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about these issues. At free clinics, medical student volunteers learn to listen to the full history of their patients and treat them as a whole rather than a list of symptoms. Medical students also get invaluable hands-on experience that complements their classroom learning. Through direct patient interactions, students develop clinical skills, enhance their ability to take comprehensive patient histories, and learn to approach patient care from a holistic perspective. Additionally, working in SRCs exposes students to the realities of healthcare delivery in under-served communities, which allows them to foster a deeper understanding of the social determinants of health and to develop cultural competency. Medical students balance the power dynamic between the patient and provider, acting as a patient advocate. Furthermore, students who are exposed to SRCs are more likely than their peers to continue to work with underserved populations after graduation.
479:. Treating people in the ER is expensive, though, and it ties up resources designed for emergencies. When a community has a free clinic, hospitals can steer patients with simple concerns to the free clinic instead of the emergency room. Free clinics can save hospital emergency rooms thousands of dollars. A $ 1 investment in a free clinic can save $ 36 in healthcare costs at another center. For this reason, most hospitals are supportive of free clinics. Hospitals are a primary source for equipment and supplies for free clinics. When they upgrade equipment, they will often donate the older equipment to the local free clinic. In addition some hospitals supply most or all of a local clinics day-to-day medical supplies, and some do lab work free of cost as well.
512:(FTCA). FTCA coverage includes health care professionals who are acting as volunteers. In addition it covers officers, board members, clinic employees, and individual contractors. Medical malpractice coverage does not occur automatically, each organization must be "deemed" eligible by the US Department of Health and Human Services. To be eligible the clinic must be an IRS recognized nonprofit, that does not accept payments from insurance companies, the government, or other organizations for the services it performs. It also must not charge patients for services. It may receive donations from anyone and any organization; the stipulation is that it may not receive financial reimbursement for service rendered, which by definition a free clinic does not.
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also does not reach homeless populations. Barriers include this population's low healthcare literacy, the requirements of residency verification, their difficulty accessing/applying for social services, their access to transportation, and the fact that many healthcare facilities do not accept
Medicaid. It is not yet clear if and how the Trump administration will influence healthcare reform, specifically the access to healthcare for the most vulnerable. Trump often speaks out against the ACA; some scholars worry that President Trump's 2017 executive order, which eliminated cost-sharing reductions in the ACA, will result in an overall decrease in the number of people who can access affordable healthcare, thus emphasizing the need for free clinics.
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solution aimed towards serving tens of millions of uninsured
Americans, but they function solely on the spirit of altruism. Volunteers must be willing to be available during strange hours of the day and provide professional-level care all without the possibility of financial reimbursement. Additionally, the ability of free clinics to provide long term, sustainable service and maintain continuity of care for patients is questionable, considering the instability of funding and providers. One proposition towards overcoming these challenges involves the creation of a national foundation that officially assists and connects free clinics, allowing them to evolve as necessary.
157:(ACA) was passed as a reform that aimed to make healthcare insurance more accessible to low and middle-class families. Specifically, it subsidized low-income populations’ purchase of individual coverage. It also incentivized employers to provide coverage to low-income employees, and made it mandatory for states to expand Medicaid to include non-disabled and young people with incomes that were below 138% of the federal poverty line. Studies show the ACA has been successful in redressing inequality in the access to healthcare. In 2015, there was a “4.2 percentage point increase in full-year insurance for the poor and 5.3 point increase for the near-poor”.
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perspective. Caseworkers and volunteers are more able to connect with the patients on a personal level. More and more free clinics, such as the Texas Free Clinic, emphasize the importance of simply talking to the patients and creating a one-on-one relationship with them, as research has shown this has a positive impact on the patients’ mental health. This ensures a more comprehensive approach to patient care which has been deemed necessary by many health studies conducted on the work of free clinics.
133:. Many free clinics were originally started in the 1960s and 1970s to provide drug treatments. Each one offered a unique set of services, reflecting the particular needs and resources of the local community. Some were established to provide medical services in the inner cities, while others opened in the suburbs and many student-run free clinics have emerged that serve the underserved as well as provide a medical training site for students in the health professions. From 1968 through the 1970s, the
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the services provided or reluctance to seek assistance. Research findings suggest that a primary factor contributing to the underutilization of social work services is the insufficient emphasis placed on them compared to acute medical care within clinic settings. To optimize the effectiveness of this model, it is crucial to establish a balanced presence of both social workers and medical staff within the clinical setting, with equal recognition of their importance to overall health.
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88:. Also included are underinsured individuals; meaning those who have only limited medical coverage (such as catastrophic care coverage, but not regular coverage), or who have insurance, but their policies include high medical deductibles that they are unable to afford. To offset costs, some clinics charge a nominal fee to those whose income is deemed sufficient to pay a fee. Clinics often use the term "underinsured" to describe the
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healthcare market failures and to better deliver healthcare services to low-income and underserved populations, including
Medicaid and Medicare. Since then, there have still been increasing inequality and issues in coverage, access, cost, and quality of healthcare in America. In the United States, free clinics are a way to address this inequality and lack of universal healthcare, and as part of a health safety net.
145:(NAFC) was founded in Washington, D.C. to advocate for the issues and concerns of free and charitable clinics. Free clinics are defined by the NAFC as "safety-net health care organizations that utilize a volunteer/staff model to provide a range of medical, dental, pharmacy, vision and/or behavioral health services to economically disadvantaged individuals. Such clinics are
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practice of handling substance abuse issues by holding national conferences and working directly with the Food and Drug
Administration and other government agencies to create comprehensive policies and to destigmatize mental health conditions related to drug abuse. From there free clinics spread to other California cities and then across the United States, such as the
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other medical facilities for lab work, dentistry, and other services, they may also be found in the same area of town as those medical facilities. Some clinics have working agreements with the other facilities that are willing to assist with the clinics mission. Being close to the other medical facilities makes it easier for patients to get from one to the other.
