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630:, where it was reported that he celebrated Mass every day "with great devotion and tears". When the dying Philip III was presented with a list of prisoners and exiles to be forgiven, he granted grace to all except the cardinal-duke of Lerma. When Lerma learned the news, he started from Valladolid to Madrid but was intercepted on the road and commanded by Olivares, favorite of the heir to the throne, who professed an implacable hatred for the cardinal, to return to Valladolid. The Cardinal was in
521:
562:, Moors who had converted to Christianity, from 1609–14, a decision affecting over 300,000 people. A policy motivated by religious and political considerations, in which no economic consideration played a part, the expulsion secured him the admiration of the clergy and was popular with the masses of people. It also provided a short-term boost to the royal treasury from the impounded property of the Moors, but would ruin the economy of
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422:, heir to the Spanish throne. The dying King Philip II foresaw that Lerma was one of those nobles who were likely to mislead the new sovereign. The old king's fears were, it is claimed by some, fully justified after his death. Others however, claim that Lerma was a fully capable favourite, as he led
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that provided his grand title, the duke built a palace (1606–1617, by
Francisco de Mora) capped with corner towers, on the site of a fortification, ranged round a double-arcaded courtyard facing an arcaded square and linked to the rebuilt church of San Pedro with a private passageway. Lerma was
722:(d. 1621), who as Lerma's agent was made a scapegoat. Calderón was tortured and executed on trumped up charges of witchcraft and other crimes, which demonstrated what would likely have been Lerma's fate, if a cardinal's hat hadn't protected his head.
717:
When Lerma fell from power in 1618, his status as cardinal (which he had acquired for exactly this purpose 6 months earlier) gave him immunity from prosecution by his numerous enemies, who instead turned on Lerma's trusted and unscrupulous secretary,
453:(1599), pressured the papacy to make his uncle Bernardo a Cardinal and delegated to him governorship of certain public offices and management responsibility of particular lands, authorized by the King and Queen, of the Kingdoms of Castile and
611:. It is probable that he would never have lost the confidence of Philip III, who divided his life between festivals and prayers, if not for the domestic treachery of his son, who allied himself with the King's confessor,
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lived, the nobles had little effective share in the government, with the exception of a few who were appointed viceroys or commanded armies abroad. Lerma passed his time as a courtier, and made himself a
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for generations. Lerma's financial horizons remained medieval: his only resources as a finance minister were the debasing of the coinage and edicts against luxury and the making of silver plate.
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At a time when the state was practically bankrupt, he encouraged the King in extravagance, and accumulated for himself a fortune estimated by contemporaries at forty-four million ducats.
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As chief minister Lerma's ideas of foreign policy were firmly grounded in feudal ideas about royal patrimony. He cemented
Spanish rule by many marriage alliances with the Austrian
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Under the reign of Philip IV, which began in 1621, Lerma was despoiled of part of his wealth. The
Cardinal was sentenced, on 3 August 1624, to return to the state over a million
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729:
to reform royal finances, but who instead managed to embezzle enough funds to purchase the title of Count of
Villalonga. He was placed on trial and forfeited his riches.
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The history of Lerma's tenure of office is in vol. xv. of the
Historia General de Espana of Modesto Lafuente (Madrid, 1855)—with references to contemporary authorities.
615:, whom Lerma had introduced. After a long intrigue in which the King remained silent and passive, Lerma was at last compelled to leave the court, on 4 October 1618.
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till 1604, when Spain was forced by exhaustion to make peace. Lerma used all his influence against a recognition of the independence of the Low
Countries.
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from
Scotland, but not to Lerma. The poet painted an imaginary portrait of the "Duke of Lerma" and created some other works featuring Spaniards.
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Believed to have been born in 1552, Francisco de
Sandoval was the son of Francisco de Rojas de Sandoval, Count of Lerma and Marquis of
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and remained there until he learned of the death of the King. Then he went back to
Valladolid to celebrate the requiem in the
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defended him, considering his banishment an attempt against ecclesiastical freedom and the prestige of the cardinalate.
