103:, a free distribution license, or an open license, depending on the rights assigned. These freedoms given to users in the reuse of works (that is, the right to freely use, study, modify or distribute these works, possibly also for commercial purposes) are often associated with obligations (to cite the original author, to maintain the original license of the reused content) or restrictions (excluding commercial use, banning certain media) chosen by the author. There are a number of standardized licenses offering varied options that allow authors to choose the type of reuse of their work that they wish to authorize or forbid.
937:
40:
499:
382:
340:, is a maturing technology with companies using them to provide services and technology to both end-users and technical consumers. The ease of dissemination increases modularity, which allows for smaller groups to contribute to projects as well as simplifying collaboration. Some claim that open source development models offer similar peer-recognition and collaborative benefit incentive as in more classical fields such as scientific research, with the social structures that result leading to decreased production costs.
461:
690:
322:
266:. Technology has reduced the cost of publication and reduced the entry barrier sufficiently to allow for the production of widely disseminated materials by individuals or small groups. Projects to provide free literature and multimedia content have become increasingly prominent owing to the ease of dissemination of materials that are associated with the development of computer technology. Such dissemination may have been too costly prior to these technological developments.
860:
762:
573:
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344:
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161:
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180:. Traditional copyright control limits the use of the work of the author to those who either pay royalties to the author for usage of the author's content or limit their use to fair use. Secondly, it limits the use of content whose author cannot be found. Finally, it creates a perceived barrier between authors by limiting derivative works, such as
176:. Copyright laws are a balance between the rights of creators of intellectual and artistic works and the rights of others to build upon those works. During the time period of copyright the author's work may only be copied, modified, or publicly performed with the consent of the author, unless the use is a
246:
licensing schemes, modify content that is created by an author. Unlike works in the public domain, the author still maintains copyright over the material, however, the author has granted a non-exclusive license to any person to distribute, and often modify, the work. Copyleft licenses require that any
358:
distribution methods, distribution costs may be reduced, easing the burden of infrastructure maintenance on developers. As distribution is simultaneously provided by consumers, these software distribution models are scalable; that is, the method is feasible regardless of the number of consumers. In
1149:
Prior to 1998, Free
Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware,
752:
once defined open content as 'freely available for modification, use and redistribution under a license similar to those used by the open-source / free software community'. However, such a definition would exclude the Open
Content License because that license forbids charging for content; a right
519:
Free and open content has been used to develop alternative routes towards higher education. Open content is a free way of obtaining higher education that is "focused on collective knowledge and the sharing and reuse of learning and scholarly content." There are multiple projects and organizations
485:
publication has been seen as a method of reducing costs associated with information retrieval in research, as universities typically pay to subscribe for access to content that is published through traditional means. Subscriptions for non-free content journals may be expensive for universities to
479:, provide freely available course content, such as lecture notes, video resources and tutorials. This content is distributed via Internet to the general public. Publication of such resources may be either by a formal institution-wide program, or informally, by individual academics or departments.
218:
has expired or was never established, as well as ideas and facts which are ineligible for copyright. A public domain work is a work whose author has either relinquished to the public or no longer can claim control over, the distribution and usage of the work. As such, any person may manipulate,
98:
grants copyright holders control over their creations by default. Therefore, copyrighted content must be explicitly declared free by the authors, which is usually accomplished by referencing or including licensing statements from within the work. The right to reuse such a work is granted by the
659:
does not apply to the texts of laws: Article 2.4 excludes the official texts from the automatic protection. It is also possible to "inherit" the license from context. The set of country's law-documents is made available through national repositories. Examples of law-document open repositories:
432:
outputs that are free of all restrictions to access and free of many restrictions on use (e.g. certain copyright and license restrictions). Authors may see open access publishing as a way of expanding the audience that is able to access their work to allow for greater impact, or support it for
245:
Copyleft is a play on the word copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions of a work. The aim of copyleft is to use the legal framework of copyright to enable non-author parties to be able to reuse and, in many
409:
techniques to be able to develop small-scale production of components for the development of new, or repair of existing, devices. Rapid fabrication technologies underpin these developments, which allow end-users of technology to be able to construct devices from pre-existing blueprints, using
286:
have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all
Creative Commons licenses are entirely free; their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since
803:
This broader definition distinguishes open content from open-source software, since the latter must be available for commercial use by the public. However, it is similar to several definitions for open educational resources, which include resources under noncommercial and verbatim licenses.
78:
unrestricted by copyright and other legal limitations on use. These are works or expressions which can be freely studied, applied, copied and modified by anyone for any purpose including, in some cases, commercial purposes. Free content encompasses all works in the
486:
purchase, though the articles are written and peer-reviewed by academics themselves at no cost to the publisher. This has led to disputes between publishers and some universities over subscription costs, such as the one that occurred between the
773:
of content can be assessed under the '5Rs
Framework' based on the extent to which it can be retained, reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law. Unlike free content and content under
475:, have adopted open access publishing by default by introducing their own mandates. Some mandates may permit delayed publication and may charge researchers for open access publishing. For teaching purposes, some universities, including
115:. An analogy is a use of the rival terms free software and open-source, which describe ideological differences rather than legal ones. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. For instance, the
815:
In 2005, the Open Icecat project was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the Open
Content License. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite
392:
Free content principles have been translated into fields such as engineering, where designs and engineering knowledge can be readily shared and duplicated, in order to reduce overheads associated with project development.
