412:
38:
222:
2385:
556:
362:
2650:
757:
467:
2378:
2660:
324:, where the freedom to associate outside governmental regulation is expressly sanctioned in law. There have been hundreds of fraternal organizations in the United States, and at the beginning of the 20th century the number of memberships equaled the number of adult males. (Due to multiple memberships, probably only 50% of adult males belonged to any organizations.) This led to the period being referred to as "the
2392:
647:
The vast majority of US collegiate institutions recognize fraternities, ranging from a benign tolerance to active support. In Canada, fraternities are only rarely given official recognition, but rather, exist in the campus orbit as independent organizations. A few US campuses have historically banned
613:
has been the model whereby US fraternities have grown nationally and into Canada. This resulted in the formation of national structures of governance where previously each nascent fraternity had been under the control of its first, often "Alpha" chapter. As fraternities grew larger they outpaced the
634:
US fraternities formed in roughly three waves. The "old-line" fraternities are considered those that formed prior to, and during the
American Civil War, all of which were Eastern or Southern. The next wave coincided with the period immediately after the Civil War until 1920, organizations normally
578:
In the United States, fraternities in colleges date to the 1770s but did not fully assume an established pattern until the 1820s. Many were strongly influenced by the patterns set by
Freemasonry. The main difference between the older European organizations and the American organizations is that the
630:
Properties may be independently owned by housing corporations, and in the case of some schools these will provide the bulk of residential options for undergraduates; these properties may be on leased or privately held land. Other chapters, often new chapters, are housed in dorms and meet in rented
626:
Fraternities which provide residential space exhibit an array of services and sizes. Meals may be catered, or served by a full-time staff, but in other cases the members will cook their own meals. Maintenance is typically performed by members, although on some campuses the host institution handles
487:
In London and other major cities, some Guilds (like the
Freemasons and the Odd Fellows) survived by adapting their roles to a social support function. Eventually, these groups evolved in the early 18th century into more philosophical organizations focused on brotherly love and ethical living, with
387:
Fraternities can be organized for many purposes, including university education, work skills, ethics, ethnicity, religion, politics, charity, chivalry, other standards of personal conduct, asceticism, service, performing arts, family command of territory, and even crime. There is almost always an
376:
The only true distinction between a fraternity and any other form of social organizations is the implication that the members are freely associated as equals for a mutually beneficial purpose rather than because of a religious, governmental, commercial, or familial bond – although there are
734:, students have organized in nations since the 16th century. These organizations are open to all students who wish to join. Parallel to the nations, both Uppsala and Lund play host to a large number of university-related secret societies, for both students and older academics.
388:
explicit goal of mutual support, and while there have been fraternal orders for the well-off there have also been many fraternities for those in the lower ranks of society, especially for national or religious minorities. Trade unions also grew out of fraternities such as the
1286:
Cyclopedia of
Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation as to the Origin, Derivation, Founders, Development, Aims, Emblems, Character, and Personnel of More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United
1360:, a resource that has, for 20 successive editions, traced development of these societies; the resource is continued in an online archive, notably enlarged with a list of the more recent formation of new fraternities along ethnic or multi-cultural lines.
643:
and other associations, whole chapters or schismatic groups of members would occasionally break away to form new fraternities as an offshoot of a former national. These national associations were developed, in part, to prevent this practice.
188:
Today, connotations of fraternities vary according to context including companionships and brotherhoods dedicated to the religious, intellectual, academic, physical, or social pursuits of its members. In modern times, it sometimes connotes a
622:
model that was more prevalent in the 19th century. Fraternities offer a wide variety of services: National chapters and locals may or may not have buildings, and while many are residential, some have properties that are meeting halls only.
200:
Although membership in fraternities was and mostly still is limited to men, this is not always the case. There are mixed male and female orders, as well as wholly female religious orders and societies, some of which are known as
617:
Some national groups remain quite small, with only a handful of active groups, while the largest will manage in excess of 300 active chapters. Alternatively, some fraternities remain as local units, often retaining a
1408:
A persistent error among fraters is to refer to their national headquarters as "nationals", mistakenly using a plural case when the plural case is incorrect and where they do not intend "national's" as if implying
698:
are the oldest academic fraternities. Twenty-eight were founded in the 18th century and two of them still exist. Most of their traditions have not changed much for the past two centuries. These traditions include
516:
implemented practices and rituals inspired from orders such as the
Freemasons and Odd Fellows. These organisations were segregated and Black organisations were founded that were based on the white ones such as
2358:
297:. Some were groups of men and women who were endeavoring to ally themselves more closely with the prayer and activity of the church; others were groups of tradesmen, which are more commonly referred to as
1399:
calls its campus groups "charges" instead of chapters. Where a national fraternity absorbs a pre-existing local group, it may allow the local group to keep its original name as its chapter identifier.