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free clinics, 82% of patients reported that they began using a free clinics because they have are uninsured, and 59% were referred by friends/family. A similar study found that 65% were unemployed with students making up 17%. There also seems to be little correlation between education or employment status and insurance coverage in free clinic patients.
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small size, their organization tends to be more egalitarian and less hierarchical, which allows for more direct exchange of information across the clinic. Unlike regular practices, they also attempt to do more than just provide healthcare. Some were created as political acts meant to advocate for socialized medicine and society.
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Contrary to a common assumption, currently existing free clinics were not necessarily established to respond to an increase in the number of individuals who cannot afford healthcare in a given community. The prevalence of free clinics in certain areas is due to the availability of financial and human
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There are several proposed advantages to free clinics. They tend to be located in communities where there is a great need for health care. Free clinics are more flexible in structure than established medical institutions. They are also much less expensive - hence the title "free clinic." Due to their
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An example of a student-run free clinic that addresses the social determinants of health treatment is one in the
University of Washington, called Students in the Community (SITC). This clinic is the only student-run clinic to be run out of a transitional housing facility for the homeless. This clinic
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Some free clinics are able to assist with dental problems. This is handled either at the clinic itself, if the clinic has its own dental facilities and a dentist; or it is facilitated through a partnership with one or more local dentist who are willing to take referred patients for free. For example,
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More generically, there are also medical assistance programs being offered. For example, with a Free Clinic in central Texas, there is a heavy emphasis with partnering with local mental health programs in their area. Additionally, statistics showed that patients were able to engage and socialize with
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Numerous studies indicate that the integration of social workers into free clinics remains a work in progress. Even when free clinics offer the services of a social worker, a significant number of patients do not avail themselves of these resources. This can be attributed to a lack of awareness about
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Some free clinics specialize in providing primary care (acute care), while others focus on long-term chronic health issues, and many do both. Most free clinics start out seeing patients only one or two days per week, and then expand as they find additional volunteers. Because they rely on volunteers,
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tax-exempt organizations, or operate as a program component or affiliate of a 501(c)(3) organization." In time various state and regional organizations where formed including the Free
Clinics of the Great Lakes Region, Texas Association of Charitable Clinic (TXACC), North Carolina Association of Free
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At the turn of the century, healthcare in the United States became privatized despite many efforts by
President Roosevelt and others to establish national health insurance, causing the healthcare system to neglect the lower classes. Starting in the 1950s, there have been incremental reforms to offset
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In a national level survey of patients and providers at free clinics, 97% of patients were satisfied with their care, and a further 77% preferred it over their prior care. 86% of patients relied on the clinic for primary care, and 80% of patients relied on them for pharmacy services. When asked what
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However, they do come with their own set of problems. Many free clinics lack funding and do not have enough volunteers. This can contribute to a short availability of free clinics' operation hours, and can harm free clinics' ability to provide long-term, sustainable service. For instance, they are a
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In a 1992-1997 survey of the
Charlottesville Free Clinic, the patient body consists largely of a low income working class that reflects the demographics of the Charlottesville area. Most of the patients reported that without the free clinic, they would either seek the emergency room or do nothing at
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Free clinics are usually located near the people they are trying to serve. In most cases they are located near other nonprofits that serve the same target community such as food-banks, Head Start, Goodwill
Industries, the Salvation Army and public housing. Because free clinics often refer people to
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they would do if the free clinic did not exist, 47% would look for another free clinic, 24% would not seek care, 21% would not seek care due to costs, and 23% would use the emergency room. We can analyze that the free clinic care not only satisfies the patient, but fulfilled their healthcare needs.
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Some pharmaceutical companies offer assistance programs for the drugs they manufacture. These programs allow those who are unable to pay for their medications to receive prescription drugs for free or at a greatly reduced cost. Many free clinics work to qualify patients on behalf of these programs.
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In a study of the Miami Rescue
Mission Clinic in Florida, the most common conditions were mental health, circulatory system, and musculoskeletal system disorder. The most common of the mental health disorders were depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. Throughout multiple studies about patient
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such as high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma and high cholesterol. Many also provide a limited range of medical testing, prescription drug assistance, women's health care, and dental care. Free clinics do not function as emergency care providers, and most do not handle employment related injuries.
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Most free clinics start out using donated space; others start by renting or leasing space. In time and with enough community support, many go on to acquire their own buildings. Donated space may be an entire building, or it might be a couple of rooms within a church, hospital, or another business.
