1929 3500: 3493:Hampson 1988 3488: 3481:Mathiez 1929 3476: 3469:Mathiez 1929 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3320: 3308: 3292: 3285:Kennedy 1988 3280: 3260: 3250: 3230: 3223: 3211: 3199:. Retrieved 3190: 3181: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3139:Hampson 1988 3119: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3064: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3019: 3007: 2987: 2980: 2968: 2941:. Retrieved 2937:the original 2927: 2887: 2850: 2835:The Mountain 2820: 2812:sans-culotte 2810: 2806: 2800: 2754:The Mountain 2728: 2724: 2645: 2642: 2628: 2624: 2610:White Terror 2607: 2592: 2590:was issued. 2587: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2545: 2525: 2522: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2476: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2380: 2368: 2366: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2296:White Terror 2277: 2272: 2265: 2248: 2245:Prairial Law 2241: 2226: 2206: 2180: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2127: 2117:Cap Francais 2106: 2085: 2051: 2036: 2032: 2021: 1998: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1964: 1962: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1831: 1828: 1812:Lazare Hoche 1805: 1800: 1797: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1729:sans-culotte 1728: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1694:on 27 July, 1661: 1652: 1649: 1627: 1625: 1618: 1614:Jacques Roux 1607: 1600:sans-culotte 1599: 1597: 1582: 1571: 1557: 1553: 1541:sans-culotte 1540: 1534: 1494:Valenciennes 1483: 1475: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1390: 1385: 1367: 1348: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1308: 1280: 1260: 1256: 1240: 1209: 1170: 1162:Jacobin Club 1142:conservative 1139: 1136:The Mountain 1085: 1076: 1066: 1049:the Mountain 1046: 1037:Thermidorian 1022: 1010: 1004:départements 994:Thomas Paine 983: 972: 960: 945:. After the 932: 920: 875: 872: 825: 783:Christianity 671:Vichy France 622:20th century 604:Belle Époque 543:First Empire 456: 452:Early modern 402:West Francia 391:Carolingians 381:Merovingians 199:The Mountain 194: 43: 10059:WikiProject 9874:Immigration 9864:Health care 9726:Agriculture 9678:enforcement 9435:Free France 9404:World War I 9351:Restoration 9338:Late Modern 9208:Middle Ages 9183:Middle Ages 9168:Celtic Gaul 8846:Abbé Sieyès 8831:Montesquieu 8747:Social Club 8689:Jean Chouan 8579:Louis XVIII 8356:Roger Ducos 8326:Paul Barras 8293:Montagnards 8223:Abbé Sieyès 8026:monarchiens 7834:Netherlands 7763:(Hungarian) 7711:(Hungarian) 7627:French Navy 7553: [ 7475:Jean Lannes 7332:French Army 7110:(1798–1802) 7081:(1798–1800) 7065:(1798–1801) 6795:Chouannerie 6756:(Pyrenees) 6621: [ 6588:Chouannerie 6380:(Fall 1794) 6368:Robespierre 5519:Restoration 5443:(1792–1804) 5341: [ 5324: [ 5310:Alain Poher 5299: [ 5285:Alain Poher 5250: [ 5233: [ 5219:(1947–1958) 5202: [ 5185: [ 5178:Paul 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9158:Prehistory 9114:Journalism 8735:Cordeliers 8649:Talleyrand 8574:Louis XVII 8436:Hébertists 8190:Jean Debry 8020:Feuillants 7649:Opposition 7545:Michel Ney 6967:(Dec 1796) 6575:Thionville 6478:(Dec 1797) 6451:(May 1796) 6443:5 Oct 1795 6420:Directoire 6300:(painting) 6203:(Sep 1792) 6187:(Jun 1792) 6020:Great Fear 5959:(Jan 1789) 5850:Revolution 5711:Barrot (2) 5706:Barrot (1) 5662:Thiers (2) 5637:Thiers (1) 5632:de Broglie 5528:Talleyrand 4866:65 (1998). 4388:Furet 1996 4334:Furet 1996 4208:Furet 1996 3930:Furet 1996 3888:Greer 1935 3876:Furet 1996 3603:Furet 1996 3591:Furet 1996 3532:Furet 1996 3358:Furet 1996 3159:(3): 2–3. 