Francoist Spain - Knowledge

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other than Spanish was forbidden: all government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The use of any other language was forbidden in schools, advertising, religious ceremonies and on-road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden, though citizens continued to use them privately. During the late 1960s, these policies became more lenient yet non-Castilian languages continued to be discouraged and did not receive official status or legal recognition. Additionally, the popularisation of the

4527: 177: 4355: 4343: 4399: 1115:(National Movement). The Falangists were concentrated at local government and grassroot level, entrusted with harnessing the Civil War's momentum of mass mobilisation through their auxiliaries and trade unions by collecting denunciations of enemy residents and recruiting workers into the trade unions. While there were prominent Falangists at a senior government level, especially before the late 1940s, there were higher concentrations of monarchists, military officials and other traditional conservative factions at those levels. However, the Falange remained the sole party. 3057:"during the Civil War, Spanish fascists were forced to subordinate their activities to the nationalist cause. At the helm were military leaders such as General Francisco Franco, who were conservatives in all essential respects. When the civil war ended, Franco was so deeply entrenched that the Falange stood no chance; in this strongly authoritarian regime, there was no room for political opposition. The Falange became junior partners in the government and, as such, they had to accept responsibility for the regime's policy without being able to shape it substantially". The 728: 753: 714: 3248: 3595: 1588: 2377: 1245: 193: 3806:". Since Franco had relied on thousands of North African soldiers, anti-Islamic sentiment "was played down but the centuries-old myth of the Moorish threat lay at the base of the construction of the "communist menace" as a modern-day Eastern plague". The official position was therefore that the wartime Republic was simply a proto-Stalinist monolith, its leaders intent on creating a Spanish Soviet satellite. Many Spanish children grew up believing the war was fought against foreigners and the painter 2299: 4384: 4625: 2901: 2288: 6847: 3829: 43: 1470: 4611: 2887: 2311: 278: 4081:

At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of the major Western European economies had greatly narrowed. In world terms, Spain was already enjoying a fairly high material standard of living with basic but comprehensive services. However, the period between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s was to prove difficult as in addition to the

6822: 4116: 4024: 3292:. These structures were modelled after the centralised French state. As a result of this type of governance, government attention and initiatives were irregular and often depended more on the goodwill of government representatives than on regional needs. Thus inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were patent: historically affluent regions like 1140:. Falangist founder, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, had a more tolerant position than the national socialists in Germany. This was influenced by the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong antisemitism. Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism. 1122:) which involved the imprisonment and executions of Spaniards found guilty of supporting the values promoted by the Republic: regional autonomy, liberal or social democracy, free elections, socialist leanings, and women's rights, including the vote. The right-wing considered these "enemy elements" to comprise an "anti-Spain" that was the product of 4077:". Concurrent with the absence of social reforms and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to European countries and to a lesser extent to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways: the country got rid of surplus population and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances. 1353:. By delaying the issue of republic versus monarchy for his 36-year dictatorship and by refusing to take up the throne himself in 1947, Franco sought to antagonise neither the monarchical Carlists (who preferred the restoration of a Bourbon) nor the republican "old shirts" (original Falangists). Franco ignored the claim to the throne of 3631:

Immediately after the civil war most progressive laws passed by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were nullified. Women could not become judges or testify in a trial. Their affairs and economic lives had to be managed by their fathers and husbands. Until the 1970s, a woman could not open a bank account without having it

4050:(INC), created in 1939 with the goal of agricultural modernisation by means of the creation of irrigated lands, improvements in agrarian technology and training and the installment of settlers. It consolidated the privileges of the landowning classes, protecting to a large extent the large landowners from potential 3618:) as part of its ideological identity meant that the Catholic Church, which traditionally supported the social subordination of women, had preeminence in all aspects of public and private life in Spain. The Catholic Church had a central role in upholding the traditional role of the family and women's place in it. 3429:"the reports that have survived reveal a clergy that was bitter because of the violent anti-clericalism and the unacceptable level of secularisation that Spanish society had reached during the republican years" and the law of 1939 made the priests investigators of peoples' ideological and political pasts. 4065:

On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States (including about $ 1.5 billion in aid 1954–1964), the IMF and technocrats from Opus Dei managed to "convince" the regime to liberalize the economy in 1959 in what amounted to a mini coup d'état which removed the old guard in

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on either side of the coat of arms. In 1938, the columns were placed outside the wings. On 26 July 1945, the commander's ensigns were suppressed by decree and on 11 October a detailed regulation of flags was published that fixed the model of the bi-colour flag in use, but better defined its details,

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committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975. The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis María de Puig and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. The resolution also urged to provide

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During the 1960s, Spain experienced further increases in wealth. International firms established their factories in Spain. Spain became the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, alongside Brazil and just behind Japan. The rapid development of this period became known as the "Spanish Miracle".

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recorded that in his family "any allusion to republican relatives was scrupulously avoided; everyone took part in the enthusiasm for the new era and wrapped themselves in the folds of religiosity". Only through silence could people associated with the Republic be relatively safe from imprisonment or

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possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government

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where they were routinely brutalized. They could be admitted to these centers starting at age 16 through police raids, for "immoral behavior," arbitrary reports from family members and individuals ("guardians of morals"), requests from civil and religious authorities, or at the request of the women

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of February 1939 turned the Church into an extralegal body of investigation as parishes were granted policing powers equal to those of local government officials and leaders of the Falange. Some official jobs required a "good behaviour" statement by a priest. According to historian Julian Casanova,

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The Organic Law made the executive government ultimately responsible for passing all laws, while defining the Cortes as a purely advisory body elected by neither direct nor universal suffrage. The Cortes had no power over government spending, and the government was not responsible for it; ministers

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Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society. A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood.

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act, but did not designate a monarch. He had no particular desire for a king because of his strained relations with the legitimist heir to the Crown, Juan of Bourbon. Therefore, he left the throne vacant with himself as regent and set the basis for his succession. This gesture was largely done to

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and the yoke and arrows as follows: "Quarterly, 1 and 4. quarterly Castile and León, 2 and 3. per pale Aragon and Navarra, enté en point of Granada. The arms are crowned with an open royal crown, placed on eagle displayed sable, surrounded with the pillars of Hercules, the yoke and the bundle of

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Francoism professed a devotion to the traditional role of a woman in society; that is, being a loving daughter and sister to her parents and brothers, being a faithful wife to her husband, and residing with her family. Official propaganda confined the role of women to family care and motherhood.

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languages that the Republic had granted them for the first time in the history of Spain. The former policy of promoting Spanish as the only official language of the state and education was resumed, even though millions of the country's citizens spoke other languages. The legal usage of languages

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The authorities encouraged denunciations in the workplace. For example, Barcelona's city hall obliged all government functionaries to "tell the proper authorities who the leftists are in your department and everything you know about their activities". A law passed in 1939 institutionalised the

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from 1969 to 1975, Juan Carlos used a royal standard which was virtually identical to the one later adopted when he became King in 1975. The earlier standard differed only that it featured the royal crown of a Crown Prince, the King's royal crown has 8 arches of which 5 are visible, while the

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were banned throughout the duration of the dictatorship. Nevertheless, once decrees for economic stabilisation were put forth by the late 1950s, the way was opened for massive foreign investment—"a watershed in post-war economic, social and ideological normalisation leading to extraordinarily

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Most progressive laws passed by the Second Republic were declared void. Women could not become judges, or testify in the trial. They could not become university professors. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was increasing liberalization, yet such measures would continue until Franco's death.

2975:, either accused of whitewashing the regime or being praised as the elaborator of "the first scientific conceptualization" of the regime, famously early characterized it as an "authoritarian regime with limited pluralism". The Francoist regime has been described by other scholars as a " 4789:

Entre 1937 y 1943, el franquismo constituyó un régimen "semi-fascista", pero nunca un régimen fascista cien por cien. Después pasó treinta y dos años evolucionando como un sistema autoritario "posfascista", aunque no consiguió eliminar completamente todos los vestigios residuales del

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The Francoist agrarian colonisation was one of the most ambitious programs related to the regime's agrarian policies, which were an answer to the Republic's Law of Agrarian Reform and the war-time collectivizations. Somewhat inspired by the brief points related to agrarian policy of

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For nearly twenty years after the war, Francoist Spain presented the conflict as a crusade against Bolshevism in defence of Christian civilization. In Francoist narrative, authoritarianism had defeated anarchy and overseen the elimination of "agitators", those "without God" and the

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From the death of Franco in 1975 until 1977, the national flag followed the 1945 regulations. On 21 January 1977, a new regulation was approved that stipulated an eagle with more open wings, with the restored Pillars of Hercules placed within the wings and the tape with the motto

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was the new moniker the regime adopted for itself, yet it only sounded credible to staunch believers. Other later soft definitions include "authoritarian regime" or "constituent or developmental dictatorship", the latter having inner backing from within the regime. During the

266: 1304:(Law of the National Referendum), passed in 1945 approved for all "fundamental laws" to be approved by a popular referendum, in which only the heads of families could vote. Local municipal councils were appointed similarly by heads of families and local corporations through 4250:

At the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War and in spite of the army's reorganisation, several sections of the army continued with their bi-colour flags improvised in 1936, but since 1940 new ensigns began to be distributed, whose main innovation was the addition of the

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Franco's regime often used religion as a means to increase its popularity throughout the Catholic world, especially after the Second World War. Franco himself was increasingly portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of Roman Catholicism, the declared

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also grew in numbers and in budgets to 35,000 airmen and 25,000 sailors by 1945, although for fiscal reasons Franco had to restrain attempts by both services to undertake dramatic expansions. The army maintained a strength of about 400,000 men until the end of the

263: 259: 257: 3491:. Pemán led the Catholicizing state-sponsored schools and allocating generous funding to the Church's schools. Romualdo de Toledo, head of the National Service of Primary Education, was a traditionalist who described the model school as "the monastery founded by 264: 256: 255: 254: 262: 251: 258: 3622:

had also been introduced in the country during the Republic, so the Church immediately asked the new Franco regime to restore its control of family and marriage laws. All Spanish women were required by the state to serve for six months in the Women's Section

261: 260: 3097:. This party, often referred to as Falange, became the sole legal party during Franco's regime, but the term "party" was generally avoided, especially after World War II, when it was commonly referred to as the "National Movement" or just as "the Movement". 4062:, purchased or expropriated and where settlers installed). While its inception dates to the period of hegemony of Fascist powers in Europe, the plan did not fully take off until the 1950s. From 1940 to 1970 around 300 colonisation settlements were created. 3606:

Women had first been granted the right to vote in Spain during the Second Republic. Under the new constitution they had gained full legal status and equal access to the labor market, abortion had been legalized and the crime of adultery abolished.

