4382:
4317:
4249:
1054:
47:
4123:
506:
3781:
1067:
4347:
4292:
1313:
1273:
1223:
1183:
443:, loosely organized political debate clubs open to the public. Though members of the Montagnards were known for their commitment to radical political resolutions prior to 1793, the contours of political groups presented an ever-evolving reality that shifted in response to events. Would-be prominent Montagnard leaders like
556:
on the export of French goods. As a result of this embargo, France was essentially unable to trade with foreign markets and the import of goods effectively ended. In theory, this protected French markets from foreign goods and required French people to support French goods. In addition to the embargo
455:
proposals and soon many moderates—even anti-radicals—felt the need to push for radical endeavors in light of threats both within and without the country. It was only after the trial of Louis XVI in
December 1792, which united the Montagnards on a position of regicide, that the ideals and power of the
373:
and supported a constitution which would have allowed a popular vote to overturn legislation. The
Mountain accused the Girondins of plotting against Paris because this caveat within the proposed constitution would have allowed rural areas of France to vote against legislation that benefits Paris, the
569:
The fall and exclusion of the
Montagnards from the National Convention began with the collapse of the Revolution's radical phase and the death of Robespierre on 10 Thermidor (28 July 1794). While the Montagnards celebrated unity, there was growing heterogeneity within the group as the Committee of
501:
drafted a piece of legislation which dealt with agricultural reform; in particular, he urged "relief from rent following harvest loss, compensation for improvements and fixity of tenure". This was in part to combat restlessness of share-croppers in the southwest. This draft never made it into law,
581:
The purge of
Robespierre was strongly similar to previous measures employed by the Montagnards to expel factions, such as the Girondins. However, as Robespierre was widely considered the heart of the Montagnards, his death symbolized their collapse. Few desired to take on the name of Montagnards
416:
reported the constitution to the
Convention on 10 June and a final draft was adopted on 24 June. The process occurred quickly because as Robespierre, a prominent member of the Mountain, announced on 10 June the "good citizens demanded a constitution" and the "Constitution will be the reply of
472:
on 20 June 1791. Some of the
Girondins believed they could use the king as figurehead. While the Girondins hesitated, the Montagnards took a united stand during the trial in December 1792–January 1793 and favored the king's execution. On 24 February the Convention decreed the first albeit
560:
The
Mountain also enacted policies restricting and granting religious freedom. These policies varied but began with a ban on religion, allowing only for "the worship of Reason" in 1793 and progressing to religious freedom with the separation of Church and State in 1795.
331:
such as conquering the
Rhineland, Poland and the Netherlands with a goal of creating a protective ring of satellite republics in Great Britain, Spain and Italy and a potential war with Austria, enabled the Montagnards to take over the administrative power of the
365:. The Mountain operated on the belief that what was best for Paris would be best for all of France. Although they attempted some rural land reform, most of it was never enacted and they generally focused on the needs of the urban poor over that of rural France.
348:
to
Montagnards was proceeded after Robespierre accused the former group of traitorous and counter-revolutionary activities as well as betraying the Republic, which resulted in the execution of fellow Revolutionists including considerably influential figures
570:
Public Safety extended themselves with their tight control over the military and their extreme opposition to corruption in the government. Their extension drew the ire of other revolutionary leaders and a number of plots coalesced on 9 Thermidor (
480:
Riding on this victory, the
Montagnards then sought to discredit the Girondins. They used tactics previously employed by the Girondins to denounce them as liars and enemies of the Revolution. They also formed a legislative committee in which
368:
The Girondins were a moderate political faction created during the Legislative Assembly period. They were the political opponents of the more radical representatives within the Mountain. The Girondins had wanted to avoid the execution of
360:
The Mountain was composed mainly of members of the middle class, but represented the constituencies of Paris. As such, the Mountain was sensitive to the motivations of the city and responded strongly to demands from the working class
374:
main constituency of the Mountain. However, the real discord in the Convention occurred not between the Mountain and the Gironde, but between the aggressive antics of the minority of the Mountain and the rest of the Convention.
438:
It is difficult to pinpoint the conception of the Montagnard group because the lines which defined it were themselves quite nebulous early on. Originally, members of The Mountain were the men who sat in the highest rows of the
2232:
5469:
2783:
557:
against foreign goods, Act 1651, passed by the Mountain in October 1793, further isolated France from the rest of Europe by forbidding any foreign vessels from trading along the French coast.
4446:
4145:
614:, which caused a break with Robespierre. After the trial of Girondins in 1793, Danton became strongly moderate while Robespierre and his allies continued their more radical policies.
389:, who themselves came to represent different factions. Hébert, a journalist, gained a following as a radical patriot Montagnard (members who identified with him became known as the
751:
485:
proposed a limitation of inheritances, gaining more support for the Montagnards. Girondin members were subsequently banned from the Jacobin club and excluded from the
610:. The Jacobins were initially moderate republicans and the Cordeliers were radical populist. In late 1792, Danton and his supporters wanted a reconciliation with the
405:
for the Mountain. In June 1793, the Mountain successfully ousted most of the moderate Gironde members of the Convention with the assistance of radical sans-culottes.
5131:
622:
1676:
4012:
2354:
766:
541:. It fixed prices and wages throughout France. At the same time, bread prices were rising as the commodity became scarce, and in an initiative spearheaded by
1350:
4386:
741:
5176:
1689:
Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793
5408:
2498:
327:
had no virtual difference with regard to the establishment of the French Republic, the aggressive military intentions of the rich merchant class-backed
4798:
3699:
3654:
3561:
3508:
3439:
3309:
3283:
3200:
3097:
3024:
701:
5544:
856:
280:
5106:
4334:
4394:
5539:
4187:
549:, a law was enacted in July 1793 that forbade the hoarding of "daily necessities". The hoarding of grain became a crime punishable by death.
4533:
1964:
P. M. Jones, "The 'Agrarian Law': Schemes for Land Redistribution during the French Revolution", Past & Present, no. 133 (1991), p. 112.
4329:
4725:
4667:
4456:
2542:
2116:
This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792-1794
1950:
This Bright Era of Happy Revolutions: French Consul Michel-Ange-Bernard Mangourit and International Republicanism in Charleston, 1792-1794
2270:
1602:
582:
afterwards, leaving around only about 100 men. Finally, at the end of 1794 the Mountain largely devolved into a group called The Crest (
5156:
4513:
3852:
497:
Through attempted land redistribution policies, the Mountain showed some support for the rural poor. In August 1793, Montagnard member
464:
The rise of Montagnards corresponds to the fall of the Girondins. The Girondins hesitated on the correct course of action to take with
5504:
4279:
502:
but the drastic reforms suggest the Mountain's awareness of the need to please their base of support, both the rural and urban poor.