635:
modeled after the old-line fraternities. After WWII, the most recent wave of formation has largely been on ethnic or multi-cultural lines, which continues today. Prior to the formation of the
614:
capacity of volunteer management and began to employ staff, eventually requiring an administrative office. Today, hundreds of national fraternities account for roughly 15,000 active chapters.
1395:, with future chapters being assigned a unique single or multiple Greek letter designation. A few national fraternities use alternative terminology to refer to their chapters, for example,
670:
attempted to ban single-sex clubs, a matter that was met with separate lawsuits in federal and
Massachusetts courts. Often, Greek chapters that are suspended or banned will continue as
458:. Various secret signs and handshakes were created to serve as proof of their membership allowing them to visit guilds in distant places that are associated with the guild they belong.
411:
648:
fraternity participation, a position from which several have backtracked in the face of alumni criticism or ongoing student demand. For example, sororities (only) were banned at
526:
1532:
571:
Fraternities have a history in
American colleges and universities and form a major subsection of the whole range of fraternities. In Europe, students were organized in
399:, Margaret C. Jacobs showed that the development of Jurgen Habermas's "public space" in 17th-century Netherlands was closely related to the establishment of lodges of
742:
2663:
395:
The ability to organize freely, apart from the institutions of government and religion, was a fundamental part of the establishment of the modern world. In
301:. These later confraternities evolved into purely secular fraternal societies, while the ones with religious goals continue to be the format of the modern
17:
1357:
943:
A somewhat derisive generic nickname used only in the undergraduate, collegiate milieu, is "frat", though this is rarely used by members or supporters.
738:
345:
There are many attributes that fraternities may or may not have, depending on their structure and purpose. Fraternities can have differing degrees of
1173:
579:
American student societies virtually always include initiations, the formal use of symbolism, and a lodge-based organizational structure (chapters).
986:
1092:
2531:
575:
and corporations since the beginnings of the modern university in the late medieval period, but the situation can differ greatly by country.
2514:
691:, the organizations have been temporarily banned while administrators and national fraternities adjust to resolve these shared challenges.
522:
2031:
1983:
1460:
839:
1424:
775:
1958:
636:
627:
capital improvements. Sorority chapters tend to be larger, with a business model that includes more formal maintenance and support.
2653:
780:
1458:
These suits, by national fraternities and sororities, allege that
Harvard's policies against single-sex clubs are discriminatory.
2011:
505:
1211:
2092:
1559:
2301:
602:. The women's fraternities, now more commonly referred to as sororities, formed beginning in 1851 with the establishment of
1973:
1948:
953:
684:
1996:
785:
666:
adopted a Greek ban 100 years ago, but fraternities and sororities there have continued as local organizations. In 2017
504:. Throughout the latter part of the 19th century and into the 20th century, many American fraternal orders such as the
2114:
1714:
1371:
1263:
619:
37:
2146:
1517:
1509:
1160:
310:
1130:
416:
247:
1472:
2097:
1934:
1181:
640:
1830:
501:
156:
1471:, accessed 12 May 2021. The lawsuits are expected to play out over the course of several years. Also noted in
1237:
1093:"Our Sunday Visitor Catholic Publishing Company > My Faith > Everyday Catholic > Catholic Dictionary"
1577:
530:
1379:
2668:
1968:
1939:
770:
1186:
2475:
2039:
2001:
1366:(20th ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Baird's Manual Foundation, Inc. p. I-10, I-13, I-20, VI-128–132.
550:
31:
1719:
1552:
1096:
384:, fraternities may be divided into four different groups: social, service, professional, and honorary.
325:
290:
2102:
2069:
716:
513:
1533:
Kake Walk at UVM digital collection, Center for
Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
2021:
688:
263:
847:
679:
Since at least the 1940s, fraternities have received increased scrutiny in the United States from
27:
Organization, society, or club of people associated together for various religious or secular aims
2121:
2059:
2016:
1747:
708:
518:
2079:
2054:
1794:
1117:
267:
1495:
and the resulting temporary ban on Greeks at FSU, which was partially lifted in March of 2018.
1071:
919:
2691:
2074:
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1492:
810:
455:
333:
329:
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2006:
1991:
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720:
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369:
338:
8:
2601:
2524:
2519:
2049:
2044:
1835:
1701:
1585:
1155:
Edwin A. Biedermann, "Logen, Clubs und
Bruderschaften", Droste-Verlag, 2007, 2. Auflage,
790:
649:
583:
572:
546:
164:
96:
70:
652:
in 1944 due to "extreme competition", but brought back in response to Title IX in 1977.