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Evidence shows that patients served by SRCs experience improved access to care, better management of chronic conditions, and higher satisfaction with their healthcare experience. Furthermore, research conducted within SRCs contributes to the body of knowledge on effective strategies for addressing
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Student-run clinics (SRC) are an increasingly prevalent part of U.S. medical school curricula, and they are designed to improve health-care delivery to underserved populations. The vast majority of these clinics are free-of-charge and they have been shown to result in high patient satisfaction The
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Some free clinics sole mission is to help those who do not have prescription drug coverage, and cannot afford for their medications, to enroll in prescription assistance programs. Such clinics are known as "clinics without walls" because they dispense with the need to have their own building, exam
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However, the implementation of the ACA proved to be more challenging as some states chose not to enforce it. Additionally, the ACA does not support undocumented immigrants, which means that health care outside of the free clinic to those who are undocumented remain relatively inaccessible. The ACA
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established several Peoples’ Free Medical Clinics as part of their efforts to counter systemic discrimination against Black people in hospitals and private medical practices. The Peoples' Free Medical Clinics served as an advocating body as well. These clinics helped integrate the sector of health
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The Society of Student-Run Free Clinics (SSRFC) hosts a national inter-professional platform for student-run clinics. This allows the sharing of ideas, collaborate on research, information about funding resources and encourages the expansion of existing clinics as well as the cultivate of the new
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Of the 41 million uninsured people in the United States, the 355 officially registered free clinics in the country are only able to provide services to about 650,000 of them. On average, free clinics have annual budgets of $ 458,028 and have 5,989 annual patient visits. In another survey of three
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Free clinics allow student volunteers to become more socially aware and culturally competent in their medical experience. Medical schools sometimes do not address social determinants of health or treatment of underserved populations, and medical students can use free clinic volunteering to learn
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of 1997 provides immunity from tort claims such as negligence, bodily injury, pain and suffering that might be filed against the volunteers of nonprofit organizations. Thus, volunteers working on behalf of a nonprofit free clinic are covered under the Volunteer Protection Act from most liability
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Social workers support the work of medical practitioners in free clinics. They work alongside medical staff in the clinical setting and help staff address social factors that may be affecting patient health. Their role is to bring a personalized touch to patient care alongside the medical/health
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Free clinics rely on donations for financial support. The amount of money they take in through donations to a large degree determines how many patients they are able to see. Because they are unlikely to have the resources to see everyone who might need their help, they usually limit who they are
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Arvisais-Anhalt, Simone; MacDougall, Matthew; Rosenthal, Michael; Congelosi, Peter; Farrell, Daniel F.; Rosenbaum, Paula (2018-12-01). "A Cross-Sectional Study Evaluating the Use of Free Clinics in Syracuse, NY: Patient Demographics and Barriers to Accessing Healthcare in Traditional Settings".
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all if they got sick. There has been a shift over the years from patients seeking urgent care to patients seeking treatment for chronic illnesses. Combined, these factors suggest that free clinics will require additional resources in order to meet the rising demands of their patient population.
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Since free clinics serve as a resource for marginalized groups, it is essential that their practices provide comprehensive care that reflects the concerns of their patients. The presence of a social worker in a free health clinic would bring someone along who has been trained to understand how
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in California which was started by Dr. David Smith in 1967. These clinics coined the phrase, "health care is a right not a privilege" and they served vulnerable veteran populations after the Vietnam war, many of whom struggled with drug abuse. The Haight Ashbury Free Clinic revolutionized the
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Clinics, Ohio Association of Free Clinics and the Virginia Association of Free and Charitable Clinics (est. 1993). In 2005 Empowering Community Healthcare Outreach (ECHO) was established to assist churches and other community organizations start and run free and charitable clinics.
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Free clinic patients are mainly low-income, uninsured, female, immigrants, or minorities. About 75% of free clinic patients are between the ages of 18 and 64 years old. According to another study, 70% of all patients 20 years and older make less than US$ 10,000 a year.
112:. For a free clinic such care is almost always cost-prohibitive. Handling narcotics requires a high level of physical security for the staff and building along with more paperwork and government regulation compared to what other prescription medications require.
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In some cases the clinic receive and then distribute the medications themselves, in others they verify that the patient is eligible for the program, and the medication is then shipped to the patient, or patient receives the medication from a local pharmacy.
73:, and additional health services to the medically underserved. Many free clinics are made possible through the service of volunteers, the donation of goods, and community support, because many free clinics receive little government funding.
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healthcare disparities and advancing health equity. By leveraging research findings, SRCs can advocate for resources, inform best practices, and continuously improve their services to better meet the needs of under-served populations.
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model speaks to the embrace by student-run clinics of the increasingly prevalent holistic approach to healthcare—one that considers the social determinants of health, such as housing, as shown through its housing-first model.
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Because the clinic will house confidential medical records, prescription medications, and must remain as clean as possible, donated space is usually set aside for the sole use of the clinic even when the clinic is closed.
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are required by federal law to treat everyone regardless of their ability to pay, so people who lack the means to pay for care often seek treatment in emergency rooms for minor ailments. These hospitals function as
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in the United States offering services to economically disadvantaged individuals for free or at a nominal cost. The need for such a clinic arises in societies where there is no universal healthcare, and therefore a
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Stafford County residents watch a Germanna Community College dental hygiene student work on a patient during a free dental clinic sponsored by the school's dental program at the Moss Free Clinic in Fredericksburg,
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care into political and social spheres within the United States. Their efforts played a key role in social reform in health care that ultimately led to the passage of the Medicare and Medicaid act of 1965.
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Kamimura, Akiko; Christensen, Nancy; Tabler, Jennifer; Ashby, Jeanie; Olson, Lenora M. (2013-08-01). "Patients Utilizing a Free Clinic: Physical and Mental Health, Health Literacy, and Social Support".
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coverage, all individuals can receive health services from free clinics. However, said services are intended for persons with limited incomes, no health insurance, and/or who do not qualify for
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has arisen in its place. Core staff members may hold full-time paid positions, however, most of the staff a patient will encounter are volunteers drawn from the local medical community.
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willing to see to just those from their own community and the surrounding areas, and especially in chronic care will only see patients from within a limited set of medical conditions.
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The modern concept of a free clinic originated in 1950 in Detroit and was named the St. Frances Cabrini Clinic. However, the first documented free clinic is considered to be the
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the facilitators working with such programs. Individuals within the clinic were able to learn from the presentations and educational workshops the assistance programs offered.