1199:"This essential meaning matches that of "open" with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with "free" or "libre" as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."
2629:
1231:
2555:
441:
provide capacity for review and publishing of free works; such publications are currently more common in science than humanities. Various funding institutions and governing research bodies have
1270:
303:
is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on the web. While the vast majority of content on
Knowledge is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under
898:
were defined and "open" is described as synonymous to the definitions of open/free in the Open Source
Definition, the Free Software Definition, and the Definition of Free Cultural Works.
637:, laws are published as open content, in principle free content; but in general, there are no explicit licenses attributed for the text of each law, so the license must be assumed as an
890:
for "content such as music, films, books; data be it scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise; government and other administrative information". In
October 2014 with version 2.0
2185:
2670:
359:
some cases, free software vendors may use peer-to-peer technology as a method of dissemination. Project hosting and code distribution is not a problem for most free projects as
1487:
812:
In 2003, David Wiley announced that the Open
Content Project had been succeeded by Creative Commons and their licenses; Wiley joined as "Director of Educational Licenses".
2689:
909:. OKF recommends six conformant licenses: three of OKN's (Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and Licence, Open Data Commons Attribution License, Open Data Commons
2626:
1228:
2740:
2091:"Response from the University of California to the Public statement from Nature Publishing Group regarding subscription renewals at the California Digital Library"
2090:
729:
of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by
Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information" for the
3269:
254:, facing the other way; the opening of the C points left rather than right. Unlike the copyright symbol, the copyleft symbol does not have a codified meaning.
3743:
1690:
798:
Redistribute – the right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of the content to a friend)
262:
Projects that provide free content exist in several areas of interest, such as software, academic literature, general literature, music, images, video, and
250:
be distributed under the same terms and that the original copyright notices be maintained. A symbol commonly associated with copyleft is a reversal of the
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795:
Remix – the right to combine the original or revised content with other open content to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content into a mashup)
1385:
2648:
1250:
295:, music, and literature. While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the
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1277:
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2012:
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1728:
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February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works".
2733:
360:
401:, small-scale manufacture, the automotive industry, and even agricultural areas. Technologies such as distributed manufacturing can allow
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2468:
2311:
1987:"Policy of the Society for General Microbiology towards author self-archiving on PubMed Central and institutional and other repositories"
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2193:
1964:
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2911:
851:. In 2009, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons licenses were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works".
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comes from its proper rules (general laws and rules about copyright in government works). The automatic protection provided by the
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and public performance of their work. In many jurisdictions, this is limited by a time period after which the works then enter the
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2154:
1664:
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1990:
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The logo on the screen in the subject's left hand is a Creative Commons license, while the paper in his right hand explains, in
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3255:
2064:
1811:
781:
The 5Rs are put forward on the Open Content Project website as a framework for assessing the extent to which content is open:
111:
There are a number of different definitions of free content in regular use. Legally, however, free content is very similar to
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1793:
1481:
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472:
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Revise – the right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate the content into another language)
1421:
942:
789:
Reuse – the right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)
2494:
1764:
1521:
672:. In general, a law-document is offered in more than one (open) official version, but the main one is that published by a
2988:
1032:
304:
282:
In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by
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424:
In academic work, the majority of works are not free, although the percentage of works that are open access is growing.
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1860:
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1000:
620:
602:
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distribute, or otherwise use the work, without legal ramifications. A work in the public domain or released under a
3708:
2921:
2246:
676:. So, law-documents can eventually inherit license expressed by the repository or by the gazette that contains it.
386:
2591:
1705:
1190:
1065:
2804:
2610:
1212:
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Retain – the right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage)
17:
2288:
3970:
3085:
2576:
2442:
598:
544:
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Any country has its own law and legal system, sustained by its legislation, which consists of documents. In a
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329:
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that academics must produce their works to be open-access, in order to qualify for funding, such as the US
402:
134:
2672:
A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities
2412:
2313:
A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement: Achievements, Challenges, and New Opportunities
1271:"Costs and business models in scientific research publishing: A report commissioned by the Wellcome Trust"
769:
It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The
1328:
Ben Depoorter; Francesco Parisi (2002). "Fair use and copyright protection: a price theory explanation".
745:(a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms.
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There are also a number of organizations promoting the creation of openly licensed textbooks such as the
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1934:
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3913:
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3031:
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2016:
1935:"Outcome of Proceedings, 9526/16 RECH 208 TELECOM 100, The transition towards an Open Science System"
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868:
116:
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3611:
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2993:
1742:
1342:
1095:
1091:
701:. The reason given is: The Open Content Project was replaced by Creative Commons over 10 years ago.