317:, which later provided inspiration for elements of quite a few modern fraternal orders.
1888:
1731:
1317:
1052:
1033:"Club Talk: Gossip, Masculinity and Oral Communities in Late Nineteenth-Century London"
1006:
805:
727:
667:
663:
271:
168:
2384:
1510:
Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sites, Symbols, and Societies
987:"A Flight to Domesticity? Making a Home in the Gentlemen's Clubs of London, 1880–1914"
2589:
1825:
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1367:
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998:
971:
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564:
555:
443:
389:
349:, some form of initiation or ceremony marking admission, formal codes of behavior,
306:
258:
There are known fraternal organizations which existed as far back as ancient clan
80:
2641:
2621:
2606:
2541:
2497:
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2347:
2296:
2291:
1923:
1789:
1623:
1606:
1396:
815:
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659:
542:
489:
482:
294:
282:
259:
171:, and fraternal service organizations. Members are occasionally referred to as a
148:
132:
128:
100:
957:
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2264:
2178:
1953:
1878:
1859:
1784:
1741:
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1642:
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The most prevalent naming convention identifies the originating chapter as the
1338:
Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
762:
703:
duels with sharp blades while wearing only eye and neck protection, or regular
687:
or racism that have received national attention, and on some campuses, such as
680:
603:
346:
336:
also referred to the American reliance on private organization in the 1830s in
190:
58:
2415:
64:
2685:
2626:
2584:
2509:
2465:
2308:
2269:
1910:
1505:
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587:
451:
353:
disciplinary procedures, very differing amounts of real property and assets.
321:
281:
The background of the modern world of fraternities can be traced back to the
251:
225:
206:
140:
120:
1461:"NBC News: Harvard Sued by Fraternities and Sororities over Single Sex Rule"
1437:
2579:
2214:
1871:
1668:
1568:
1300:
Schlesinger, Arthur M. (October 1944). "Biography of a Nation of Joiners".
1174:"Adventure in Friendship: A History of The National Panhellenic Conference"
795:
275:
124:
88:
46:
1032:
2574:
2564:
2425:
2352:
2183:
2170:
2064:
1905:
1817:
1799:
1581:
954:"Mendicant movement – 01 – St Augustine of Hippo – Order of St Augustine"
820:
800:
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Expansion to other schools by way of approved chapters operating under a
599:
497:
474:
439:
361:
320:
The development of modern fraternal orders was especially dynamic in the
302:
286:
239:
228:
210:
160:
136:
42:
1134:
1072:"The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Salerno. Bologna. Paris"
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1893:
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1321:
493:
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350:
202:
152:
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2342:
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2237:
2209:
1883:
1849:
1779:
595:
591:
447:
421:
193:
especially regarding Freemasonry, Odd Fellows, various academic, and
112:
1313:
434:
The development of fraternities in England may have originated with
365:
332:
coined the phrase "a nation of joiners" to refer to the phenomenon.
75:
2596:
2569:
2559:
2432:
2410:
2140:
1465:
1241:
1002:
672:
662:, and a few others are the outliers, where these bans persist. The
598:
Fraternity (1827) were founded at the same school and comprise the
466:
314:
756:
2252:
2204:
704:
610:
116:
92:
1520:. pp. 212–232 ("University Secret Societies and Dueling Corps").
1133:. Alberta: Masonic Higher Education Bursary Fund. Archived from
2502:
2330:
2281:
1854:
1840:
1537:
381:
377:
fraternities dedicated to each of these fields of association.
209:. Notable modern fraternities or fraternal orders include some
2391:
1308:(1). Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association: 1–25.
2487:
2322:
2259:
2199:
1593:
1589:
1212:"Welcome on the website of the Grand Orient de France !"
527:
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
435:
429:
298:
181:
144:
108:
582:
The oldest active social American college fraternity is the
139:. The concept was eventually further extended with medieval
2192:
1844:
1740:
529:, as well as original fraternal organisations such as the
2437:
1479:
104:
563:
are known for practicing their tradition of engaging in
1647:
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
536:
2664:
Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
1362:
Anson, Jack L.; Marchenasi, Robert F., eds. (1991) .
752:
737:
There are thriving collegiate fraternity systems in
2644:
is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
1512:". Sterling Publishing, 2009, New York and London.