5111:
4563:
4466:
1620:
5519:
2733:
1163:
4690:
2361:
498:
5459:
4528:
4441:
3902:
4097:
935:
5499:
5367:
5141:
4858:
2466:
5534:
4269:
4208:
4166:
3997:
2450:
1575:
1548:
1521:
5171:
4715:
4223:
2775:
649:. The Montagnards that survived were arrested, executed or deported. By 1795 the Mountain had effectively been obliterated.
46:
5529:
4632:
4049:
3942:
2866:
940:
409:
3922:
1452:
Leaders, Dreamers And Rebels – An Account Of The Great Mass-Movements Of History And Of The Wish-Dreams That Inspired Them
961:
533:
Other policies aimed at supporting the poor included price controls enacted by the Mountain in 1793. This law, called the
5514:
5509:
5146:
5101:
4274:
3426:
3187:
2442:
1343:
252:
4647:
4601:
5549:
5464:
5454:
4218:
3524:
3174:
2242:
2225:
2190:
2165:
2014:
1754:
1460:
736:
4843:
4054:
4029:
2128:
1870:
4838:
4179:
4140:
3686:
3317:
2347:
2298:
1114:
3887:
1096:
417:
patriotic deputies, for it is the work of the Mountain". However, this constitution was never actually enacted. The
340:
who openly advocated for a more peaceful external policy and rather focusing on the issues within the newly-founded
4833:
4740:
4074:
2550:
2490:
1618:
National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution
977:
5268:
5056:
4983:
676:
518:
5209:
4918:
3857:
2319:
2291:
2263:
1036:
994:
546:
5051:
4948:
4538:
3532:
915:
815:
5444:
5046:
4823:
3516:
2654:
2506:
1293:
1253:
1233:
1203:
1092:
542:
4451:
5449:
3972:
3447:
3291:
3270:
3208:
3128:
2991:
2726:
2646:
2611:
2215:
2178:
Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest)
1088:
905:
761:
716:
305:
20:
3882:
3872:
2559:
925:
5161:
4848:
4745:
4236:
4213:
4158:
4044:
3987:
2874:
2806:
1005:
477:, triggering uprisings in rural France as the Montagnards' influence waned in Marseille, Toulon, and Lyon.
191:
4153:
2956:
5263:
4888:
4783:
4662:
4642:
4553:
4482:
4304:
3802:
3569:
3262:
3115:
2603:
666:
444:
418:
308:, came into general use in 1793. By the summer of 1793, that pair of opposed minority groups divided the
66:
24:
5086:
4938:
3952:
3847:
3085:
825:
746:
19:
This article is about the historical political group also known as the Montagnards. For other uses, see
5398:
4953:
3932:
3156:
3105:
3037:
2937:
2721:
2630:
2417:
2256:
1417:
800:
711:
696:
413:
4933:
4695:
3827:
1500:
Popkin, J. (2010) You are all Free. The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery, pp. 384, 389.
1435:
830:
5413:
4998:
4730:
4573:
4428:
4231:
3794:
3670:
3593:
3471:
3455:
930:
910:
5308:
4853:
4685:
4461:
3842:
895:
5121:
4968:
4923:
4253:
4248:
3992:
3822:
3812:
3625:
3609:
3487:
3402:
3249:
3233:
3136:
2910:
2474:
1476:
1077:
820:
789:
4548:
1053:
4973:
4928:
4637:
4518:
4195:
4017:
3641:
3548:
3216:
3032:
2975:
2890:
2595:
2434:
1286:
1081:
835:
208:
4978:
4873:
3927:
2208:
2182:
2176:
1279:
885:
448:
4763:
4596:
4200:
3892:
3877:
3750:
3617:
3495:
3241:
3161:
2830:
2705:
2697:
2587:
1189:
661:
510:
378:
354:
350:
337:
61:
3707:
2138:
2049:
1538:
1511:
1450:
756:
514:
5303:
4617:
4568:
4503:
4034:
3917:
3907:
3785:
3780:
3678:
3633:
3386:
3333:
3151:
3141:
3080:
3070:
3065:
2822:
2678:
2326:
1596:
1010:
966:
845:
634:
571:
522:
422:
412:, quickly began construction on a new constitution which was completed eight days later. The
341:
3362:
1431:
5494:
5242:
5116:
4878:
4700:
4622:
4471:
4079:
4069:
3862:
3577:
3394:
3341:
3146:
2929:
1031:
956:
686:
397:). Regardless of the divisions, the nightly sessions of the Jacobin club, which met in the
4558:
4039:
3957:
3110:
3055:
393:) while Danton led a more moderate faction of the Mountain (followers came to be known as
8:
5524:
5318:
5248:
5096:
5026:
4883:
4863:
4828:
4803:
4735:
4436:
3962:
3346:
3225:
2983:
2895:
2670:
2662:
2638:
2397:
1617:
1565:
1375:
1370:
1156:
989:
691:
486:
333:
309:
301:
257:
5003:
4958:
1690:
1196:
706:
398:
166:
4778:
4543:
4508:
4359:
4321:
4316:
4064:
3982:
3977:
3723:
3715:
3410:
3370:
3182:
3075:
2839:
2814:
2758:
2741:
2579:
1658:
1396:
War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State: Politics and Army Administration in France
1338:
920:
890:
879:
850:
645:. They executed Robespierre and his supporters and split from The Mountain to form the
633:(April 1794), these groups held the most influence in The Mountain. This was until the
599:
469:
247:
224:
219:
204:
156:
148:
5126:
4943:
4705:
4578:
4135:
4089:
2426:
1041:
810:
84:
5355:
5288:
5278:
5258:
4364:
3662:
3601:
3585:
3378:
2458:
2312:
2279:
2238:
2221:
2204:
2186:
2161:
1750:
1641:
Brace, Richard Munthe (April 1951). "General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792–1793".