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347:
138:
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2131:
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Copyright is a legal concept, which gives the author or creator of a work legal control over the
39:
1020:
The copyright status of uncreative aggregates of basic data may differ by region—for the US see
3832:
3822:
3723:
3673:
3556:
3041:
3026:
2901:
2868:
2774:
1883:"Policy on Enhancing Public Access to Archived Publications Resulting from NIH-Funded Research"
1611:
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31:
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75:
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and collaborative content. Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to
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397:
principles can be applied in engineering and technological applications, with projects in
8:
3908:
3842:
3728:
3479:
3315:
2896:
2764:
1384:. United Nations Development Programme – Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
381:
3764:
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Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition
2162:
1641:
1229:
Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition
879:, in 2004 as a global non-profit network to promote and share open content and data.
840:
673:
665:
291:
exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs,
2548:"Data, information, knowledge and power – exploring Open Knowledge's new core purpose"
2042:
1382:
Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme: e-Primers on Free/Open Source Software
1351:
3920:
3774:
3718:
3417:
3387:
3095:
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2352:
2319:. Menlo Park, CA: The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. p. 4. Archived from
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1986:
1852:
1733:
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1355:
996:
990:
296:
188:, open content licenses rely on a copyright holder's power to license their work, as
1413:
3930:
3784:
3779:
3693:
3469:
3175:
3120:
3080:
2961:
2799:
1818:
1517:
1347:
1087:
832:
778:, there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'.
656:
537:
398:
283:
251:
95:
1790:
643:. Only a few countries have explicit licenses in their law-documents, as the UK's
410:
software and manufacturing hardware to convert information into physical objects.
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1513:
3500:
3427:
3165:
3130:
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2846:
2819:
2809:
2391:"Creative Commons Welcomes David Wiley as Educational Use License Project Lead"
960:
950:
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44:
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2831:
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1844:
1443:
Dusollier, S (2003). "Open source and copyleft. Authorship reconsidered?".
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100:
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2588:
2310:
Atkins, Daniel E.; John Seely Brown; Allen L. Hammond (February 2007).
1187:
1061:
669:
2607:
2413:"Revision history of "Definition" – Definition of Free Cultural Works"
2309:
1845:"Trends in Self-Posting of Research Material Online by Academic Staff"
1209:
137:). For such free/open content both movements recommend the same three
3852:
3437:
2841:
2280:
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freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on
1027:
876:
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300:
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185:
155:
84:
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1302:
761:
572:
3935:
3336:
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770:
552:
429:
292:
232:
189:
177:
71:
1605:"Copyleft – the economics of Linux and other open-source software"
3862:
3346:
3228:
3125:
2668:
1640:
Pawlak, Michel; Bryce, Ciarán; Laurière, Stéphane (29 May 2008).
922:
726:
274:
169:
88:
1551:
343:
3392:
2707:
2682:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):
1238:
by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (December 27th, 2013)
901:
A distinct difference is the focus given to the public domain,
502:
1327:
1257:
by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (October 7th, 2014)
476:
2636:
by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.org (27 December 2013)
2348:
Open Educational Practices and Resources. OLCOS Roadmap 2012
914:
354:
Given sufficient interest in a software component, by using
160:
3738:
540:
are making their courses freely available on the internet.
434:
237:
129:
in the "Definition of Free Cultural Works" (as also in the
2655:
by Timothy Vollmer on creativecommons.rog (7 October 2014)
471:
At an institutional level, some universities, such as the
206:
2186:"Open.edu: Top 50 University Open Courseware Collections"
1642:"The Practice of Free and Open Source Software Processes"
2274:
2272:
488:
University of California and the Nature Publishing Group
2669:
D. Atkins; J. S. Brown; A. L. Hammond (February 2007).
2378:
OpenContent is officially closed. And that's just fine.
1809:
1123:"The Cultural Significance of Free Software – Two Bits"
827:, was introduced for free content. It was put forth by
91:
honor and uphold the definition of free cultural work.
2240:
2238:
520:
that promote learning through open content, including
125:
describes "open" as synonymous with the definition of
2678:. Report to The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
2269:
2124:"Boycott 'greedy' journal publishers, say scientists"
1961:"MIT faculty open access to their scholarly articles"
1610:. Discussion Paper No. 493. Department of Economics,
1265:
1263:
214:
The public domain is a range of creative works whose
932:
823:
In 2006, a Creative Commons' successor project, the
753:
required by free and open-source software licenses.
433:
ideological reasons. Open access publishers such as
2235:
1092:"Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software"
720:
555:, the Saylor Academy, Open Textbook Challenge, and
2748:
1691:"RepRap: An open-source 3D printer for the masses"
1260:
192:which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose.