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The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of

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were promoted as national traditions, while those traditions not considered Spanish were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an

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has said "it was instilled in me and I always believed that Spain had won the war against foreign enemies of our historic greatness". About 6,832 Catholic clergy were murdered by the Republicans. Collectively, they are known as the

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The long-delayed selection of Juan Carlos of Bourbon as Franco's official successor in 1969 was an unpleasant surprise for many interested parties as Juan Carlos was the rightful heir for neither the Carlists nor the Legitimists.

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and were forced to include any articles the government desired. Chief editors were nominated by the government and all journalists were required to be registered. All liberal, republican and left-wing media were prohibited.

6858: 3691:. The movement rapidly gained a long-lasting influence in the catholic universities of Chile. The Guildists, presenting themselves as apolitical, were highly critical of perceived detrimental ideological influences in 4541: 3105:

The main point of those scholars that tend to consider the Spanish State to be authoritarian rather than fascist is that the FET-JONS were relatively heterogeneous rather than being an ideological monolith. After

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Spanish opinion has changed. Most statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, and the last Franco statue in Madrid came down in 2005. Additionally, the Permanent Commission of the

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Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the

1155:. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship from 1940 to 1942 as a result of political persecution, hunger and disease related to the conflict. 4447:

Prince's one has only 4 arches of which 3 are visible. The Royal Standard of Spain consists of a dark blue square with the coat of arms in the centre. The King's guidon is identical to the standard.

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Franco's description: "The work of pacification and moral redemption must necessarily be undertaken slowly and methodically, otherwise military occupation will serve no purpose". Roberto Cantalupo,

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sanctioned and sacked thousands of teachers of the progressive left and divided Spain's schools up among the families of falangists, loyalist soldiers and Catholic families. In some provinces, like

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while mayors were appointed by the government. It was thus one of the most centralised countries in Europe and certainly the most centralised in Western Europe following the fall of the Portuguese

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unemployment. After the death of Franco, the price of the peaceful transition to democracy would be silence and "the tacit agreement to forget the past", which was given legal status by the 1977

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themselves or their parents. In practice, girls as young as 11 were forcibly interned. Young women and girls were routinely trafficked to men and forced to bear children, only to have their

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in order to explain the terrible conditions in which it was built. Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.

1267:-like status, Franco ruled with, on paper, more power than any Spanish leader before or since. He was not even required to consult his cabinet for most legislation. According to historian 4020:

principles. It was the only legal trade union and was under government control. Other trade unions were forbidden and strongly repressed along with political parties outside the Falange.

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While the regime evolved along with its protracted history, its primitive essence remained, underpinned by the legal concentration of all powers into a single person, Francisco Franco, "

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After Franco's victory in 1939, the Falange was declared the sole legally sanctioned political party in Spain and it asserted itself as the main component of the National Movement. In a

1187:"—that marked Spain's "participation in the Europe-wide post-war economic normality centred on mass consumption and consensus, in contrast to the concurrent reality of the Soviet bloc". 961:). Nevertheless, Spain supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality as an official policy of "non-belligerence". Because of this, Spain was 4648: 2228: 4833:«La ausencia de un ideario definido le permitió transitar de unas fórmulas dictatoriales a otras, rozando el fascismo en los cuarenta y a las dictaduras desarrollistas en los sesenta». 5499: 1972: 250: 7336: 4178:, which as well as other Francoist archives remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public. Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the 1977: 1967: 7094: 3416: 1321: 3538:

appease monarchist factions within the Movement. At the same time, Franco wore the uniform of a captain-general (a rank traditionally reserved for the King), resided in the

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charge of the economy, despite the opposition of Franco. However, this economic liberalisation was not accompanied by political reforms and oppression continued unabated.

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and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the state and exclusively in Spanish, reduced the competency of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician.

3319: 4573: 4003:, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence. 3409:. The regime favoured very conservative Roman Catholicism and it reversed the secularisation process that had taken place under the Republic. According to historian 6853: 6174:"El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)" 7346: 6207: 1365:, son of Infante Juan, as his officially designated heir to the throne, shortly after his 30th birthday (the minimum age required under the Law of Succession). 7803: 7023: 3738:, founded in 1983 by Guzmán, have a Francoist heritage. In the 1970s Pinochet's dictatorship organized ritualized acts reminiscent of Francoist Spain, notably 4848: 1008:". During the 1950s the regime also changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism and 3367:

in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Despite Franco himself being Galician, the government revoked the official statute and recognition for the

6176:[The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980)]. 4275:

During this period, two more flags were usually displayed along with the national flag: the flag of Falange (red, black and red vertical stripes, with the

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At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the regime's own figures there were more than 270,000 men and women held in prisons and some 500,000 had

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The 1966 Press Law dropped the prior censorship regime and allowed media outlets to select their own directors, although criticism was still a crime.

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and many were forbidden entirely, often in an erratic manner. This cultural policy relaxed over time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

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confined ten of thousands of girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime, in centers run by

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run by priests and nuns that "their parents had committed great sins that they could help expiate, for which many were incited to serve the Church".

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where large landowners owners retained land property and were transformed into irrigated lands with help from the INC vs the comparatively smaller

3073:, a fascist party formed during the Republic, soon transformed itself into the framework of reference in the National Movement. In April 1937, the 938:. As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships, although it always preserved residual fascist trappings. 915:. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as "fascistized dictatorship", or "semi-fascist regime", showing clear influence of 6572: 6225: 3487:. He held the post for 12 years, during which he finished the purging of the ministry begun by the Commission of Culture and Teaching headed by 7158: 7088: 5728: 3664: 3503:, practically all the teachers were dismissed. This process also affected tertiary education, as Ibáñez Martín, Catholic propagandists and the 2119: 1392: 974: 595: 579: 430: 3129:

were either suppressed or controlled by all means, including police repression. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of

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bringing hostilities closer than ever to Spain's border, Franco ordered a partial mobilization, bringing the army to over 750,000 men. The

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was an admirer of Francoist Spain. The lawyer Jaime Guzmán, once a student of Eyzaguirre, helped establishing the Francoist-influenced

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Valiente, Celia (May–June 2017). "Male allies of women's movements: Women's organizing within the Catholic Church in Franco's Spain".

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that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces.

7813: 7079: 3089: 2560: 2396: 565: 4511: 4157:, had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who he believed had "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe". 7612: 6826: 4432: 3680: 3399: 3364: 3236: 2824: 2694: 1075: 1049: 900: 719: 895:

in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a

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attended the funeral of Francisco Franco. When Pinochet died in 2006 supporters of late Francisco Franco paid homage in Spain.

1349:", or constitution, supposedly limiting and clearly defining Franco's powers as well as formally creating the modern office of 912: 17: 5957: 4085:

to which Spain was highly exposed, the settling of the new political order took priority over the modernising of the economy.

3077:(Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx and of the Councils of National Syndicalist Offensive) was created from the absorption of the 2465: 107: 7808: 7632: 6689: 6316: 6253:"Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War" 4553: 3301: 927: 4668: 4047: 3178: 1694: 79: 7793: 5730:"Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory 4673: 4272:

emphasising a greater style of the Saint John's eagle. The models established by this decree remained in force until 1977.

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In 1973, due to old age and to lessen his burdens in governing Spain he resigned as Prime Minister and named Navy Admiral

192: 7000: 6678:"Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945" 4733: 4594: 4559: 4532: 4517: 4366: 4201: 4125: 3756: 3627:), the female branch of the Falange state party, to undergo training for motherhood along with political indoctrination. 3195: 2452: 2140: 1152: 7729: 6832: 907:, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the 7285: 6292: 6015: 5690: 5661: 5634: 5578: 5458: 5413: 5386: 5085: 5058: 4969: 4933: 4638: 4069:

Economic growth picked up after 1959 after Franco took authority away from these ideologues and gave more power to the

3696: 1996: 86: 5679:"The Republican Mother in Post-Transition Novels of Historical Memory. A Re-Inscription into Spanish Cultural Memory?" 3599: 1722: 1412:

to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts. Concerns about the international situation, Spain's

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initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, a move supported since the

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In Spain, a commission to restore the dignity of the victims of Franco's regime and pay tribute to their memory (

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state radio had the exclusive right to transmit news bulletins, which all broadcasters were required to air. The

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Preston (1993), Chapter 10. "The Making of a Dictator: Franco and the Unification April 1937", pp. 248–274.

3070: 2754: 2674: 2581: 2410: 1361:, who designated himself as his heir; Franco found him too liberal. Instead, in 1969, Franco selected the young 1089: 1080: 7773: 6800: 6782: 6752: 6733: 6711: 5714: 5533: 5273: 5195: 5166: 4205: 3854: 3731: 3484: 2248: 1512: 64: 6147: 4165:"firmly" condemned in a resolution unanimously adopted in March 2006 the "multiple and serious violations" of 3703: 2510: 1541:

and the military occupation, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara.

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On 26 July 1947, Spain was declared a kingdom, but no monarch was designated until in 1969 Franco established

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kingdom again, but defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person to become

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of Spain by the Grace of God", embodying national sovereignty and "only responsible before God and History".

2664: 2113: 2048: 2014: 1763: 1657: 920: 3349:, which were officially classified as "traitor regions". The fueros were kept in the third Basque province, 3049:, a scholar of Spain notes that "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the 1939: 75: 7833: 7326: 7290: 7116: 6604: 5833:

El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo

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voted in 1946 to deny the Franco regime recognition until it developed a more representative government.

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to the said post, but Franco remained as the Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and

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In 1938, Franco adopted a variant of the coat of arms reinstating some elements originally used by the

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The Catholic Church's ties with the Franco dictatorship gave it control over the country's schools and

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tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to

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technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off, creating the "

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In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. In Germany, a squadron named after

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Simplified version used on stamps, lottery tickets, identity documents, and buildings. (1938–1945).