1571:
1544:
1517:
1456:
805:
526:
284:
4913:
4612:
2902:
2802:
2749:
1890:
983:
784:
726:
642:
618:
505:
474:
386:
5423:
5283:
5076:
5071:
5061:
4793:
4720:
4657:
4627:
4399:
4369:
4264:
3967:
3817:
3742:
3479:
3463:
3418:
3354:
3325:
3120:
2999:
2882:
2847:
2389:
2340:
2333:
1650:
1333:
319:
The Mountain was the left-leaning radical group and opposed the more right-leaning
130:
5202:
2305:
1026:
5348:
5136:
4813:
4808:
4773:
4523:
4127:
4122:
4024:
3947:
3837:
3807:
3166:
3042:
2767:
2713:
2514:
1624:
1360:
1021:
794:
671:
625:
of France. When the Robespierrist and unaligned Montagnards eliminated first the
583:
534:
313:
296:
272:
184:
4993:
5418:
5360:
5166:
4988:
4768:
4488:
4351:
4346:
4296:
4291:
4111:
3299:
2533:
900:
874:
382:
312:. That year, the Montagnards were influential in what is commonly known as the
196:
71:
2085:
Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution
1937:
Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution
5488:
5432:
5403:
5273:
5091:
4868:
4710:
4606:
4498:
4059:
4002:
2098:
1591:
1365:
1016:
971:
840:
731:
721:
646:
482:
362:
4898:
775:
626:
390:
5439:
5384:
5298:
5253:
5081:
4963:
3912:
3897:
3867:
1000:
440:
324:
212:
180:
5293:
5151:
5041:
4818:
4788:
3937:
3257:
3050:
681:
630:
537:, was supported by a group of agitators within the Mountain known as the
79:
5391:
1606:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 937.
5197:
5036:
4652:
4007:
2482:
1894:
1662:
1319:
865:
607:
575:
394:
174:
4904:
538:
5031:
4677:
4588:
4171:
3540:
638:
611:
578:
acted in response to fears that Robespierre planned to execute them.
465:
370:
345:
328:
320:
200:
2248:
1654:
1595:
1066:
5379:
5374:
5313:
5192:
5066:
3832:
603:
452:
377:
The Mountain was not unified as a party and relied on leaders like
2376:
2217:
Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution
1747:
Twelve Who Ruled: The Year of the Terror in the French Revolution
553:
425:
that purged much of the government, it was eventually abandoned.
2092:
The Making of an Insurrection: Parisian Sections and the Gironde
598:
The Mountain was born in 1792, with the merger of two prominent
1356:
402:
4447:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
4381:
134:
617:
The moderates of Danton were also rival to the followers of
552:
Other economic policies enacted by the Mountain included an
421:
was delayed due to the situation in the war, and due to the
513:
and his allies showing at the centre of the image gendarme
4421:
1781:
1779:
1728:
1726:
621:
who wanted the persecution of all non-Montagnards and the
4261:
237:
2201:
The Jacobins and Their Victims in The Eighteenth Century
1984:
1982:
1871:"Definition of 'mountain' - Collins English Dictionary"
1776:
1723:
574:) when collaborators with the more moderate group the
1994:
1979:
1952:(University of South Carolina Press, 2008), pp. 9–10.
1640:
5177:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
1967:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1764:
5409:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2499:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1960:
1958:
1706:(6th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 75–76.
1414:Populist Religion and Left-Wing Politics in France
2158:The French Revolution: Faith, Desire and Politics
1516:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 216.
593:
5486:
4335:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1955:
1718:"The Siege" in Jacobinism and the Revolt of Lyon
1411:
1393:
304:. The term, first used during a session of the
2377:Significant civil and political events by year
2071:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
1899:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution
1567:Uniting 'good' Citizens in Thermidorian France
2264:
2118:. (University of South Carolina Press, 2008).
1939:(Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 174–175.
5430:
5389:
5365:
5346:
4330:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1477:"Robespierre and the Terror | History Today"
1448:
1348:
16:Political group during the French Revolution
3017:
2203:. University of Pennsylvania. p. 268.
1691:Discours contre Brissot & les girondins
1095:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
517:firing at Robespierre (colour engraving by
492:
408:Following their coup, the Mountain, led by
323:. Despite the fact that both groups of the
4534:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
2271:
2257:
2155:
1749:. Princeton University Press. p. 26.
1407:
1405:
4799:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
4457:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
4280:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2237:. 6th Edition. Pearson Higher Education.
1909:
1907:
1537:Dinkgreve, Stephan P. (6 December 2020).
1536:
1424:
1115:Learn how and when to remove this message
637:, when several conspirators supported by
5545:Political parties disestablished in 1795
5231:
2515:Nationalization of the Church properties
2234:A Short History of the French Revolution
2078:A Short History of the French Revolution
1915:A Short History of the French Revolution
1886:
1884:
1704:A Short History of the French Revolution
1590:
1563:
1052:
504:
489:on 31 May – 2 June 1793.
5460:Historiography of the French Revolution
4731:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
4442:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2104:. (New York: Vanguard Printings, 1927).
2012:
1402:
5487:
4467:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
4422:Other significant figures and factions
2174:
2102:The Great French Revolution, 1789–1793
2039:(Yale University Press, 2012), p. 271.
2000:
1988:
1973:
1904:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1770:
1744:
1732:
1701:
344:. This sharp transition of power from
5540:Political parties established in 1793
5335:
5230:
4514:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
4420:
4270:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
4209:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
4167:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3770:
3016:
2647:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
2375:
2278:
2252:
1917:, 5th ed. (Pearson, 2009), pp. 72–77.
1881:
1634:
1543:. Stephan P. Dinkgreve. p. 523.
1510:Bell, Madison Smartt (10 June 2009).
300:), sat on the highest benches in the
295:
4668:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
4080:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3771:
2867:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1509:
1093:adding citations to reliable sources
1060:
1048:
936:Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière
401:, can be considered to be a type of
5336:
4275:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
2094:. (Harvard University Press, 1986).
2019:Andrews University Seminary Studies
1901:(Belknap Press, 1989), pp. 380–390.
1761:with a new foreword by Isser Woloch
1344:Liberalism and radicalism in France
564:
13:
5465:Influence of the French Revolution
5455:Symbolism in the French Revolution
4219:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
4180:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
2435:Convocation of the Estates General
2149:
2087:. (Oxford University Press, 2013).
1720:, (Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 249.
737:Jean-Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon
459:
14:
5561:
5107:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
4839:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
4141:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
3923:François Christophe de Kellermann
3162:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
2133:Collins English Dictionary Online
2125:(Andrews University Press, 2009).