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resources. For example, being close to teaching hospitals, universities, and medical facilities makes it easier to find medically trained volunteers. Furthermore, the lack of
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demographics in metropolitan settings, there was a higher than national average prevalence of mental health disorder, obesity, diabetes, and smoking in free clinic patients.
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situational factors could affect a patient's health. With a social worker present, patients would have more representation and acknowledgement regarding their experiences.
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a clinic might have ten local dentists who will each accept two patients per month, so this allows the clinic to treat a total of twenty dental patients each month.
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Rahman, Shams; Mirza, Abu-Sayeef; Stenback, Jennifer; Green, Shikerria; Mayers, Yeshuwa; Iranmanesh, Elhaam; Pribish, Abby; Islam, Saneeya; Woodard, Laurie (2018).
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642:(FQHC) and other safety-net providers within a certain area often becomes the perceived need that motivates community leaders to establish a free clinic.
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Moskowitz, David; Glasco, Jennifer; Johnson, Brian; Wang, Grace (2006-01-01). "Students in the community: An interprofessional student-run free clinic".
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for patients who cannot afford or access other forms of healthcare. They provide essential services regardless of the patient's ability to pay. Hospital
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Keis, Rachel Mott; DeGeus, Linda Gifford; Cashman, Suzanne B.; Savageau, Judith (2004-11-05). "Characteristics of Patients at Three Free Clinics".
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2948:"Unmet health needs and barriers to health care among people experiencing homelessness in San Francisco's Mission District: a qualitative study"
2711:"Unmet health needs and barriers to health care among people experiencing homelessness in San Francisco's Mission District: a qualitative study"
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Gertz, Alida Maria; Frank, Scott; Blixen, Carol E. (2011-02-01). "A Survey of Patients and Providers at Free Clinics Across the United States".
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Kamimura, Akiko; Christensen, Nancy; Prevedel, Jamie A.; Tabler, Jennifer; Hamilton, Brian J.; Ashby, Jeanie; Reel, Justine J. (2014-06-01).
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Kamimura, Akiko; Christensen, Nancy; Prevedel, Jamie A.; Tabler, Jennifer; Hamilton, Brian J.; Ashby, Jeanie; Reel, Justine J. (2014-06-01).
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Karczewski, H., & Yorke, A. (2023). Motivators for Volunteerism in Doctor of Physical Therapy Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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FERTIG, ANGELA R.; CORSO, PHAEDRA S.; BALASUBRAMANIAM, DIVYA (2012). "Benefits and Costs of a Free Community-Based Primary Care Clinic".
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Gorrindo, Phillip; Peltz, Alon; Ladner, Travis R.; Reddy, India; Miller, Bonnie M.; Miller, Robert F.; Fowler, Michael J. (April 2014).
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Gorrindo, Phillip; Peltz, Alon; Ladner, Travis R.; Reddy, India; Miller, Bonnie M.; Miller, Robert F.; Fowler, Michael J. (April 2014).
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preventive medicine interventions offered at this clinics have been proved to have significantly high health and economic impacts.
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2435:"Quality of Life Among Free Clinic Patients Associated with Somatic Symptoms, Depression, and Perceived Neighborhood Environment"
2144:"Quality of Life Among Free Clinic Patients Associated with Somatic Symptoms, Depression, and Perceived Neighborhood Environment"
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3162:"Emergency Department Use and Barriers to Health Care Among Homeless and Uninsured Patients at a Student-Run Free Clinic"
2654:"Medical Students as Health Educators at a Student-Run Free Clinic: Improving the Clinical Outcomes of Diabetic Patients"
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2523:"Medical Students as Health Educators at a Student-Run Free Clinic: Improving the Clinical Outcomes of Diabetic Patients"
2482:"Emergency Department Use and Barriers to Health Care Among Homeless and Uninsured Patients at a Student-Run Free Clinic"
2283:"Is There A (Volunteer) Doctor In The House? Free Clinics And Volunteer Physician Referral Networks In The United States"
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1970:"Free clinics: The little-known safety net of US healthcare | The National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics"
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The National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics maintains a database of 1,200 free and charitable clinics.
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455:-based, meaning they are sponsored by and affiliated with a specific church or religious denomination, or they are
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Smith, Sunny; Thomas, Robert, III; Cruz, Michael; Griggs, Ryan; Moscato, Brittany; Ferrara, Ashley (2014-12-10).
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most are only open a few hours per day; primarily in the late afternoon and early evening. Some free clinics are
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Nadkarni, M; Philbrick, J (2003). "Free Clinics and the Uninsured: The Increasing Demands of Chronic Illness".
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3060:"Addressing Health Care Needs in the Homeless Population: A New Approach Using Participatory Action Research"
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Butala, Neel M.; Murk, William; Horwitz, Leora I.; Graber, Lauren K.; Bridger, Laurie; Ellis, Peter (2012).
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Butala, Neel M.; Murk, William; Horwitz, Leora I.; Graber, Lauren K.; Bridger, Laurie; Ellis, Peter (2012).
1165:"The Tail that Wagged the Treatment Dog: A Personal View of Training and the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics"
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Thorndike, Anna L.; Yetman, Hailey E.; Thorndike, Anne N.; Jeffrys, Mason; Rowe, Michael (2022-05-30).
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Thorndike, Anna L.; Yetman, Hailey E.; Thorndike, Anne N.; Jeffrys, Mason; Rowe, Michael (2022-05-30).
