Franco-Ontarians - Knowledge

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school after Grade 9. Due to the lack of funding, several generations of Franco-Ontarians grew up without formal education, with the dropout rate for francophones high during this period. Franco-Ontarians thus opted for jobs which did not require reading and mathematical skills, such as mining and forestry, and were virtually absent from white collar jobs. Sociologically, it meant that education was not a value transmitted to younger Franco-Ontarians. Further, those that did have higher levels of education often pursue job opportunities in larger cities, particularly Ottawa or even Montreal, which can create a barrier to economic development in their home communities. As well, even today many students of Franco-Ontarian background are still educated in anglophone schools. This has the effect of reducing the use of French as a first language in the province, and thereby limiting the growth of the Franco-Ontarian community.

1588:. As this was a lower court ruling, it did not affect any other court. However the implication of the decision was that many traffic signs in bilingually designated areas of Ontario would be invalid. It was feared that the ruling would have a similar effect as the Manitoba Language Rights ruling of the Supreme Court of Canada, in this case forcing municipalities to erect new bilingual road signs at great expense and invalidating millions of dollars in existing tickets before the courts. The City of Toronto appealed the ruling. At the appeal hearing both parties asked the court to enter a plea of guilty. A guilty verdict was entered even though no arguments were made by either side on the merits of the case. The situation created a legal vacuum for several years, during which numerous defendants used the bilingual signage argument to fight traffic tickets. The precedent was overturned by the 1410: 1633: 1172: 2459:

to eliminate anglicisms. In addition, the majority of Franco-Ontarians are, out of necessity, functionally or fluently bilingual in English, a fact that encourages borrowing, as does the fact that the English language has a greater prestige in the province from its being a majority language. Franco-Ontarian communities with a small francophone population tend to have more English-influenced French, and some younger speakers there may feel more comfortable using English than French. On the other hand, the French spoken in French-dominant Ontarian communities (such as Hearst and Hawkesbury), or in those communities near the Quebec border (such as Ottawa), is virtually indistinguishable from Quebec French.

1425:, which limited the use of the French as the primary language of instruction to the first two years of elementary school. However, enforcement of the regulation was abandoned in 1927, when it became apparent to the provincial government that the regulation perpetuated inferior schooling of pupils in the province. Instead, a new policy permitting French-language schools instruction was introduced, with French given legal status in Ontario's education system, and the bilingual University of Ottawa Normal School was officially recognized. The regulation formally remained in the statutes of Ontario until 1944, when the regulations were revised. 2244:, which provided for schools that used English or French as an instructional languages. The use of French as the primary language of instruction was later limited to the first two years of elementary education in Ontario, from 1912 to 1927. In 1927, its enforcement was dropped with the province again permitting French-language instruction past Grade 2. The present public French-language elementary and secondary school system originates from education reforms implemented by the province in 1968. French-language rights for resident elementary and secondary school students in Ontario are afforded through the provincial 1067: 2811: 1741: 3284: 3171: 2314: 2167: 54: 1886: 3360: 2197:

and expensive delays in their judicial proceedings, or been forced to proceed in English even if they were merely functional but not fluent in the language, due to gaps in the system's ability to actually provide full French services. Acting upon a number of complaints received from the French Language Service Commissioner, the Attorney General of Ontario launched a committee in 2009 to address French language rights in the judicial system.

2217: 153: 1515: 1874:, are nevertheless still subject to the Act. Francophones who live in non-designated areas can also receive French language services by directly contacting the Office of Francophone Affairs in Toronto, or in the nearest designated community. The most recent addition to the list of designated areas is the city of Markham. It was named in June 2015, and after the three-year implementation period provided for by the 1309: 3185: 2561: 911:. However, French settlement into the area remained limited until the 19th century. The late 19th century and early 20th century saw attempts by the provincial government to assimilate the Franco-Ontarian population into the anglophone majority with the introduction of regulations that promoted the use of English over French, for example 2543:

communities, and their shared French Canadian identity. This resulted in what is sometimes described as a "rupture" between the francophones of Quebec, and the Franco-Ontarian community, who were then forced to re-conceptualize their own cultural identities while being reliant on the federal government, as opposed to Quebec.

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However, in practice the courts function primarily in English. Francophones in some parts of the province have noted some difficulty in actually accessing French language services, especially in civil litigation matters; for example, francophones in the justice system have sometimes faced unnecessary

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only applies to provincial government services, and does not require services operated by the municipal government to provide bilingual services, although several municipalities have done so at their own discretion. There are presently 44 communities in Ontario whose municipal government and services

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became the first Ontario city to pass a bylaw requiring all new businesses to post signs in both official languages. Clarence-Rockland is 60 per cent francophone, and the city council noted that the bylaw was intended to address the existence of both English-only and French-only commercial signage in

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Franco-Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec. According to the province of Ontario, there are 650,000 Francophones in Ontario, making up 4.6 per cent of the province's population. However, the figure is derived from the province's "Inclusive Definition of

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Franco-Ontarians may be found in all areas of Ontario. Approximately 43.1 per cent of francophones in province reside in Eastern Ontario, with 268,070 francophones living in that region. Francophones comprise approximately 15.4 per cent of Eastern Ontario's total population. More than 68 per cent of

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was designed by Edward J. Cuhaci, and represents the first homes and the founding of Bytown. The next five monuments, each progressing uphill, highlight business achievements that were crucial to the prosperity of Ottawa economy. The seventh monument, an unfinished granite block, symbolizes future

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identity, believing that the French Canadian population risked assimilation unless they focused their efforts on saving "the body of the nation," namely Quebec. However, many Franco-Ontarians perceived the refocus in priorities by the Quebec delegation as an abandonment of the other French Canadian

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Due to the large English majority in the province, English loanwords are sometimes used in the informal or slang registers of Franco-Ontarian French. While English loanwords occur to a large extent in many varieties of French in Canada and Europe, there has been more of a conscious effort in Quebec

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However, Northeastern Ontario is the region that has the highest proportion of francophones, with the 122,360 francophone residents of the region making up 22.6 per cent of the region's population. Central Ontario (including the Greater Toronto Area) also has a large population of Franco-Ontarians,

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being born in Ontario; whereas only 39.6 per cent of francophones in Central Ontario were born in the province. 4.5 per cent of francophones in Ontario were born outside Canada. 35 per cent of francophones born outside Canada were born in Africa, while 28 per cent were from Europe, 20 per cent from

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The majority of Franco-Ontarians are bilingual in both French and English; a minority (40,045 respondents in 2016) reported having proficiency in only the French language and limited or no knowledge of English. In the same census, more than 1.52 million Ontarians, or 11.5 per cent of the province's

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who worked in Ontario for much of her professional career as a lawyer and judge. As a result, both women have been referred to as "the first Franco-Ontarian Supreme Court justice", although the technically correct practice is to credit Charron, Franco-Ontarian in both senses, with that distinction.

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was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, where it recognized French as a "historic language in Ontario," an official language in its courts and in education, as well as the "desirable use" of French in its provincial institutions including the Legislature. However, the Act itself did not

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The actual depth of this "rupture" has been questioned by academics, as Quebec continues to exert strong cultural influence on francophone minority communities in the rest of Canada. However, it remains a prominent theme in contemporary cultural analysis of French Canadian identities, It is also

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Although the regulation itself was rescinded in 1927, the government did not fund French language high schools. As a result, francophones had to pursue high school education in English, pay tuition to private high schools (which few Franco-Ontarian families could afford), or simply stop attending

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in 1986 which recognized the French language as a "historic language of Ontario," and as an official language of the province's education system, judiciary, and legislature. However, the Act did not make the French language an official language in its entirety; with other provincial services only

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in 1968. The following acts introduced public funding for French-language secondary schools, and laid the foundation for the province's present elementary and secondary francophone school system. In 1969, the provincial government established its French-language public educational broadcaster,

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monument commemorates the Franco-Ontarian community as well as the contributions the francophone community made to Ontario. The monument was first proposed in 2015. Work on the monument began on 25 September 2017, on Franco-Ontarian day, and was unveiled on the same day the following year. The

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for the creation of the French-language university. After extensive backlash to the announcement, Ford reversed course, announcing that the commissioner position would be retained and that the office of francophone affairs would be restored to a full government ministry. The actions led to one

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was being negotiated between the provincial premiers and the federal government, Robarts agreed that the province would recognize Franco-Ontarians rights to access provincial public service in the French language, and for French-speakers to receive the services of an interpreter, if needed, in

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In 2016, 59.5 per cent of francophones in Ontario were born in the province, while 19.6 per cent originated from Quebec, and 16.4 per cent came from all other provinces or territories in Canada. However, the percentage of those born in the province varies between region, with 85.3 per cent of

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Ontario is home to several public post-secondary institutions that operate either as francophone or as bilingual English and French institutions. There were approximately 21,300 students enrolled in a post-secondary francophone program/institution in Ontario during the 2015–16 academic year.