3929: 3839: 3692: 3585: 3539: 3213: 3078: 2291: 2125: 2108: 1346: 1148: 911:. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the 608: 6546: 6452: 6394: 3488: 2709: 7818: 7383: 7241: 6980: 4474: 4422: 4223:

Investigations have begun into wide-scale child abduction during the Franco years. The number of

3843: 3718:

in Spain with the aim of preventing undesired reforms in future as it happened in Spain with the

3461: 3334: 2818: 2724: 2263: 1773: 1350: 1227: 1223: 988:

Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, reassigned authority from the

891:

The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the

733: 53: 4303:("One, Great and Free") moved over the eagle's head from its previous position around the neck. 3410: 2784: 2669: 7321: 6970: 6960: 5187: 4280: 4104: 3723: 3668: 3289: 3217: 2504: 2235: 2180: 2068: 1891: 1508: 1416:, and threats of invasion led him to undo some of these reductions. In November 1942, with the 1362: 1310: 1211: 1191: 1071: 7164: 6268: 5896: 5678: 5624: 5478: 5157:

Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p 31, and Paul Preston, "The Theorists of extermination" essay in

5075: 4794: 4494: 4179: 4108: 2699: 2273: 1525: 1178:

naturally tilted its regime to ally with the United States. Independent political parties and

1118:

The Francoists took control of Spain through a comprehensive and methodical war of attrition (

7660: 7617: 7514: 7474: 7449: 7258: 7206: 6873: 6677: 6282: 5651: 5048: 4921: 4579: 4488: 4459: 4428: 4418: 4213: 3719: 3711: 3221: 3022: 2759: 2416: 1520: 198: 100: 5838:

The Women's Protection Board: Prostitution, Morality and State Intervention during Francoism

4012:

was created. It was inspired by the ideas of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who thought that

2446: 7547: 7479: 7469: 7316: 7275: 7263: 6930: 5841: 4713: 4333: 4318: 4245: 3635:

by her father or husband. In the 1960s and 1970s these restrictions were somewhat relaxed.

3611: 3393: 3010: 2951: 2679: 2619: 2130: 2073: 1919: 1866: 1758: 1681: 1663: 1647: 1381: 1315: 931: 472: 356: 5831: 5777:"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España" 5376: 4279:

in the centre of the black stripe) and the traditionalist flag (white background with the

3460:

were forbidden. Children had to be given Christian names. Franco was made a member of the

2539: 8: 7597: 7484: 7464: 7454: 7236: 7211: 6975: 6699: 6317:"La colonización agraria franquista: Mitos, límites y realidades de una política agraria" 5983: 5871:"El Patronato, la cárcel de la moral franquista para adolescentes: "Era como la Gestapo"" 4653: 4498: 4436: 4298: 4268: 4252: 4162: 4142: 4082: 4070: 3743: 3739: 3561: 3546:

and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were

3169: 3131: 3006: 2639: 2634: 2303: 2063: 2024: 1914: 1881: 1876: 1634: 1618: 1456: 1369: 1300:

were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone as the "Chief" of state and government. The

1239: 1195: 1111: 460: 214: 31: 3936:

The Roman Catholic Church had its own media outlets, including the Ya newspaper and the

2571: 2403: 1715: 1670: 1293: 1174:

that soon followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong

1032:

at the age of 82. He restored the monarchy before his death and made his successor King

517: 7778: 7592: 7587: 7489: 7459: 7408: 7248: 7231: 7170: 7067: 7033: 6925: 5180: 5113: 4688: 4260: 4187:

comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo

4094: 3903: 3492: 3439: 3247: 3173: 3137: 3126: 2946: 2779: 2422: 2358: 2253: 2190: 1788: 1676: 1596: 1264: 1256: 4786:«La tesis defendida por Payne en dicho dossier puede sintetizarse con estas palabras: 2764: 1202:

with the intention of continuing the Francoist regime, but those hopes ended with his

817:

Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to

7607: 7519: 7504: 7499: 7439: 7378: 7368: 7280: 7189: 7175: 7131: 7110: 7048: 6796: 6778: 6748: 6729: 6707: 6685: 6386: 6288: 6011: 5908: 5755: 5710: 5686: 5657: 5630: 5574: 5529: 5454: 5447:

Richards, Michael (2010). "Grand Narratives, Collective Memory, and Social History".

5409: 5382: 5319: 5304: 5269: 5217: 5191: 5162: 5081: 5054: 4965: 4929: 4390: 4283:

in the middle), representing the National Movement which had unified Falange and the

4256: 4017: 3784: 3569: 3372: 3165: 3150: 2956: 2870: 2794: 2769: 2689: 2590: 2527: 2472: 2434: 2213: 2170: 2003: 1753: 1641: 1549: 1474: 1425: 1409: 1105: 970: 950: 908: 892: 863: 774: 551: 6192: 6173: 4138: 3663:

Francoism had an influence abroad in Chile, where it found clear expressions in the

2972: 2789: 7701: 7694: 7539: 7398: 7304: 7226: 7136: 7104: 7018: 6908: 6900: 6673: 6555: 6472: 6378: 6187: 6067: 6007:

Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980

5681:. In DeVries, Kelly; France, John; Neilberg, Micheal S; Schneid, Frederick (eds.). 5605: 5521: 5261: 4130: 4120: 3707: 3672: 3594: 3376: 3360: 3337:

to the regions and abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy (the

3330: 3285: 3224:

against Franco. Like others at the time, Franco evinced a concern about a possible

3146: 2998: 2521: 1909: 1886: 1846: 1587: 1268: 1248: 942: 935: 859: 837: 418: 341: 155: 6859:

Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler

3764: 3075:

Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista

2684: 1397: 1292:(Constituent Law of the Cortes) the same year, which saw the grand opening of the 7567: 7562: 7358: 7053: 6836: 6579: 5749: 5626:

Dictatorships in the Hispanic World: Transatlantic and Transnational Perspectives

5350: 5334: 5289: 5232: 4926:

Guerra y memoria en la España contemporánea: War and Memory in Contemporary Spain

4630: 4443: 4276: 4189:) was approved in the summer of 2004 and was directed by the then-Vice President 4146: 4074: 4042: 3968: 3950: 3368: 3309: 3038: 3030: 2984: 2905: 2749: 2744: 2381: 2223: 2078: 1831: 1793: 1778: 1417: 1184: 1009: 1005: 855: 529: 483: 351: 6516: 6497: 5500:"The regulation of identity through names and naming in Twentieth Century Spain" 2037: 7710: 7627: 7602: 7529: 7444: 7028: 6955: 6627: 6382: 5609: 4922:"The Memory of Murder: Mass Killing, Incarceration and the Making of Francoism" 4051: 4033: 4013: 3768: 3632: 3619: 3445: 3406: 3054: 3002: 2734: 2729: 2719: 2629: 2268: 2258: 1826: 1545: 1530: 1494: 1478: 1460: 1452: 1446: 1341:

regent for life with sole right to appoint his successor; and in 1966, another

1244: 1199: 1175: 1167: 1151:

as stateless enemies. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in

1085: 1021: 1013: 675: 592: 298: 294: 6072: 5137: 4906:Ángela Cenarro Lagunas, "Historia y memoria del Auxilio Social de Falange" in 3483:, a member of the National Catholic Association of Propagandists, to lead the 7762: 7744: 7731: 7668: 7524: 6777:, (London: Serif, 2010). First-hand account of travels around Spain in 1949. 6770: 6390: 5912: 4241: 3956: 3901:

was established as a network of government media, including daily newspapers

3794: 3552: 3465: 3453: 3434: 3263:-centric unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. 3046: 2208: 1871: 1841: 1798: 1276: 1215: 1033: 982: 954: 502: 383: 182: 4255:

to the shield. The new arms were allegedly inspired in the coat of arms the

3683:

in the 1960s. This has been interpreted as a reaction inspired in Francoist

1934: 1924: 1404:

During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the

1109:. The sole legal party of Francoist Spain, it was the main component of the 7715: 7673: 7557: 7413: 6653: 6123: 5378:

En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo

4616: 4166: 3751: 3469: 3264: 3107: 3034: 3026: 2891: 2774: 2739: 2428: 2315: 1929: 1836: 1498: 1434: 1429: 1405: 1358: 1272: 1252: 1163: 962: 958: 896: 533: 3110:, the Falange opposed free capital markets, but the ultimately prevailing 2955:

label. Following the defeat of Fascism in much of Europe in World War II,

992:, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the 965:

by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its

7655: 7552: 6945: 6586:, 17 February 2005 (article in German language). Accessed 26 August 2006. 6056:"Cambio e institucionalización de la "nueva derecha" chilena (1967–2010)" 5650:

Threlfall, Mónica; Cousins, Christine; Fernandez, Celia Valiente (2005).

4924:. In Ribeiro de Menezes, Alison; Quance, Roberta; Walsh, Anne L. (eds.). 3977: 3938: 3747: 3684: 3676: 3590:

Gender violence and rape in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition

3305: 3225: 3188:(UGT) trade unions were outlawed and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist 3122: 3042: 2009: 1538: 1326: 1285: 1179: 1159: 1132: 1025: 993: 946: 237: 5117: 5024: 4624: 4284: 2900: 1147:. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in 6721: 5306:

The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy

5108:

Pérez Ledesma, Manuel (1994). "Una Dictadura 'por la gracia de Dios'".

4170:

public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various

3944: 3917:

and Pyresa government news agencies were created in 1939 and 1945. The

3890: 3277: 3018: 3014: 2645: 1861: 1856: 1421: 1333:

The referendum law was used twice during Franco's rule—in 1947, when a

1214:. With the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Juan Carlos became the 1130:". The latter allegation pre-dated Falangism, having evolved after the 1123: 222: 6457: 6252: 6208:"Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet" 4760:"Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940" 4141:

has been renamed because as a pilot he led the escorting units in the

7509: 7216: 6839: (archived July 2, 2007), the Spanish Constitution under Franco. 3962: 3543: 3523: 3323: 3313: 3297: 3273: 3252: 3161: 3157: 2367: 1851: 1561: 1511:. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When the 1162:

resulted in its international ostracism in the early years following

989: 810: 389: 386: 373: 369: 5362:

Roman, Mar. "Spain frets over future of flamenco." 27 October 2007.

5348:"The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest" 4016:

would be ended by grouping together workers and owners according to

3828: 3568:

is a technical, legal formulation which states sovereign dignity in

2159: 1063: 42: 6935: 6649:"Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation" 6632: 6520: 6501: 4649:

Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with Francoist Spain

3727: 3557: 3504: 3479:

were once again placed in schoolrooms. After the war, Franco chose

3476: 3457: 3342: 3268: 3115: 2968: 2030: 1577: 1534: 1469: 1171: 1055: 1017: 869: 537: 30:"Spanish State" redirects here. For the current Spanish state, see 6846: 3734:

in 1989. Both the University of the Andes and the political party

6865: 6363:"El nacional-sindicalismo español como proyecto económico-social" 5933:

Palau Galdón, María; García Carbonell, Marta (November 5, 2023).