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Rubin, Rita (2017-08-15). "Half-century After "Summer of Love," Free Clinics Still Play Vital Role".
1007:"Burden of Chronic Conditions among Patients from Free Clinics: A Retrospective Chart Review of 2015"
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ones. The SSRFC faculty network works to facilitate collaboration between student-run free clinics.
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Henwood, Benjamin F.; Cabassa, Leopoldo J.; Craig, Catherine M.; Padgett, Deborah K. (2013-10-22).
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Warren, Susan; Puryear, Erin; Chapman, Megan; Barnett, Tracey Marie; White, Lanita S (2017-09-11).
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Individual states may offer additional legal protections to free clinics, usually under the states
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1730:"The Health Status of Patients of a Student-Run Free Medical Clinic in Inner-City Buffalo, NY"
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Free clinics are non-profit facilities, funded by government or private donors, that provide
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2378:"Health Care for the Homeless: What We Have Learned in the Past 30 Years and What's Next"
2084:"Health Care for the Homeless: What We Have Learned in the Past 30 Years and What's Next"
1831:"Demographics and Clinical Profiles of Patients Visiting a Free Clinic in Miami, Florida"
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that serve uninsured and underinsured patients. For other types of medical clinics, see
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Darnell, Julie (October 2011). "What is the Role of Free Clinics in the Safety Net?".
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Some clinics use a referral system to handle other forms of specialized medical care.
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3228:"Free clinic to expand South Bronx services with new Longwood facility – Bronx Times"
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The Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinics: Still free after all these years, 1967-1987
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Camillo, Cheryl A. (2016-09-01). "The US Healthcare System: Complex and Unequal".
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2628:"Creating a Sustainable Referral System for a Student-Run Free Gynecology Clinic"
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3010:"What is the Quality of Preventive Care Provided in a Student-Run Free Clinic?"
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2770:"What is the Quality of Preventive Care Provided in a Student-Run Free Clinic?"
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Darnell, Julie (2011). "What is the Role of Free Clinics in the Safety Net?".
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3101:"Presence and Characteristics of Student-Run Free Clinics in Medical Schools"
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1491:
1444:
1435:
1416:
1231:
1188:
1088:
1030:
911:
860:
715:
30:
3116:
3009:
2769:
2434:
2191:"The role of social work in free healthcare clinics and student-run clinics"
2143:
1006:
619:
3280:
3132:
3041:
2991:
2909:
2844:
2801:
2754:
2695:
2564:
2466:
2419:
2362:
2314:
2222:
2175:
2125:
2041:
1921:
1874:
1798:
1763:
1669:
1607:
1576:
1550:
1499:
1452:
1417:"Free Clinics and the Need for Nursing Action in Uncertain Political Times"
1239:
1223:
1196:
1038:
927:
868:
105:
89:
66:
3178:
3100:
3025:
2785:
2498:
1790:
1534:
1373:"Reducing health disparities through community health center partnerships"
1022:
1729:
35:
3203:"'Filling in the healthcare gaps': The Free Clinics celebrates 20 years"
2033:
919:
766:"Healthcare in the United States: The top five things you need to know"
96:
39:
3160:
Bhathena, Shayan; Moczygemba, Leticia; Lawson, Kenneth (2020-08-01).
2480:
Bhathena, Shayan; Moczygemba, Leticia; Lawson, Kenneth (2020-08-01).
1728:
Cadzow, Renee B.; Servoss, Timothy J.; Fox, Chester H. (2007-11-01).
1255:""Origins of Black Panther Party Health Activism" in "Body and Soul""
109:
459:
and draw support from several different denominations or religions.
452:
81:
3348:
2376:
Zlotnick, Cheryl; Zerger, Suzanne; Wolfe, Phyllis B. (July 2013).
2082:
Zlotnick, Cheryl; Zerger, Suzanne; Wolfe, Phyllis B. (July 2013).
1699:
2580:"Hundreds turn out for first day of free dental clinic in Topeka"
2432:
2141:
1134:
2604:"Free dental clinic changes lives | American Dental Association"
2945:
2708:
2330:"Liability Considerations for Physician Volunteers in the U.S."
534:
24:
3326:
837:
1944:"BD Supports National Health Equity Project for Free Clinics"
146:
19:
This article is about volunteer-based medical clinics in the
3349:
Safety Net Center/AmeriCares U.S. Medical Assistance Program
1829:
Zhang, Michael; Garcia, Alejandro; Bretones, Gisela (2019).
2188:
3343:
2865:
2814:
2003:
1280:"Black Panther Party's Free Medical Clinics (1969-1975) •"
1520:
1331:
3159:
2651:
2520:
2479:
1004:
3327:"National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics"
3007:
2767:
20:
2932:
https://journalsrc.org/index.php/jsrc/article/view/341
2261:"Legal and Operational Guide for Free Medical Clinics"
3098:
1466:
Nadkarni, Mohan M.; Philbrick, John T. (2005-07-01).
1734:
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
1398:"How the Medicaid Expansion Has Helped the Homeless"
3014:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
2774:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
2375:
2327:
2081:
2006:
Journal of Health and Human Services Administration
1828:
1779:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
1523:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
1011:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
721:
National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics
143:
National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics
2328:Benrud, L.; Darrah, J.; Johnson, A. (2010-03-01).
1701:Free Clinics: Local Responses to Health Care Needs
815:"Free Clinics Ensure Care Throughout the Pandemic"
1776:
1465:
3355:
1727:
1639:
949:Tolbert, Jennifer; Drake, Patrick (2022-12-19).
