318:
507:
that having such a stark comparison would serve as an endorsement of
Brunhild and justify his political relationship with her. This lack of criticism becomes suspect when we consider later accounts written by other scholars such as Fredegar who wrote differing interpretations on the reputation of Brunhild. After Gregory’s death, Brunhild fell from power and was accused of various regicides which resulted in her being subject to a punitive death. These accusations, whether real or fabricated due to court intrigue, show that Brunhild, a contemporary counterpart to Fredegund and equal status to her in queenship, also had internal enemies to contend with. The only exception is that because of her relationship with Gregory, Brunhild had a patron that could uphold her reputation.
237:
224:, afflicting Fredegund's husband King Chilperic and their two sons, Chlodobert and Dagobert. Believing the plague to be a result of her sins, Fredegund burned a number of tax records she feared were unjust and encouraged Chilperic to do the same. Her sons, however, did not survive the epidemic. Following their funerals, Fredegund made a large donation to churches and the poor to continue to atone for her sins. Another of Fredegund's sons, Samson, was stricken with a serious illness while the family was under siege in
408:
586, Fredegund ordered the assassination of
Praetextatus and had one of her agents stab him during Easter Mass. The Queen later visited Praetextatus on his deathbed and offered the assistance of her physicians, which Gregory of Tours interprets as an excuse to witness the bishop's death. Praetextatus urged her to repent of her sins before finally succumbing to his wounds. Fredegund later conducted assassination plots against a number of political officials who condemned the assassination, including the
482:
for assassination after the plot against
Praetextatus succeeded for fear that Leudovald would find out and expose her. The plot ultimately failed and supposedly their relationship became racked with tension, however, regardless of fact that an attempt on his life was made he still saw fit to offer Fredegund a favor in 587 which entailed freeing one of her legates who was imprisoned on charges of carrying out an assassination in her name. Furthermore, even during the reign of Fredegund’s son, King
346:
Bishop of Le Mans, “...In his testament of 616, Bishop
Bertram of Le Mans acknowledges that he originally received the villa of Bonnelles in Étampes as a gift from Fredegund and her young son Chlothar II, for whom she served as regent, sometime between 596 and 597.” Fredegund's donation to Bishop Bertram was not the only isolated case of generosity as the Neustrian monarchy also maintained friendly relations and patronized St. Radegund’s monastery of the Holy Cross in Poitiers.
337:, she ensured that her son Chlothar's claim to the throne of Neustria was recognized by his subjects. She would then reside north of Rouen. During the latter half of her life, the political situation between Neustria and Austrasia and Burgundy broke down into full on conflict. In these wars, she took on the role of commander and led the Neustrian armies to victory on multiple occasions.
228:. According to Gregory, Fredegund feared that she would catch the disease from Samson and cast him away from her, allowing him to die. The King was offended by her actions as the child had not yet been baptized. When Samson survived longer than expected, Fredegund relented and had him baptized according to the King's wishes.
502:
that were responsible for his appointment to the bishopric of Tours. According to the historian, E.T. Dailey, these various influences likely served as the reason why he juxtaposed
Fredegund and Brunhild in the way he did. Familiarity and patronage would result in a close relationship between Gregory
308:
ex-domesticus
Leunardus travelled to the Cathedral of Paris, where the Queen was staying, to relay the news of Rigunth's capture. By Gregory's account, Fredegund was so enraged at Leunardus's message that she ordered his public humiliation in the center of the church. She had him beaten, chained, and
202:
in 566. Gregory of Tours remarks that the marriage to
Galswintha began happily, because she brought with her a handsome dowry. The marriage soon deteriorated, and Galswintha died the same year, probably strangled on the orders of Chilperic or Fredegund(c. 568), who succeeded Galswintha as queen.