2109:Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life
2037:Robespierre: A Revolutionary Life
1394:Howard G. Brown (3 August 1995).
962:Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé
5505:1795 disestablishments in France
4834:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
4741:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
4711:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
4602:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
4380:
4345:
4315:
4290:
4247:
4121:
3998:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
3779:
2551:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
2111:. (Yale University Press, 2012).
1312:
1311:
1272:
1271:
1222:
1221:
1182:
1181:
1065:
978:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
590:), which lacked any real power.
499:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
45:
5520:Groups of the French Revolution
5172:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
4919:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
4844:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
4055:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
4050:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
4030:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
3858:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
2776:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
2069:François Furet and Mona Ozouf.
2063:
2042:
2029:
2006:
1942:
1929:
1920:
1863:
1738:
1710:
1695:
1683:
1669:
1629:French History and Civilisation
1610:
1584:
1398:. Clarendon Press. p. 370.
1037:Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
995:Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois
941:Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles
5445:Women in the French Revolution
5047:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
4224:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
3888:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3517:French invasion of Switzerland
2220:. Princeton University Press.
2143:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1643:The American Historical Review
1557:
1530:
1503:
1494:
1469:
1442:
1387:
594:Factions and prominent members
1:
5500:1793 establishments in France
5450:Incroyables and merveilleuses
5269:Pierre Claude François Daunou
5057:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
4188:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
4159:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
3456:Naval Engagement off Brittany
3209:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
3183:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
2992:Constitution of the Year VIII
2727:Committee of General Security
2612:National Legislative Assembly
2467:National Constituent Assembly
2139:"Montagnard (French history)"
1564:Koekkoek, René (2020-01-23).
1381:
906:Antoine Marie Charles Garnier
762:Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris
717:Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot
677:Pierre-François-Joseph Robert
519:Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert
21:The Mountain (disambiguation)
5535:Left-wing populism in France
5368:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
5162:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
5052:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
4949:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
4849:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
4539:Charles Malo François Lameth
4214:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
4045:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
3988:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
3188:Second Battle of Wissembourg
2875:Constitution of the Year III
1540:The Great World History Book
1318:
1310:
1278:
1270:
1220:
1188:
1180:
1006:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
916:Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron
816:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
114:; 225 years ago
96:; 232 years ago
7:
5530:Left-wing parties in France
5264:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4889:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
4824:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
4784:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
4663:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
4648:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
4643:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
4452:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
4305:William V, Prince of Orange
3175:First Battle of Wissembourg
3132:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
2848:Closing of the Jacobin Club
2717:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
2674:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
2534:Abolition of the Parlements
2507:Women's March on Versailles
2181:. Scarecrow Press. p.
1449:Fülöp-Miller, Rene (2013).
1327:
667:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
445:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
67:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
25:Montagnard (disambiguation)
10:
5566:
5515:French National Convention
5510:Abolitionist organizations
5399:French Republican calendar
4954:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
4579:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
3933:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
3883:Charles François Dumouriez
3873:Jacques François Dugommier
3687:League of Armed Neutrality
3520:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
3472:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
3295:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3274:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2938:Second Congress of Rastatt
2722:Committee of Public Safety
2709:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
2231:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2014).
2160:. Routledge. p. 255.
2080:, 5th ed. (Pearson, 2009).
1875:Collins English Dictionary
1702:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2006).
1631:(Vol. 6), 2015, pp. 66–82.
1418:Princeton University Press
1013:(Formerly a Robespierrist)
926:François Joseph Westermann
882:(Formerly a Robespierrist)
801:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
712:Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette
697:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
629:(March 1794) and then the
456:group fully consolidated.
433:
428:
414:Committee of Public Safety
287:. Its members, called the
18:
5550:Radical parties in France
5414:Cult of the Supreme Being
5342:
5331:
5237:
5226:
5185:
5019:
5012:
4897:
4754:
4676:
4587:
4574:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
4480:
4429:Patriotic Society of 1789
4427:
4416:
4378:
4343:
4313:
4288:
4245:
4232:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
4154:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
4119:
4110:
4088:
3793:
3777:
3766:
3735:
3698:
3671:Convention of Alessandria
3653:
3560:
3507:
3438:
3308:
3282:
3199:
3096:
3023:
3012:
2968:
2957:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
2949:
2922:
2859:
2795:
2690:
2623:
2572:
2526:
2418:What Is the Third Estate?
2409:
2382:
2371:
2286:
2199:Jordan, David P. (1983).
2156:Shusterman, Noah (2013).
2129:"Mountain (the Mountain)"
1349:
1285:
1195:
1155:
931:Edme-Bonaventure Courtois
911:Antoine Christophe Merlin
752:François Nicolas Anthoine
243:
230:
218:
190:
173:
140:
126:
108:
90:
53:
44:
32:
5122:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
5087:Joséphine de Beauharnais
4969:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
4939:François-Nicolas Vincent
4924:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
4098:Charles-Alexandre Linois
3993:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
3973:François Séverin Marceau
3953:François Joseph Lefebvre
3848:Jean-Étienne Championnet
3823:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
3818:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
3813:Alexandre de Beauharnais
3803:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
3525:French Invasion of Egypt
3403:Second Battle of Bassano
3137:Battle of Kaiserslautern
2911:Conspiracy of the Equals
2604:The Constitution of 1791
2475:Storming of the Bastille
2175:Hanson, Paul R. (2004).
2135:. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
2097:Peter Kropotkin, Trans.
2073:. (Belknap Press, 1989).
1412:Edward Berenson (1984).