5568: 5448: 5403: 4405: 4171: 4000: 3449: 3354: 2980: 2624: 1557: 1486: 1097: 966: 924: 916: 779: 364: 6547:

Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional

6261: 5282: 4849:"Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'" 3085:

Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista

1537:(known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the 277: 6821: 6420: 6178: 5683:

Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War: Realms of

4264: 3507:

ensured professorships were offered only to the most faithful.

3346: 3338: 3293: 818: 331: 6745:

Historia de España en el siglo XX. III, La dictadura de Franco

6573:

Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung

6284:

Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939–1975

5327: 3156:

Members of the oppressed ranged from Catholic trade unions to

3087:, which itself was the result of an earlier absorption of the 1170:

and did not become a member until 1955. This changed with the

1012:. As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the 6896: 6342: 4115: 3924: 3556:(Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies), he was referred to as 3350: 3235:

Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until

3216:(PNV) went into exile and in 1959 the armed separatist group 2058: 1194:

as his official heir-apparent. Franco was to be succeeded by

1137: 784: 5932: 1568:

in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985.

6374: 5958:"'De Franco a Pinochet': La historia de un fracaso exitoso" 5312: 4023: 3975:

Notable independent media outlets included humour magazine

3772: 3500: 3145:

due to their grey uniforms. Franco was also the focus of a

2185: 1553: 1482: 1284:

served as a makeshift legislature until the passing of the

1059: 685: 290: 6432: 6408: 4950:

Fu la Spagna: Ambasciata presso Franco: de la guerra civil

3239:

despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.

1493:

Spain attempted to retain control of the last remnants of

878:. During Franco's rule, Spain was officially known as the 6550: 6326:(19). Andorra: Centro de Estudios Locales de Andorra: 96. 6242:

Michael Richards, ''Unearthing Franco's Legacy'', p. 129.

6089:"Influencias de Juan Vázquez de Mella sobre Jaime Guzmán" 5649: 3913: 3542:, appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a 1280:"the most purely arbitrary in the world." The 100-member 6628:"Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie" 6367:

Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea

4803: 3889:

Under the 1938 Press Law, all newspapers were put under

3667:(1973–1990), in particular in the period prior to 1980. 3533:

In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy through the

2979:" ("Spanish-style Fascism") or as a specific variant of 1552:

its independence and the next year ceded the exclave of

6330: 4765: 4439:, crowned with an imperial crown and open royal crown. 6226:""Viudos de Franco" homenajearon a Pinochet en España" 6010:(in Spanish). Santiago: RIL editores. pp. 28–29. 5622: 4884:

Paul Preston, Chapter 6 "The Making of a Caudillo" in

3933:, the government television network, debuted in 1956. 2997:

The consistent points in Francoism included above all

1507:

right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve

1000:. This led to massive economic growth, second only to 6854:

Relations of Members of the United Nations with Spain

3994:

Economic history of Spain § Franco era (1939–75)

1440: 1054:

On 1 October 1936, Franco was formally recognised as

6704:

La España de Franco (1939–1975). Política y Sociedad

6119:"Los informes secretos de la CIA sobre Jaime Guzmán" 5643: 5453:. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 128–129. 5046: 5042: 5040: 5038: 4606: 3746:. Even Guzmán, once clearly influenced by Francoist 3121:

The Spanish State was authoritarian: Non-government

5981: 5901:

