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with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as
Commander, 97th Bombardment Group (H), TWELFTH Air Force, while personally leading his B-17 Bomber Group in a bombing mission on Antwerp, on 5 April 1943. Approximately 150 enemy fighters attacked the formation, directing their principal and continuous attacks head-on against the lead airplane flown by General Armstrong. The airplane was repeatedly hit by machine gun fire and cannon shells, and badly damaged. Fire broke out in the pilot compartment. The co-pilot, navigator, and other crew members were wounded. The oxygen system was destroyed. With great courage and personal disregard for his own safety General Armstrong relinquished his own emergency oxygen bottle to the co-pilot, divested himself of his parachute, and extinguished the flames. Then, with high resolution and dauntless perseverance he continued to lead his formation forward in the attack, thereby inspiring the entire unit with his personal courage. Upon being informed that his navigator was seriously wounded he relinquished the controls, crawled on his hands and knees, without benefit of oxygen, to his navigator and administered first aid, thereby saving his life. The audacity and courage under fire, and the coolness and skill thus displayed by this officer on this occasion, reflect the highest credit upon him and upon the armed forces of the United States.
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the enemy with a loss of but one aircraft from his group. During these missions his group destroyed six enemy planes. Colonel
Armstrong by the specific act of personally leading his group in the air on repeated missions during the above period of his own volition by his courage and coolness under fire by his display of superb tactical skill in controlling his formation so that heavy losses were avoided in spite of concentrated attacks by enemy fighters and by his resourcefulness and flying leadership in the face of great danger and overwhelming odds upheld the highest traditions of the armed forces of the United States and was largely responsible for the success of six missions of vital importance
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leadership he personally led his group on five separate bomb missions against some of the most strongly fortified objectives in Europe with the loss of only one airplane. The courage leadership and devotion to duty displayed by general
Armstrong on all his missions have been a lasting inspiration to his men and reflect highest credit upon himself and the armed forces of the United States.
645:. The attack caused widespread casualties in the town when the force was subjected to severe air attack during its bombing run and only four bombs hit their intended target. In just eight minutes 936 people were killed, including 209 children under the age of 15 when four schools received direct hits. It was Belgium's worst loss of life in a single incident during the entire war.
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distinguished services to the
Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander, 315th Bomb Wing at Peterson Field, Colorado from November 1944 to August 945. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of General Armstrong and his dedicated contributions reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Army Air Forces.
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European
Theater of operations. In spite of heavy anti-aircraft fire and fighter plane resistance the bombing of the objective was of the highest order of accuracy. The successful accomplishment of this mission without loss of life or plane reflects the highest degree of credit upon Colonel Armstrong and his military service.
719:. On August 15, 1945, Armstrong led the longest and final heavy bombing raid in the war, with the distinction of having led both the first and last USAAF strategic bombing missions of World War II, as well as the first USAAF mission to attack Germany. In November 1945, he flew the first non-stop flight from Japan to
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CITATION: The
President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General Frank Alton Armstrong, Jr. (ASN: 0-17459/427A), United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary heroism in connection
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CITATION: The
President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Frank Alton Armstrong, Jr. (ASN: 0-17459/427A), United States Army Air Forces, for exceptionally meritorious and
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For extraordinary heroism and
Superior leadership in action over enemy occupied territory in Continental Europe during the period of August 17, 1942 to September 6, 1942. As commanding officer of the 97th Bombardment group colonel Armstrong personally led a total of six bombardment missions against
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The citation accompanying the award said that from May 1951 to July 1956 the superior leadership operational imagination and foresight displayed by
General Armstrong as Commander of the 6th Air Division and Second Air Force were vitally significant contributions to the security of the United States
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For extraordinary achievement. With untiring effort
General Armstrong reorganized a Heavy Bombardment group preparing his crews and equipment in record time and pioneered in high altitude daylight precision bombing of targets deep in enemy territory. Displaying great courage skill and superlative
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For extraordinary meritorious achievement while serving as a pilot of a B17 airplane on five Aerial combat missions over enemy occupied Continental Europe 17 August 19 August 20 August 21 August and 24 August 1942. The Courage and skill displayed by colonel Armstrong upon these occasions reflect
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For extraordinary achievement in action while leading his group in an attack during daylight August 17, 1942 on the marshalling yard at Rouen-Sotteville France. This was the first daylight heavy bombardment mission against enemy opposition to be flown by the United States Army Air Force in the
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Hq SAC OMAH NEBR—Major General Frank A Armstrong Jr USAF was awarded an oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished Service Medal Tuesday at Strategic Air Command Headquarters Offutt Air Force Base Nebraska by SAC commander in chief General Curtis E Lemay for outstanding service in a position of
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Biographers have noted that Armstrong was superstitious about flying. He always entered the B-17 by its rear fuselage door rather than through the nose hatch as most pilots did, and he always carried a pair of his son's baby shoes on all flights, for good luck in combat.