499:
95:Most free clinics provide treatment for routine
3344:Empowering Community Healthcare Outreach (ECHO)
2280:
2241:Free Clinic Association of Pennsylvania (FCAP)
1415:Ghazal, Marie; Rambur, Betty (February 2018).
2632:Association of Clinicians for the Underserved
706:Community health centers in the United States
3145:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1472:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1414:
1150:. San Francisco, California: Partisan Press.
948:
535:Prescription and Medical assistance programs
3057:
2281:Isaacs, Stephen L.; Jellinek, Paul (2007).
572:
2346:10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.hlaw1-1003
2237:"Federal Tort Claims Act for Free Clinics"
1991:"Free Medical Clinics Might Save Millions"
951:"Key Facts about the Uninsured Population"
155:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
3177:
3075:
3058:Kiser, Tammy; Hulton, Linda (July 2018).
2981:
2963:
2899:
2744:
2726:
2685:
2554:
2497:
2409:
2344:
2115:
1864:
1846:
1745:
1434:
1395:
1259:Manifold at University of Minnesota Press
445:
104:Few, if any, free clinics offer care for
3225:
3200:
2577:
1967:
1422:Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice
1315:10.5749/minnesota/9780816676484.001.0001
973:
618:
562:
29:
16:Non-profit health care clinics in the US
3250:
2268:American Medical Association Foundation
1697:
1162:
1066:
889:
164:
108:as that would require them to dispense
3356:
3003:
3001:
2941:
2939:
2137:
2135:
2077:
2075:
1988:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1339:"What is a Free or Charitable Clinic?"
1302:
1252:
1158:
1156:
3053:
3051:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1723:
1721:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1209:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
812:
614:
466:Free clinics function as health care
272:Common medical conditions at clinics
1887:
1347:National Association of Free Clinics
1277:
3303:"How to Start a Free Health Clinic"
3244:
3153:
2998:
2936:
2761:
2702:
2645:
2514:
2473:
2426:
2369:
2182:
2132:
2072:
1622:
1153:
391:Mental health disorders at clinics
13:
3048:
1989:Kiesel, Laura (26 December 2013).
1813:
1770:
1718:
1704:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1684:
1565:
1396:Cousineau, Michael (1 June 2018).
1111:"Leading the Way to Health Equity"
1053:
992:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00704.x
640:Federally Qualified Health Centers
126:Haight Ashbury Free Medical Clinic
14:
3385:
3337:
2872:American Journal of Public Health
2817:Journal of Interprofessional Care
2382:American Journal of Public Health
2088:American Journal of Public Health
1468:"Free Clinics: A National Survey"
1309:. University of Minnesota Press.
1163:Seymour, Richard B. (July 2011).
527:. Free clinics must still carry
482:
2578:Anderson, Phil (24 March 2023).
1484:10.1097/00000441-200507000-00005
593:
3319:
3295:
3226:Sequeira, Robbie (2023-03-11).
3219:
3194:
3092:
2916:
2859:
2808:
2620:
2596:
2571:
2321:
2274:
2253:
2229:
2048:
1997:
1982:
1961:
1936:
1881:
1514:
1459:
1408:
1389:
1365:
1296:
1271:
1246:
1203:
1140:
1127:
1103:
3201:Friedell, Sarah (2022-08-17).
3166:Journal of Student-Run Clinics
2924:Journal of Student-Run Clinics
2486:Journal of Student-Run Clinics
1303:Nelson, Alondra (2011-10-01).
1135:https://www.cabriniclinic.org/
998:
967:
942:
883:
831:
806:
782:
758:
544:rooms, or clinical equipment.
1:
2207:10.1080/00981389.2017.1371097
1894:Family & Community Health
1698:Brennan, Virginia M. (2013).
1169:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
751:
500:Medical malpractice liability
3364:Clinics in the United States
3265:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182358e6d
2670:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000164
2539:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000164
1906:10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181b91fc9
1747:10.3122/jabfm.2007.06.070036
1402:Center for Health Journalism
1181:10.1080/02791072.2011.605708
974:Friedman, Gordon S. (1974).
904:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182358e6d
551:
504:Free clinics can be granted
34:Free Clinic of Simi Valley,
7:
2439:Journal of Community Health
2148:Journal of Community Health
1642:Journal of Community Health
1580:Journal of Community Health
841:Journal of Community Health
699:
529:general liability insurance
10:
3390:
3307:Small Business - Chron.com
2965:10.1186/s12889-022-13499-w
2728:10.1186/s12889-022-13499-w
2195:Social Work in Health Care
2018:10.1177/107937391203400403
1835:Frontiers in Public Health
1278:Pien, Diane (2020-07-10).
976:"Free Clinics and the Law"
813:Smith, Noah (2021-05-25).
115:
18:
2829:10.1080/13561820600721091
2451:10.1007/s10900-013-9790-x
2160:10.1007/s10900-013-9790-x
1654:10.1007/s10900-010-9286-x
1592:10.1007/s10900-018-0524-y
1081:10.1007/s40609-016-0075-z
853:10.1007/s10900-013-9669-x
628:Morgantown, West Virginia
624:Milan Puskar Health Right
225:Income groups at clinics
3077:10.1177/2158244018789750
2884:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301490
2394:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586
2299:10.1377/hlthaff.26.3.871
2100:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586
1848:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00212
1436:10.1177/1527154418777864
1146:Seymour, Richard (1987)
980:Journal of Social Issues
573:Student-run Free Clinics
517:Volunteer Protection Act
3369:Free goods and services
3117:10.1001/jama.2014.16066
1968:danielle (2019-02-15).
1888:Dunn, Linda L. (2009).