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who reported French as their mother tongue and respondents whose mother tongue was not French but have proficiency in the language and use it as their primary language at home. Before the introduction of IDF in 2009, a respondent's mother tongue was the main measure used by the government to

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Ford later cancelled funding for the new Francophone university, created by the previous government. However, in September 2019 the provincial and federal governments announced a new funding plan for the creation of the first French language university in the province. The province's first

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dialect. According to Michel Laurier (1989), the semantic and stylistic value of the use of the subjunctive is progressively disappearing. In the article "Le français canadien parlé hors Québec : aperçu sociolinguistique " (1989), Edward Berniak and Raymond Mougeon underline some

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The concept of Franco-Ontarians as a distinct cultural identity emerged during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Prior to this time, virtually all French Canadians were understood as a single unified cultural group regardless of which province they lived in, with Quebec serving as the

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Asia, and 17 per cent from other countries in the Americas. Francophone immigrants account for 15 per cent of all immigrants into Ontario, and nearly a third of all immigrants into Central Ontario. 17.4 per cent of immigrants to the province between 2011 and 2016 were francophone.

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formally issued an apology on behalf of the government of Ontario to Franco-Ontarians for the passage of Regulation 17, and its harmful impact on its communities. The motion for the government to present an official apology to the Franco-Ontarian community was first presented by

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The following figure is taken from the province's "Inclusive Definition of Francophones," (IDF) which includes those whose mother tongue is French, and those whose mother tongue is not French, but have proficiency in the language, and use French as the primary language at

3141:, and air distinct locally targeted morning shows while operating for the remainder of the day as a shared region-wide simulcast with each station originating some of the common programming. Ottawa francophones are served by the commercial radio stations licensed to 2667:

and François Dubé. The name of the monument, and the Franco-Ontarian flag is also present on the stoned wall bench that surrounds most of the square. Designed by the architectural firm Brooke McIlroy, the cost to construct the monument was approximate C$ 900,000.

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specifically states that municipalities are not required to offer services in French, even in provincially regulated areas such as traffic signage, if the municipality has not specifically passed its own bylaw governing its own provision of bilingual services.

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determined the number of francophones in the province. There were 590,000 Ontarians, or 4.2 per cent of the population, that reported having French as a mother tongue in the 2021 census, making it the most common mother tongue in the province after English.

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that provide bilingual instruction in either English or French. Although these affiliated institutions and schools are bilingual, their parent universities are otherwise considered anglophone institutions. Affiliated institutions that are bilingual include

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On April 26, 2010, the Ontario government designated September 25 as Franco-Ontarian Day. This date was chosen as it represented the anniversary of the official raising of the Franco-Ontarian flag in 1975. On 22 February 2016, premier of Ontario

2265:, which sets the guidelines and curriculum for both its English and French language public school systems. There were 103,490 students enrolled in Ontario's public francophone elementary and secondary schools during the 2015–16 academic year. 2178:

The provincial judicial system is officially bilingual in English and French, with access to a French-speaking justice viewed as a quasi-constitutional right in Ontario. The official languages of the provincial courts was set in s. 125 of the

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In 2009, the government faced controversy during the H1N1 flu pandemic, when it sent out a health information flyer in English only, with no French version published or distributed for the province's francophone residents. In response, MPP

1836:, permitting the provincial government to submit requests to the organization's ministerial conferences, and participate in certain meetings held by the organization. Ontario is one of four governments in Canada that participates in the 1865:

10 percent of the community's total population. Due to the 5,000 population threshold, large cities that are actually overwhelmingly anglophone with only very small francophone populations proportional to the size of the city, such as

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make the province bilingual, instead designating a number of communities where French-speakers constitute a majority or significant minority, as an area where provincial services are required to be provided in French and English.

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stainless steel columns were designed to commemorate Franco-Ontarian contributions in the province's forestry industry, while the surrounding public square was intended to be used as a gathering space. The name of the monument,

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Furthermore, improved access to publicly funded French-language schools and the establishment of bilingual universities and French language community colleges has improved French-language proficiency in younger populations.

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The late 19th century, and early 20th century saw the Ontario government much less supportive of, and often openly hostile toward the Franco-Ontarian community. In an attempt to protect Franco-Ontarian language rights, the

2599:, history professor and Michel Dupuis, first year political science student, both from Laurentian University. It was officially recognized by the Ontario PC government as the emblem of the Franco-Ontarian community in the 2183:, with s. 126 of the same act outlining the specific rights afforded to a French-speaking party. French-language access within Ontario's judicial administrative offices is also required in designated communities under the 2293:

in 1997, with a number of secularized and separate school boards being split and re-consolidated into larger school districts based on language. The re-consolidated French school boards often serve a significantly larger

1362:, the provincial Minister of Education, mandated the requirement of English to be taught in francophone schools for two hours in the first four years of elementary school, and for four hours in its final four years. 1032:

from other francophone countries from the Franco-Ontarian community. Using the first to the exclusion of the second obscures the very real ethno-cultural distinctions that exist between Franco-Ontarians, Québécois,

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and the federal government. Meilleur also expressed the hope that Ontario would someday become a permanent member of the organization. On November 26, 2016, Ontario was granted observer status by La Francophonie.

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has two related usages, which overlap closely but are not identical: it may refer to francophone residents of Ontario, regardless of their ethnicity or place of birth, or to people of French Canadian ancestry

3233:, except for local news and advertisements. CBOFT produces a newscast for broadcast only in the Ottawa area, while CBLFT produces another serving the rest of the province. The network formerly also operated 3224:

in Toronto, which previously had rebroadcast transmitters throughout the province but remain available provincewide on basic cable. Both stations carry identical programming directed from Radio-Canada's

3547:"Knowledge of official languages by age (Total), 2016 counts for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, Ontario and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations, 2016 Census" 2443:

the transfer of rules from English to French, e.g., "J’ai vu un film sur/à la télévision" which comes from "I saw a film on television", or " Je vais à la maison/chez moi " coming from "I'm going home".