3277:
1056:
883:
651:compatible license). In the other countries, the
465:
3952:
1909:"Open access - RCUK Policy and revised guidance"
1163:"Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source""
2217:"Applying Copyleft To Non-Software Information"
1465:Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling
2146:
30:For the use of free content on Knowledge, see
3263:
2734:
2439:"History – Definition of Free Cultural Works"
1812:"Open access self-archiving: An author study"
1023:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service
366:
1442:
1303:"The Importance of Orphan Works Legislation"
854:
2380:on opencontent.org (30 June 2003, archived)
1783:
601:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
464:Open access symbol, originally designed by
3270:
3256:
2741:
2727:
2303:
1817:. Key Perspectives Limited. Archived from
1765:"Australian drive for green commuter cars"
1508:
1155:
1436:
1341:
1330:International Review of Law and Economics
621:Learn how and when to remove this message
2912:Business models for open-source software
1375:"Free/Open Source Software Open Content"
858:
760:
733:. The term "open content" was coined by
497:
459:
380:
342:
320:
273:
236:
205:
159:
66:is any kind of creative work, such as a
38:
2431:
14:
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2545:
2121:
1842:
1810:Alma Swan; Sheridan Brown (May 2005).
1800:. Earlham.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-03
1726:
1688:
1424:from the original on 16 September 2010
741:, describing works licensed under the
3251:
3101:Organization for Transformative Works
2722:
2579:on opendefinition.org (archived 2007)
2471:from the original on 13 November 2012
2344:
2244:
2214:
2183:
1889:from the original on 24 November 2010
1863:from the original on 20 November 2010
1524:from the original on 17 November 2015
1372:
1120:
807:
473:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
363:offer these services free of charge.
3871:
2517:"Open Knowledge Foundation launched"
2445:from the original on 30 October 2012
2419:from the original on 2 November 2012
1967:from the original on 30 January 2014
1602:
1461:
1445:Columbia Journal of Law and the Arts
1086:
1007:
943:Free and open-source software portal
683:
599:adding citations to reliable sources
566:
223:may be referred to as "copycenter".
2527:from the original on 1 October 2011
2152:
1409:
1309:from the original on 5 January 2010
1169:from the original on 2 January 2020
1139:from the original on 27 August 2008
1068:from the original on 18 August 2016
1062:"Definition of Free Cultural Works"
1033:Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems
144:
24:
2662:
2493:. Creative Commons. 24 July 2009.
2491:"Approved for Free Cultural Works"
2122:Hawkes, Nigel (10 November 2003).
1727:Honsig, Markus (25 January 2006).
1670:from the original on 27 April 2011
1514:"Approved for Free Cultural Works"
1490:from the original on 21 March 2022
1391:from the original on 22 March 2012
1102:from the original on 4 August 2011
843:, Angela Beesley, and others. The
25:
3992:
2700:
2558:from the original on 29 June 2017
2497:from the original on 25 June 2012
2291:from the original on 23 June 2012
2278:
1050:
867:Another successor project is the
845:Definition of Free Cultural Works
825:Definition of Free Cultural Works
756:
2922:Commercial use of copyleft works
2706:
2521:Open Knowledge Foundation Weblog
2359:from the original on 4 June 2010
2155:"One Year or Less: Open Content"
1993:from the original on 26 May 2011
1941:from the original on 5 July 2016
1843:Andrew, Theo (30 October 2003).
935:
737:in 1998 and evangelized via the
721:Origins and Open Content Project
688:
571:
387:Open Source Hardware Association
332:, which is often referred to as
195:
141:, the CC BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0.
99:authors in a license known as a
47:, that the image is open content
2902:Alternative compensation system
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2620:
2601:
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2539:
2509:
2483:
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2405:
2383:
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2345:Geser, Guntram (January 2007).
2338:
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2115:
2083:
2057:
2031:
2005:
1979:
1953:
1927:
1901:
1875:
1836:
1803:
1757:
1720:
1689:Hendry, Andrew (4 March 2008).
1682:
1633:
1596:
1580:. 23 April 2007. Archived from
1574:"Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom?"
1566:
1536:
1502:
1455:
1403:
1366:
1321:
1295:
1014:
765:Open Content Project logo, 1998
505:Open Educational Resources logo
3086:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2397:. 23 June 2003. Archived from
2355:, EduMedia Group. p. 20.
2096:. 10 June 2010. Archived from
1241:
1222:
1203:
1181:
1121:Kelty, Christopher M. (2008).
1114:
1080:
562:
13:
1:
3976:Free and open-source software
3848:Open-source software movement
3577:Free and open-source software
3306:Commons-based peer production
2927:Commons-based peer production
2795:Legal aspects of file sharing
2546:Davies, Tim (12 April 2014).
2465:"Resolution:Licensing policy"
1651:. inria-00274193, version 2.