1419:
1417:
1415:
1283:
147:. In the early modern era, these were followed by
2683:
1378:. Baird's Manual is also available online here:
488:some elements inspired by organisations such as
2532:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
1438:"Kappa Kappa Gamma - Beta Eta Deuteron History"
1412:
1361:
1358:Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities
1637:and their national/public/official authorities
1352:
1350:
1348:
1341:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
492:. Among guilds that became prosperous are the
450:for their members at a time when there was no
1553:
726:At Swedish universities, especially those of
368:'s Kur Fraternity during the inauguration of
1356:Summarized from the introductory chapter of
523:Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America
213:operating among freemasons and odd fellows.
1345:
1299:
1030:
984:
707:events, as can be seen in examples such as
1762:
1560:
1546:
1427:for formation years and links to examples.
1425:List of social fraternities and sororities
1380:The Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
776:List of social fraternities and sororities
964:
2654:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
1069:
781:Professional fraternities and sororities
554:
465:
410:
360:
220:
36:
1364:Baird's Manual of American Fraternities
1270:
506:Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks
14:
2684:
446:. These guilds were set up to provide
175:or – usually in a religious context –
1541:
1334:
2640:* = Direct or indirect reference to
2359:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
2659:
786:Service fraternities and sororities
537:University and college fraternities
461:
24:
18:Fraternal and service organizations
1264:NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson
997:(4). Cambridge Journals: 796–818.
567:by rules dating back to the 1750s.
25:
2703:
1526:
606:as the first women's fraternity.
417:The Syndics of the Drapers' Guild
2658:
2649:
2648:
2390:
2383:
2376:
1567:
1049:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01536.x
811:Order of Franciscan Friars Minor
755:
248:Order of Saint John of Jerusalem
111:associated together for various
1498:
1485:
1452:
1430:
1402:
1385:
1328:
1293:
1256:
1230:
1204:
1182:National Panhellenic Conference
1166:
1149:
1123:
1111:
1085:
1063:
972:"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"
406:
1024:
978:
946:
937:
912:
887:
862:
832:
309:. Other yet took the shape as
157:Rosicrucian Society of England
13:
1:
826:
531:Independent Order of St. Luke
438:that were the forerunners of
232:
2669:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards
1578:Auxiliary science of history
771:List of general fraternities
7:
2476:Fraternities and sororities
1335:Jacob, Margaret C. (1991).
1284:Stevens, Albert C. (1907).
1070:Rashdall, Hastings (1895).
748:
551:Fraternities and sororities
32:Fraternity (disambiguation)
10:
2708:
1302:American Historical Review
1289:. E. B. Treat and Company.
1267:, 357 U.S. 449, 460 (1958)
991:Journal of British Studies
540:
480:
427:
326:Golden age of fraternalism
216:
127:context, notably with the
29:
2635:
2550:
2451:
2401:
2374:
2321:
2225:
2169:
2158:
2138:
2030:
1982:
1967:
1933:
1922:
1870:
1700:
1693:
1656:
1622:
1615:
1600:
1575:
1482:and accessed 12 May 2021.
1031:Milne-Smith, Amy (2009).
985:Milne-Smith, Amy (2006).
717:Corps Rhenania Heidelberg
514:Fraternal Order of Eagles
123:concept developed in the
1504:Klimczuk, Stephen &
397:Living the Enlightenment
356:
119:aims. Fraternity in the
709:Corps Hubertia Freiburg
519:Prince Hall Freemasonry
289:, which were formed as
1185:. 2012. Archived from
1118:1983 Code of Canon Law
568:
478:
425:
373:
255:
85:fraternal organization
63:
50:
1493:Andrew Coffey lawsuit
1440:. kappakappagamma.org
1131:"What Is Freemasonry"
924:TheFreeDictionary.com
899:TheFreeDictionary.com
558:
541:Further information:
481:Further information:
469:
456:universal health care
428:Further information:
414:
364:
334:Alexis de Tocqueville
330:Arthur M. Schlesinger
224:
40:
2537:Magical organization
1997:Intellectual freedom
1805:Master of ceremonies
1037:Gender & History
721:Corps Bavaria Munich
713:Corps Palatia Munich
696:German Student Corps
561:German Student Corps
510:Loyal Order of Moose
471:Square and Compasses
339:Democracy in America
305:affiliated with the
293:affiliated with the
169:student fraternities
30:For other uses, see
2602:Order of precedence
1099:on 22 December 2015
844:Oxford Dictionaries
650:Stanford University
594:Society (1827) and
586:founded in 1825 at
584:Kappa Alpha Society
547:Studentenverbindung
372:Monument in Kraków.
246:and founder of the
2515:Hereditary society
1732:Royal family order
1469:. 4 December 2018.