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festival programs a lineup consisting entirely of francophone films, and community groups in many smaller communities offer French film screenings from time to time, sometimes in conjunction with the

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and Montreal, Ottawa and the communities east of it toward Montreal are the only regions in Ontario which have consistent access throughout the year to French-language theatrical films. However,

2345:. The former is based in Sudbury, and operates satellite campuses throughout Ontario; while the latter is based in Ottawa, with a satellite campus in Hawkesbury. A third French-language college, 919:, Franco-Ontarians established themselves as a distinct cultural identity – having only identified as French Canadians before. Francophone rights were furthered in the 1970s as a result of 975:

In popular usage, the first meaning predominates and the second is poorly understood. Although most Franco-Ontarians meet both definitions, there are notable exceptions. For example, although

1007:, are Franco-Ontarian by the second definition but not by the first, since they were born to Franco-Ontarian parents but currently live outside Ontario and work primarily in English. Former 1462:; also resulted in the development of a unique Franco-Ontarian identity, with francophones in Ontario forced to re-conceptualize their identities without relying on francophones in Quebec. 3317:

for carriage by all Canadian cable operators. Where there is sufficient local demand for French-language television, Ontario cable systems may also offer French-language channels such as

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in the middle. The green represents the summer months, while the white represents the winter months. The trillium is the floral symbol of Ontario, while the fleur-de-lys represents the

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The following census divisions (denoted in light blue on the map) are not fully designated areas, but have communities within their borders which are designated for bilingual services:

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The late 1960s saw a schism form between the francophones in Quebec, and the other francophone communities of Canada, notably the francophones in Ontario. The emergence of a separate

2642:, were erected in Ottawa by the francophone community to commemorate francophone contribution to the development and well-being of the city. The first of the series of monuments, 956:

in Ontario, regardless of their primary language or current place of residence. In June 2009, the provincial government expanded the definition of a francophone as a person whose

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There are several publicly-funded universities in Ontario where French is the official instructional language. Universities that operate as francophone institutions includes the

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Recommendations from the Provincial Committee on Aims and Objectives of Education in the Schools of Ontario, and the Bériault Report led to the provincial government passing the

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In 2016, approximately 16.1 per cent of francophone Ontarians identified as a visible minority. More than half of Ontario's francophone visible minority population reside within

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refused to pay tickets issued in only in English, pressuring the provincial judiciary to act in a bilingual manner. As a result of the protest, the Ontario's Attorney General,

1083:; while 11.2 per cent of the population reported to be bilingual in French and English. However, that figure includes both Franco-Ontarians and Ontarians who speak French as a 1028:

Both meanings can be politically charged. Using the second to the exclusion of the first may be considered offensive to some in that it excludes francophones born in or with

1796:, announced that Franco-Ontarians will be able to request a free replacement driver's licence or Ontario photo card displaying their name using French-language characters. 3314: 2838: 2869: 2854: 2826: 1572:

On October 19, 2004, a Toronto lawyer successfully challenged a "no left turn" traffic ticket on the basis that the sign was not bilingual in accordance with the 1986

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school systems. As a result, twelve public francophone school boards operate within the province; with four secularized public school boards forming a part of the

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introduced a private member's bill to mandate the creation of a fully independent French-language university. Although her bill did not pass, the government of

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Map of French service areas in Ontario. Dark blue indicates areas designated in their entirety; light blue indicates areas that include designated communities.

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is the provincial cabinet minister responsible for the Francophone Affairs portfolio. The French language has been recognized as an official language of the

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of 1966 to 1969 radically reshaped the landscape of French Canadian identity. During the Estates General of Canada the Quebec delegation, influenced by the

4427: 3270:— itself, in part, a satire of the Franco-Ontarian community's relative lack of access to local French-language media. In 2012, the production team behind 2151: 601: 2927:

and François Dubé, long considered an unofficial anthem of the Franco-Ontarian community after it was written for a gala to celebrate the passage of the

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is often considered the first francophone and European to have arrived in the region in 1610. During this time, most of Ontario formed a part of

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and its other provincial services do not provide English/French bilingual service throughout the entirety of the province. However, the Ontario

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A bilingual gantry sign on a provincially-maintained highway. Access to provincial services in French was mandated for designated areas in 1986.

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A civil disobedience movement made up of Franco-Ontarian wanting to further accessibility rights for French-speakers emerged in 1975, known as

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Ontario's courts. However, plans to adopt these measures were abandoned after negotiations for the Victoria Charter collapsed. His successor,

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Although French is an official language in Ontario's education system, legislature, and judiciary, the province as a whole is not officially

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evident that by the early 1970s, a uniquely Franco-Ontarian cultural space had emerged with the creation of new institutions and symbols.

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Other departments in the government of Ontario also began to adopt policies of bilingualism, and policies for French services, such as the

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Franco-Ontarian Day is celebrated on September 25, the anniversary of the first raising of the Franco-Ontarian flag in Sudbury in 1975.

3868: 1704:, including ending the position of the French Language Services Commissioner and transferring its responsibilities to the office of the 1171: 5613: 5411: 4739: 4303: 4224: 2941:, a multidisciplinary arts centre bringing together many of the francophone arts and culture organizations in Sudbury, opened in 2022. 2413: 2349:, formerly operated in Toronto from 1995 to 2002. After the college ceased operations, its programs were taken over by Collège Boréal. 1124: 405: 5086: 4379: 1858:

requires all provincial ministries and agencies to provide French-language services within 26 designated municipalities and regions.

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is a department of the government of Ontario responsible for the provision of provincial services to the Franco-Ontarian community.

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instead opted to simply provide legal services in French, with the issuance of bilingual drivers licenses and government documents.

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There are over 1.52 million Ontarians with proficiency in the French language. However, this includes second-language speakers.

1637: 1440:(« cadavres encore chauds ») who had no chance of surviving as a community. In a similar vein, former Quebec Premier 701: 325: 1293:, which provided for schools that used English and French and instructional languages. In 1798, during the final years of the 4714: 4405: 4192: 2221: 4655: 1541: 1286: 4079: 3157:) airs a few hours per week of locally oriented programming, but otherwise simulcasts a commercial station from Montreal. 960:

is French, or a person that has a different mother tongue but still uses French as the primary language at home. The term

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in Ottawa; due to the increasingly challenging business environment for print newspapers, it moved across the river to

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publicly-funded university that operates solely as a French-language institution was incorporated in April 2018 as the

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Nine professional theatre companies offer French language theatrical productions, including five companies in Ottawa (

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in 1980. French was formally made an official language of the provincial judiciary in 1984. In 1986, the provincial

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with 191,375 francophones residing in that region. The remaining regions' Franco-Ontarian populations are 33,555 in

5598: 4318: 2529: 2365: 2295: 2024: 1894: 4774: 3999: 3573: 2286:. In 2016, Ontario's public francophone school boards operated 351 elementary schools, and 104 secondary schools. 1417:, 1916. The regulation was in place from 1912 to 1927, prohibiting French-language instruction in Ontario schools. 901:

The first francophones to settle in Ontario did so during the early 17th century, when most of it was part of the

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in 2019 to take advantage of Quebec government funding assistance, but continues to cover Ottawa-related news.

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was negotiated in 1763, New France was ceded to the British. Present day Ontario was governed as a part of the

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made available in French in designated communities and regions with a significant Franco-Ontarian population.

3083:(CJBC-FM-1) and Windsor (CJBC-FM-2), with an additional transmitter licensed but not yet launched in Timmins. 1298: 1049:

can only be fully understood by recognizing both meanings and understanding the distinctions between the two.

886:, there were 650,000 Francophones in the province. The majority of Franco-Ontarians in the province reside in 5396: 4874: 4460: 3707: 2998: 2134: 2037: 1227: 964:

is used sometimes to distinguish French-speaking Ontarians, while the general term for Ontarian in French is

390: 3333:, although these channels only have discretionary status outside Quebec and are typically offered only on a 2701:

touring program of Quebec films. Francophone films also air on TFO, Radio-Canada and cable channels such as

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consists of two bands of green and white. The left portion has a solid light green background with a white

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An area is designated as a French service area if the francophone population is greater than 5,000 people

1748:. Established in 2018, the institution was the first stand-alone francophone university opened in Ontario. 5064: 4242: 4016: 3956: 2799: 1734: 1712:

from a full ministry to a government office, and cancelling funding announced by the prior government of

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ruled that the traffic sign was not a municipal service, but instead was regulated under the provincial

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using Laurentian's degree-granting authority, was chartered as a fully independent university in 2021.

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The following legislation saw pushback from several anglophone Ontario towns and cities, most notably

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in 1888. The community saw an influx of francophone migrants with the discovery of nickel in the area.

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Non-profit francophone community stations exist in several communities, including Penetanguishene (

2938: 2187:. Francophone linguistic rights are further reinforced for criminal cases as those tried under the 2121: 2113: 1657: 1390:. However, French Canadian migration throughout Ontario continued, with sawmills and papermills in 1332: 1130:

francophones that live in Eastern Ontario reside in its Champlain region, an area that encompasses

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Several other communities in Ontario are served by francophone community weekly papers, including

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than an English-language school board in the province, due to the smaller francophone population.