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in combat operations against both Germany and Japan. He personally led the first USAAF strategic bombing attack from England in August 1942, and the last strategic raid on Japan three years later. He also led the first attack by the USAAF against a target in Germany.
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for the initial mission, the first U.S. officer to be so honored. Because he had not yet been checked out as a combat pilot in the B-17, Armstrong flew the first mission as the co-pilot of a Fortress piloted by Major
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Armstrong returned to the staff of Bomber Command until January, 1943, when Eaker again used him to rebuild another bomb group performing below standards. From January 4 to February 17, 1943, Armstrong commanded the
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For service on August 17, 1942 when he led an attack on Rouen France the first daylight raid attack by US forces from the United kingdom which was completed successfully without loss of life or Aircraft.
622:, and then assigned command of the newly formed 101st Provisional Combat Wing on February 17, continuing to fly combat missions over Germany. On June 16, 1943, Armstrong was advanced to command of the
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bombers. Armstrong commanded the 13th BS until October 5, 1940. Between September 6, 1939, and October 2, 1940, he temporarily relinquished command to attend the second "short course" at the
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PUBLIC INFORMASTION DIVISION JULY 13TH 1956 HEADQUARTERS STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND #6-37EP OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE NEBRASKA
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attack planes. He became its commander on May 7, 1939, and continued in command of the squadron on July 1, 1939, when it became the 13th Bombardment Squadron (Light), converting to
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His papers (including correspondence, memoirs, reports, flight records, flight log, and speeches) were donated to the East Carolina Manuscript Collection in Joyner Library at
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557:. He then led it in combat on six of its first 10 missions from August 17 to September 2, 1942. Armstrong led the first daylight heavy bomber raid made by the USAAF over
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After the war, he held a variety of senior leadership positions prior to and following the establishment of the USAF as an independent service in 1947. Promoted to
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on April 5, 1943, 104 B-17s and B-24s attacked the Erla Works, used by the Luftwaffe for manufacturing and reconditioning Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, near the
396:, where he married Vernelle Lloyd Hudson on March 15, 1929. His son, Frank Alton Armstrong III, was born March 7, 1930. Armstrong was made a flight instructor at
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As a "trouble-shooter" for Eaker, on July 31, 1942, Armstrong relieved Colonel Cornelius W. "Connie" Cousland of command of the inadequately-trained
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606:. While in command of the 306th, Armstrong led the Eighth Air Force on its first mission to attack a target in Germany on January 27, 1943.
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Armstrong's son, Major Frank A. Armstrong III, USAF, followed him into the Air Force as a pilot and was killed in action in
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on January 5, 1942. Armstrong was the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, A-3 (Operations) at Army Air Forces headquarters in
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Armstrong continued his Air Force career following World War II, first becoming chief of staff for operations of the
692:. Armstrong's age and his injury in England militated against his selection, however, which went to Tibbets instead.
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on March 15, 1936, returned to his permanent pay grade on June 16, and was made a permanent captain on May 2, 1939.
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723:, in a B-29. He received an oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished Flying Cross for each of the above achievements.
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wing then in training. Between March 7, 1945, and April 5, 1945, the wing deployed to Northwest Field,
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during World War II, he was the inspiration for the main character in the novel and subsequent film,
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Note that official biography has error in date of death; grave marker with correct date pictured.
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Air Force reflecting great credit upon himself his country and the United States Air Force.
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was still in its development stage, Armstrong was the leading candidate (along with Colonel
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Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, U.S. Army, General Orders No. 53 (1943)
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in 1950, he advanced to lieutenant general in 1956 and retired at that rank in 1961.
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airplane whose engine had exploded. He was promoted to the temporary rank of
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bombers sent to England, and put it through an intensive training period at
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Air Force Longevity Ribbon with 1 silver and 2 bronze oak leaf clusteres
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highest credit upon himself and the armed forces of the United States.