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associated his surname with Lerma's title, which is an obvious fiction; even the family legend traced back the name to
482:. It had been made for a Medici garden, and though it had recently been in storage, it was a princely gift (now in the
437:
No sooner was Philip III king than he entrusted all authority to his favourite, who amassed power unprecedented for a
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913:. Vol. XIII– Genealogical tables and lists and General Index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
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As a protection, and as a means of retaining some measure of power in case he fell from favour, he had persuaded
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A fictionalized, more treasonous version of Lerma, renamed the "Duke of Lorca," is the villain of the 1948 film
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or favorite and became the "king's shadow", the filter through whom all information passed, as he was appointed
430:
on a more modest and economically viable course of peace than both
Phillip II and Olivares during the reign of
1090:
Biographical dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church; illuminating backstory on the cardinalate.
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Francisca de Sandoval (died 1663), married Diego López de Zúñiga Avellaneda, 2nd Duke of Peñaranda de Duero.
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348:. Eventually, he was deposed in 1618 under a palace intrigue orchestrated by his son and political rival,
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The great favourite: The Duke of Lerma and the court and government of Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621
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Though in 1607 the monarchy declared itself bankrupt, Lerma carried out the ruinous measures for the
345:
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Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, 5th Marquess of Denia, 1st Count of Ampudia
59:
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The family of Sandoval was ancient and powerful. The future duke of Lerma was born and raised at
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Histoire de Saint François de Borgia, duc de Gandie, troisième général de la Compagnie de Jésus
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Anachronistically, a "Duke of Lerma" features as one of the minor characters in the 1867 opera
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1079:, Ashgate, 2009. Discusses his patronage of churches, paintings, architects and painters.
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Catalina de Sandoval (died 1648), married Pedro Fernández de Castro, 7th Count of Lemos.
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1038:(in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos. p. 364.
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1055:(Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History), New York: Cambridge U. Press. 2000.
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Diego de Sandoval (died 1632), married Luisa de Mendoza, VII Condesa de Saldaña.
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to the King. Philip III, preoccupied with piety and indolence, soon created him
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In the end, Lerma was deposed by a palace intrigue carried out by his own son,
434:– both figures that have received far more positive recognition by historians.
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965:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 484.
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696:(1613–1666), married John II, 8th Duke of Braganza, later crowned King
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Bankrupt or not, the war with the Dutch dragged on till 1609, when the
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486:, London). Lerma assembled a vast collection of paintings. Duke Mario
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to create him cardinal, the previous March (1618). He retired to the
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881:(in French). Paris: Ambroise Bray, Libraire-éditeur. pp. 93–4.
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was signed with them. There was constant anti-Spanish agitation in
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ruled. His administration was marked by costly wars, including the
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Portrait of a young nobleman: a knight of the Order of Calatrava
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1062:. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2006.
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Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598–1621
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Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III, 1598-1621
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19:"Duke of Lerma" redirects here. For the peerage title, see
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Manuel Pérez de Guzmán y Silva, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
1109:
El Greco to Velazquez: Art during the Reign of Philip III
1077:
The Religious Patronage of the Duke of Lerma, 1598–1621
638:. He was ordered by the count of Olivares to reside in
460:
Gifts poured in from outside the royal court. From the
1011:. Sintra: Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua. p. 55.
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Lerma was also responsible for the appointment of Don
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854:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
752:
Fictional "Duke of Lerma", 19th century painting by
543:. Lerma's administration began by making peace with
735:On the hilltop overlooking the village of Lerma in
1107:, Part I in a podcast series for the exhibition, "
360:but faced financial penalties and died in 1625 at
141:Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma
344:, financial mismanagement, and the controversial
1162:
551:in 1598, but he persisted in costly and useless
38: and the second or maternal family name is
740:pious, spending lavishly on religious houses.