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debate. This was considered by many observers to be a direct contributor to the resurgence of the

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Following the advice of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Ontario's premier

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majority that the community faces. As a result, the complex political and sociological context of

1038: 2751: 2509: 2125: 2117: 1971: 1589: 980: 4807: 3145:, and many other Eastern Ontario communities are within the broadcast range of the Gatineau and 2353: 1800: 5188: 5183: 5178: 4812: 3016: 2980: 2952:

is an art museum whose collections and exhibitions are centred around Franco-Ontarian artists.

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in May 2011 to have the provincial Commissioner of French Language Services report to the full

1561: 1383: 1382:(ACFÉO) was formed in 1910, who typically opposed the English-only initiatives launched by the 1274: 1239: 818: 274: 269: 264: 172: 136: 4487: 4209:"Franco-Ontarian flag flies over Montreal city hall as Ford softens stance on French services" 4062: 1018:

and an anglophone mother, although many Canadians consider him a Quebecer as he represented a

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stations air one or two hours per week of French-language programming as well, although only

2897: 2889: 2810: 2538: 2409: 2405: 2373: 2361: 2075: 1980: 1975: 1804: 1740: 1454: 883: 871: 779: 623: 549: 296: 2783: 1270:. However, European settlement into the region remained largely limited during this period. 1197: 2743: 2573: 2369: 2342: 2318: 2083: 2067: 1944: 1726: 1155: 1151: 1107: 1095: 1071: 1059: 1041:

and other Canadian francophone communities, and the pressures toward assimilation into the

891: 95: 58: 3330: 3306: 3283: 3027:, which was launched in 1858 as the province's first francophone newspaper, and Sudbury's 2905: 2580:

in the middle, while the right portion has a solid white background with a stylized green

1882:

is conducted through the office of the provincial French Language Services Commissioner.

8: 5260: 4641:"Jour des Franco-Ontariens : Pas de cérémonie officielle à Queen's Park cette année" 4489:

Le subjonctif dans le parler franco-ontarien : un mode en voie de disparition ?

3203: 3150: 2393: 2338: 2129: 2071: 1499: 1359: 1135: 921: 676: 416: 330: 2986: 972:

follows the convention that a francophone minority is referred to with endings of -ois.

898:, although small francophone communities may be found in other regions of the province. 5476: 5450: 5125: 4931: 4598: 4179: 3574:"Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Ontario [Province]" 3138: 3080: 2759: 2732: 2615: 2475:, or AFO, which coordinates many of the community's cultural and political activities. 2384: 1984: 1923: 1778: 1730: 1605: 1441: 1302: 1262:

in Detroit, led to the development of Petite Côte, a permanent settlement south of the

1259: 926: 613: 451: 235: 4656:"Edward J Cuhaci and Associates Architects Inc - Monument de la francophonie d'Ottawa" 2755: 2498:. Many Franco-Ontarians also enjoy late night feasts/parties on Christmas Eve, called 2150:

are bilingual in English and French. Most of these are communities are members of the

1803:, which teaches entirely in French and for decades operated as a federated college of 1640:. The province introduced French plates in 2008 as an alternate to its English plates. 1266:. The settlement was the first permanent settlement in Ontario, and eventually became 5527: 5507: 5502: 5386: 5248: 5081: 5003: 4834: 4554: 4493: 3768: 3601: 2909: 2702: 2269: 2171: 2109: 2079: 2058: 2001: 1988: 1918: 1907: 1820: 1793: 1774: 1705: 1625: 1553: 1294: 1247: 1206: 1185: 1143: 1131: 1015: 1004: 929:

movement that pressured several provincial departments to adopt bilingual policies.

903: 761: 721: 714: 661: 649: 596: 576: 571: 380: 340: 2596: 1686: 1653: 1323:/Ontario did not accelerate until the second half of the 19th century, farmers from 5522: 5517: 5457: 5443: 5436: 5416: 5354: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5278: 5157: 4229: 4175:"Doug Ford backtracks after days of backlash over cuts to francophone institutions" 3458: 3416: 3396: 3392: 3373: 3170: 2901: 2787: 2533: 2334: 2322: 2229: 2138: 1997: 1992: 1967: 1939: 1486: 1459: 1403: 1344: 1267: 1231: 1223: 1211: 1042: 916: 879: 751: 671: 591: 586: 535: 528: 507: 486: 466: 458: 444: 437: 410: 116: 5580:) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality). 5340: 4626: 3412: 3313:

are available on all Ontario cable systems, as these channels are mandated by the

2775: 2603:

of 2001. In September 2020, the flag was made an official emblem of the province.

2236:

Legislation on educational instruction in the French language was first passed in

1765:

On September 21, 2020, Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an amendment to the

1721:, leaving his caucus to sit as an independent. During this period, governments in 1485:

made French an official language of the provincial legislature in 1970. While the

639:) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality). 542: 5401: 5391: 5333: 5326: 5150: 5108: 4943: 4890: 4261:"There's light at the end of the tunnel for Ontario's French-language university" 4243:"Queens Park, Ottawa reach 'understanding' on funding French-language university" 4047: 3979: 3404: 3388: 2893: 2873: 2814: 2795: 2747: 2728: 2622:

to have Franco-Ontarian Day officially recognised by the province. The bill, the

2585: 2479: 2429: 2401: 2397: 2377: 2273: 2225: 2096: 2019: 2010: 2006: 1912: 1902: 1679: 1609: 1433: 1395: 1348: 1312: 1099: 1091: 1084: 1080: 895: 887: 849: 756: 746: 739: 726: 681: 666: 556: 521: 395: 385: 190: 108: 91: 87: 3293:, one of several programs of the French language provincial public broadcaster, 3067:, Radio-Canada's arts and culture network, currently broadcasts only in Ottawa ( 1251: 1176: 5512: 5042: 4979: 4919: 4083: 3365: 3256: 3226: 2861:). There are also numerous community theatre groups and school theatre groups. 2771: 2693:

include francophone films in their annual festival programs, the Toronto-based

2565: 2487: 2313: 2302: 2050: 1885: 1713: 1690: 1674: 1336: 1243: 1120: 1070:

Proportion of Ontarians who declared French as their only mother tongue in the

976: 686: 581: 4613:"25 septembre, Jour des Franco-Ontariens et des Franco-Ontariennes en Ontario" 3041:

On radio, the Franco-Ontarian community is served primarily by Radio-Canada's

3010: 2706: 1242:

established a number of fortifications and garrisons in the region, including

1210:

region; with most of the European inhabitants in the region at the time being

5592: 5052: 4998: 4974: 3764: 3334: 3326: 2885: 2767: 2495: 2425: 2268:

In addition to language, public education in Ontario is also split between a

2100: 2092: 2088: 2028: 1718: 1645: 1617: 1422: 1414: 1331:

began to migrate in search of fertile land in Eastern Ontario, and along the

1263: 1029: 1000: 984: 957: 912: 656: 176: 144: 2694: 2424:

The dialects of French spoken in Ontario are similar to, but distinct from,

2408:, an institution federated with the University of Ottawa. Additionally, the 5074: 5015: 4955: 4572: 4156: 3656:

Sylvestre, Paul-françois; Cooper, Celine; Dupuis, Serge (October 7, 2019).

3266: 3111: 2877: 2627: 2577: 2472: 2258: 2237: 1963: 1878:, officially became a bilingual service centre in 2018. Enforcement of the 1511:

authorized the first French-language provincial court proceeding in 1976.

