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variations in mental health between white and black people, and
African-American perspectives of the judicial system. In 1939, Sumner applied for a membership in the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SSPP), having the requisite endorsement of two current members as well as an active membership in the American Psychological Association (APA). Upon receiving his application, the SSPP council amended its constitution to block Sumner's path to membership. Many members objected and threatened to resign if Sumner was denied. After Sumner's application was approved, members provided alternate explanations for why Sumner's application was delayed. One explanation blamed the secretaries. Records showed that there was concern that additional African-American applicants would follow if Sumner were to be admitted. The SSPP today is in favor of admitting African American members.
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African-American youth. White historians were charged for being biased with "negligence in omitting significant portions of Black history from their writings. Sumner mentioned that the Negro race cannot be denied that it has produced individuals whose cultural status plainly warrants a higher education. He concluded that for those very few Black youths ready for a liberalized education, it'd be best to work out in institutions preferably for
Negroes in the so-called Negro colleges or universities. Sumner's views on "Negro Education" grew attention and criticism from individuals and organizations like the
293:. His parents were concerned about the poor quality of educational opportunities for African Americans, so they worked particularly hard to provide Francis with books and other materials and they encouraged him to educate himself as they had done. They developed his assignments and supervised his progress. Sumner never received a formal post primary education. Sumner's applications to schools would read "private instruction in secondary subjects by father". With no high school diploma, Sumner was required to take an examination to see if he was suitable to be admitted to Lincoln College (now
378:, where he wrote many articles dealing with the state of colleges and acceptance of African-Americans or the lack thereof. Sumner used these articles to support and raise awareness for the views brought up by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois. He remained for the next 7 years. Over time, he failed to receive funding for his research. He claimed that race prejudice was the cause of his inability to attain his and other African American scientists' funding. In his time at these universities he faced financial difficulty, because white research agencies refused to provide funding for him.
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teachers, and he taught at Howard
University for over thirty years. In 1926, Sumner viewed the African American culture as younger as it was only a few hundred years removed from savagery and less than a century from slavery, while those of Whites was more a pinnacle of Western Civilization. With that in mind, he felt that many inadequacies existed between the teaching methods of African Americans. Sharing the same stance as Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Sumner emphasized the need for education to be customized for African education.
416:. For years he was the official abstractor for both journals. He began writing the abstracts in 1946, and between 1948 and 1949 he wrote 505 abstracts. Sumner wrote over 2,000 abstracts during his time with these two journals. Most of the abstracts he wrote were from French and German authors, others were Russian, Spanish, and English.
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Sumner's scientific record was outstanding, but it was through his efforts to build and promote better education for
African-Americans that he made the most significant impact. Sumner was a staunch supporter of African-American education. He advocated for more funding for African-American schools and
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Sumner was described as motivating and encouraging (Bayton, 1975). Kenneth Clark once stated, "And he didn't just teach psychology. He taught integrity. And, although he led the way for other Blacks in psychology, Sumner would permit no nonsense about there being anything like "Black
Psychology" -any
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Sumner resigned from West
Virginia Collegiate Institute on August 31, 1928. He then moved on to Howard University in fall 1928, and became the acting chairman and professor, until 1930 upon which time he became the fully appointed chair of Psychology and succeeded in making the department independent
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Sumner married
Francees H. Hughston in 1922, the marriage ended in divorce. He then married Nettie M. Broker in 1946. He had no children. Sumner died of a heart attack while shoveling snow outside his home in Washington, D.C., on January 11, 1954. He received a military honor guard in memory for his
404:
Sumner had at least 45 publications throughout his career. His interest in applied psychology led to multiple publications on color and vision. Sumner's primary focus was in the psychology of religion. He gave a paper to the
International Congress of Religious Psychology (Vienna). The paper was on
330:
Sumner returned to
Lincoln University as a graduate student and as a teacher of religious study, psychology, philosophy, and German. It was at this time that Sumner began to consider advancing his study in psychology. Sumner kept in contact with Hall, asking for assistance and consideration for a
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Throughout his life and career, Sumner battled racism and discrimination. Sumner was a pioneer in the field of race psychology. Who laid the framework for future research on the topic, contradicting many psychologists' ideas on race. Sumner's study included a wide range of themes, including the
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Maryland for basic training with the 48th
Company, 154 Depot Brigade. Sumner was sent to the battlefield in Germany and in his time there, he kept contact with his mentor, G. Stanley Hall. Sumner asked to be reconsidered as a candidate upon his return. Sumner remained in France until he was
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His goal was to culturally elevate the African Americans and stressed the importance of learning trades such as carpentry and plumbing. Sumner also endorsed the beliefs of another African American social scientist, G.V. Cools, on the importance of building character in the education of
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discharged in the middle of 1919. After his doctoral dissertation entitled "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler" was accepted he received his doctorate degree from Clark University on June 14, 1920, making him the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology.