826:François-Nicolas Vincent
821:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
790:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
747:Claude-François de Payan
702:Louis-Michel le Peletier
493:Policies of the Mountain
336:under the leadership of
5102:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
4974:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4934:Antoine-François Momoro
4929:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
4746:François de Neufchâteau
4696:Charles-François Lebrun
4638:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
4519:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
4395:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
4201:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
4196:Karl Mack von Leiberich
3828:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
3642:Second Battle of Zurich
3533:Irish Rebellion of 1798
3379:First Battle of Bassano
3217:Second Battle of Boulou
3018:Revolutionary campaigns
2976:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
2891:Council of Five Hundred
2679:First republic declared
2615:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
2596:Declaration of Pillnitz
2320:Constitutional monarchy
2145:. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
2054:Encyclopædia Britannica
1603:Encyclopædia Britannica
1436:Encyclopædia Britannica
1287:Council of Five Hundred
949:Independent Montagnards
836:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
831:Antoine-François Momoro
220:Political position
5431:
5390:
5366:
5347:
4859:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
4854:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
4764:Maximilien Robespierre
4597:Jacques Pierre Brissot
4462:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
3893:Louis-Charles de Flers
3878:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
3843:Jean François Carteaux
3618:First Battle of Zurich
3581:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
3536:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
3496:Treaty of Campo Formio
3242:Glorious First of June
3170:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
3129:Expedition to Sardinia
2807:Desmoulins guillotined
2742:Assassination of Marat
2734:Fall of the Girondists
2706:Revolutionary Tribunal
2698:Execution of Louis XVI
2588:Champ de Mars massacre
2491:Abolition of Feudalism
1745:Palmer, R. R. (2005).
1190:Maximilien Robespierre
1058:
896:François Louis Bourdon
662:Maximilien Robespierre
587:
530:
521:after the painting by
511:Maximilien Robespierre
470:attempt to flee France
451:were tempted by early
379:Maximilien Robespierre
355:Jacques Pierre Brissot
351:Georges Jacques Danton
338:Maximilien Robespierre
276:
62:Maximilien Robespierre
5304:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4569:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4549:Jean-François Rewbell
4035:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3918:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
3908:Jacques Maurice Hatry
3679:Battle of Hohenlinden
3552:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
3387:Battle of Emmendingen
3334:Battle of Castiglione
3221:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
3152:Battle of Hondschoote
2823:Thermidorian Reaction
2787:(throughout the year)
2560:Fête de la Fédération
2486:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
2470:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
2454:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
2214:Palmer, R.R. (2005).
2015:"The Reign of Terror"
2013:Voerman, Jan (2009).
1677:"The Core Curriculum"
1597:"Mountain, The"
1355:, punishing name for
1056:
1011:Armand-Joseph Guffroy
967:Jean Francois Rewbell
853:(Formerly a Girondin)
846:Jean-Baptiste Carrier
635:Thermidorian Reaction
572:Thermidorian Reaction
523:Fulchran-Jean Harriet
508:
423:Thermidorian Reaction
342:First French Republic
5232:Influential thinkers
4979:Jean-François Varlet
4879:Jean-Lambert Tallien
4874:Jean Bon Saint-André
4701:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
4623:Marquis de Condorcet
4472:Nicolas de Condorcet
4237:Dagobert von Wurmser
4070:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
4013:Pierre-Jacques Osten
3928:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
3863:Louis-Nicolas Davout
3853:Chapuis de Tourville
3395:Battle of Schliengen
3342:Battle of Theiningen
3263:Battle of Aldenhoven
3147:Battle of Wattignies
3116:Battle of Neerwinden
2930:Coup of 18 Fructidor
2443:Death of the Dauphin
2123:The Reign of Terror.
2114:Robert J. Alderson,
1948:Robert J. Alderson,
1716:William D. Edmonds,
1513:Toussaint Louverture
1481:www.historytoday.com
1280:Marie-Joseph Chénier
1241:Did not participate
1238:Did not participate
1211:Did not participate
1208:Did not participate
1089:improve this section
1032:Jean-Lambert Tallien
957:Pierre Joseph Cambon
767:Marc-Antoine Jullien
687:Augustin Robespierre
449:Jean Bon Saint-André
419:Constitution of 1793
410:Hérault de Séchelles
306:Legislative Assembly
5319:Mary Wollstonecraft
5097:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4884:Pierre Louis Prieur
4829:Jean-Henri Voulland
4804:Jacques-Louis David
4736:Jean Joseph Mounier
4437:Jean Sylvain Bailly
4075:Belgrand de Vaubois
3963:Jean-Antoine Marbot
3903:Emmanuel de Grouchy
3708:Treaty of Lunéville
3347:Battle of Neresheim
3292:Siege of Luxembourg
3271:Siege of Luxembourg
3226:Battle of Tourcoing
3157:Siege of Bellegarde
2984:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2896:Council of Ancients
2671:National Convention
2663:September Massacres
2639:Brunswick Manifesto
2631:France declares war
2398:Assembly of Vizille
1376:The Mountain (1849)
1371:Socialism in France
1351:Port-de-la-Montagne
1157:National Convention
990:Pierre Louis Prieur
757:Jeanbon Saint-André
692:Jacques-Louis David
487:National Convention
334:National Convention
310:National Convention
302:National Convention
5157:Loménie de Brienne
5132:Madame de Lamballe
5067:Napoléon Bonaparte
4864:Prieur de la Marne
4779:Camille Desmoulins
4633:Marie Jean Hérault
4509:Jean-Sifrein Maury
4504:Arnaud de La Porte
4360:Alexander Korsakov
4146:Count of Clerfayt
4065:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3978:Auguste de Marmont
3833:Napoléon Bonaparte
3724:Algeciras campaign
3716:Treaty of Florence
3594:Battle of Stockach
3427:Ireland expedition
3411:Battle of Calliano
3371:Battle of Rovereto
3363:Battle of Würzburg
2815:Law of 22 Prairial
2784:Anti-clerical laws
2759:The Death of Marat
2580:Flight to Varennes
2076:Jeremy D. Popkin,
1913:Jeremy D. Popkin,
1623:2017-05-17 at the
1455:. Read Books Ltd.
1339:Left-wing populism
1145:overall seats won
1059:
1057:Pro-Montagnard art
997:(Formerly a Plain)
986:(Formerly a Plain)
980:(Formerly a Plain)
974:(Formerly a Plain)
921:Pierre Philippeaux
891:Julien of Toulouse
880:Camille Desmoulins
851:Jean-Nicolas Pache
623:dechristianisation
531:
297:[mɔ̃taɲaʁ]
248:Politics of France
164: •
157:Le Vieux Cordelier
83: •
78: •
70: •
65: •
60: •
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5356:Cockade of France
5327:
5326:
5289:Antoine Lavoisier
5279:Benjamin Franklin
5259:Anacharsis Cloots
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5142:Louis de Breteuil
4984:Theophile Leclerc
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4365:Alexander Suvorov
4106:
4105:
4040:Józef Poniatowski
3958:Étienne Macdonald
3762:
3761:
3663:Battle of Marengo
3626:Battle of Trebbia
3610:Battle of Cassano
3602:Battle of Magnano
3586:Battle of Ostrach
3488:Battle of Neuwied
3250:Battle of Fleurus
3234:Battle of Tournay
3111:War in the Vendée
3047:Royalist Revolts
3008:
3007:
2565:
2541:Abolition of the
2459:Tennis Court Oath
2451:National Assembly
2280:French Revolution
1788:, pp. 64–66.