1508: 1482: 1282: 70: 2931:

in 1986, was legally designated as the community's official anthem by the

2588:

heritage of the Franco-Ontarian community. The green color on the flag is

2505: 2500: 2471:

The primary cultural organization of the Franco-Ontarian community is the

1897:(denoted in dark blue on the map) are designated areas in their entirety: 5361: 4991: 4967: 4904: 4686:"Notre Place : la francophonie en acier et en béton au centre-ville" 3462: 3408: 3063: 2992: 2924: 2920: 2763: 2664: 2166: 2041: 1871: 1613: 1391: 1324: 1320: 1011: 514: 4791:"Quebec Superior Court decision stirs mixed feelings for Le Droit staff" 4715:"Une forêt stylisée en hommage aux Franco-Ontariens devant Queen's Park" 2686: 979:

was the first native-born Franco-Ontarian appointed to the bench of the

5138: 5096: 3004: 2724: 1702:

several government cutbacks that impacted the Franco-Ontarian community

1491: 1340: 1201: 1190: 996: 908: 245: 218: 53: 4109:"Kathleen Wynne apologizes formally for 1912 ban on French in schools" 1830:

In 2016, the government of Ontario was granted observer status to the

1757:, expecting to accept its first cohort of full-time students in 2021. 5381: 5115: 4854: 4759:

La chanson «Notre Place» reconnue hymne officiel des Franco-Ontariens

4550: 4409: 3813: 3250: 3245: 3050: 1785: 1697: 1215: 1183:), c. 1750s. The fort was one of several French fortification in the 375: 225: 200: 124: 2279:

Association des conseils scolaires des écoles publiques de l'Ontario

2216: 1301:

led a small group of royalists from France to settle lands north of

5553: 5481: 5284: 4794: 4746: 4246: 4196: 4003: 3383: 3322: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3146: 3142: 2972: 2967: 2682: 2581: 2321:

campus in Ottawa. The institution is one of two public Francophone

2301:

In addition to public elementary and secondary school, a number of

2045: 1146:(all of which are adjacent to or near the Ontario-Quebec border). 1034: 1019: 799: 618: 472: 4859: 2278: 1644:

In 2008, the provincial government officially introduced a French

1436:

once controversially referred to the Franco-Ontarian community as

5577: 5548: 5543: 5032: 4778: 4599:"Jour des Franco-Ontariens : Toronto va finalement célébrer" 4212: 3310: 3289: 3154: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3054: 3046: 2881: 2589: 2522: 2032: 1950: 1867: 1781:. It received royal assent and became law on September 24, 2020. 1514: 1352: 1255: 1180: 1102:, and the remaining 5.7 per cent in other areas of the province. 875: 794: 789: 636: 152: 83: 4406:"Why francophones are fighting for access to justice in Ontario" 4063:"New bill to change who French language commissioner reports to" 2486:(dance on their socks) when their younger siblings get married. 2305:

also operate with French as the primary instructional language.

2284:

Association franco-ontarienne des conseils scolaires catholiques

1693:

announced the creation of a French-language university in 2017.

1664:

rather than exclusively to the Minister of Francophone Affairs.

5573: 5422: 5291: 3960: 3261: 2564:

A Franco-Ontarian flag (left-foreground) at a welcome sign for

2383:

Three other universities in Ontario also maintain federated or

1929: 1722: 1399: 1328: 1308: 1219: 1139: 632: 479: 423: 167: 4225:"Franco-Ontarian flag to fly outside Quebec National Assembly" 3706:

Barber, Marilyn; Sylvesre, Paul-françois (February 22, 2016).

2742:

Notable Franco-Ontarian writers, essayists and poets, include

1281:

until 1791, when Ontario was severed from the colony, forming

3318: 3234: 3184: 4304:"Ontario adding French-language characters to government ID" 3937:"French as an Official Language of the Legislative Assembly" 3572:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 9, 2022).

3122:

at Laurentian University are officially bilingual stations.

2872:

in Ottawa. Notable figures in Franco-Ontarian music include

2478:

Franco-Ontarians retain many cultural traditions from their

2446:

the loaning of English conjunctions, for instance, "so" for

1238:

in 1668. During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the

4193:"MPP Amanda Simard leaving PCs, will sit as an independent" 4134:"Ontario needs a French university? Bien sûr, Gélinas says" 3260:. In 2008, TFO also began airing the first Franco-Ontarian 3058: 2913: 2560: 1608:, became the province's first cabinet minister to attend a 1584:

and therefore subject to the bilingual requirements of the

1358:

In an attempt to alleviate anti-French sentiments, in 1885

4467:(in French). Queen's Printer for Ontario. January 27, 2020 4152:"Ontario moving forward with a French-language university" 2614:

In 2010, the Minister Responsible for Francophone Affairs

983:, she was preceded as a francophone judge from Ontario by 4762: 4570:"Sudbury celebrates 30 years with Franco-Ontarian flag". 3869:"Québec/Canada francophone : le mythe de la rupture" 3518:"Profile of the Francophone population in Ontario - 2016" 3294: 3241: 2512:

on June 24 as the national holiday for French Canadians.

2289:

These school boards were formed after the passage of the

1475: 1379:

Association canadienne-française d'Éducation de l'Ontario

1058:

Francophones" (IDF), which includes respondents from the

4827:

Dictionnaire des écrits de l'Ontario français: 1613-1993

3125:

Francophone commercial radio stations exist in Sudbury (

1548:

to declare themselves "English-only" in the wake of the

1343:. A large number of French Canadians were also drawn to 27:

Francophone resident of the Canadian province of Ontario

4082:. Government of Ontario. April 26, 2010. Archived from 4775:"Sudbury's Place des Arts on track for a 2022 opening" 4345:"Ontario to Offer French-Language Services in Markham" 4290:"Bill 182, Franco-Ontarian Emblem Amendment Act, 2020" 4115:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. February 21, 2016 1406:

attracting French Canadian laborers during the 1920s.

4721:(in French). Société Radio‑Canada. September 25, 2017 3655: 2282:, and eight separate school boards forming a part of 1014:

was born in Windsor to a Franco-Ontarian father from

4855:

Government of Ontario, Office of Francophone Affairs

4434:. Government of Canada. June 4, 2019. Archived from 3786:"The Drama of Identity in Canada's Francophone West" 3571: 3355: 2152:

Francophone Association of Municipalities of Ontario

1729:

as a gesture of solidarity. The flag was hoisted at

1347:

during this period, with the discovery of nickel in

4319:"La Francophonie grants observer status to Ontario" 3461:was designated under the Act in 2015. As a result, 3045:

network, which has originating stations in Ottawa (

3023:Important historical publications include Ottawa's 2719:

List of French Canadian writers from outside Quebec

1528:

Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services

1546:Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada 915:. During the late 1960s and 1970s, because of the 4000:La Francophonie grants observer status to Ontario 3618:"English–French bilingualism reaches new heights" 2536:, had pushed forward a new concept of a uniquely 2106:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry 1386:, and Irish Catholics led by Michael Fallon, the 5590: 4432:Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages 3137:); all three stations are owned and operated by 2482:ancestry. For example, unmarried elder siblings 4517:. Canada: Les presses de l'Université de Laval. 4058: 4056: 3910:Dupuis, Serge; Cooper, Celine (June 13, 2019). 3524:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. February 5, 2019 1079:population, reported having proficiency in the 3931: 3929: 3705: 2650:A monument to Franco-Ontarians also exists at 2378:Northern Ontario School of Medicine University 1833:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 4875: 4743:devient l'hymne officiel des Franco-Ontariens 4461:"Collèges et universités de langue française" 4428:"Infographic: The French Presence in Ontario" 4103: 4101: 3837:"Le Canada français, 50 ans après le divorce" 3541: 3539: 2965:Ontario had one francophone daily newspaper, 826: 4819: 4386:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. June 25, 2012 4351:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. June 30, 2015 4292:. Government of Ontario. September 24, 2020. 4284: 4282: 4053: 3909: 3843:(in French). Radio-Canada. November 22, 2017 3658:"Francophones of Ontario (Franco-Ontarians)" 2416:, a functionally bilingual graduate school. 1784:On September 25, 2020, the government under 857: 4170: 4168: 4166: 3952: 3950: 3926: 3340: 3061:), with rebroadcasters throughout Ontario. 2515: 2333:Ontario has two francophone post-secondary 2205: 1604:Ontario's Minister of Francophone Affairs, 4882: 4868: 4808:"Premier journal francophone de l’Ontario" 4098: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3536: 3337:tier rather than in basic cable packages. 2414:Ontario Institute for Studies in Education 1777:, to designate Franco-Ontarian flag as an 1421:In 1912, the provincial government passed 1125:List of francophone communities in Ontario 833: 819: 4825:Gaétan Gervais and Jean-Pierre Pichette, 4800: 4455: 4453: 4279: 4080:"September 25 Is Now Franco-Ontarian Day" 4041:"Ontario Introduces French Licence Plate" 3905: 3903: 3901: 3804: 3802: 3701: 3699: 3591: 3565: 3457:The map was last updated in 2010, before 3237:in Windsor, which was shut down in 2012. 3033:, which was published from 1942 to 1968. 2640:Les Monuments de la francophonie d'Ottawa 2473:Assemblée de la francophonie de l'Ontario 4680: 4678: 4676: 4627:"Historique – Jour des Franco-Ontariens" 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4316: 4163: 3957:"R. v. Petruzzo, 2011 ONCA 386 (CanLII)" 3947: 3912:"French Language Services Act (Ontario)" 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3612: 3610: 3282: 2809: 2559: 2312: 2261:in Ontario is managed by the provincial 2215: 2165: 1884: 1739: 1631: 1513: 1408: 1307: 1170: 1065: 882:from Ontario. In 2021, according to the 4768: 4539: 4485: 4422: 4420: 4418: 3855: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3624:. Government of Canada. August 31, 2017 3434: 3432: 2555: 2252:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 14: 5591: 4709: 4707: 4512: 4450: 4317:Draaisma, Muriel (November 26, 2016). 4258: 4252: 3799: 3761:Sudbury: Rail Town to Regional Capital 3732: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 2606: 2508:is a common dish. They also celebrate 1696:In 2018, the provincial government of 1560:in the 1990s, and consequently to the 1413:Children in Ottawa protesting against 5619:French-speaking ethnicities in Canada 4863: 4673: 4363: 4306:. Ottawa Citizen. September 25, 2020. 4259:Doucet, Théodore (October 16, 2019). 4017:"Clarence Rockland - Document Center" 3878: 3809:"La mort présumée du Canada français" 3676: 3636: 3607: 3553:. Government of Canada. March 7, 2018 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3301:The Quebec-based francophone network 2821:, an annual music festival in Sudbury 2644:Monuments de la francophonie d'Ottawa 2222:Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir 1843: 1234:) in 1649, and another settlement in 932:The provincial government passed the 4492:. Université Carleton. p. 105. 4415: 3820: 3429: 2805: 1935:Prescott and Russell United Counties 1287:Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada 78:Regions with significant populations 5559:Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico 4889: 4704: 4528:"États généraux du Canada français" 4515:La variabilité en français ontarien 4325:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3733:Dupuis, Serge (February 26, 2018). 3240:The provincial government operates 2691:Toronto International Film Festival 2428:and constitute part of the greater 2212:List of school districts in Ontario 995:Conversely, two of the most famous 805:Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico 24: 4653: 4586:Franco-Ontarian Emblem Act of 2001 3479: 2626:, passed unanimously and received 2161: 1444:referred to them as "dead ducks". 1226:; most notably the settlements of 1098:), with 37.8 per cent residing in 25: 5630: 5614:Canadian people of French descent 4848: 3759:C.M. Wallace and Ashley Thomson, 2400:, an institution affiliated with 2392:, an institution affiliated with 2308: 5569:Overseas parts of France proper 4384:Ministry of the Attorney General 3358: 3183: 3169: 3133:) and Sturgeon Falls/North Bay ( 3118:at the University of Ottawa and 2595:The flag was created in 1975 by 2530:Estates General of French Canada 2366:Royal Military College of Canada 2358:Université de l'Ontario français 1767:Franco-Ontarian Emblem Act, 2001 1755:Université de l'Ontario français 1746:Université de l'Ontario français 1471:Secondary Schools and Boards Act 1166: 628:Overseas parts of France proper 151: 52: 4784: 4752: 4733: 4692:. L'Express. September 26, 2018 4647: 4633: 4619: 4605: 4591: 4579: 4564: 4521: 4506: 4479: 4398: 4337: 4310: 4296: 4236: 4218: 4202: 4186: 4145: 4127: 4072: 4034: 4009: 3993: 3984: 3973:Manitoba Language Rights ruling 3966: 3778: 3753: 3726: 3451: 3206:operates two studios in Ontario 2933:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 2864:Annual music festivals include 2727:companies, including Sudbury's 2620:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1825:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1817:Ministry of Francophone Affairs 1790:Minister of Francophone Affairs 1710:Ministry of Francophone Affairs 1662:Legislative Assembly of Ontario 1616:with counterparts from Quebec, 1567: 1365: 1052: 874:that reside in the province of 3943:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. 3735:"French Immigration in Canada" 3442: 3305:as well as specialty channels 3149:media markets. One station in 2944: 2723:Ontario has seven francophone 2663:, is a reference to song from 1612:summit in 2004, travelling to 1258:) in 1750. The development of 1114: 862:if female, sometimes known as 13: 1: 4380:"Access to justice in French" 3598:"Census Profile, 2016 Census" 3472: 3160: 2712: 2624:Franco-Ontarian Day Act, 2010 2242:Upper Canada School Act, 1797 1708:, reducing the status of the 1544:, which was persuaded by the 1228:Sainte-Marie among the Hurons 942: 4021:clarencerockland.ihostez.com 3254:, the first Franco-Ontarian 3191:Canadian Broadcasting Centre 3177:CBC Ottawa Production Centre 2950:La Galerie du Nouvel-Ontario 2929:French Language Services Act 2633: 2390:Dominican University College 2200: 2185:French Language Services Act 2147:French Language Services Act 1880:French Language Services Act 1876:French Language Services Act 1855:French Language Services Act 1598:French Language Services Act 1586:French Language Services Act 1574:French Language Services Act 1550:French Language Services Act 1533:French Language Services Act 1447: 1370: 935:French Language Services Act 7: 5572:Migration of minorities in 4006:Toronto, November 26, 2016. 3465:is not coloured light blue. 3351: 3202:, Canada's French language 2859:Théâtre français de Toronto 2681:Through their proximity to 2419: 1810: 1735:National Assembly of Quebec 1733:on November 23, and at the 1558:Quebec sovereignty movement 1398:; and automotive plants in 1299:Joseph-Geneviève de Puisaye 631:Migration of minorities in 10: 5635: 4831:University of Ottawa Press 4199:Ottawa, November 29, 2018. 3708:"Ontario Schools Question" 3344: 2716: 2618:introduced Bill 24 to the 2601:Franco-Ontarian Emblem Act 2550: 2466: 2437:the use of the possessive 2209: 2174:in both English and French 1779:official emblem of Ontario 1596:, on the grounds that the 1467:Schools Administration Act 1305:(present day Toronto). 