1253:Nelson, Alonda (2011).
510:Federal Tort Claims Act
3070:(3): 215824401878975.
1224:10.1001/jama.2017.8631
736:Volunteers in Medicine
726:Nonprofit organization
630:
569:
446:Operation and services
301:Respiratory (Chronic)
174:Age groups at clinics
42:
3179:10.59586/jsrc.v6i1.91
3026:10.1353/hpu.2012.0034
2786:10.1353/hpu.2012.0034
2499:10.59586/jsrc.v6i1.91
2333:AMA Journal of Ethics
1791:10.1353/hpu.2010.0804
1535:10.1353/hpu.2004.0062
1377:www.wolterskluwer.com
1069:Global Social Welfare
1023:10.1353/hpu.2018.0076
622:
566:
508:coverage through the
71:preventive healthcare
33:
3374:Private aid programs
2930:(1). Retrieved from
711:Formulary (pharmacy)
653:Location of Clinics
477:safety net hospitals
293:Respiratory (Acute)
246:$ 10,400 - $ 41,600
165:Patient demographics
131:Berkeley Free Clinic
55:health care facility
731:Rural health clinic
654:
525:Good Samaritan laws
506:medical malpractice
392:
273:
226:
175:
135:Black Panther Party
97:illness or injuries
1353:on 9 December 2015
652:
631:
615:Location and Space
570:
390:
271:
224:
173:
101:chronic conditions
43:
3111:(22): 2407–2410.
2952:BMC Public Health
2878:(S2): S188–S192.
2715:BMC Public Health
2658:Academic Medicine
2527:Academic Medicine
2388:(S2): S199–S205.
2094:(S2): S199–S205.
1324:978-0-8166-7648-4
697:
696:
443:
442:
420:Bipolar Disorder
388:
387:
309:Gastrointestinal
261:
260:
218:
217:
60:social safety net
3381:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:The Free Clinics
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2967:
2943:
2934:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2730:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2348:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1811:
1810:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1749:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1586:(6): 1075–1084.
1574:
1563:
1562:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1438:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:. Archived from
1335:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1160:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1017:(3): 1011–1026.
1002:
996:
995:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
946:
940:
939:
887:
881:
880:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
762:
655:
651:
393:
389:
333:Musculoskeletal
274:
270:
227:
223:
176:
172:
99:; and long-term
78:health insurance
3389:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3354:
3353:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3232:www.bxtimes.com
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3195:
3158:
3154:
3138:
3137:
3097:
3093:
3056:
3049:
3006:
2999:
2944:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2864:
2860:
2813:
2809:
2766:
2762:
2707:
2703:
2650:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2572:
2519:
2515:
2478:
2474:
2431:
2427:
2374:
2370:
2326:
2322:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2201:(10): 884–896.
2187:
2183:
2140:
2133:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1886:
1882:
1827:
1814:
1775:
1771:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1685:
1638:
1623:
1575:
1566:
1519:
1515:
1464:
1460:
1413:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1343:nafcclinics.org
1337:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1208:
1204:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1065:
1054:
1003:
999:
972:
968:
959:
957:
947:
943:
898:(11): 978–984.
888:
884:
836:
832:
823:
821:
811:
807:
798:
796:
788:
787:
783:
774:
772:
764:
763:
759:
754:
746:Barbara McInnis
702:
626:free clinic in
617:
596:
575:
554:
537:
502:
485:
472:emergency rooms
448:
167:
118:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3338:External links
3336:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3294:
3259:(11): 978–84.
3243:
3218:
3193:
3152:
3091:
3047:
3020:(1): 414–424.
2997:
2935:
2915:
2858:
2823:(3): 254–259.
2807:
2780:(1): 414–424.
2760:
2701:
2644:
2619:
2595:
2570:
2513:
2472:
2445:(3): 524–530.
2425:
2368:
2339:(3): 207–212.
2320:
2293:(3): 871–876.
2287:Health Affairs
2273:
2252:
2228:
2181:
2154:(3): 524–530.
2131:
2071:
2047:
2012:(4): 456–470.
1996:
1981:
1960:
1935:
1900:(4): 339–344.
1880:
1812:
1785:(2): 165–174.
1769:
1740:(6): 572–580.
1717:
1710:
1683:
1621:
1564:
1529:(4): 603–617.
1513:
1458:
1407:
1388:
1364:
1330:
1323:
1295:
1270:
1245:
1218:(7): 598–600.
1202:
1175:(3): 257–262.
1152:
1139:
1126:
1115:today.ucsd.edu
1102:
1075:(3): 151–160.
1052:
997:
986:(1): 143–152.
966:
941:
882:
847:(4): 716–723.
830:
805:
794:Blueprint Prep
781:
756:
755:
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749:
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743:
741:Marvin Ronning
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483:Social workers
481:
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428:Schizophrenia
425:
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400:
399:% in Patients
397:
386:
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381:Mental health
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280:% in patients
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76:Regardless of
51:walk in clinic
15:
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2200:
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2109:
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2078:
2076:
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2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
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2000:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
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1911:
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1711:9781421408859
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1429:(1–2): 3–10.