506:
As a result, Gregory of Tours portrays them as political enemies and moral opposites to the point where
Brunhild receives almost no criticism within his record while Fredegund is accused of performing witchcraft, sacrilege, and even treason along with her various assassination plots. He likely hoped
493:
Gregory himself was a Gallo-Roman whose family was a part of the senatorial classes, his position within society allowed him to become Bishop of the diocese of Tours. The connections he also gained from his senatorial heritage also intertwined him with the likes of King
Sigebert, his wife Brunhild,
481:
of
Burgundy. However, Gregory of Tours' account must be taken with suspicion as it is heavily biased against Fredegund. Halfond mentions the existence of inconsistencies regarding the relationships within the Neustrian court. For example, Bishop Leudovald whom Fredegund is mentioned to have targeted
267:
She was jealous of her own daughter, Rigunth, who continually declared that she should be mistress in her place. Fredegund waited her opportunity and under the pretense of magnanimity took her to the treasure-room and showed her the King's jewels in a large chest. Feigning fatigue, she exclaimed "I
407:
was largely driven by Fredegund. Following Praetextatus's return from exile, the Queen met him in church and threatened to have him exiled a second time. However, the Bishop was not concerned because he believed he would receive his reward in heaven, whereas Fredegund would be punished in hell. In
345:
During Fredegund's regency, she maintained the support of the clergy. According to Gregory Halfond, it was found that a core group of a dozen bishoprics in Northern Gaul remained loyal to Fredegund and Chlothar. Halfond also notes that Fredegund was shown to have granted financial patronage to the
447:
Fredegund did not live to see it, but her son's execution of Brunhilda bore the mark of her conflict with Fredegund. Clothar II, then the king, ordered that she be tied by the arms and hair to the tail of a young, untamed horse, and dragged through the entire army. As soon as the king gave this
390:
until he died in 592. Newly widowed, Fredegund attempted to seduce the Neustrian official Eberulf but was ultimately rejected. Gregory of Tours later suspects her of orchestrating Eberulf's subsequent assassination. In 593, she led troops to an upset rout of Brunhilda's troops at the
448:
order, it was carried out. The first time the man who was on the horse dug his spurs in, the horse kicked up his heels with such force that Brunhilda's head flew off. Her body was dragged through the bushes and brambles, over hills and dales, so that it was torn to pieces, limb from limb.
213:, the recently widowed Fredegund rose to leave the table with the excuse that she was pregnant. The announcement surprised the King, as her son Clothar II was born only four months earlier. Gregory of Tours interprets this exchange as a result of Fredegund's unfaithfulness to her husband.
460:, she had five sons and one daughter, Rigunth (* around 570; †after 585). The four oldest sons were Chlodobert (* 565, †580), Samson (* 575, †577), Dagobert (†580) and Theuderic (* 582, †584), who all died at a young age.
288:
had been depleted. Fredegund asserted that all the gifts had come out of property amassed by her husband's generosity. On the long journey, Rigunth's retainers repeatedly robbed and abandoned her, and by the time she reached
477:, it is understood that as queen, Fredegund involved herself in court intrigue and was responsible for numerous assassination plots on political figures and clergy alike, such as the Bishop of Rouen, Praetextatus, and King
317:
268:
am weary; put thou in thy hand, and take out what thou mayest find." The mother thereupon forced down the lid on her neck and would have killed her had not the servants finally rushed to her aid.
490:
in 614. Such oddities within Gregory’s accounts may suggest that his account of Fredegund’s villainy is exaggerated and this exaggeration likely has to do with his ties outside of Neustria.
175:, who depicts her as ruthlessly murderous and sadistically cruel, and she is known for the many stories of her cruelty, particularly for her long feud with her sister-in-law queen
642:
43:
333:
in 584, Fredegund became regent during the minority of her infant son Chlothar II. She took sanctuary in the cathedral of Paris. After obtaining the protection of King
309:
jailed along with the cooks and bakers who accompanied him on the journey. She stopped short of killing him, however, due to his political status in the region.
1937:
187:
Fredegund was born into a low-ranking family but gained power through her association with King Chilperic. Originally a servant of Chilperic's first wife
198:, the daughter of Visigothic King Athanagild, after his half-brother and rival, King Sigibert I of Austrasia, had married Gailswintha's younger sister
771:.3/4 (Winter - Spring, 1973:126-141), p.130, with the observation "it required a strong hand and constant vigilance to retain wealth in those times".
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Probably, as the translator O. M. Dalton notes, because Fredegund began life as a palace maid, while she was of royal blood, being a king's daughter.
1942:
321:
Fredegund, seated on her throne, gives orders to assassinate Sigebert, King of Austrasia, steel engraving after a 15th-century window in the
764:
Gregory's report is repeated by Jo Ann McNamara and Suzanne Wemple, "The Power of Women through the Family in Medieval Europe: 500-1100",
1841:
1172:
1201:
563:, text after Felix Dahn by Bruno Hardt-Warden and Ignaz Michael Welleminsky, was composed 1916–21, and premiered in Berlin in 1922.