1161: 1118: 5567: 5536: 5495: 5469: 5271: 5233: 5202: 5166: 4897: 4806:Paul-François Sylvestre, 4533:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3739:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3712:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3662:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3043:Ici Radio-Canada Première 2847:Théâtre du Nouvel-Ontario 2638:Seven monuments known as 1388:Bishop of London, Ontario 107: 102: 82: 77: 69: 64: 51: 40: 4951:Central African Republic 4547:Espaces franco-ontariens 4486:Laurier, Michel (1989). 3422: 3347:List of Franco-Ontarians 3341:Notable Franco-Ontarians 3036: 3014:in Hamilton-Niagara and 2960: 2955: 2870:Festival Franco-Ontarien 2849:) and three in Toronto ( 2831:Théâtre de la Vieille 17 2516:Franco-Ontarian identity 2490:Franco-Ontarians attend 2206:Elementary and secondary 1771:Progressive Conservative 1760: 1667: 1333:Canadian Pacific Railway 999:musicians from Ontario, 785:People of French descent 5599:Franco-Ontarian culture 2780:Philippe Bernier Arcand 2676: 2671: 2510:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day 2385:affiliated institutions 2347:Collège des Grands-Lacs 2291:Fewer School Boards Act 1590:Ontario Court of Appeal 1291:Upper Canada School Act 981:Supreme Court of Canada 702:Cultural Heritage sites 5609:French-Canadian people 5604:Franco-Ontarian people 4513:Thomas, Alain (1989). 3990:2005 CarswellOnt 10019 3298: 3244:, a sister channel to 3017:Le Journal de Cornwall 2822: 2800:Joseph Médard Carrière 2569: 2326: 2233: 2175: 1890: 1749: 1641: 1562:1995 Quebec referendum 1519: 1418: 1384:Orange Order of Canada 1319:French migration into 1316: 1240:military of New France 1194: 1075: 968:. The use of the term 858: 853: 5412:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5348:Franco-Newfoundlander 4987:Republic of the Congo 4615:. September 25, 2017. 4601:. September 21, 2018. 4576:, September 23, 2005. 4267:. Universities Canada 3401:Franco-Newfoundlander 3286: 3277:Les Bleus de Ramville 3214:Ici Radio-Canada Télé 3212:The province has two 2890:Les Chaizes Muzikales 2813: 2802:was Franco-Ontarian. 2699:Tournée Québec Cinéma 2563: 2484:dansent sur leurs bas 2410:University of Toronto 2406:Saint Paul University 2374:University of Sudbury 2362:Laurentian University 2316: 2263:Ministry of Education 2219: 2181:Courts of Justice Act 2169: 1976:Tilbury East Township 1888: 1805:Laurentian University 1743: 1717:Franco-Ontarian MPP, 1658:private member's bill 1638:Ontario license plate 1635: 1624:On January 10, 2005, 1517: 1412: 1311: 1174: 1119:Further information: 1074:, by census division. 1069: 884:Government of Ontario 872:Francophone Canadians 780:List of French people 550:Franco-Newfoundlander 406:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5225:United Arab Emirates 4797:, December 26, 2019. 4779:CBC Northern Ontario 4249:, September 8, 2019. 4233:, November 30, 2018. 4215:, November 23, 2018. 4183:, November 23, 2018. 4086:on November 14, 2010 2839:Théâtre la Catapulte 2744:Lola Lemire Tostevin 2574:Franco-Ontarian flag 2556:Franco-Ontarian Flag 2525:" of French Canada. 2370:University of Ottawa 2354:Université de Hearst 2224:, the French public- 2068:Thunder Bay District 1945:Timiskaming District 1801:Université de Hearst 1769:, first proposed by 1744:The entrance to the 1727:Franco-Ontarian flag 1458:identity during the 1156:Northwestern Ontario 1152:Southwestern Ontario 1108:Northeastern Ontario 1096:Greater Toronto Area 1072:2021 Canadian census 1060:2021 Canadian Census 925:, a Franco-Ontarian 892:Northeastern Ontario 314:United Arab Emirates 96:Northeastern Ontario 59:Franco-Ontarian flag 3875:778, May/June 2015. 3578:www12.statcan.gc.ca 2868:in Sudbury and the 2866:La Nuit sur l'étang 2855:Théâtre La Tangente 2845:), one in Sudbury ( 2827:Théâtre du Trillium 2819:La Nuit sur l'étang 2762:, Gaston Tremblay, 2689:in Sudbury and the 2607:Franco-Ontarian Day 2494:(midnight mass) on 2394:Carleton University 1582:Highway Traffic Act 1360:George William Ross 417:French Louisianians 37: 4932:French Upper Volta 4781:, October 5, 2021. 4412:, January 3, 2018. 4265:University Affairs 4180:The Globe and Mail 4160:, August 28, 2017. 4046:2009-09-18 at the 3978:2009-09-05 at the 3914:. Historica Canada 3741:. Historica Canada 3714:. Historica Canada 3664:. Historica Canada 3299: 3204:public broadcaster 3139:Le5 Communications 3081:Kitchener-Waterloo 3002:in London/Sarnia, 2823: 2784:Andrée Christensen 2737:Les Éditions David 2733:Editions Le Nordir 2616:Madeleine Meilleur 2570: 2433:characteristics: 2412:also operates the 2327: 2250:Section 23 of the 2234: 2176: 1924:Nipissing District 1891: 1844:Access to services 1750: 1731:Montreal City Hall 1642: 1636:A French-language 1629:the municipality. 1606:Madeleine Meilleur 1524:Ministry of Health 1520: 1419: 1317: 1297:, French nobleman 1279:Province of Quebec 1260:Fort Pontchartrain 1236:Sault Sainte Marie 1195: 1076: 927:civil disobedience 859:Franco-Ontariennes 348:Germany (pre-1918) 162:Native communities 139:of articles on the 35: 5586: 5585: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5264: 5252: 5142: 5100: 5046: 5004:French Somaliland 3602:Statistics Canada 3307:TV5 Québec Canada 2910:Damien Robitaille 2906:Stéphane Paquette 2843:Créations In Vivo 2806:Music and theatre 2792:Jean Éthier-Blais 2172:Ottawa Courthouse 2063:Whitewater Region 2055:Laurentian Valley 1908:Cochrane District 1821:Caroline Mulroney 1794:Caroline Mulroney 1775:Natalia Kusendova 1725:began to fly the 1706:Ontario Ombudsman 1626:Clarence-Rockland 1554:Meech Lake Accord 1526:in 1979, and the 1295:French Revolution 1005:Alanis Morissette 843: 842: 722:History of France 559: 552: 545: 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 482: 475: 461: 454: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 344: 334: 249: 222: 130: 129: 16:(Redirected from 5626: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5430:French Canadians 5428: 5421: 5367: 5360: 5355:Franco-Yukonnais 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5320:Franco-Manitoban 5318: 5313:Franco-Columbian 5311: 5306:Franco-Albertans 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5258: 5246: 5136: 5094: 5040: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4842: 4823: 4817: 4804: 4798: 4788: 4782: 4772: 4766: 4765:, March 2, 2017. 4756: 4750: 4749:, March 2, 2017. 4747:Ici Radio-Canada 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4682: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4543: 4537: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4438:on July 24, 2020 4424: 4413: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4376: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4256: 4250: 4240: 4234: 4230:Montreal Gazette 4222: 4216: 4206: 4200: 4190: 4184: 4172: 4161: 4149: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4070: 4060: 4051: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4013: 4007: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3970: 3964: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3907: 3876: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3818: 3817:, July 17, 2017. 3806: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3703: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3653: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3605: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3417:Franco-Yukonnais 3397:Franco-Manitoban 3393:Franco-Columbian 3374:French Canadians 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3187: 3173: 3094:), Kapuskasing ( 2987:Le Métropolitain 2902:Konflit Dramatik 2817:performs during 2788:Patrice Desbiens 2654:in Toronto. The 2534:Quiet Revolution 2404:in Toronto; and 2259:Public education 2230:Golden Horseshoe 2220:Head office for 2170:Signage for the 2016:Middlesex County 1998:Frontenac County 1962:Municipality of 1940:Sudbury District 1895:census divisions 1592:in a 2011 case, 1542:Sault Ste. Marie 1487:Victoria Charter 1460:Quiet Revolution 1345:Northern Ontario 1254:(in present-day 1246:(in present-day 1230:(in present-day 1222:missionaries in 1212:coureurs de bois 1179:(in present-day 1106:francophones in 1043:English Canadian 917:Quiet Revolution 880:French Canadians 861: 854:Franco-Ontariens 846:Franco-Ontarians 835: 828: 821: 555: 548: 541: 536:Franco-Yukonnais 534: 529:Franco-Columbian 527: 520: 513: 508:Franco-Manitoban 506: 501:Franco-Ontarians 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 457: 450: 443: 436: 431:French Canadians 429: 422: 415: 338: 328: 243: 216: 155: 132: 131: 117:Canadian English 73:: 650,000 (2021) 65:Total population 56: 46: 44:Franco-Ontariens 38: 36:Franco-Ontarians 34: 21: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5570: 5563: 5532: 5491: 5465: 5382:French Antilles 5334:Franco-Ontarian 5327:Franco-Nunavois 5267: 5229: 5198: 5162: 5151:French Togoland 5109:Colony of Niger 4944:French Cameroon 4893: 4891:French diaspora 4888: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4824: 4820: 4816:, May 17, 2011. 4805: 4801: 4789: 4785: 4773: 4769: 4757: 4753: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4544: 4540: 4526: 4522: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4416: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4349:news.ontario.ca 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4253: 4241: 4237: 4223: 4219: 4207: 4203: 4191: 4187: 4173: 4164: 4150: 4146: 4142:, May 26, 2015. 