1352:10.1016/S0144-8188(01)00071-0
1043:
447:National Institutes of Health
330:Free and open-source software
317:Free and open-source software
106:
3022:Access to Knowledge movement
2646:Open Definition 2.0 released
1248:Open Definition 2.0 released
976:Information wants to be free
493:
403:computer-aided manufacturing
149:
27:Nonrestrictive creative work
7:
1729:"The most open of all cars"
1064:. 1.1. freedomdefined.org.
928:
925:Creative Commons licenses.
413:
310:
226:
10:
3997:
3926:Open educational resources
2223:. Free Software Foundation
2065:"AMS Journal price survey"
679:
528:. Some universities, like
511:Open educational resources
508:
417:
370:
367:Engineering and technology
314:
230:
199:
153:
29:
3813:
3752:
3714:Open Knowledge Foundation
3704:Open Architecture Network
3686:
3661:
3625:
3569:
3533:
3521:Open-door academic policy
3493:
3457:
3448:
3403:
3355:
3298:
3289:
3199:
3148:
3136:Students for Free Culture
3073:
3057:
3050:
3032:Cultural environmentalism
3014:
2989:Prizes instead of patents
2889:
2785:Digital rights management
2757:
1769:The Sydney Morning Herald
888:Open Knowledge Definition
869:Open Knowledge Foundation
863:Open Knowledge Foundation
855:Open Knowledge Foundation
697:This section needs to be
545:University of Minnesota's
453:(effective 2016) and the
139:Creative Commons licenses
117:Open Knowledge Foundation
3699:Free Software Foundation
3612:Open-source architecture
3091:Free Software Foundation
2467:. Wikimedia Foundation.
2130:. London. Archived from
1468:. Springer. p. 29.
1373:Liang, Lawrence (2007).
1096:Free Software Foundation
348:Free Software Foundation
269:
257:
135:Free Software Definition
74:, or any other creative
3662:Politics and governance
3222:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
2932:Electronic sell-through
2827:Monopolies of knowledge
2770:Censorship by copyright
2594:27 January 2017 at the
2215:Stutz, Michael (1997).
1462:Hall, G. Brent (2008).
1193:27 January 2017 at the
645:Open Government Licence
547:Open Textbook Library,
94:In most countries, the
3833:Free software movement
3724:Open Source Initiative
3674:Open-source governance
3557:Open-source journalism
3236:The Internet's Own Boy
3042:Free software movement
2869:software patent debate
2775:Copyright infringement
2441:. Freedomdefined.org.
2415:. Freedomdefined.org.
2039:"About OpenCourseWare"
1963:. MIT. 20 March 2009.
1791:"Open Access Overview"
1771:. Sydney. 14 June 2010
1612:University of Helsinki
1197:on opendefinition.org
971:Freedom of information
966:Free software movement
864:
801:
766:
506:
468:
389:
351:
326:
279:
242:
211:
165:
131:Open Source Definition
48:
32:Knowledge:Free content
3971:Free culture movement
3838:Open science movement
3828:Free-culture movement
3506:Educational resources
3465:Collaborative writing
3342:Participatory culture
3037:Free-culture movement
2947:Libertarian positions
2942:Free-software license
2907:Anti-copyright notice
2750:Intellectual property
2598:on opendefinition.org
2351:. Salzburg, Austria:
2245:Wiley, David (1998).
1702:The Industry Standard
1219:on opendefinition.com
1128:. Durham and London:
911:Open Database License
862:
783:
764:
501:
463:
407:computer-aided design
384:
361:a number of providers
346:
324:
278:Creative Commons logo
277:
240:
209:
163:
42:
3617:Open-source hardware
3595:Open-design movement
3588:Open-source software
3356:Research and science
2957:Open-design movement
2715:at Wikimedia Commons
2651:4 March 2016 at the
2632:4 March 2016 at the
2617:on opendefintion.com
2613:1 March 2016 at the
1649:Rapport de Recherche
1512:(20 February 2008).
1253:24 June 2016 at the
1234:4 March 2016 at the
1215:1 March 2016 at the
986:Open-source hardware
849:Wikimedia Foundation
776:open-source licenses
750:Open Content Project
743:Open Content License
739:Open Content Project
595:improve this section
451:Research Councils UK
377:Open-design movement
373:Open-source hardware
334:open source software
3899:Free Cultural Works
3843:Open Source Ecology
3729:Open Web Foundation
3626:Economic principles
3583:Free/libre software
3480:Participatory media
2897:All rights reversed
2765:Artificial scarcity
2692:7 July 2017 at the
2589:Open Definition 2.1
2395:creativecommons.org
2159:2010 Horizon Report
1796:19 May 2007 at the
1554:on 28 February 2009
1474:2008osas.book.....H
1283:on 19 February 2009
1188:Open Definition 2.1
1132:Press. p. 99.
748:The website of the
457:(effective 2020).