1058:
Halfond, Gregory I. (2012). "Sis Quoque Catholicis Religionis Apex: The Ecclesiastical Patronage of Chilperic I and Fredegund".
905:
Halfond, Gregory I. (2012). "Sis Quoque Catholicis Religionis Apex: The Ecclesiastical Patronage of Chilperic I and Fredegund".
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378:. After the mysterious assassination of Chilperic in 584 AD, Fredegund seized the Kings riches and took refuge in the
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Halsall, Guy (2007). "The Preface to Book V of Gregory of Tours' Histories: Its Form, Context and Significance".
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and Brunhild, to maintain such a relationship he likely felt he was unable to comment thoroughly on her faults.
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191:, Fredegund won Chilperic's affection and persuaded him to put Audovera in a convent and divorce her.
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Fredegund died of natural causes on 8 December 597 in Paris. The tomb of Frédégonde is a
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486:, Leudovald continued to receive favor from the Neustrian monarchy and was invited to attend the
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284:, her entourage was so laden with rich gifts that the Frankish nobles objected that the royal
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Fredegund has traditionally been given a rather poor reputation, foremost by the accounts of
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Galswintha's sister, Brunhilda, however, began a feud which lasted more than 40 years.
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and the Austrasian court which served as a rival kingdom to Neustria. In fact, it was King
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835:"Fredegund – FREE Fredegund information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Fredegund research"
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Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite.
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Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite
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French composers of the late Romantic period dramatized her story in music.
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Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages: A Medieval Source Documents Reader
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526:
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Additionally, Gregory of Tours suggests that the persecution of the Bishop
210:
130:
47:
Fredegund as depicted in her funerary effigy at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
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Doomed Queens: Royal Women Who Met Bad Ends, From Cleopatra to Princess Di
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in 575 and also to have made attempts on the lives of Sigebert's son
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but did not finish before his death in 1892; it was then completed by
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suggests that the Queen had committed adultery. During a dinner with
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Fredegund traditionally has had a negative reputation. According to
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Wood, Ian N. (1993). "The secret histories of Gregory of Tours".
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1132:
Women in Frankish Society, Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900
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records the bad relationship between Fredegund and her daughter
42:
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585:
Absolute Power: The Real Lives of Europe's Most Infamous Rulers
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429:
425:
157:
79:
164:. Fredegund served as regent during the minority of her son
293:
there was little left. When Chilperic died in 584 AD,
285:
221:
1040:. Translated by Lewis Thorpe. London: Penguin Books, 1974.
1134:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.
354:
Fredegund is said to have ordered the assassination of
703:
Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide
950:
Halfond, “Sis Quoque Catholicis Religionis Apex,” 59.
824:
Halfond, “Sis Quoque Catholicis Religionis Apex,” 70.
815:
Halfond, “Sis Quoque Catholicis Religionis Apex,” 71.
785:
James, “Elite Women in the Merovingian Period,” 246.
698:
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1904:
1891:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in
895:E.T. Dailey, Queens, Consorts, Concubines, 119.
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971:E.T. Dailey, Queens, Consorts, Concubines, 5.
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382:cathedral. Both she and her surviving son,
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806:
671:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
194:Chilperic put Fredegund aside and married
41:
1938:Burials at Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)
1024:The Cat Cinderella by Giambattista Basile
774:
735:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16:For the Irish missionary in Belgium, see
1054:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
1050:Ferros, Bonnie and Isabel Moreira, eds.
1047:Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2015.
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316:
235:
231:
1140:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
1127:. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781635574913. 2022.
1094:
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1943:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
1905:
1026:(University of Wisconsin Press, 1982).
803:Wemple, Women in Frankish Society, 65.
794:Wemple, Women in Frankish Society, 64.
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683:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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35:Queen consort of Neustria (Soissons)
23:Queen consort of Neustria (Soissons)
699:Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida (1999).
13:
301:to secure the remaining treasure.
14:
1989:
1862:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
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1008:, Book IX. Ch. 34, Translated by
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272:When Rigunth was sent off to her
442:church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés
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707:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
587:. London: Arcturus Publishing.
250:Vieilles histoires de la patrie
145:; died 8 December 597) was the
758:
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680:New International Encyclopedia
661:
635:
1:
1953:6th-century Frankish nobility
1613:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy
1226:List of French royal consorts
1097:The English Historical Review
995:
862:. New York: Crown/Archetype.