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4069:, May 30, 2011. 4061: 4054: 4050:, May 30, 2008. 4048:Wayback Machine 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980:Wayback Machine 3971: 3967: 3963:, May 17, 2011. 3955: 3948: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3908: 3879: 3867: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3821: 3807: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3654: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3405:Franco-Nunavois 3389:Franco-Albertan 3364: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3287:Musicians from 3210: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3163: 3106:) and Toronto ( 3057:) and Windsor ( 3039: 3030:L'Ami du peuple 2963: 2958: 2947: 2894:Brasse-Camarade 2874:Robert Paquette 2815:Robert Paquette 2808: 2796:French-language 2756:Jean-Marc Dalpé 2748:Daniel Poliquin 2729:Prise de parole 2721: 2715: 2679: 2674: 2647:developments. 2636: 2609: 2586:French-Canadian 2558: 2553: 2518: 2492:messe de minuit 2480:French Canadian 2469: 2430:Canadian French 2422: 2402:York University 2398:Glendon College 2343:Collège La Cité 2319:Collège La Cité 2317:Aerial view of 2311: 2303:private schools 2274:separate school 2226:separate school 2214: 2208: 2203: 2164: 2162:Judicial access 2143: 2122:South Glengarry 2114:North Glengarry 2097:Penetanguishene 2007:Kenora District 1955: 1913:Greater Sudbury 1903:Algoma District 1846: 1813: 1763: 1737:on December 1. 1680:Glenn Thibeault 1670: 1576:. The judge in 1570: 1450: 1434:Yves Beauchemin 1373: 1368: 1285:. In 1797, the 1275:Treaty of Paris 1250:) in 1673, and 1169: 1164: 1127: 1117: 1100:Eastern Ontario 1094:(including the 1092:Central Ontario 1085:second language 1081:French language 1055: 1047:Franco-Ontarian 1025:in Parliament. 949:Franco-Ontarian 945: 896:Central Ontario 888:Eastern Ontario 839: 810: 809: 775: 767: 766: 742: 732: 731: 727:Napoleonic wars 717: 707: 706: 652: 642: 641: 629: 557:Franco-Nunavois 522:Franco-Albertan 376:French Antilles 193: 183: 182: 163: 109:Canadian French 92:Central Ontario 88:Eastern Ontario 57: 47: 42: 33: 28: 23: 22: 18:Franco-Ontarian 15: 12: 11: 5: 5632: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5584: 5583: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5256:United Kingdom 5253: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5043:White Ghanaian 5037: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5008: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4980:French Comoros 4972: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4920:French Dahomey 4912: 4907: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4850: 4849:External links 4847: 4844: 4843: 4818: 4799: 4783: 4767: 4751: 4732: 4703: 4672: 4660:www.cuhaci.com 4646: 4632: 4618: 4604: 4590: 4578: 4563: 4545:Anne Gilbert, 4538: 4536:, May 3, 2007. 4520: 4505: 4498: 4478: 4465:www.ontario.ca 4449: 4414: 4404:Daniel Kitts, 4397: 4362: 4336: 4309: 4295: 4278: 4251: 4235: 4217: 4201: 4185: 4162: 4144: 4126: 4097: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4008: 3992: 3983: 3965: 3946: 3925: 3877: 3854: 3819: 3798: 3777: 3752: 3725: 3675: 3635: 3622:statscan.gc.ca 3606: 3590: 3564: 3551:statscan.gc.ca 3535: 3522:www.ontario.ca 3477: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3450: 3441: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3366:Ontario portal 3353: 3350: 3345:Main article: 3342: 3339: 3227:master control 3220:in Ottawa and 3198: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3038: 3035: 3020:in Cornwall. 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939:Place des Arts 2851:Théâtre Corpus 2807: 2804: 2772:Fernand Dorais 2752:Robert Dickson 2714: 2711: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2635: 2632: 2608: 2605: 2597:Gaétan Gervais 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2517: 2514: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2444: 2441: 2421: 2418: 2339:Collège Boréal 2310: 2309:Post-secondary 2307: 2296:catchment area 2228:board for the 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2163: 2160: 2142: 2141: 2132: 2126:South Stormont 2118:North Stormont 2103: 2086: 2065: 2051:Renfrew County 2048: 2035: 2025:Niagara Region 2022: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1978: 1972:Dover Township 1959: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1893:The following 1845: 1842: 1812: 1809: 1762: 1759: 1714:Kathleen Wynne 1691:Kathleen Wynne 1687:France Gélinas 1675:Kathleen Wynne 1669: 1666: 1654:France Gélinas 1594:R. v. Petruzzo 1569: 1566: 1449: 1446: 1438:"warm corpses" 1432:Quebec writer 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1351:, and gold in 1337:Lake Nipissing 1244:Fort Frontenac 1207:Pays d'en Haut 1186:Pays d'en Haut 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1121:Bilingual belt 1116: 1113: 1054: 1051: 1030:ethnic origins 1009:Prime Minister 977:Louise Charron 944: 941: 904:Pays d'en Haut 841: 840: 838: 837: 830: 823: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 776: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 759: 754: 749: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 653: 648: 647: 644: 643: 627: 626: 621: 616: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 563: 562: 561: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 464: 463: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 427: 420: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 362: 361: 358: 355: 350: 345: 335: 326:United Kingdom 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 300: 299: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 251: 250: 238: 233: 228: 223: 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5250: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5060:Côte d'Ivoire 5058: 5054: 5053:French Guinea 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4840: 4839:9782760319363 4836: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4792: 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3186: 3178: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098:), Cornwall ( 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Chuck Labelle 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Hédi Bouraoui 2773: 2769: 2768:Doric Germain 2765: 2761: 2760:François Paré 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2630:in May 2010. 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2562: 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Members of 1502: 1501: 1500:C'est l'temps 1495: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1445: 1443: 1442:René Lévesque 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1423:Regulation 17 1416: 1415:Regulation 17 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1264:Detroit River 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198:Étienne Brûlé 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1175:Depiction of 1173: 1167:Early history 1159: 1157: 1154:and 7,055 in 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Avril Lavigne 998: 993: 990: 986: 985:Louise Arbour 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:mother tongue 955: 950: 940: 937: 936: 930: 928: 924: 923: 922:C'est l'temps 918: 914: 913:Regulation 17 910: 906: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 855: 851: 847: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 817: 816: 814: 813: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736: 735: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 716: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 651: 646: 645: 640: 638: 634: 625: 622: 620: 619:New Caledonia 617: 615: 612: 611: 610: 609: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 567: 566:South America 558: 554: 551: 547: 544: 543:Franco-Ténois 540: 537: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 512: 509: 505: 502: 498: 495: 491: 488: 484: 481: 477: 474: 470: 469: 468: 465: 460: 456: 453: 449: 446: 442: 439: 435: 432: 428: 425: 421: 418: 414: 413: 412: 411:United States 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365:North America 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 342: 336: 332: 327: 324: 323: 322: 321: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 256: 255: 247: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 220: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 186: 178: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 159: 158: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145:French people 143: 142: 138: 134: 133: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 63: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 30: 19: 5571: 5245:Netherlands 5134:South Africa 5075:French Sudan 5028:James Island 5016:French Gabon 4956:Ubangi-Shari 4927:Burkina Faso 4841:. pp. 33-34. 4826: 4821: 4811: 4802: 4786: 4770: 4754: 4740: 4735: 4725:November 23, 4723:. 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