3765:Alexandra Elbakyan
3709:Openmod Initiative
3546:Citizen journalism
3423:Open communication
3404:Data, information,
3327:Open collaboration
3215:Good Copy Bad Copy
3161:Alexandra Elbakyan
3065:Copyright Alliance
2257:on 28 January 1999
1824:on 8 February 2012
865:
841:Benjamin Mako Hill
808:Successor projects
767:
674:government gazette
666:Legislation.gov.uk
635:democratic country
507:
469:
390:
352:
327:
280:
243:
221:permissive license
212:
210:Public domain logo
166:
49:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3936:Open Web movement
3921:Open Data Indices
3775:Peter Murray-Rust
3719:Open Rights Group
3682:
3681:
3565:
3564:
3418:Knowledge commons
3245:
3244:
3144:
3143:
3096:Open Rights Group
2711:Media related to
2401:on 6 August 2003.
2353:Salzburg Research
2196:on 8 October 2017
1734:Technology Review
1603:Mustonen, Mikko.
1578:Project Gutenberg
1483:978-3-540-74830-4
1088:Stallman, Richard
1058:Erik Möller, e.a.
1008:Explanatory notes
991:Project Gutenberg
718:
717:
631:
630:
623:
428:refers to online
305:fair-use criteria
297:duplicate content
60:libre information
16:(Redirected from
3988:
3931:Open music model
3895:Definition docs
3884:Creative Commons
3869:
3868:
3785:Richard Stallman
3780:Douglas Rushkoff
3694:Creative Commons
3470:Democratic media
3455:
3454:
3378:Notebook science
3296:
3295:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3176:Richard Stallman
3121:Public Knowledge
3081:Creative Commons
3055:
3054:
2962:Open music model
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2679:
2677:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2624:
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2605:
2599:
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2567:
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2504:
2502:
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2450:
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2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
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2381:
2375:
2369:
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2325:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:. Archived from
2242:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2165:on 16 March 2012
2161:. Archived from
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2134:on 29 April 2011
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:on 28 March 2010
2067:. Archived from
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:on 22 April 2009
2041:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:on 27 April 2011
2015:. Archived from
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1915:on 21 March 2018
1911:. Archived from
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1840:
1834:
1833:
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1801:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
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1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1704:. Archived from
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1621:on 24 March 2009
1620:
1614:. Archived from
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:on 24 March 2009
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1550:. Archived from
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:Creative Commons
1510:Linksvayer, Mike
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1411:Raymond, Eric S.
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1390:
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1345:
1325:
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1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
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1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1276:. Archived from
1275:
1267:
1258:
1245:
1239:
1226:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
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1075:
1073:
1054:
1037:
1018:
945:
940:
939:
938:
924:
920:
916:
885:
833:Richard Stallman
713:
710:
704:
692:
691:
684:
657:Berne Convention
650:
626:
619:
615:
612:
606:
575:
567:
553:OpenStax College
478:
467:
399:mobile telephony
284:Creative Commons
252:copyright symbol
248:derivative works
164:Copyright symbol
145:Legal background
96:Berne Convention
72:software program
64:free information
21:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3867:
3815:
3809:
3770:Lawrence Lessig
3760:Tim Berners-Lee
3748:
3678:
3669:Open government
3657:
3653:Sharing economy
3638:Open innovation
3621:
3561:
3550:Wiki journalism
3529:
3489:
3475:Open publishing
3450:
3444:
3405:
3399:
3363:Citizen science
3351:
3291:
3285:
3276:
3246:
3241:
3208:Steal This Film
3195:
3171:Lawrence Lessig
3140:
3069:
3046:
3010:
3006:Video on demand
2885:
2780:Copyright troll
2753:
2747:
2703:
2694:Wayback Machine
2675:
2665:
2663:Further reading
2660:
2659:
2653:Wayback Machine
2644:
2640:
2634:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2615:Wayback Machine
2606:
2602:
2596:Wayback Machine
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2523:. 24 May 2004.
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2326:on 9 March 2012
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2285:OpenContent.org
2277:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2251:OpenContent.org
2243:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2178:
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2166:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:on 26 June 2010
2100:
2093:
2089:
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2074:
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2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
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1880:
1876:
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1864:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1798:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1745:on 6 April 2009
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1687:
1683:
1673:
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1667:
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1618:
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1601:
1597:
1587:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1548:SourceForge.net
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
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1507:
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1493:
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1484:
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1296:
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1269:
1268:
1261:
1255:Wayback Machine
1246:
1242:
1236:Wayback Machine
1227:
1223:
1217:Wayback Machine
1208:
1204:
1195:Wayback Machine
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:Duke University
1125:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1019:
1015:
1010:
981:Open publishing
941:
936:
934:
931:
905:, and readable
857:
847:is used by the
837:Lawrence Lessig
810:
759:
723:
714:
708:
705:
702:
693:
689:
682:
653:implied license
640:implied license
627:
616:
610:
607:
592:
576:
565:
517:
509:Main articles:
496:
422:
416:
379:
371:Main articles:
369:
319:
313:
272:
260:
241:Copyleft symbol
235:
229:
204:
198:
158:
152:
147:
122:Open Definition
109:
83:and also those
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Freely licensed
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3873:
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3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
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3508:
3501:Open education
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
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3477:
3472:
3467:
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3459:
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3443:
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3441:
3440:
3435:
3428:Open knowledge
3425:
3420:
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3407:
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3397:
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3193:
3188:
3183:
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3168:
3166:Rick Falkvinge
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
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3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:Shadow library
3128:
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3108:
3106:The Pirate Bay
3103:
3098:
3093:
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3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3059:
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3027:Anti-copyright
3024:
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2847:Bioprospecting
2839:
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2702:
2701:External links
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2581:
2569:
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2482:
2456:
2430:
2404:
2382:
2370:
2337:
2302:
2281:"Open Content"
2279:Wiley, David.