Transatlantic Studies Network, University of Malaga

3942:radio network. Other pro-government media included 3927:were 10-minute newsreels shown at all cinemas. The 3706:Guzmán became advisor and speechwriter of dictator 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5623:Swier, Patricia; Riordan-Goncalves, Julia (2013). 5179: 5161:, pp 42–67. University of Notre Dame Press. 1515:became independent in 1956, Spain surrendered its 1074:), which governed the territories occupied by the 5894: 5566: 5212: 5210: 5035: 5017: 4198:Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory 2945:Initially the regime embraced the definition of " 1004:, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the " 874:. After his death in 1975 due to a heart attack, 7760: 5751:En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco 5616: 5402:Casanova, Julian (2010). "The Faces of Terror". 5297: 4174:of the Francoist regime, including those of the 6142: 6140: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5829: 5573:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 295. 5408:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 108. 3793:Spanish anti-communist volunteer forces of the 3522:The orphaned children of "Reds" were taught in 3420:Franco with Catholic Church dignitaries in 1946 3100: 1078:. In April 1937, Franco assumed control of the 282:Territories and colonies of the Spanish State: 6287:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 58–60. 5964:(in Spanish). Universidad de Chile. 2007-05-29 5863: 5747: 5324:, pp. 347, 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press 5207: 4289:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS 3053:to be a core fascist". According to historian 2435:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS 1106:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS 7804:States and territories disestablished in 1975 6881: 6682:Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in Europe 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 5774: 5726: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5107: 5080:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 244. 4145:. As recently as 2006, the BBC reported that 3778: 3742:. After 1980 Francoist influence gave way to 2926: 2335: 1329:riding in a ceremonial parade in Madrid, 1975 883: 867: 849: 147: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6348: 6314: 6137: 6116: 5994: 5982:Góngora, Álvaro; de la Taille, Alexandrine; 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5670: 5278:United Nations Security Council Resolution 7 4964:, pp. 2–3. Cambridge University Press, 4040:or the agrarian policy elements of the Nazi 3153:to save the country from chaos and poverty. 2233: 6698: 6640: 6473:"Spain relocates dictator Franco's remains" 5823: 5811:(in Spanish). El Confidencial. June 3, 2018 5138:"La educación en el franquismo (1936–1975)" 5135: 5053:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. 4809: 4111:, until his body was moved in October 2019. 3857:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3695:, corporations (e.g. trade unions) and the 3579: 3572:and had been used only by monarchs before. 3468:whilst Spain itself was consecrated to the 1548:pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of 1501:(1954–1962), Madrid became the base of the 1408:—from almost one million at the end of the 1092:, who was executed in November 1936 by the 7799:States and territories established in 1939 6888: 6874: 6720: 6680:. In James, Harold; Tanner, Jakob (eds.). 6672: 6148:"Libros: El Imperio del Opus Dei en Chile" 6086: 6040: 5801: 5124: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 4913: 4821: 4771: 4679:List of people executed by Francoist Spain 4263:from the Moors, but replacing the arms of 3899:Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda 3204:(ERC) party were banned in 1939 while the 2933: 2919: 2342: 2328: 1166:as Spain was not a founding member of the 1136:of the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic 969:economy, still trying to recover from the 276: 6619: 6465: 6191: 6165: 6071: 5941: 5720: 5182:Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective 5047:Bowen, Wayne H.; José E. Álvarez (2007). 4107:, Franco was entombed in the monument of 3877:Learn how and when to remove this message 3775:, attended a memorial service in Madrid. 3535:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado 2136:1947 Spanish law of succession referendum 2120:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado 1384:became the country's new Prime Minister. 644:856,045 km (330,521 sq mi) 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 6646: 6450: 6360: 6336: 6271:p. 169 Liturgical Press (February 2000). 6171: 6029: 6027: 5990:(in Spanish). Zig-Zag. pp. 225–226. 5676: 5593: 5520: 5446: 5401: 5237:, p. 13, 1997 Oxford University Press US 5222:, p. 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press 4984:, p. 4. Cambridge University Press. 4114: 4098: 4022: 3788: 3593: 3509: 3415: 3341:) in two of the three Basque provinces: 3318: 3259:Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a 3246: 3149:, which taught that he had been sent by 3090:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista 2561:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista 2459:Falange Española de las JONS (Auténtica) 2397:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista 1468: 1391: 1320: 1271:, Franco had more day-to-day power than 1243: 1218:. He initiated the country's subsequent 1024:figures: his regime was assisted by the 973:, suffered from chronic depression. The 6280: 5428:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 108–115 5186:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 5094: 4782: 4780: 3750:, adopted economic liberalism from the 3681:Pontifical Catholic University of Chile 3638:However, from 1941 until well into the 3553:Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles 3400:History of the Catholic Church in Spain 3333:eliminated the autonomy granted by the 3125:and all political opponents across the 2987:, the Armed Forces and Traditionalism. 1335:referendum revived the Spanish monarchy 1058:—the Spanish equivalent of the Italian 1050:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) 14: 7761: 6742: 6728:(in Spanish). University of Valencia. 6053: 5851:from the original on December 28, 2023 5177: 5067: 4919: 4846: 4837:, cap. «El franquismo como dictadura». 4834: 4709:Spanish Republican government in exile 3382:compulsory national educational system 3304:fared much better than others such as 3242: 7159:Natural Sites of Community Importance 6869: 6625: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6024: 5374: 5073: 4475:Royal standard of the Prince of Spain 4267:with those of Navarre and adding the 4230: 4046:). The policy was carried out by the 3658: 2109:Army Conscription and Replacement Law 1529:. The year after, Mohammed V invaded 1523:, retaining only a few exclaves, the 1497:throughout Franco's rule. During the 1230:and autonomous devolved governments. 899:over the territory controlled by the 27:Period of Spanish history (1936–1975) 5926: 5339:p. 13. 1996. Oxford University Press 4928:. Editorial Verbum. pp. 34–36. 4777: 4674:Language policies of Francoist Spain 3855:adding citations to reliable sources 3822: 3702:Already in the first days after the 3516:Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus 3433:purging of public offices. The poet 3387: 2166:Francisco Franco National Foundation 1804:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco 1020:Franco was one of Europe's foremost 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 7638:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 6647:Tremlett, Giles (27 January 2011). 6603:. 27 September 2008. Archived from 6453:"Los pueblos que se inventó Franco" 6117:Basso Prieto, Carlos (2013-11-05). 5888: 5597:Women's Studies International Forum 5567:Fernandez de Mata, Ignacio (2010). 4734:Member states of the United Nations 4595:Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain 4427:From 1940 to 1975, Franco used the 3757:The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism 2983:marked by the preponderance of the 2466:Falange Española de las JONS (1976) 2453:Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party 2141:1966 Spanish organic law referendum 876:Spain transitioned into a democracy 24: 7784:Catholicism and far-right politics 6895: 6763: 6529: 5557:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 113 5437:Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 103 5050:A Military History of Modern Spain 4797:En torno a la Dictadura franquista 4669:Instituto Nacional de Colonización 4639:Art and culture in Francoist Spain 4502:arrows of the Catholic Monarchs". 4048:Instituto Nacional de Colonización 3179:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 3093:by José Antonio Primo de Rivera's 3083:(Traditionalist Communion) by the 2695:Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis 1997:Art and culture in Francoist Spain 1695:Instituto Nacional de Colonización 1473:Map of Spain in 1960. Present-day 1441:Colonial empire and decolonisation 1376:(Chief of the Movement). However, 1028:, particularly the United States. 354:(official); under the doctrine of 25: 7850: 6833:Text of Franco's Fundamental Laws 6814: 6517:Madrid removes last Franco statue 6281:Sánchez, Antonio Cazorla (2010). 5895:Iglesias Aparicio, Pilar (2021). 5840:] (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). 5548:Unearthing Franco's Legacy p. 112 5528:. HarperPress. pp. 317–318. 5381:(in Spanish). Pasado y Presente. 4952:, Madrid, 1999: pp. 206–208. 4762:. INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014. 4699:Spanish question (United Nations) 4664:Government-in-exile of José Giral 4406:Traditionalist Movement (Carlism) 4321:(July 17, 1936 – August 29, 1936) 4191:María Teresa Fernández de la Vega 3716:institutionalization of Francoism 3714:of 1980 Jaime Guzmán studied the 3201:Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya 2104:Law of Political Responsibilities 6845: 6820: 6747:(1st ed.). Madrid: Taurus. 6626:Adler, Katya (18 October 2011). 6498:Europe diary: Franco and Finland 6451:Hernando, Silvia (30 May 2018). 6060:Revista de Sociologia e Política 5830:Guillén Lorente, Carmen (2018). 5291:Franco and the Spanish Civil War 4623: 4609: 4587: 4580:Coat of arms of Francisco Franco 4572: 4552: 4540: 4525: 4510: 4467: 4452: 4397: 4382: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4326: 4311: 4202:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 3827: 3813:martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 3720:post-Franco constitution of 1977 3196:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 3114:, some of whom were linked with 2899: 2885: 2375: 2309: 2297: 2287: 2286: 1653:National Council of the Movement 1611: 1586: 1414:possible entry into World War II 1355:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 1282:National Council of the Movement 1043: 913:exile of Republican institutions 751: 726: 712: 246: 191: 175: 41: 7814:1975 disestablishments in Spain 7202:Autonomous communities of Spain 6589: 6565: 6510: 6491: 6444: 6361:Perfecto, Miguel Ángel (2015). 6354: 6308: 6274: 6256:Journal of Contemporary History 6245: 6236: 6218: 6200: 6193:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006 6110: 6080: 6004:Moncada Durruti, Belén (2006). 5975: 5768: 5748:Morcillo Gómez, Aurora (2015). 5741: 5709:. Faber and Faber Ltd. London. 5699: 5587: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5514: 5492: 5467: 5440: 5431: 5422: 5395: 5368: 5356: 5342: 5255: 5240: 5225: 5171: 5151: 5008: 4999: 4987: 4975: 4955: 4942: 4900: 4891: 4878: 4726: 4644:European interwar dictatorships 4482: 3797:entrain at San Sebastián, 1942 3640:Spanish transition to democracy 3610:The Franco regime's embrace of 3495:". The clergy in charge of the 3426:Law of Political Responsibility 3059:United Nations Security Council 2499:Movimiento Falangista de España 2044:Gender roles in Francoist Spain 1809:Spanish transition to democracy 1723:Sindicato Español Universitario 1702:Instituto Nacional de Industria 1517:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 1465:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 1418:Allied landings in North Africa 1387: 1378:Carrero Blanco was assassinated 1222:, ending with Spain becoming a 1038:Spanish transition to democracy 747:Spanish transition to democracy 52:needs additional citations for 7613:National and regional identity 6315:Alares López, Gustavo (2020). 6267:Butler, Alban and Peter Doyle 6098:(in Spanish). 467–468: 661–670 5336:Fascism: Past, Present, Future 5248:Fascism: Past, Present, Future 5234:Fascism: Past, Present, Future 4872: 4866: 4840: 4827: 4815: 4750: 4684:Nationalist foreign volunteers 3763:In 1975 Pinochet and his wife 3064: 2865: 2480:Falange Española Independiente 2249:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance) 1604: 1513:French protectorate in Morocco 1290:Ley Constitutiva de las Cortes 803: 13: 1: 6793:University of Wisconsin Press 6676:; Rey, Fernando del (2017) . 