3035:18 October 3012:Dupuy 2005 2973:Furet 1996 2943:17 October 2899:References 2879:Marseilles 2716:Guadeloupe 2712:Martinique 2603:Saint Roch 2562:Lepeletier 2320:Physiocrat 2213:Saint-Just 1954:Desmoulins 1917:Saint-Just 1882:Desmoulins 1870:Dantonists 1844:Hébertists 1761:Berthollet 1672:Saint-Just 1585:committees 1454:See also: 1248:Saint-Just 1194:federalism 1166:Cordeliers 1098:, who had 1055:) and the 882:) was the 372:settlement 339:Roman Gaul 309:Prehistory 108:Unicameral 9859:Education 9813:Transport 9663:Judiciary 9624:Elections 9578:Mountains 9536:Geography 9282:Louis XIV 9072:Overviews 8569:Louis XVI 8564:Charles X 8215:The Plain 8126:Girondins 8066:Lafayette 7727:(Walloon) 7709:Pál Kray 7685:(Walloon) 7227:(1800–02) 7078:Quasi-War 6537:Consulate 6423:(1795–99) 5878:Consulate 5871:Directory 5753:(1852–70) 5701:Cavaignac 5684:(1848–52) 5667:Soult (3) 5657:Soult (2) 5612:Soult (1) 5580:(1830–48) 5568:Mortemart 5558:Martignac 5538:Dessolles 5521:(1814–30) 5482:(1804–14) 5375:2012–2017 5365:2007–2012 5355:1995–2007 5338:1981–1995 5321:1974–1981 5313:(interim) 5296:1969–1974 5288:(interim) 5278:1959–1969 5247:1954–1959 5243:René Coty 5230:1947–1954 5199:1932–1940 5182:1931–1932 5165:1924–1931 5148:1920–1924 5114:1913–1920 5097:1906–1913 5080:1899–1906 5063:1895–1899 5046:1894–1895 5029:1887–1894 5012:1879–1887 4995:1873–1879 4978:1871–1873 4947:1848–1851 4262:Rude 1988 3173:150197641 3111:154416704 2830:Girondins 2747:Girondist 2704:Sonthonax 2694:the 1793 2575:muscadins 2428:faubourgs 2403:faubourgs 2346:assignats 2338:assignats 2269:Fructidor 2145:Thermidor 2024:Vergniaud 1950:Delacroix 1878:Delacroix 1866:Bouchotte 1864:, filled 1846:although 1502:Perpignan 1329:appelants 1206:The Plain 1200:The Plain 1189:districts 1181:provinces 1146:democrats 1132:Girondins 1104:Dumouriez 1096:Austrians 1088:Prussians 1057:Girondins 1053:the Plain 1029:executive 957:Elections 923:Louis XVI 878:(French: 805:Territory 698:1946–1958 688:1944–1946 678:1940–1944 657:1920–1929 646:1919–1939 635:1870–1940 608:1871–1914 597:1870–1940 587:1852–1870 577:1848–1852 567:1830–1848 557:1814–1830 547:1804–1814 537:1792–1804 527:1791–1792 517:1789–1799 490:1589–1792 480:1515–1589 470:1498–1515 438:1328–1498 225:The Plain 212:Girondins 161:Structure 129:Disbanded 10049:Category 9982:Language 9894:Religion 9839:Abortion 9793:Taxation 9690:Military 9651:Intersex 9641:Politics 9607:Politics 9409:Interwar 9104:Economic 9099:Language 9084:Timeline 8929:Panthéon 8917:Muscadin 8912:Marianne 8851:Voltaire 8730:Jacobins 8723:Factions 8263:Mirabeau 7719:(French) 6613:Jemappes 6597:Dauphiné 6080:Nobility 5892:Journals 5885:Glossary 5864:Republic 5836:Timeline 5770:Ollivier 5716:Hautpoul 5647:Molé (2) 5642:Molé (1) 5602:Laffitte 5563:Polignac 5489:Napoleon 4409:Archived 3909:Archived 3855:Archived 3564:Archived 3258:(1989). 3195:Archived 3053:Archived 3029:Archived 2826:Jacobins 2734:See also 2708:Polverel 2688:Pluviôse 2637:Panthéon 2635:(1913), 2499:Messidor 2424:Prairial 2383:Germinal 2300:Lyonnais 2139:Napoleon 1832:en masse 1769:Fourcroy 1653:assignat 1628:sections 1549:Normandy 1498:Pyrenees 1471:Brussels 1469:, 1793, 1407:rights. 1164:and the 1081:Varennes 1016:and the 912:Brumaire 800:Taxation 778:Religion 773:Politics 766:Consorts 761:Monarchs 756:Military 751:Medicine 427:987–1328 416:987–1792 370:Frankish 368:and the 291:Timeline 263:a series 261:Part of 10040:Outline 10022:Theatre 10017:Symbols 9977:Gardens 9967:Fashion 9959:Cuisine 9926:Culture 9916:Welfare 9889:Poverty 9827:Society 9803:Tourism 9763:Exports 9736:Banking 9714:Economy 9673:history 9568:Islands 9563:Borders 9196:Francia 9150:Ancient 9128:Regions 9079:History 9064:History 8811:Diderot 8557:Figures 8442:Enragés 8148:Father 7859:Prussia 7791:Britain 7740:(Saxon) 7698:(Swiss) 7665:Austria 5726:Faucher 5627:Mortier 5553:Villèle 5543:Decazes 4482:(ed.). 4472:: 4454:Sources 3103:1878003 2639:, Paris 2395:Billaud 2325:maximum 2315:Maximum 2284:Carrier 2253:Billaud 2217:Couthon 2076:Slavery 2028:Brissot 1939:Proli, 1937:émigrés 1935:to the 1909:Ventôse 1890:effort. 1853:enragés 1741:autarky 1735:Economy 1668:Couthon 1641:Maximum 1612:, with 1609:enragés 1518:Corsica 1504:in the 1288:Couthon 1269:at the 1150:Gironde 1106:at the 886:of the 793:Judaism 731:Economy 710:present 406:843–987 395:751–987 385:481–751 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