2268:
2247:"Open Content"
2234:
2207:
2184:Admin (2012).
2176:
2145:
2114:
2082:
2056:
2030:
2004:
1978:
1952:
1926:
1900:
1874:
1835:
1802:
1789:Suber, Peter.
1782:
1756:
1719:
1708:on 16 May 2008
1681:
1655:(April 2008).
1632:
1595:
1565:
1535:
1501:
1482:
1454:
1435:
1402:
1365:
1343:10.1.1.196.423
1320:
1294:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1180:
1154:
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1047:
1045:
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1039:
1038:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Free education
958:
953:
951:Digital rights
947:
946:
930:
927:
856:
853:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
758:
757:5Rs definition
755:
735:David A. Wiley
722:
719:
716:
715:
696:
694:
687:
681:
678:
629:
628:
579:
577:
570:
564:
561:
522:OpenCourseWare
495:
492:
455:European Union
439:BioMed Central
418:Main article:
415:
412:
368:
365:
315:Main article:
312:
309:
271:
268:
259:
256:
231:Main article:
228:
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200:Main article:
197:
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154:Main article:
151:
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108:
105:
26:
9:
6:
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3:
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3969:
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3964:
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3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Free Software
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
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3806:
3805:John Wilbanks
3803:
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3697:
3695:
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3689:
3687:Organizations
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Open standard
3646:
3644:
3641:
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3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
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3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3541:Citizen media
3539:
3538:
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3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
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3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:and learning
3449:Communication
3447:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:and knowledge
3402:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
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3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
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3333:
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3318:
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3312:
3311:Crowdsourcing
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3284:
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3273:
3268:
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3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
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3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:Documentaries
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
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3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Cory Doctorow
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
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3112:
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3104:
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3099:
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3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:Pro-copyright
3056:
3053:
3051:Organizations
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
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3002:
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2995:
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2910:
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2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2881:Public domain
2879:
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2870:
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2860:
2857:
2856:
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2848:
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2191:
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2164:
2160:
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2129:
2125:
2118:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1862:
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1813:
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1799:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1737:(in German).
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:Computerworld
1692:
1685:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:"iRate Radio"
1539:
1523:
1519:
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1489:
1485:
1479:
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1471:
1467:
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1029:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1002:
1001:92-64-03174-X
998:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
933:
926:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
896:Open Licenses
893:
889:
880:
878:
874:
873:Rufus Pollock
871:, founded by
870:
861:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
813:
805:
797:
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788:
785:
784:
782:
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658:
654:
646:
642:
641:
636:
625:
622:
614:
604:
600:
596:
590:
589:
585:
580:This section
578:
574:
569:
568:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
515:Open textbook
512:
504:
500:
491:
489:
484:
480:
474:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
421:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
388:
383:
378:
374:
364:
362:
357:
349:
345:
341:
339:
338:free software
335:
331:
323:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
276:
267:
265:
255:
253:
249:
239:
234:
224:
222:
217:
208:
203:
202:Public domain
196:Public domain
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:public domain
171:
162:
157:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
104:
102:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
81:public domain
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:libre content
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3981:Open content
3966:Free content
3814:Projects and
3800:Aaron Swartz
3734:Pirate Party
3633:Gift economy
3413:Free content
3412:
3388:Science data
3368:Open science
3320:
3316:
3299:Key concepts
3290:Concepts and
3283:open content
3282:
3279:Free culture
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3191:Aaron Swartz
3116:Pirate Party
3074:Pro-copyleft
2952:Open content
2937:Free content
2936:
2837:Orphan works
2832:Music piracy
2713:Open content
2683:
2671:
2641:
2622:
2603:
2584:
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2551:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2520:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2407:
2399:the original
2394:
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2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2347:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2321:the original
2312:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2284:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2250:
2225:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2190:DIY Learning
2189:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2158:
2153:NMC (2012).
2148:
2138:13 September
2136:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2127:
2117:
2107:13 September
2105:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2013:"OnlineOpen"
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1877:
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1848:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1819:the original
1805:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1732:
1722:
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1706:the original
1694:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1652:
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1616:the original
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1464:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1414:"Copycenter"
1405:
1393:. Retrieved
1381:
1368:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1278:the original
1243:
1224:
1205:
1198:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1165:. Catb.org.