1218:on 23 January 2010
920:"Fraternal orders"
806:Literary societies
668:Harvard University
664:College of Wooster
611:charter or warrant
569:
479:
454:, trade unions or
444:friendly societies
426:
374:
272:Mithraic Mysteries
256:
51:
2679:
2678:
2645:
2590:Campaign streamer
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2317:
2316:
2152:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2088:
2087:
1918:
1917:
1813:
1812:
1756:
1710:Order of chivalry
1689:
1688:
1682:
1679:Self-styled order
1480:December 14, 2018
1137:on 9 January 2014
291:lay organisations
244:Benedictine order
195:student societies
165:gentlemen's clubs
103:traditionally of
16:(Redirected from
2699:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2639:
2617:Awareness ribbon
2612:Devotional medal
2525:Gentlemen's club
2394:
2387:
2380:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2098:Religion-related
1980:
1979:
1931:
1930:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1698:
1697:
1676:
1624:Founts of honour
1620:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1240:. Archived from
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1214:. Archived from
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:on June 28, 2013
1191:
1178:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
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1067:
1061:
1060:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
982:
976:
975:
968:
962:
961:
956:. Archived from
950:
944:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
850:on July 12, 2012
846:. Archived from
836:
791:Gentlemen's club
765:
760:
759:
701:academic fencing
620:literary society
565:academic fencing
490:chivalric orders
462:Fraternal orders
390:Knights of Labor
307:mendicant orders
237:
234:
149:fraternal orders
129:religious orders
21:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2642:fount of honour
2631:
2622:Code of conduct
2607:Honorary degree
2552:
2546:
2542:Religious order
2498:Learned society
2471:Fraternal order
2453:
2447:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2395:
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1506:Warner, Gerald
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1238:"Introduction"
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2040:Architecture
2002:Human rights
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1180:
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843:
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187:
180:
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172:
89:organization
84:
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47:West Germany
2575:Vexillology
2565:Numismatics
2426:Passage fee
2402:Ceremonies
2184:Grand Cross
2159:For wearing
1906:Grand Lodge
1836:Hospitaller
1818:Grand Cross
1763:By function
1616:By conferee
1590:decorations
1582:numismatics
1476:campus news
1474:The Crimson
1196:January 22,
821:Supper club
801:Dining club
743:Philippines
741:and in the
739:Puerto Rico
600:Union Triad
498:Odd Fellows
475:Freemasonry
380:On college
351:dress codes
328:." In 1944
313:during the
287:Middle Ages
270:and in the
240:lay brother
236: 1040
229:Gerard Thom
161:Odd Fellows
137:Middle Ages
135:during the
81:brotherhood
79:; whence, "
2503:Fellowship
2461:Fraternity
2443:Collar day
2404:and events
2248:Collar pin
2070:Philosophy
2060:Literature
1894:Commandery
1775:Chancellor
1673:Commercial
1409:ownership.
827:References
494:Freemasons
401:Freemasons
250:after the
203:sororities
153:Freemasons
57:(from
55:fraternity
43:Freemasons
2493:Syndicate
2421:Feoffment
2343:Plaquette
2277:Epaulette
2243:Lapel pin
2238:Award pin
2210:Medal bar
2022:Volunteer
1900:Obedience
1884:Bailiwick
1850:Postulant
1826:Commander
1780:Treasurer
1643:Dynasties
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1222:2 January
1141:2 January
1103:2 January
1077:2 January
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929:2 January
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854:2 January
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596:Delta Phi
592:Sigma Phi
502:Foresters
448:insurance
422:Rembrandt
125:Christian
113:religious
107:but also
2686:Category
2597:Nobility
2570:Heraldry
2560:Chivalry
2553:concepts
2551:Related
2452:Related
2433:Festival
2411:Accolade
2297:Campaign
2265:Heraldic
2141:insignia
2115:Scouting
2017:Politics
1969:Civilian
1935:Military
1926:by field
1800:Chaplain
1785:Assessor
1466:NBC News
749:See also
673:sub rosa
382:campuses
315:Crusades
254:in 1099.
238:–1120),
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2055:History
2032:Culture
1984:Society
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1831:Officer
1790:Bailiff
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1657:Private
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573:nations
424:, 1662.
347:secrecy
285:in the
242:in the
226:Blessed
217:History
173:brother
131:in the
121:Western
117:secular
93:society
71:brother
69: '
49:in 1948
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2323:Prizes
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2075:Poetry
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159:, and
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2353:Money
2260:Badge
2226:Other
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2191:with
2065:Music
1992:Peace
1911:Lodge
1795:Prior
1607:Lists
1393:Alpha
1318:JSTOR
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1177:(PDF)
1053:S2CID
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430:Guild
357:Types
182:friar
109:women
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1974:List
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