5988:Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo 5735:Université libre de Bruxelles 5727:García Dueñas, Lydia (2022). 5268:, p. 316, 2006, HarperPress, 5136:Viñao Frago, Antonio (2014). 4910:11–12 (2010), pp. 71–74. 4743: 4659:Francoist concentration camps 3185:Unión General de Trabajadores 2417:Falanga National Radical Camp 2114:Fundamental Laws of the Realm 2049:Motherhood in Francoist Spain 2015:Censorship in Francoist Spain 1764:Francoist concentration camps 1658:Spanish Syndical Organization 1233: 1158:Spain's strong ties with the 7809:1936 establishments in Spain 6269:Butler's Lives of the Saints 5782:(in Spanish). Archived from 5629:. Rowman & Littlefield. 5077:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 4460:Standard of Francisco Franco 4412: 4259:adopted after the taking of 4210:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 3736:Independent Democratic Union 3101:Fascism and authoritarianism 3071:Falange Española de las JONS 2755:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 2675:Nicasio Álvarez de Sotomayor 2582:Falange Española de las JONS 2411:Falange Española de las JONS 1963:Economy of Spain (1939-1959) 1730:Servicio Exterior de Falange 1571: 1090:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 1081:Falange Española de las JONS 858:between 1936 and 1975, when 7: 7794:Former monarchies of Europe 7633:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 6035:Gazmuri y Su "Gremialismo" 5775:Álvarez Fernández, Carlos. 5653:Gendering Spanish Democracy 5321:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 5309:, p. 7. 1985. Quartet Books 5219:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 4847:Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014). 4602: 3251:Francoist demonstration in 3041:—some authors also include 2843:List of Falangist movements 2511:Unidad Falangista Montañesa 2244:Francoist language policies 1489:) were still part of Spain 1422:German occupation of France 1345:was held to approve a new " 1302:Ley del Referendum Nacional 10: 7855: 6665: 6383:10.5944/etfv.27.2015.15752 6054:Alenda, Stéphanie (2014). 5610:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.004 5570:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 5450:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 5405:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 5288:De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro 5159:Unearthing Franco's Legacy 5074:Payne, Stanley G. (2011). 5025:"Spain – The Franco Years" 4486: 4416: 4239: 4225:lost children of Francoism 4176:Fundación Francisco Franco 4092: 3991: 3987: 3782: 3779:Narrative of the Civil War 3697:Christian Democratic Party 3583: 3397: 3391: 3237:just months before he died 2861:Falangism in Latin America 2534:Republican Social Movement 2492:Falange Española Auténtica 2441:Bolivian Socialist Falange 2219:Lost children of Francoism 2098:Francoist electoral regime 2064:Revisionist historiography 1940:Torcuato Fernández-Miranda 1784:First Francoist government 1575: 1504:Organisation armée secrète 1450: 1444: 1325:Franco and U.S. President 1237: 1047: 315:Tangier International Zone 29: 7688: 7646: 7538: 7435: 7426: 7312: 7303: 7197: 7188: 7075: 7066: 7011: 6916: 6907: 6087:Díaz Nieva, José (2008). 6073:10.1590/1678-987314225209 5754:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI. 5677:Finnerty, Deidre (2013). 5656:. Routledge. p. 64. 5178:Kaplan, Lawrence (1992). 4888:(1993), pp. 171–198. 4704:Spanish Republican exiles 4155:League of Polish Families 4133:, taken down in late 2008 4088: 3689:Chilean university reform 3665:military dictatorship era 3648:Catholic religious orders 2715:Alfonso García Valdecasas 2705:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta 2486:National Alliance July 18 2176:National Alliance July 18 1945:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta 1769:Spain during World War II 1749:Spanish coup of July 1936 1709:Fuerzas Armadas de España 1688:Tribunal de Orden Público 1306:local municipal elections 1068:Junta de Defensa Nacional 949:(its supporters from the 945:, Spain did not join the 798: 767: 691: 681: 671: 667: 657: 653: 648: 640: 635: 631: 618: 605: 589: 576: 561: 548: 544: 524: 512: 508: 496: 492: 482: 478: 466: 454: 444: 440: 428: 424: 412: 408: 398: 379: 363: 347: 337: 324: 275: 231: 209: 171: 166: 141: 7291:Wars and armed conflicts 6931:Ancient History Timeline 6791:(1st ed.). Madison, WI: 6706:(in Spanish). Síntesis. 6571:Von Martyna Czarnowska, 6172:González, Yanko (2015). 6033:Rojas Sánchez, Gonzalo. 5877:(in Spanish). 2018-07-12 5705:Tremlett, Giles (2006). 4994:The Splintering of Spain 4982:The Splintering of Spain 4962:The Splintering of Spain 4795:Glicerio Sanchez Recio. 4719: 4336:(August 30, 1936 – 1938) 4235: 4218:Ley de Memoria Histórica 3920:Radio Nacional de España 3818: 3804:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy 3704:1973 Chilean coup d'état 3687:against elements of the 3655:immediately afterwards. 3644:Women's Protection Board 3586:Women in Francoist Spain 3580:Women in Francoist Spain 3540:Royal Palace of El Pardo 3214:Basque Nationalist Party 3206:Communist Party of Spain 3080:Comunión Tradicionalista 2665:Ángel Alcázar de Velasco 2126:Organic Law of the State 1576:Not to be confused with 1357:, son of the last king, 1149:Nazi concentration camps 1128:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy 1101:Comunión Tradicionalista 1096:. He merged it with the 393:personalist dictatorship 7839:Anti-anarchism in Spain 7789:Modern history of Spain 6991:Transition to democracy 6966:Reaction and revolution 6743:Tusell, Javier (1999). 4435:: the Bend between the 4423:Royal Standard of Spain 3732:University of the Andes 3462:Supreme Order of Christ 3335:Second Spanish Republic 2819:La Conquista del Estado 2304:Conservatism portal 2264:Second Spanish Republic 1973:Second Development Plan 1774:Spain and the Holocaust 1351:Prime Minister of Spain 1224:constitutional monarchy 1220:transition to democracy 1016:in 1955 and during the 905:1937 Unification Decree 734:Second Spanish Republic 338:Official languages 307:Protectorate in Morocco 219:("One, Great and Free") 7829:Military dictatorships 7581:International Interest 7389:Science and technology 7085:Autonomous communities 6827:Francoist dictatorship 6258:33.3 (July 1998): 355. 5937:(in Spanish). El País. 5685:. Brill. p. 216. 5351:A Country Study: Spain 5147:(51). Curitiba: 20–21. 4920:Graham, Helen (2009). 4822:Cabrera & Rey 2017 4792: 4694:Sociological Francoism 4372:Civil flag (1936–1975) 4360:State flag (1945-1977) 4348:State flag (1938–1945) 4204:'s victory during the 4134: 4126:Plaza del Ayuntamiento 4112: 4028: 3957:La Vanguardia Española 3798: 3603: 3519: 3421: 3327: 3290:Miguel Primo de Rivera 3256: 3220:was created to wage a 2977:Fascismo a la española 2800:Enrique Zóbel de Ayala 2234: 2181:National Union (Spain) 2069:Sociological Francoism 1978:Third Development Plan 1968:First Development Plan 1490: 1401: 1363:Juan Carlos of Bourbon 1330: 1260: 1192:Juan Carlos of Bourbon 1072:National Defense Junta 975:1947 Law of Succession 884: 868: 862:ruled Spain after the 850: 846:Francoist dictatorship 841: 148: 18:Francoist dictatorship 7774:20th century in Spain 7618:National Day of Spain 6850:Texts on Wikisource: 6726:Fascismo y Franquismo 6597:"Bones of Contention" 5789:on September 18, 2018 5375:Viñas, Ángel (2012). 4787: 4568:Personal Coat of arms 4489:Coat of arms of Spain 4429:Royal Bend of Castile 4419:Royal Bend of Castile 4214:Historical Memory Law 4119:Equestrian statue of 4118: 4102: 4093:Further information: 4026: 3792: 3754:and writings such as 3712:Constitution of Chile 3598:Franco and his wife, 3597: 3566:Por la Gracia de Dios 3513: 3485:Ministry of Education 3419: 3398:Further information: 3322: 3250: 3023:national conservatism 2952:nacional-sindicalista 2760:Pilar Primo de Rivera 2710:Rafael García Serrano 2236:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna 1472: 1451:Further information: 1395: 1380:in the same year and 1324: 1247: 1238:Further information: 1185:rapid economic growth 1094:Republican government 1036:, who would lead the 854:), was the period of 844:), also known as the 7745:40.52139°N 3.77500°W 7222:Constitutional Court 6829:at Wikimedia Commons 6700:Moradiellos, Enrique 6232:on February 5, 2015. 6152:Universidad de Chile 5842:University of Murcia 4714:White Terror (Spain) 4246:Symbols of Francoism 4180:Valley of the Fallen 3851:improve this section 3710:. While writing the 3612:National Catholicism 3550:(Head of State) and 3514:Franco visiting the 3394:National Catholicism 3232:against his regime. 3011:national Catholicism 2785:Rafael Sánchez Mazas 2680:Juan Antonio Ansaldo 2670:Martín Almagro Basch 2620:National syndicalism 2274:Valley of the Fallen 2229:Diplomatic relations 2131:Political Reform Act 2091:Laws and referendums 2074:Symbols of Francoism 1920:Carlos Arias Navarro 1867:National Catholicism 1682:General Police Corps 1664:Frente de Juventudes 1648:Council of the Realm 1382:Carlos Arias Navarro 1316:Carnation Revolution 1088:, who had succeeded 851:dictadura franquista 473:Carlos Arias Navarro 357:National Catholicism 61:improve this article 7834:Totalitarian states 7741: / 7165:Plazas de soberanía 6429:, pp. 103–104. 6251:Julio de la Cueva, 6214:. 16 December 2021. 5202:franco integralism. 4886:Franco: A Biography 4654:Francoist Catalonia 4495:House of Trastámara 4437:Pillars of Hercules 4433:standard and guidon 4431:as Head of State's 4299:Una, Grande y Libre 4269:Pillars of Hercules 4253:eagle of Saint John 4227:may reach 300,000. 4212:'s government. The 4163:European Parliament 4143:bombing of Guernica 4109:Valle de los Caídos 4103:By the decision of 3930:Televisión Española 3773:failed coup of 1981 3744:economic liberalism 3740:Acto de Chacarillas 3616:nacionalcatolicismo 3570:absolute monarchies 3562:by the Grace of God 3326:celebration in 1941 3243:Spanish nationalism 3007:Spanish nationalism 2957:"organic democracy" 2906:Politics portal 2825:Twenty-Seven Points 2700:José Luis de Arrese 2635:Spanish nationalism 2025:Eagle of Saint John 1915:Luis Carrero Blanco 1882:Spanish nationalism 1877:Spanish irredentism 1635:Movimiento Nacional 1619:Eagle of Saint John 1526:Plazas de soberanía 1495:its colonial empire 1457:Spanish West Africa 1374:Jefe del Movimiento 1370:Luis Carrero Blanco 1286:organic law of 1942 1240:Movimiento Nacional 1196:Luis Carrero Blanco 1112:Movimiento Nacional 1030:Franco died in 1975 985:and his successor. 936:single-party system 901:Nationalist faction 720:Nationalist faction 566:Nationalist victory 461:Luis Carrero Blanco 242:("Grenadier March") 215:Una, Grande y Libre 32:Government of Spain 7750:40.52139; -3.77500 7394:Telecommunications 7095:Biosphere Reserves 6996:Contemporary Spain 6986:Spain under Franco 6926:Prehistoric Iberia 6787:Payne, S. (1987). 6722:Saz Campos, Ismael 6578:2006-02-13 at the 6324:Revista de Andorra 5294:, p. 87, Routledge 5005:Payne, pp. 231–234 4689:Pact of forgetting 4506:State Coat of arms 4499:Saint John's eagle 4261:Emirate of Granada 4231:Flags and heraldry 4153:of the right-wing 4135: 4113: 4105:King Juan Carlos I 4095:Pact of forgetting 4056:tierras reservadas 4038:Bonifica integrale 4029: 4009:Sindicato Vertical 3808:Julian Grau Santos 3799: 3659:Influence in Chile 3604: 3520: 3481:José Ibáñez Martín 3440:Pact of forgetting 3422: 3328: 3257: 3191:Sindicato Vertical 3141:, commonly called 3127:political spectrum 2947:totalitarian state 2780:Julio Ruiz de Alda 2725:José Antonio Girón 2447:Phalange Française 2429:Lebanese Phalanges 2254:Pact of Forgetting 2191:Spanish Solidarity 1789:Stabilization Plan 1677:Armed Police Corps 1491: 1402: 1331: 1265:state of emergency 1261: 1257:Meeting at Hendaye 1228:elected parliament 1204:1973 assassination 1120:guerra de desgaste 990:Falangist movement 919:in fields such as 536: • 532: • 227:("Further Beyond") 7724: 7723: 7684: 7683: 7608:Myths and legends 7576:National Interest 7422: 7421: 7374:Largest companies 7299: 7298: 7286:Political parties 7254:Foreign relations 7184: 7183: 7132:Iberian Peninsula 7080:Autonomous cities 7062: 7061: 6825:Media related to 6789:The Franco Regime 6775:The Face of Spain 6691:978-0-7546-0077-0 6674:Cabrera, Mercedes 6607:on 4 October 2008 6479:. 24 October 2019 6439:Alares López 2020 6427:Alares López 2020 6415:Alares López 2020 6351:, pp. 96–97. 6349:Alares López 2020 5737:. pp. 33–35. 5522:Burleigh, Michael 5145:Educar em Revista 5029:countrystudies.us 4281:Cross of Burgundy 4257:Catholic Monarchs 4060:tierras en exceso 3887: 3886: 3879: 3785:Spanish Civil War 3726:, the founder of 3724:Josemaría Escrivá 3677:Guildist Movement 3558:Caudillo of Spain 3388:Roman Catholicism 3365:language politics 3230:Judaic conspiracy 3222:low-intensity war 3176:separatists. The 3166:liberal democrats 3164:organisations to 3151:Divine Providence 2943: 2942: 2871:Fascist symbolism 2770:Dionisio Ridruejo 2659:Notable adherents 2591:Spanish Civil War 2540:Falange Auténtica 2528:La Falange (1999) 2352: 2351: 2214:Hispanic eugenics 2004:Cantos nacionales 1754:Spanish Civil War 1642:FET y de las JONS 1550:Equatorial Guinea 1481:, as well as the 1475:Equatorial Guinea 1296:on 18 July 1942. 