1735:, pp. 50–51.
1616:Thomas Lalevée, "
1577:978-90-04-41645-1
1550:978-5-93830-679-0
1523:978-0-307-54819-1
1325:
1324:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1049:Electoral results
886:Fabre d'Églantine
806:Anacharsis Cloots
647:Thermidorian Left
527:Carnavalet Museum
285:French Revolution
266:
265:
253:Political parties
5557:
5436:
5424:Temple of Reason
5395:
5371:
5352:
5333:
5332:
5284:Thomas Jefferson
5228:
5227:
5147:de Chateaubriand
5077:Joseph Bonaparte
5072:Lucien Bonaparte
5062:Marie Antoinette
5017:
5016:
5004:Sylvain Maréchal
4959:François Hanriot
4794:Louis Philippe I
4721:Louis Philippe I
4716:Philippe Égalité
4658:Olympe de Gouges
4628:Charlotte Corday
4618:Étienne Clavière
4418:
4417:
4400:Antonio Ricardos
4385:
4384:
4370:Andrei Rosenberg
4350:
4349:
4320:
4319:
4295:
4294:
4265:Ralph Abercromby
4252:
4251:
4227:
4204:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4116:
4021:
3968:Marcellin Marbot
3791:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3772:Military leaders
3768:
3767:
3755:
3747:
3743:Treaty of Amiens
3728:
3720:
3712:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3646:
3645:(25–26 Sep 1799)
3638:
3630:
3629:(17–20 Jun 1799)
3622:
3614:
3613:(27–28 Apr 1799)
3606:
3598:
3590:
3589:(20–21 Mar 1799)
3582:
3574:
3570:Second Coalition
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3480:Treaty of Leoben
3476:
3468:
3467:(14–15 Jan 1797)
3464:Battle of Rivoli
3460:
3452:
3448:Italian campaign
3431:
3423:
3422:(15–17 Nov 1796)
3419:Battle of Arcole
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3355:Battle of Amberg
3351:
3338:
3330:
3326:Battle of Lonato
3322:
3318:Italian campaign
3296:
3275:
3267:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3192:
3191:(26–27 Dec 1793)
3179:
3171:
3133:
3125:
3121:Battle of Famars
3089:
3014:
3013:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2961:
2942:
2934:
2915:
2907:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2583:(20–21 Jun 1791)
2563:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2402:
2394:
2390:Day of the Tiles
2373:
2372:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2196:
2171:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1927:
1926:L. Moore, p. 172
1924:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1354:
1334:Anti-clericalism
1315:
1314:
1307:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1197:Legislative Body
1185:
1184:
1177:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1069:
1061:
742:Félix Lepeletier
707:François Hanriot
565:Decline and fall
543:Collot d'Herbois
399:rue Saint-Honoré
299:
294:
236:
167:Le Père Duchesne
131:Tuileries Palace
122:
120:
115:
104:
102:
97:
49:
30:
29:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5474:
5349:La Marseillaise
5338:
5337:Cultural impact
5323:
5233:
5214:
5181:
5137:Madame du Barry
5127:Catherine Théot
5117:Thérésa Tallien
5008:
4999:Gracchus Babeuf
4944:François Chabot
4901:
4893:
4814:Georges Couthon
4809:Marquis de Sade
4774:Jean-Paul Marat
4750:
4706:Bertrand Barère
4672:
4583:
4564:Boissy d'Anglas
4559:Madame de Staël
4524:Antoine Barnave
4492:
4485:
4476:
4423:
4404:
4379:
4374:
4344:
4339:
4314:
4309:
4289:
4284:
4246:
4241:
4225:
4202:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4160:
4147:
4136:József Alvinczi
4120:
4102:
4084:
4025:Nicolas Oudinot
4015:
3948:Claude Lecourbe
3943:Charles Leclerc
3838:Guillaume Brune
3808:Pierre Augereau
3778:
3773:
3758:
3753:
3751:Treaty of Paris
3745:
3731:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3649:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3503:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3304:
3294:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3195:
3190:
3177:
3169:
3167:Siege of Toulon
3131:
3123:
3106:First Coalition
3092:
3083:
3019:
3004:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2768:Law of Suspects
2762:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2716:
2714:Reign of Terror
2708:
2700:
2686:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2619:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2568:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2494:(4–11 Aug 1789)
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2427:Réveillon riots
2421:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2378:
2367:
2282:
2277:
2193:
2168:
2152:
2150:Further reading
2090:Morris Slavin.
2083:Marisa Linton,
2066:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1935:Marisa Linton,
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1889:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1655:10.2307/1848434
1639:
1635:
1625:Wayback Machine
1615:
1611:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1361:siege of Toulon
1359:after the 1793
1330:
1308:
1305:
1268:
1265:
1218:
1215:
1178:
1175:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1086:
1070:
1051:
1046:
1042:Bertrand Barère
1022:Francois Chabot
945:
861:
857:Claude Javogues
811:François Chabot
795:Jean-Paul Marat
771:
672:Georges Couthon
596:
567:
547:Billaud-Varenne
535:General Maximum
495:
462:
460:Rise and terror
436:
431:
314:Reign of Terror
292:
281:political group
262:
234:
211:
207:
203:
199:
185:Cordeliers Club
183:
163:
160:
152:
149:L'Ami du peuple
118:
116:
113:
100:
98:
95:
85:Bertrand Barère
82:
77:
74:
69:
64:
40:
39:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5563:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5419:Cult of Reason
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5363:
5361:Flag of France
5358:
5353:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5167:Jacques Necker
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Claire Lacombe
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Jacques Hébert
4910:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Georges Danton
4766:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Henri Grégoire
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Camille Jordan
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3634:Battle of Novi
3631:
3623:
3621:(4–7 Jun 1799)
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3414:(6–7 Nov 1796)
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3329:(3–4 Aug 1796)
3323:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3300:Peace of Basel
3297:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Siege of Mainz
3139:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3073:
3071:Siege of Mainz
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2903:13 Vendémiaire
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2880:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2755:
2750:Levée en masse
2747:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2655:10th of August
2652:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2548:
2539:
2537:(Feb–Jul 1790)
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:978-0205968459
2229:
2226:978-0691121871
2212:
2197:
2192:978-0810850521
2191:
2172:
2167:978-0415660211
2166:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2126:
2121:Voerman, Jan,
2119:
2112:
2107:Peter McPhee,
2105:
2099:N. F. Dryhurst
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2035:Peter McPhee,
2028:
2005:
2003:, p. 227.