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on October 6, 1967. At the time, he was flying a combat mission in an
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Second Oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished Flying Cross April 1943
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594:. His experiences with the 97th and 306th groups became the basis of
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Armstrong returned to the United States where he commanded the
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Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
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Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
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Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
1390:"Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952"
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Oak leaf cluster to Distinguished Flying Cross October 1942
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War Department, General Orders No. 104 (November 15, 1945)
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to the Distinguished Flying Cross. He was also awarded the
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British Distinguished Flying Cross citation July 17, 1943
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Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952
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501:, then returned to command the 90th Bombardment Squadron,
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on February 24, 1928, and received his flight training at
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On November 18, 1944, Armstrong was given command of the
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on January 18, 1946, and then senior air advisor at the
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Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
751:, Armstrong served as deputy commanding general of the
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United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
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626:, replacing daylight precision bombardment theorist
782:B-47B Stratojet of the 306th Bomb Wing (Medium) at
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1430:. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1975. p. 15.
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668:(September 10, 1943, to April 6, 1944); and the
384:on May 2, 1929. His first assignment was to the
1491:"Collection Guides at East Carolina University"
794:On January 13, 1950, Armstrong was promoted to
618:On February 8, 1943, Armstrong was promoted to
427:. Armstrong was assigned in December 1934 as a
1428:Who Was Who in American History – the Military
1097:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
747:, on September 9, 1946. After creation of the
1232:Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
462:In March 1937, Armstrong transferred to the
35:Official photograph Lt. Gen. Frank Armstrong
1626:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
335:from 1925 to 1928, after he graduated from
670:17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing
658:46th Bombardment Operational Training Wing
190:17th Bombardment Operational Training Wing
1616:People from Martin County, North Carolina
1181:National Defense Service Medal with star
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810:, Florida, and in 1952, commander of the
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423:. On October 1, 1934, he was promoted to
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633:During his final combat mission in the
474:, part of the 3rd Attack Group, flying
276:(May 24, 1902 – August 20, 1969) was a
1651:Military personnel from North Carolina
1641:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
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443:in peacetime by skillfully landing an
331:. He played minor league professional
360:He enlisted as a flying cadet in the
1646:Baseball players from North Carolina
1397:Air Force Historical Research Agency
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775:from Alaska to Norway to New York.
310:groups and a wing each of B-17 and
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1511:(1993 edition), (pp. 67–69).
1304:exceedingly great responsibility.
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1246:Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm
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858:Source: USAF Historical Study 91:
578:, one of his squadron commanders.
571:British Distinguished Flying Cross
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1601:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
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1311:Silver Star citation August 1942
771:, for helping develop a non-stop
1581:United States Air Force generals
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1548:Arlington National Cemetery bio
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711:on to fly missions against the
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1452:"Bio, Armstrong, Frank A. III"
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1260:Philippine Independence Medal
1137:Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
1053:American Defense Service Medal
989:(with four oak leaf clusters)
635:European Theater of Operations
185:46th Bombardment Training Wing
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1596:Recipients of the Silver Star
1576:Wake Forest University alumni
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767:, the highest civil award of
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290:United States Army Air Forces
1290:Distinguished Service Medal
1280:Distinguished Service Cross
834:. He retired July 31, 1961.
830:, as commander of the joint
826:, and upon his promotion to
798:and named base commander of
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7:
1621:Recipients of the Air Medal
1523:The Mighty Eighth War Diary
1029:Presidential Unit Citation
922:Distinguished Service Medal
890:Distinguished Service Cross
240:Distinguished Service Medal
235:Distinguished Service Cross
93:Arlington National Cemetery
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1525:(1990), (pp. 89–95).
987:Distinguished Flying Cross
737:Armed Forces Staff College
678:Grand Island Army Airfield
441:Distinguished Flying Cross
250:Distinguished Flying Cross
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1167:Army of Occupation Medal
847:1st Air Commando Squadron
484:Air Corps Tactical School
274:Frank Alton Armstrong Jr.
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1388:Fogerty, Robert (1953).
1353:East Carolina University
1069:American Campaign Medal
1015:(with oak leaf cluster)
820:Barksdale Air Force Base
306:Armstrong commanded two
112:United States of America
70:Hamilton, North Carolina
1543:USAF official biography
1466:"Frank Alton Armstrong"
1339:Air Medal January 1943
749:United States Air Force
282:United States Air Force
129:United States Air Force
1636:Kinston Eagles players
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386:2nd Bombardment Group
343:degree in 1923 and a
267:Vernelle Lloyd Hudson
135:Years of service
1139:with 3 battle stars
624:1st Bombardment Wing
551:B-17 Flying Fortress
541:B-17 Flying Fortress
464:13th Attack Squadron
312:B-29 Superfortresses
308:B-17 Flying Fortress
180:1st Bombardment Wing
165:13th Attack Squadron
16:US Air Force general
926:2 oak leaf clusters
845:as a member of the
824:Alaskan Air Command
765:Aero Club of Norway
753:Alaskan Air Command
733:Pacific Air Command
604:Twelve O'Clock High
345:Bachelor of Science
337:Wake Forest College
295:Twelve O'Clock High
1521:Freeman, Roger A.