1428:
1424:
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1306:Body and Soul
1299:
1285:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
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886:
878:
874:
870:
866:
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858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
834:
820:
819:Direct Relief
816:
809:
795:
791:
785:
771:
767:
761:
757:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
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727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Health equity
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
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664:
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656:
650:
647:
643:
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635:
629:
625:
621:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:Effectiveness
591:
587:
583:
579:
565:
561:
558:
549:
545:
541:
532:
530:
526:
521:
518:
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181:
178:
177:
171:
162:
158:
156:
153:In 2010, the
151:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
127:
122:
113:
111:
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26:
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3310:. Retrieved
3306:
3297:
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3253:Medical Care
3252:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3196:
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3165:
3155:
3141:cite journal
3108:
3104:
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2634:. 2021-10-23
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2607:
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2587:. Retrieved
2583:
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2267:
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2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
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2194:
2184:
2151:
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2091:
2087:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1950:. 2021-12-09
1947:
1938:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1782:
1778:
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1733:
1700:
1648:(1): 83–93.
1645:
1641:
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1478:(1): 25–31.
1475:
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1461:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1401:
1391:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1342:
1333:
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1283:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
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1211:
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1172:
1168:
1147:
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1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
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1014:
1010:
1000:
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892:Medical Care
891:
885:
844:
840:
833:
822:. Retrieved
818:
808:
797:. Retrieved
793:
784:
773:. Retrieved
769:
760:
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644:
636:
632:
609:
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601:
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559:
555:
546:
542:
538:
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514:
503:
494:
490:
486:
465:
461:
449:
285:Circulatory
266:
262:
219:
168:
159:
152:
141:In 2001 the
140:
123:
119:
106:chronic pain
94:
90:working poor
75:
67:primary care
64:
50:
46:
44:
2958:(1): 1071.
2721:(1): 1071.
2608:www.ada.org
1357:25 February
770:MIT Medical
468:safety nets
404:Depression
254:≥ $ 41,600
238:≤ $ 10,400
47:free clinic
36:Simi Valley
3358:Categories
3312:2023-03-29
3237:2023-03-29
3212:2023-03-29
2664:(4): 625.
2638:2023-03-29
2613:2023-03-29
2589:2023-03-29
2533:(4): 625.
2246:2023-03-29
2065:2023-03-29
1975:2023-03-29
1954:2023-03-29
1948:Americares
1382:2023-03-29
1289:2022-02-21
1284:Black Past
1264:2022-02-21
1120:2023-03-29
960:2023-03-29
824:2022-02-21
799:2023-03-29
775:2023-03-29
752:References
457:interfaith
396:Condition
325:Endocrine
179:Age Group
40:California
3273:0025-7079
3188:2474-9354
3125:0098-7484
3086:2158-2440
3064:SAGE Open
3034:1548-6869
2974:1471-2458
2892:0090-0036
2837:1356-1820
2794:1548-6869
2737:1471-2458
2678:1040-2446
2547:1040-2446
2508:2474-9354
2459:1573-3610
2402:0090-0036
2355:2376-6980
2307:0278-2715
2215:0098-1389
2168:1573-3610
2108:0090-0036
2026:1079-3739
1914:0160-6379
1857:2296-2565
1756:1557-2625
1662:0094-5145
1600:1573-3610
1543:1548-6869
1492:0002-9629
1445:1527-1544
1232:0098-7484
1189:0279-1072
1097:168514271
1089:2196-8799
1031:1548-6869
912:0025-7079
861:1573-3610
674:Northwest
568:Virginia.
552:Dentistry
110:narcotics
3289:19850125
3281:22005605
3133:25490333
3042:22643487
2992:35637496
2910:24148031
2853:42308241
2845:16777793
2802:22643487
2755:35637496
2696:24556762
2565:24556762
2467:24218012
2420:24148056
2363:23140870
2315:17485768
2223:28891780
2176:24218012
2126:24148056
2042:22530286
2034:23208391
1930:37097485
1922:19752636
1875:31428596
1807:10036530
1799:12739297
1764:17954865
1678:20019026
1670:20532596
1616:29155158
1608:29785703
1559:11630384
1551:15531818
1508:20380812
1500:16020996
1453:29790826
1240:28746712
1197:22111409
1047:52039441
1039:30122680
936:19850125
928:22005605
920:23053788
877:25540170
869:23463329
700:See also
520:claims.
412:Anxiety
341:Nervous
86:Medicare
82:Medicaid
2983:9150384
2901:3908899
2746:9150384
2687:4854643
2556:4854643
2411:3969140
2117:3969140
1866:6688117
1841:: 212.
666:Midwest
658:Region
277:System
230:Income
147:501(c)3
116:History
3287:
3279:
3271:
3186:
3131:
3123:
3084:
3040:
3032:
2990:
2980:
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2835:
2800:
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2753:
2743:
2735:
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2563:
2553:
2545:
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2418:
2408:
2400:
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2353:
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2221:
2213:
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2166:
2124:
2114:
2106:
2040:
2032:
2024:
1928:
1920:
1912:
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1037:
1029:
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918:
910:
875:
867:
859:
436:Other
373:Teeth
349:Renal
203:45-64
195:18-44
25:Clinic
3285:S2CID
3172:(1).
2849:S2CID
2492:(1).
2264:(PDF)
2030:JSTOR
1926:S2CID
1803:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1555:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1093:S2CID
1043:S2CID
932:S2CID
916:JSTOR
873:S2CID
685:54.7
682:South
677:10.8
669:29.3
453:faith
439:3.78
431:2.48
423:3.55
415:11.8
407:12.5
384:19.3
376:2.84
368:6.74
365:Skin
360:3.54
352:0.12
344:6.15
336:13.9
328:6.26
320:5.44
312:7.21
304:4.49
296:6.15
288:14.7
249:45.6
241:52.9
206:67.1
198:29.4
187:0-18
53:is a
3277:PMID
3269:ISSN
3184:ISSN
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3121:ISSN
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693:5.3
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515:The
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257:1.5
214:3.2
211:65+
190:0.6
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