1993:
1991:, p. 226.
1978:
1966:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1919:
1903:
1891:François Furet
1880:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1775:
1763:
1756:978-0691007618
1755:
1737:
1722:
1709:
1694:
1682:
1668:
1649:(3): 493–509.
1633:
1609:
1594:, ed. (1911).
1592:Chisholm, Hugh
1583:
1576:
1556:
1549:
1529:
1522:
1502:
1493:
1468:
1462:978-1473383692
1461:
1441:
1423:
1420:. p. 308.
1401:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:Unknown (1st)
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:Unknown (1st)
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:907,200 (2nd)
1166:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:overall votes
1131:
1130:Election year
1123:
1122:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
987:
984:Henri Grégoire
981:
975:
969:
964:
959:
953:
952:
950:
946:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
901:Louis Legendre
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:Georges Danton
871:
870:
868:
862:
860:
859:
854:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
787:
785:Jacques Hébert
781:
780:
778:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:René Levasseur
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:Robespierrists
651:
619:Jacques Hébert
595:
592:
566:
563:
509:The arrest of
494:
491:
475:Levée en Masse
461:
458:
435:
432:
430:
427:
387:Jacques Hébert
383:Georges Danton
264:
263:
261:
260:
255:
250:
244:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
197:Centralisation
194:
188:
187:
178:
175:Political club
171:
170:
162:
161:
153:
144:
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
110:
106:
105:
92:
88:
87:
76:
75:
72:Georges Danton
57:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5562:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:Sans-culottes
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5404:Metric system
5402:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:Panthéon Club
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:Joachim Murat
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Gilbert Romme
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:de Cambacérès
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4607:Madame Roland
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4544:André Chénier
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Grace Elliott
4497:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Joseph Souham
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Joachim Murat
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:André Masséna
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3765:
3754:(25 Jun 1802)
3752:
3749:
3746:(25 Mar 1802)
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3722:
3719:(18 Mar 1801)
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:(15 Jun 1800)
3672:
3669:
3666:(14 Jun 1800)
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3640:
3637:(15 Aug 1799)
3635:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3597:(25 Mar 1799)
3595:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3578:Siege of Acre
3576:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3549:Peasants' War
3547:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3499:(17 Oct 1797)
3497:
3494:
3491:(18 Apr 1797)
3489:
3486:
3483:(17 Apr 1797)
3481:
3478:
3475:(25 Jan 1797)
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:(13 Jan 1797)
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3398:(26 Oct 1796)
3396:
3393:
3390:(19 Oct 1796)
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:(24 Aug 1796)
3356:
3353:
3350:(11 Aug 1796)
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:(26 Jun 1794)
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3237:(22 May 1794)
3235:
3232:
3229:(18 May 1794)
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3212:(24 Apr 1794)
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3178:(13 Oct 1793)
3176:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3124:(23 May 1793)
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2995:(24 Dec 1799)
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2979:(18 Jun 1799)
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2960:(11 May 1798)
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:(22 Aug 1795)
2876:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:(11 Nov 1794)
2849:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2835:(28 Jul 1794)
2832:
2829:
2826:(27 Jul 1794)
2824:
2821:
2818:(10 Jun 1794)
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2782:
2779:(16 Oct 1793)
2777:
2774:
2771:(17 Sep 1793)
2769:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2753:(23 Aug 1793)
2751:
2748:
2745:(13 Jul 1793)
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2701:(21 Jan 1793)
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2682:(22 Sep 1792)
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:(10 Aug 1792)
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2642:(25 Jul 1792)
2640:
2637:
2634:(20 Apr 1792)
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2599:(27 Aug 1791)
2597:
2594:
2591:(17 Jul 1791)
2589:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2564:(14 Jul 1790)
2562:
2561:
2557:
2554:(12 Jul 1790)
2552:
2549:
2546:(23 Jun 1790)
2544:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2502:(26 Aug 1789)
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2478:(14 Jul 1789)
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:(20 Jun 1789)
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2446:(4 June 1789)
2444:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2430:(28 Apr 1789)
2428:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2401:(21 Jul 1788)
2399:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:Ancien Régime
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:(1): 117–118.
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1976:, p. 68.
1975:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1860:, p. 71.
1859:
1854:
1848:, p. 67.
1847:
1842:
1836:, p. 35.
1835:
1830:
1824:, p. 34.
1823:
1818:
1812:, p. 66.
1811:
1806:
1800:, p. 25.
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1773:, p. 62.