1210:separatist group 1056:Caudillo of Spain 909:FET y de las JONS 893:Spanish Civil War 864:Spanish Civil War 842:España franquista 831: 830: 775:Equatorial Guinea 763: 762: 759: 758: 739: 738: 498:• 1969–1976 468:• 1973–1975 446:• 1938–1973 414:• 1936–1975 267: 137: 136: 129: 111: 76:"Francoist Spain" 16:(Redirected from 7846: 7824:Francisco Franco 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7704: 7697: 7433: 7432: 7364:Financial crisis 7354:Economic history 7310: 7309: 7227:Cortes Generales 7195: 7194: 7137:Peninsular Spain 7073: 7072: 7024:Pre-Roman Iberia 7019:General overview 6914: 6913: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6849: 6842: 6824: 6805:Luis Fernandez. 6758: 6739: 6717: 6695: 6659: 6658: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6593: 6587: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6559:, 17 March 2006 6544: 6527: 6526: 6523:, 17 March 2005 6514: 6508: 6507: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6393:. 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Archived from 5471: 5465: 5464: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5372: 5366: 5364:Associated Press 5360: 5354: 5346: 5340: 5333:Laqueur, Walter 5331: 5325: 5316: 5310: 5303:Gilmour, David, 5301: 5295: 5286: 5280: 5262:Michael Burleigh 5259: 5253: 5244: 5238: 5231:Laqueur, Walter 5229: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5122: 5121: 5105: 5092: 5091: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5044: 5033: 5032: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4917: 4911: 4908:Pliegos de Juste 4904: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4810:Moradiellos 2000 4807: 4801: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4737: 4730: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4591: 4576: 4556: 4544: 4529: 4514: 4471: 4456: 4401: 4391:Falange Movement 4386: 4369: 4357: 4345: 4330: 4315: 4277:yokes and arrows 3891:prior censorship 3882: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3831: 3823: 3708:Augusto Pinochet 3673:Jaime Eyzaguirre 3625:Sección Femenina 3518:in San Sebastián 3497:education system 3489:José María Pemán 3286:House of Bourbon 3147:personality cult 3095:Falange Española 2999:authoritarianism 2965: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2904: 2903: 2892:Spain portal 2890: 2889: 2888: 2603: 2595: 2587: 2577: 2572:Falange Española 2567: 2566: 2522:National Falange 2423:Falange Filipina 2404:Falange Española 2379: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2316:Spain portal 2314: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2239: 2054:Francoist mottos 1910:Francisco Franco 1887:Spanish unionism 1847:Authoritarianism 1716:Cortes Españolas 1671:Sección Femenina 1615: 1590: 1583: 1582: 1435:Second World War 1396:Armed forces in 1294:Cortes Españolas 1269:Stanley G. Payne 1249:Francisco Franco 1010:economic freedom 943:Second World War 887: 873: 860:Francisco Franco 853: 822: 807: 755: 754: 743: 742: 730: 729: 716: 715: 709: 708: 693: 692: 627:20 November 1975 601:14 December 1955 568: 540: 518:Cortes Españolas 450:Francisco Franco 433: 419:Francisco Franco 359: 327:and largest city 313: 305: 288: 280: 269: 268: 238:Marcha Granadera 195: 179: 161: 160: 159: 151: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7769:Francoist Spain 7759: 7758: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7680: 7675:Toro de Osborne 7642: 7623:Public holidays 7534: 7495:Life expectancy 7418: 7384:Property bubble 7295: 7180: 7058: 7054:Spanish miracle 7007: 6981:Second Republic 6903: 6894: 6840: 6837:Wayback Machine 6817: 6812: 6766: 6764:Further reading 6761: 6755: 6736: 6714: 6692: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6645: 6641: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6580:Wayback Machine 6570: 6566: 6560: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6400: 6398: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6262: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6186:(512): 87–111. 6170: 6166: 6157: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6066:(52): 159–180. 6052: 6041: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6002: 5995: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5942: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5907:(11): 231–244. 5893: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5875:El Confidencial 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5725: 5721: 5707:Ghosts of Spain 5704: 5700: 5693: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5519: 5515: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5484: 5482: 5475:"Franco edicts" 5473: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5318:Payne, Stanley 5317: 5313: 5302: 5298: 5287: 5283: 5260: 5256: 5245: 5241: 5230: 5226: 5216:Payne, Stanley 5215: 5208: 5198: 5176: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5110:Historia Social 5106: 5095: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5045: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4853:Forbes Magazine 4845: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4785: 4778: 4772:Saz Campos 2004 4770: 4766: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4631:Politics portal 4629: 4622: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4583: 4577: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4545: 4536: 4530: 4521: 4515: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4463: 4457: 4444:Prince of Spain 4425: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4373: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4349: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4287:under the name 4248: 4238: 4233: 4147:Maciej Giertych 4097: 4091: 4075:Spanish Miracle 4043:Generalplan Ost 3996: 3990: 3969:El Diario Vasco 3883: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3848: 3832: 3821: 3787: 3781: 3661: 3592: 3584:Main articles: 3582: 3548:Jefe del Estado 3446:Civil marriages 3411:Julian Casanova 3402: 3396: 3390: 3245: 3198:(PSOE) and the 3103: 3067: 3039:anti-liberalism 3031:anti-Catalanism 2985:Catholic Church 2959: 2939: 2898: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2875: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2765:Onésimo Redondo 2750:Narciso Perales 2745:Gustavo Morales 2660: 2652: 2651: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2599:Francoist Spain 2593: 2585: 2575: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2391: 2382:Yoke and arrows 2380: 2348: 2310: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2279: 2278: 2224:Carlo-francoism 2204: 2196: 2195: 2154: 2146: 2145: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2079:Yoke and arrows 2038:El Generalísimo 1991: 1983: 1982: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1832:Anti-liberalism 1822: 1814: 1813: 1794:Spanish miracle 1779:First Francoism 1744: 1736: 1735: 1629: 1616: 1581: 1574: 1564:and closed its 1544:In 1968, under 1467: 1449: 1443: 1390: 1337:with Franco as 1242: 1236: 1145:fled into exile 1062:and the German 1052: 1046: 1006:Spanish miracle 928:economic policy 921:labor relations 866:with the title 856:Spanish history 834:Francoist Spain 827: 826: 825: 808: 804: 794: 752: 727: 713: 660: 624: 611: 598: 582: 569: 564: 554: 530:Interwar period 528: 499: 469: 457: 447: 429: 415: 355: 328: 320: 319: 311: 303: 286: 271: 270: 247: 243: 241: 226: 220: 218: 205: 204: 203: 201: 196: 188: 187: 185: 180: 162: 153: 146: 145: 144: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7852: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7819:Fascist states 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7665:Cultural icons 7663: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7242:Prime Minister 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7161: 7156: 7154:National parks 7151: 7149:Municipalities 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7122:Extreme points 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7029:Spanish Empire 7026: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:First Republic 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6941:Medieval Spain 6938: 6936:Roman Hispania 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6893: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6843: 6830: 6816: 6815:External links 6813: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6785: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6753: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6712: 6696: 6690: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6639: 6618: 6588: 6584:Weiner Zeitung 6564: 6528: 6509: 6504:, 6 July 2006 6490: 6464: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6407: 6353: 6341: 6339:, p. 147. 6329: 6307: 6294:978-1444306507 6293: 6273: 6260: 6244: 6235: 6217: 6199: 6182:(in Spanish). 6164: 6136: 6109: 6079: 6062:(in Spanish). 6039: 6023: 6017:978-9562845205 6016: 5993: 5974: 5940: 5925: 5903:(in Spanish). 5887: 5862: 5822: 5800: 5767: 5760: 5740: 5733:(MSc thesis). 5719: 5698: 5692:978-9004259966 5691: 5669: 5663:978-0415347945 5662: 5642: 5636:978-1611475906 5635: 5615: 5586: 5580:978-0268083526 5579: 5559: 5550: 5541: 5534: 5513: 5491: 5466: 5460:978-0268083526 5459: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5415:978-0268083526 5414: 5394: 5388:978-8493914394 5387: 5367: 5355: 5341: 5326: 5311: 5296: 5281: 5254: 5239: 5224: 5206: 5196: 5170: 5150: 5123: 5093: 5087:978-0299110741 5086: 5066: 5060:978-0275993573 5059: 5034: 5016: 5014:Payne, p. 323. 5007: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4970:978-0521821780 4954: 4941: 4935:978-8479625177 4934: 4912: 4899: 4890: 4877: 4865: 4839: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4776: 4764: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4620: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4451: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4206:2004 elections 4139:Werner Mölders 4090: 4087: 4052:expropriations 4034:FE de las JONS 4014:class struggle 3989: 3986: 3885: 3884: 3835: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3780: 3777: 3771:, who led the 3769:Antonio Tejero 3669:Traditionalist 3660: 3657: 3620:Civil marriage 3581: 3578: 3493:Saint Benedict 3407:state religion 3392:Main article: 3389: 3386: 3353:, and also in 3302:Basque Country 3244: 3241: 3182:(CNT) and the 3138:Policía Armada 3102: 3099: 3066: 3063: 3055:Walter Laqueur 3003:anti-Communism 2973:Juan José Linz 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2895: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2855:Related topics 2854: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2790:Andrés Soriano 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2735:Ramiro Ledesma 2732: 2730:Manuel Hedilla 2727: 2722: 2720:Pierre Gemayel 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630:Third Position 2627: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2517:National Front 2514: 2507: 2505:National Union 2502: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2269:Spanish Maquis 2266: 2261: 2259:Project Islero 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2205: 2203:Related topics 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892:Traditionalism 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1827:Anti-communism 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1573: 1570: 1546:United Nations 1531:Spanish Sahara 1509:French Algeria 1479:Western Sahara 1461:Spanish Sahara 1453:Spanish Guinea 1447:Spanish Empire 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1389: 1386: 1235: 1232: 1200:Prime Minister 1176:anti-communism 1168:United Nations 1086:Manuel Hedilla 1084:, then led by 1045: 1042: 1026:Western powers 1022:anti-communist 1014:United Nations 885:Estado Español 829: 828: 824: 823: 813:served as the 801: 800: 799: 796: 795: 793: 792: 790:Western Sahara 787: 782: 777: 771: 769: 765: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 749: 740: 737: 736: 731: 723: 722: 717: 705: 704: 699: 689: 688: 683: 679: 678: 676:Spanish peseta 673: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 642: 638: 637: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622:Franco's death 619: 616: 615: 614:1 January 1967 612: 606: 603: 602: 599: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580:Succession law 577: 574: 573: 570: 562: 559: 558: 555: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 526: 525:Historical era 522: 521: 514: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 467: 464: 463: 458: 455: 452: 451: 448: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 431:Prime Minister 426: 425: 422: 421: 416: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 396: 395: 381: 377: 376: 367: 361: 360: 349: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 317: 309: 301: 295:Western Sahara 283: 281: 273: 272: 245: 244: 229: 228: 207: 206: 197: 190: 189: 181: 174: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 163: 149:Estado Español 142: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7851: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7757: 7754: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7347:median income 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Head of State 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Enlightenment 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771:Gerald Brenan 6769: 6768: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684:. Routledge. 