1507:Freeman, Roger A.
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705:B-29 Superfortress
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652:B-29 Superfortress
628:Haywood S. Hansell
602:'s novel and film
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529:on March 1, 1942.
515:lieutenant colonel
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414:San Antonio, Texas
408:, in 1930, and at
278:lieutenant general
152:Lieutenant general
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1509:The Mighty Eighth
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682:Manhattan Project
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437:Panama Canal Zone
286:brigadier general
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584:306th Bomb Group
567:oak leaf cluster
561:, receiving the
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519:Washington, D.C.
513:on March 15 and
347:degree in 1925.
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559:Occupied Europe
547:97th Bomb Group
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468:Barksdale Field
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919:
905:
898:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
877:
876:
854:
851:
843:A-1E Skyraider
804:B-47 Stratojet
728:
725:
703:, Colorado, a
701:Peterson Field
674:Peterson Field
615:
612:
600:Beirne Lay Jr.
534:
531:
509:, promoted to
425:1st lieutenant
410:Randolph Field
362:Army Air Corps
357:
354:
352:
349:
329:North Carolina
320:
317:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
225:
224:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
159:
155:
154:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
121:
115:
114:
101:
97:
96:
91:
89:
85:
84:
83:(aged 67)
77:
73:
72:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1531:0-87938-495-6
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:0-87938-638-X
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
993:
992:
988:
985:
980:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
927:
923:
920:
915:
909:
902:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
880:
875:
874:Command pilot
870:
866:
865:
864:
861:
850:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:major general
789:
785:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
614:Wing commands
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:RAF Thurleigh
585:
579:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:RAF Polebrook
552:
548:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
488:Maxwell Field
485:
481:
477:
476:Northrop A-17
473:
469:
465:
458:Northrop A-17
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Albrook Field
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Langley Field
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:major general
298:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
266:
262:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
116:
113:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
71:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1522:
1508:
1502:Bibliography
1501:
1500:
1485:
1475:February 19,
1473:. Retrieved
1469:
1460:
1446:
1427:
1401:. Retrieved
1383:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
872:
859:
856:
836:
793:
730:
727:USAF service
713:Home Islands
694:
655:
632:
617:
608:
603:
592:Nazi Germany
580:
544:
492:
461:
418:
382:Regular Army
366:Brooks Field
359:
322:
305:
293:
273:
272:
218:World War II
214:Battles/wars
81:(1969-08-20)
67:May 24, 1902
1571:1969 deaths
1566:1902 births
1403:November 9,
941:Silver Star
784:MacDill AFB
690:atomic bomb
596:Sy Bartlett
563:Silver Star
490:, Alabama.
416:, in 1931.
398:March Field
374:San Antonio
370:Kelly Field
245:Silver Star
49:Nickname(s)
1560:Categories
1437:0837932017
1375:References
672:(B-29) at
660:(B-17) at
641:suburb of
406:California
319:Early life
100:Allegiance
63:1902-05-24
41:Birth name
1013:Air Medal
480:B-18 Bolo
472:Louisiana
445:amphibian
431:pilot at
421:Ira Eaker
402:Riverside
356:Air Corps
264:Spouse(s)
255:Air Medal
138:1928–1961
806:Wing at
745:Virginia
666:Oklahoma
503:Savannah
394:Virginia
333:baseball
325:Hamilton
222:Cold War
158:Commands
118:Service/
814:of the
788:Florida
741:Norfolk
643:Mortsel
639:Antwerp
565:and an
527:colonel
507:Georgia
499:England
449:captain
429:pursuit
339:with a
288:in the
284:. As a
280:of the
1529:
1515:
1434:
1347:Legacy
924:(with
769:Norway
761:Alaska
228:Awards
120:branch
109:
88:Buried
52:"Army"
1393:(PDF)
717:Japan
511:major
505:AAF,
378:Texas
1527:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1477:2022
1432:ISBN
1405:2021
839:Laos
709:Guam
598:and
368:and
143:Rank
76:Died
57:Born
818:at
755:at
715:of
699:at
586:at
497:in
486:at
388:at
341:law
1562::
1468:.
1413:^
1395:.
1355:.
928:)
849:.
786:,
759:,
743:,
739:,
664:,
470:,
466:,
435:,
412:,
404:,
400:,
392:,
376:,
372:,
327:,
1493:.
1479:.
1454:.
1440:.
1407:.
790:.
297:.
65:)
61:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