1772:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:Republicanism
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1321:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1140:overall vote
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1105:November 2018
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:This section
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Joseph Fouché
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Claude Basire
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:Lazare Carnot
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
947:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
858:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:Joseph Le Bon
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:Gilbert Romme
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Antoine Simon
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
653:
652:
650:
648:
644:
641:instituted a
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
562:
558:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
500:
490:
488:
484:
483:Nicolas Hentz
478:
476:
473:unsuccessful
471:
467:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Jacobin Clubs
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
366:
364:
363:sans-culottes
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
233:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
111:
107:
93:
89:
86:
81:
73:
68:
63:
59:
58:
56:
52:
48:
43:
31:
26:
22:
5440:Phrygian cap
5385:Bastille Day
5299:Thomas Paine
5254:Edmund Burke
5249:Beaumarchais
5243:Les Lumières
5241:
5082:Joseph Fesch
4994:Pauline Léon
4964:Jacques Roux
4903:
4755:
4487:
3913:Lazare Hoche
3898:Paul Grenier
3868:Louis Desaix
3727:(8 Jul 1801)
3711:(9 Feb 1801)
3682:(3 Dec 1800)
3605:(5 Apr 1799)
3406:(6 Nov 1796)
3382:(8 Sep 1796)
3374:(4 Sep 1796)
3366:(3 Sep 1796)
3337:(5 Aug 1796)
3266:(2 Oct 1794)
3245:(1 Jun 1794)
2987:(9 Nov 1799)
2933:(4 Sep 1797)
2870:(1 Apr 1795)
2840:White Terror
2833:guillotined
2810:(5 Apr 1794)
2757:
2737:(2 Jun 1793)
2607:(3 Sep 1791)
2558:
2518:(2 Nov 1789)
2510:(5 Oct 1789)
2438:(5 May 1789)
2416:
2393:(7 Jun 1788)
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2233:
2216:
2200:
2177:
2157:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2064:Bibliography
2053:
2050:"Montagnard"
2044:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1996:
1969:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1898:
1874:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1685:
1671:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1612:
1601:
1586:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1532:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1486:19 September
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1451:
1444:
1432:"Montagnard"
1426:
1413:
1395:
1389:
1111:
1102:
1087:Please help
1075:
1001:Elie Lacoste
616:
597:
580:
568:
559:
551:
532:
496:
479:
463:
437:
407:
376:
367:
359:
325:Jacobin Club
318:
288:
269:The Mountain
268:
267:
213:Abolitionism
181:Jacobin Club
165:
155:
147:
127:Headquarters
35:The Mountain
5495:Montagnards
5309:Abbé Sieyès
5294:Montesquieu
5210:Social Club
5152:Jean Chouan
5042:Louis XVIII
4819:Roger Ducos
4789:Paul Barras
4756:Montagnards
4686:Abbé Sieyès
4489:monarchiens
4297:Netherlands
4226:(Hungarian)
4174:(Hungarian)
4090:French Navy
4016: [
3938:Jean Lannes
3795:French Army
3573:(1798–1802)
3544:(1798–1800)
3528:(1798–1801)
3258:Chouannerie
3219:(Pyrenees)
3084: [
3051:Chouannerie
2843:(Fall 1794)
2831:Robespierre
2001:Palmer 2005
1989:Palmer 2005
1974:Popkin 2006
1858:Popkin 2006
1846:Popkin 2006
1834:Palmer 2005
1822:Palmer 2005
1810:Popkin 2006
1798:Palmer 2005
1786:Popkin 2006
1771:Popkin 2006
1733:Popkin 2006
797:(supporter)
682:Paul Barras
643:coup d'état
631:Dantonistes
602:clubs: the
289:Montagnards
283:during the
277:La Montagne
80:Paul Barras
38:La Montagne
5525:Jacobinism
5489:Categories
5198:Cordeliers
5112:Talleyrand
5037:Louis XVII
4899:Hébertists
4653:Jean Debry
4483:Feuillants
4112:Opposition
4008:Michel Ney
3430:(Dec 1796)
3038:Thionville
2941:(Dec 1797)
2914:(May 1796)
2906:5 Oct 1795
2883:Directoire
2763:(painting)
2666:(Sep 1792)
2650:(Jun 1792)
2483:Great Fear
2422:(Jan 1789)
2313:Revolution
1895:Mona Ozouf
1382:References
1320:Jean Debry
866:Indulgents
776:Hébertists
627:Hébertists
608:Cordeliers
576:Dantonists
468:after his
395:Dantonists
391:Hébertists
209:Radicalism
205:Jacobinism
5032:Louis XVI
5027:Charles X
4678:The Plain
4589:Girondins
4529:Lafayette
4190:(Walloon)
4172:Pál Kray
4148:(Walloon)
3690:(1800–02)
3541:Quasi-War
3000:Consulate
2886:(1795–99)
2341:Consulate
2334:Directory
2209:0193-5380
1570:. Brill.
1306:240 / 500
1266:175 / 750
1176:200 / 749
1076:does not
639:The Plain
612:Girondins
600:left-wing
466:Louis XVI
371:Louis XVI
346:Girondins
329:Girondins
321:Girondins
258:Elections
225:Left-wing
141:Newspaper
109:Dissolved
5392:Panthéon
5380:Muscadin
5375:Marianne
5314:Voltaire
5193:Jacobins
5186:Factions
4726:Mirabeau
4182:(French)
3076:Jemappes
3060:Dauphiné
2543:Nobility
2355:Journals
2348:Glossary
2327:Republic
2299:Timeline
1621:Archived
1328:See also
1244:Unknown
1216:64 / 750
604:Jacobins
453:Girondin
279:) was a
201:Dirigism
192:Ideology
5274:Diderot
5020:Figures
4905:Enragés
4611:Father
4322:Prussia
4254:Britain
4203:(Saxon)
4161:(Swiss)
4128:Austria
1663:1848434
1151:Leader
1097:removed
1082:sources
554:embargo
539:Enragés
434:Origins
429:History
293:French:
117: (
99: (
91:Founded
54:Leaders
5013:Others
4352:Russia
3786:France
3451:(1797)
3321:(1796)
3056:Vendée
3033:Verdun
2860:1795–6
2803:Danton
2362:Museum
2292:Causes
2241:
2224:
2207:
2189:
2164:
1753:
1661:
1574:
1547:
1520:
1459:
1357:Toulon
1143:No. of
1133:No. of
584:French
403:caucus
273:French
235:
231:Colors
5470:Films
4387:Spain
4020:]
3088:]
3081:Namur
3066:Lille
3043:Valmy
1659:JSTOR
1301:48.0
1261:70.7
1171:26.7
588:crête
515:Merda
135:Paris
4902:and
4486:and
3736:1802
3700:1801
3655:1800
3562:1799
3509:1798
3440:1797
3310:1796
3284:1795
3201:1794
3098:1793
3025:1792
2969:1799
2950:1798
2923:1797
2805:and
2796:1794
2691:1793
2624:1792
2573:1791
2527:1790
2410:1789
2383:1788
2239:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2205:ISSN
2187:ISBN
2162:ISBN
1893:and
1751:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1488:2017
1457:ISBN
1294:1799
1276:111
1254:1798
1234:1797
1226:136
1204:1795
1164:1792
1148:+/–
1138:% of
1080:any
1078:cite
606:and
545:and
447:and
385:and
353:and
119:1799
112:1799
101:1792
94:1792
23:and
4262:Sir
2183:395
1651:doi
1627:",
1316:65
1186:64
1091:by
238:Red
177:(s)
5491::
4018:fr
3086:fr
2185:.
2141:.
2131:.
2052:.
2023:47
2021:.
2017:.
1981:^
1957:^
1906:^
1897:,
1883:^
1873:.
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1725:^
1657:.
1647:56
1645:.
1600:.
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1416:.
1404:^
586::
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