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6643: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6601:The Economist 6598: 6592: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6441:, p. 99. 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6417:, p. 97. 6416: 6411: 6397:on 2021-06-02 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6337:Perfecto 2015 6333: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6270: 6264: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6239: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6168: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5984:Vial, Gonzalo 5978: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5929: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5826: 5810: 5804: 5793:September 18, 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5761:9788432317835 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5526:Sacred Causes 5523: 5517: 5502:. 6 July 2016 5501: 5495: 5481:on 2008-06-26 5480: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266:Sacred Causes 5263: 5258: 5252:Google Books. 5251: 5249: 5243: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4945: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4812:, p. 20. 4811: 4806: 4800: 4799:Hispania Nova 4798: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4774:, p. 90. 4773: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4476: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4242:Flag of Spain 4228: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4196:In 2008, the 4194: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4006:In 1940, the 4004: 4002: 3995: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3904:Diario Arriba 3900: 3895: 3892: 3881: 3878: 3870: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3836:This section 3834: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3795:Blue Division 3791: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765:Lucía Hiriart 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3653:babies stolen 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466:Pope Pius XII 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:contraception 3451: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3435:Carlos Barral 3430: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3132:Guardia Civil 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:generalissimo 3048: 3047:Stanley Payne 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035:pan-Hispanism 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2685:Agustín Aznar 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2640:Greater Spain 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390:Organizations 2387: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2209:Blue Division 2207: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2153:Neo-Francoism 2150: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:Pan-Hispanism 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1842:Anti-semitism 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1799:Burgos trials 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628:Organizations 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1399: 1398:San Sebastián 1394: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1277:Joseph Stalin 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:King of Spain 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1044:Establishment 1041: 1039: 1035: 1034:Juan Carlos I 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 983:King of Spain 980: 977:made Spain a 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 886: 881: 880:Spanish State 877: 872: 871: 865: 861: 857: 852: 847: 843: 839: 835: 820: 816: 812: 806: 802: 797: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 770: 768:Today part of 766: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 735: 732: 725: 724: 721: 718: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 687: 684: 680: 677: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 652: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 626: 623: 617: 613: 610: 604: 600: 597: 594: 588: 584: 581: 575: 571: 567: 560: 556: 553: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 519: 515: 511: 507: 504: 503:Juan Carlos I 501: 495: 491: 487: 485: 481: 477: 474: 471: 465: 462: 459: 453: 449: 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Editorial. 6806: 6788: 6774: 6744: 6725: 6703: 6681: 6654:The Guardian 6652: 6642: 6631: 6621: 6609:. Retrieved 6605:the original 6600: 6591: 6583: 6567: 6561:(in Spanish) 6554: 6525:(in English) 6512: 6506:(in English) 6493: 6481:. Retrieved 6476: 6467: 6456: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6399:. Retrieved 6395:the original 6370: 6366: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6323: 6310: 6298:. Retrieved 6283: 6276: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6238: 6230:the original 6220: 6211: 6202: 6183: 6177: 6167: 6156:. Retrieved 6154:(in Spanish) 6151: 6128:. Retrieved 6124:El Mostrador 6122: 6112: 6100:. Retrieved 6095: 6082: 6063: 6059: 6006: 5987: 5977: 5966:. Retrieved 5961: 5928: 5916:. Retrieved 5904: 5900: 5890: 5879:. Retrieved 5874: 5865: 5855:December 28, 5853:. Retrieved 5837: 5832: 5825: 5813:. Retrieved 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5784:the original 5770: 5750: 5743: 5729: 5722: 5706: 5701: 5682: 5672: 5652: 5645: 5625: 5618: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5525: 5516: 5504:. Retrieved 5494: 5483:. 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Retrieved 4852: 4842: 4829: 4824:; Capítulo V 4817: 4805: 4796: 4788: 4767: 4757:(in Spanish) 4752: 4728: 4617:Spain portal 4560:Coat of arms 4533:Coat of arms 4518:Coat of arms 4492: 4483:Coat of arms 4441: 4426: 4404:Flag of the 4389:Flag of the 4296: 4293: 4288: 4274: 4249: 4222: 4217: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4175: 4167:human rights 4159: 4136: 4124: 4079: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3888: 3873: 3864: 3849:Please help 3837: 3800: 3762: 3755: 3752:Chicago Boys 3701: 3662: 3637: 3629: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3574: 3565: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3474: 3470:Sacred Heart 3444: 3431: 3423: 3403: 3359: 3329: 3288:and General 3282: 3265:Bullfighting 3258: 3234: 3209: 3199: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3155: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3123:trade unions 3120: 3108:World War II 3104: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3050: 3027:anti-Masonry 2996: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2950: 2944: 2897: 2883: 2817: 2795:Óscar Únzaga 2775:Luis Rosales 2740:Charles Luca 2690:Tomás Borrás 2644: 2598: 2580: 2570: 2559: 2538: 2526: 2509: 2497: 2490: 2478: 2473:Fuerza Nueva 2471: 2464: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2366: 2158: 2118: 2096: 2036: 2029: 2002: 1995: 1930:Manuel Fraga 1837:Anti-Masonry 1759:White Terror 1728: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1669: 1662: 1640: 1633: 1617: 1543: 1524: 1502: 1499:Algerian War 1492: 1406:Spanish Army 1403: 1388:Armed forces 1373: 1367: 1359:Alfonso XIII 1338: 1332: 1309: 1301: 1298: 1289: 1273:Adolf Hitler 1262: 1253:Adolf Hitler 1189: 1180:trade unions 1164:World War II 1157: 1142: 1131: 1119: 1117: 1110: 1104: 1103:to form the 1100: 1079: 1076:Nationalists 1067: 1053: 987: 978: 940: 897:dictatorship 890: 879: 845: 833: 832: 814: 809:In wartime, 805: 702:Succeeded by 701: 696: 682:Calling code 659:• 1940 572:1 April 1939 557:17 July 1936 534:World War II 516: 456:• 1973 236: 232: 221: 213: 211:Motto: 210: 199:Coat of arms 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 7748: / 7480:Immigration 7470:Health care 7332:Communities 7317:Agriculture 7117:Earthquakes 6976:Restoration 6946:Reconquista 5918:December 5, 5815:December 5, 5276:; see also 5112:(20): 175. 4835:Tusell 1999 4597:(1969–1975) 4582:(1940–1975) 4562:(1945–1977) 4535:(1938–1945) 4520:(1936–1938) 4477:(1969–1975) 4462:(1940–1975) 4378:Party flags 4307:State flags 4027:INC emblem. 4018:corporative 3978:La Codorniz 3939:Cadena COPE 3867:August 2024 3748:corporatism 3685:corporatism 3600:Carmen Polo 3306:Extremadura 3112:technocrats 3065:Development 3043:integralism 2960: [ 2602:(1939–1975) 2594:(1936–1939) 2586:(1934–1937) 2576:(1933–1934) 2565:(1931–1934) 2031:El Caudillo 2010:Cara al Sol 1539:Green March 1533:during the 1485:territory ( 1347:organic law 1327:Gerald Ford 1311:Estado Novo 1133:Reconquista 994:technocrats 947:Axis powers 941:During the 697:Preceded by 609:Organic Law 585:6 July 1947 513:Legislature 352:Catholicism 202:(1945–1977) 186:(1945–1977) 117:August 2020 7763:Categories 7736:03°46′30″W 7733:40°31′17″N 7598:Mass media 7593:Literature 7485:Irreligion 7465:Euthanasia 7455:Disability 7237:Government 7212:Corruption 7034:Golden Age 6801:0299110702 6783:189795963X 6754:8430603328 6735:8437059100 6713:8477387400 6483:4 November 6401:2021-05-29 6373:. Madrid: 6158:2022-05-19 6130:2021-09-29 6102:11 October 5968:2022-05-10 5881:2019-04-07 5715:0802716741 5535:0007195745 5485:2005-12-16 5274:0007195745 5197:0870237985 5167:0268032688 4744:References 4487:See also: 4417:See also: 4334:State flag 4319:State flag 4240:See also: 4083:oil shocks 3992:See also: 3945:Cadena SER 3783:See also: 3693:the Church 3671:historian 3524:orphanages 3477:crucifixes 3363:also used 3278:censorship 3274:Andalusian 3019:militarism 3015:monarchism 2812:Literature 2646:Hispanidad 1935:Blas Piñar 1925:Juan Yagüe 1862:Monarchism 1857:Militarism 1521:Mohammed V 1343:referendum 1234:Government 1153:Mauthausen 1124:Bolsheviks 1048:See also: 934:, and the 932:aesthetics 663:25,877,971 649:Population 596:membership 380:Government 365:Demonym(s) 223:Plus Ultra 87:newspapers 7779:Francoism 7588:Languages 7490:Languages 7460:Education 7409:Transport 7249:Elections 7232:Judiciary 7171:Provinces 7068:Geography 7049:Civil War 6956:Expansion 6611:6 October 6391:1130-0124 5913:2444-9792 5717:. p. 211. 5604:: 43–51. 5506:27 August 4858:22 August 4790:fascismo. 4413:Standards 4131:Santander 3963:El Correo 3838:does not 3633:co-signed 3602:, in 1968 3458:abortions 3343:Guipuzcoa 3324:Falangist 3314:Andalusia 3298:Catalonia 3261:Castilian 3253:Salamanca 3162:anarchist 3158:communist 2949:" or the 2866:Francoism 2368:Falangism 2171:New Force 1852:Falangism 1605:Francoism 1572:Francoism 1562:Gibraltar 1426:Air Force 1410:Civil War 971:civil war 951:civil war 811:Salamanca 552:Civil War 390:one-party 387:Francoist 348:Religion 167:1936–1975 7711:Category 7572:Fiestas 7520:Religion 7505:Pensions 7500:Naturism 7440:Abortion 7379:Taxation 7369:Forestry 7281:Monarchy 7276:Military 7269:Intersex 7190:Politics 7176:Wildlife 7111:Comarcas 7044:Military 7039:Economic 7012:By topic 6918:Timeline 6901:articles 6724:(2004). 6702:(2000). 6633:BBC News 6576:Archived 6556:El Mundo 6521:BBC News 6502:BBC News 6477:BBC News 6300:23 April 5962:Noticias 5846:Archived 5524:(2006). 5118:40340643 4875:, p. 645 4603:See also 4497:such as 4285:Requetés 4172:archives 3728:Opus Dei 3505:Opus Dei 3373:Galician 3269:flamenco 3116:Opus Dei 2992:Caudillo 2969:Cold War 2614:Ideology 2359:a series 2357:Part of 2292:Category 1821:Ideology 1597:a series 1595:Part of 1578:Frankism 1535:Ifni War 1420:and the 1339:de facto 1288:and the 1226:with an 1172:Cold War 1066:—by the 1018:Cold War 998:Opus Dei 967:autarkic 963:isolated 925:autarkic 870:Caudillo 815:de facto 672:Currency 538:Cold War 400:Caudillo 374:Spaniard 7695:Outline 7648:Symbols 7568:Cuisine 7540:Culture 7428:Society 7399:Tourism 7305:Economy 7144:Islands 7127:Forests 7105:Climate 7100:Borders 6909:History 6835:at the 6666:Sources 6458:El País 6377:: 147. 4123:in the 4071:liberal 4001:autarky 3988:Economy 3859:removed 3844:sources 3679:at the 3450:Divorce 3377:Catalan 3355:Navarre 3310:Galicia 3300:or the 3255:in 1937 3226:Masonic 3170:Catalan 2981:Fascism 2625:Fascism 2553:History 1990:Culture 1957:Economy 1743:History 1558:Morocco 1487:Morocco 1314:in the 1206:by the 1126:and a " 1098:Carlist 979:de jure 959:Germany 917:fascism 838:Spanish 780:Morocco 620:• 607:• 591:• 578:• 563:• 550:• 384:Unitary 370:Spanish 342:Spanish 325:Capital 289:Spain, 233:Anthem: 156:Spanish 101:scholar 7716:Portal 7656:Anthem 7563:Cinema 7510:People 7359:Energy 6899: 6807:Franco 6799: 6781: 6751: 6732: 6710: 6688: 6389: 6291: 6179:Atenea 6014: 5911: 5758: 5713: 5689: 5660: 5633: 5577: 5532: 5457: 5412: 5385: 5272: 5194: 5165: 5116: 5084: 5057: 4968: 4932: 4265:Sicily 4121:Franco 4089:Legacy 3911:. 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