957:Lerma, Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of
760:Lerma is mentioned in the early 18th century
1095:The Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma
1067:The Picture Collection of the Duke of Lerma
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95:Learn how and when to remove this message
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671:Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli
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468:in 1601 came an over-lifesize marble of
58:This article includes a list of general
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686:Juana de Sandoval (died 1624), married
332:('most worthy') through whom the later
318:(1552/1553 – 17 May 1625), was a
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847:
660:
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678:Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda
657:. Lerma died in 1625 at Valladolid.
642:but he did not obey and appealed to
605:Cristóbal de Sandoval, Duke of Uceda
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976:Medrano, Juan Fernandez de (1602).
13:
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665:The Duke of Lerma married in 1576
64:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1035:Historia de Sanlucar de Barrameda
507:, Madrid. The political treatise
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667:Catalina de la Cerda y Portugal
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577:, which had been dynastically
16:Spanish politician (1553–1625)
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1206:17th-century Spanish nobility
1201:16th-century Spanish nobility
1181:Government ministers of Spain
1005:Montesinos, Fernando (2017).
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382:. His mother was Isabelle de
1032:Guillamas, Fernando (1858).
910:The Cambridge Modern History
875:Daurignac, J. M. S. (1863).
367:
128:Cardinal-priest of San Sisto
30:, the first or paternal
7:
816:
784:Thomas Learmonth the Rhymer
680:(1577–1624), his successor.
471:Samson Slaying a Philistine
10:
1222:
515:Tomás Fernández de Medrano
484:Victoria and Albert Museum
371:
25:
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669:(1551–1603), daughter of
560:expulsion of the Moriscos
539:and then with the French
356:and was succeeded by the
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513:(1602) was dedicated by
1101:, (1603) Prado, Madrid.
962:Encyclopædia Britannica
848:Feros, Antonio (2006).
673:. They had 5 children:
613:Luis de Aliaga Martínez
594:Colegio de San Gregorio
592:statue of Lerma at the
151:(1603). Located in the
79:more precise citations.
1196:Spanish Baroque people
805:Adventures of Don Juan
756:
600:
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418:with the young prince
358:Count-Duke of Olivares
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624:Ducal Palace of Lerma
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372:Further information:
352:. Lerma retired as a
350:Cristóbal de Sandoval
277:17 May 1625 (aged 72)
21:Duke of Lerma (title)
648:College of Cardinals
386:, daughter of Saint
374:Palacio de la Ribera
893:John, Dalberg-Acton
829:The Great Favourite
698:John IV of Portugal
636:church of San Pablo
571:Twelve Years' Truce
338:Twelve Years' Truce
326:, the first of the
324:Philip III of Spain
1058:Patrick Williams,
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661:Marriage and issue
601:
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503:and is now at the
428:Habsburg dominions
116:The Most Excellent
1105:The Duke of Lerma
1099:Peter Paul Rubens
978:"República Mista"
780:Mikhail Lermontov
771:Alain-Rene Lesage
754:Mikhail Lermontov
607:, manipulated by
549:Treaty of Vervins
478:, presented as a
447:Caballerizo mayor
443:Sumiller de Corps
334:Habsburg monarchs
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149:Peter Paul Rubens
121:The Duke of Lerma
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247:Personal details
224:Created cardinal
197:Previous post(s)
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640:Tordesillas
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620:Pope Paul V
476:Giambologna
407:Tordesillas
294:Nationality
259:Tordesillas
231:Pope Paul V
177:Predecessor
172:17 May 1625
77:introducing
1165:Categories
836:References
808:played by
792:Don Carlos
744:In fiction
628:Valladolid
501:Valladolid
362:Valladolid
280:Valladolid
219:March 1622
216:Ordination
169:Term ended
164:March 1621
60:references
1131:Biography
537:Habsburgs
432:Philip IV
416:favourite
411:Philip II
368:Biography
340:with the
320:favourite
187:Successor
161:Installed
85:June 2019
992:"Iframe"
907:(eds.).
895:(1911).
817:See also
778:A young
766:Gil Blas
646:and the
609:Olivares
575:Portugal
564:Valencia
541:Bourbons
466:Florence
426:and the
354:cardinal
26:In this
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