1157:
1148:
1141:. Retrieved
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1052:
1031:
1021:
1016:
993:
907:open formats
900:
895:
891:
887:
882:In 2007 the
881:
866:
844:
824:
822:
814:
811:
802:
780:
768:
747:
724:
706:
698:
662:LexML Brazil
652:
638:
632:
617:
608:
593:Please help
581:
542:
526:Khan Academy
518:
483:Open content
481:
470:
423:
391:
385:Logo of the
356:peer-to-peer
353:
328:
289:Repositories
281:
261:
244:
213:
167:
126:
120:
113:open content
112:
110:
101:free license
93:
87:works whose
70:, a book, a
63:
59:
55:
52:Free content
51:
50:
36:
3961:Digital art
3914:Open Source
3858:OpenWetWare
3795:Peter Sunde
3790:Peter Suber
3643:Open patent
3607:Open gaming
3485:Peer review
3332:Open source
3186:Peter Sunde
3181:Peter Suber
3001:Share-alike
2972:Open source
2967:Open patent
2685:Giving Know
2577:version 1.0
2501:14 November
2475:14 November
2449:14 November
2423:14 November
2295:18 November
2221:www.gnu.org
1971:22 November
1739:Heinz Heise
1418:Jargon File
956:Open source
903:open access
829:Erik Möller
818:open source
731:GNU Project
563:Legislation
426:Open access
420:Open access
395:Open design
264:engineering
170:duplication
85:copyrighted
68:work of art
3955:Categories
3534:Journalism
3516:Admissions
3511:University
3111:Piratbyrån
2859:biological
2790:Gripe site
2562:25 October
2552:Tim's Blog
2531:25 October
2363:6 November
2330:3 December
1336:(4): 453.
1173:25 October
1044:References
913:) and the
892:Open Works
549:Connexions
107:Definition
3853:OpenCores
3816:movements
3753:Activists
3494:Education
3292:practices
3015:Movements
2842:Biopiracy
2128:The Times
1857:1361-3200
1698:Australia
1661:0249-6399
1360:0144-8188
1338:CiteSeerX
1028:Australia
877:Cambridge
709:July 2024
611:July 2024
582:does not
557:Wikibooks
494:Education
301:Knowledge
299:problem.
216:copyright
186:copyright
156:Copyright
150:Copyright
3879:Licenses
3600:Robotics
3570:Products
3383:Research
3337:Openness
2994:contests
2982:software
2977:hardware
2917:Copyleft
2890:Concepts
2874:trolling
2864:software
2752:activism
2690:Archived
2649:Archived
2630:Archived
2611:Archived
2608:licenses
2592:Archived
2556:Archived
2525:Archived
2495:Archived
2469:Archived
2443:Archived
2417:Archived
2357:Archived
2289:Archived
2261:17 April
2227:20 March
2200:18 April
2169:18 April
2049:10 April
2023:10 April
1997:10 April
1991:Archived
1965:Archived
1939:Archived
1887:Archived
1867:22 March
1861:Archived
1794:Archived
1749:22 March
1712:22 March
1674:22 March
1665:Archived
1625:22 March
1588:22 March
1558:22 March
1528:22 March
1522:Archived
1494:22 March
1488:Archived
1428:9 August
1422:Archived
1386:Archived
1307:Archived
1251:Archived
1232:Archived
1213:Archived
1210:licenses
1191:Archived
1167:Archived
1143:5 August
1134:Archived
1106:5 August
1100:Archived
1072:20 April
1066:Archived
1060:(2008).
995:. 2007,
929:See also
919:CC BY-SA
886:gave an
820:minded.
771:openness
503:Unesco's
443:mandated
430:research
414:Academia
325:OSI logo
311:Software
293:clip art
233:Copyleft
227:Copyleft
190:copyleft
178:fair use
89:licenses
3863:Sci-Hub
3579:(FOSS)
3433:Content
3347:Sharism
3319:versus
3229:TPB AFK
3126:Sci-Hub
2854:Patents
2805:digital
1945:13 July
1919:13 July
1893:12 July
1849:Ariadne
1828:26 July
1470:Bibcode
1395:23 June
1313:13 June
727:concept
699:updated
680:History
603:removed
588:sources
182:mashups
76:content
3823:DIYbio
3393:Plan S
3373:Access
3317:Gratis
3149:People
2820:videos
2800:Mashup
2758:Issues
2075:23 May
1855:
1851:(37).
1775:5 June
1659:
1480:
1451:(296).
1416:. The
1358:
1340:
1287:23 May
1030:, see
1026:; for
999:
921:, and
668:, and
536:, and
3872:Tools
3744:SPARC
3458:Media
3321:libre
2815:novel
2810:music
2676:(PDF)
2324:(PDF)
2317:(PDF)
2101:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
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