468:
440:, having come from the abbey
1933:Mistresses of French royalty
1657:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne
647:. McFarland. 21 March 2005.
559:, an opera in three acts by
7:
1012:, Vol. II. pp. 405–406
978:
399:Persecution of Praetextatus
340:
10:
1994:
1958:6th-century Frankish women
1404:Desiderata of the Lombards
519:began composing the opera
312:
216:In 580 AD, an epidemic of
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1973:6th-century women regents
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1835:Marie Joséphine of Savoy
1810:Joséphine de Beauharnais
1210:Royal consorts of France
731:Reimitz, Helmut (2015).
566:
547:in 1897 for his cantata
510:
451:
419:
182:
1923:Frankish queens consort
1221:List of Frankish queens
1173:Encyclopædia Britannica
1130:Wemple, Suzanne Fonay.
1038:A History of the Franks
985:List of Frankish queens
858:Waldherr, Kris (2008).
537:and premiered in 1895.
295:Desiderius of Aquitaine
244:, steel engraving from
1827:(1814–1815; 1815–1830)
1781:Maria Theresa of Spain
1469:Beatrice of Vermandois
1316:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1176:(11th ed.). 1911.
1152:10.3406/rbph.1993.3879
1020:Cinderella: A Casebook
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177:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1543:Adelaide of Maurienne
1503:Adelaide of Aquitaine
1434:Ermentrude of Orléans
1424:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
1006:History of the Franks
617:Dailey, E.T. (2015).
583:Denton, C.S. (2011).
366:, her brother-in-law
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232:Conflict with Rigunth
1968:French queen mothers
1717:Elisabeth of Austria
1707:Catherine de' Medici
1608:Clementia of Hungary
1603:Margaret of Burgundy
1583:Margaret of Provence
1563:Isabella of Hainault
1553:Constance of Castile
1548:Eleanor of Aquitaine
1538:Bertrade of Montfort
1439:Richilde of Provence
839:www.encyclopedia.com
438:Saint Denis Basilica
386:, were protected by
323:Cathedral of Tournai
168:from 584 until 597.
76:Saint Denis Basilica
1978:6th-century regents
1928:Merovingian dynasty
1623:Marie of Luxembourg
1618:Blanche of Burgundy
1568:Ingeborg of Denmark
1454:Théodrate of Troyes
1356:Balthild of Chelles
990:Merovingian dynasty
531:Camille Saint-Saëns
525:with a libretto by
380:Notre Dame de Paris
18:Fredigand of Deurne
1913:6th-century births
1881:Eugénie de Montijo
1872:House of Bonaparte
1801:House of Bonaparte
1766:Margaret of Valois
1733:House of Lancaster
1722:Louise of Lorraine
1702:Eleanor of Austria
1677:Charlotte of Savoy
1667:Isabeau of Bavaria
1652:Blanche of Navarre
1588:Isabella of Aragon
1578:Blanche of Castile
1558:Adela of Champagne
1518:Constance of Arles
1513:Bertha of Burgundy
1479:Gerberga of Saxony
1109:10.1093/ehr/cem001
1036:Gregory of Tours.
674:"Fredegunda"
436:, situated in the
364:Childebert II
329:Upon the death of
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1948:Regents of France
1900:
1899:
1803:(1804–1814; 1815)
1786:Marie Leszczyńska
1746:Margaret of Anjou
1662:Joanna of Bourbon
1598:Joan I of Navarre
1533:Bertha of Holland
1523:Matilda of Frisia
1464:Eadgifu of Wessex
1444:Adelaide of Paris
1429:Judith of Bavaria
1167:"Fredegond"
869:978-0-7679-2899-1
742:978-1-107-03233-0
628:978-90-04-29089-1
621:. Boston: BRILL.
594:978-1-84858-474-7
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1825:House of Bourbon
1791:Marie Antoinette
1771:Marie de' Medici
1757:House of Bourbon
1697:Claude of France
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1647:Joan of Burgundy
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1573:Agnes of Merania
1394:Bertrada of Laon
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1918:597 deaths
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1306:Galswintha
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127:Fredegunda
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979:See also
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372:Burgundy
341:Religion
299:Toulouse
297:went to
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278:Reccared
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110:Dagobert
1893:italics
1271:Aregund
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71:Burial
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567:Notes
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456:With
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183:Queen
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