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in Virginia. Many students described Sumner as a "low key and very dedicated"; as a very quiet and very unassuming individual who was "brilliant with tremendous capacity to make an analysis of an individual's gestalt" and as "Howard's most stimulating scholar."
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and professor of psychology. Hall and Sumner's relationship became one of mutual respect as Hall continued to provide encouragement to Sumner and many other African-American students. Sumner graduated from Clark University in 1916 with a B.A degree in English.
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In an attempt to show support and praise for the excellence of his students, Sumner created an incentive program. This award was given to one of his psychology students who submitted the best essay on a specific theme. One recipient of this award was
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Thomas, R. (2006). "Sumner, Francis Cecil. "African American National Biography, edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr, edited by Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham. Oxford African American Studies Center. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from APA:
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Sumner graduated as valedictorian from Lincoln College, magnum cum laude in philosophy with special honors in English, Modern Languages and Greek, studying also Latin and philosophy, in 1915. Sumner then went to
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Guthrie, R. V. (2000). Sumner, Francis Cecil. In A. E. Kazdin, A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 7 (pp. 515-516). Washington, DC, US; New York, NY, US: American Psychological Association.
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fellowship award to study "race psychology" at Clark University. This later became his area of focus as he worked toward "the understanding and elimination of racial bias in the administration of justice."
440:, Eastern Psychological Association, Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, and the District of Columbia Psychological Association. He was a member of fraternal organizations, including
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Sumner's area of focus was in investigating how to refute racism and bias in the theories used to conclude the inferiority of African Americans. Sumner's work is thought to be a response to the
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more than he would have allowed any nonsense about "Black astronomy." In this and many other ways, Sumner was a model for me. In fact, he has always been my standard when I evaluate myself."
385:. Sumner is credited, along with Max Meenes and Frederick P. Watts, with helping develop the psychology department at Howard University. He also is known for teaching social psychologist
285:, on December 7, 1895. He was the second son of David Alexander and Ellen Lillian Sumner and younger brother to Eugene Sumner. Sumner attended elementary schools in
301:, the first institution dedicated to and primarily for African Americans in the United States. Sumner passed the test and, in 1911, at the age of 15, was admitted.
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Guthrie, Robert V. Francis Cecil Sumner: Father of Black American Psychologists, Even The Rat Was White: A Historical View of Psychology. Allyn & Bacon, 1998.
405:"The Mental Hygiene of Religion." Sumner was one of the first academics to contribute to the fields of psychology, religion, and the administration of justice.
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Houston, Lawrence N. Black Psychology and Black Psychologists, Psychological Principles and the Black Experience. University Press of America, Maryland. 26-27
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Kimble, G. A., Wertheimer, M., White, C., & American Psychological, A. (2000). Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. Washington, DC: Psychology Press.
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389:, an influential figure in the civil rights movement. Sumner encouraged that psychology should move away from philosophy and the school of education.
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Sawyer, T. F. (2000). Francis Cecil Sumner: His views and influence on African American higher education. History Of Psychology, 3(2), 122-141.
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Simonton, Dean Keith, Maturity and Aging, Great Psychologists and Their Times. American Psychological Association, Washington D.C, 2002, 274
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In 1917, Sumner returned to Clark University, where he was awarded a senior scholarship. Hall approved his application for a
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https://web.archive.org/web/20100201085312/http://www.guilford.edu/academics/departments/african_american/psychologists.html
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Mintz, S.L (2012). History of Secondary Education-Current Trends, International Issues-History of. StateUniversity.com:
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Sawyer, Thomas F. (May 2000). "Francis Cecil Sumner: his views and influence on African American higher education".
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in 1920. While at Wilberforce, Sumner was a professor of psychology and philosophy. In 1921 he went to teach at
269:
247:. He is commonly referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology." He is primarily known for being the first
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Bayton, F (1975). "Sumner's applications would read "private instruction in secondary subjects by father".
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488:(NAACP) who were concerned that Sumner was advocating for perpetually segregated education systems.
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Thomas (2011). "The Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology and Francis Cecil Sumner".
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From 1928 until his death in 1954, Sumner served as the chair of the psychology department at
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in English. There, he developed a mentor-mentee relationship with the president of Clark,
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Bayton, J (1975). "Francis Sumner, Max Meenes, and the Training of Black Psychologists".
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http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/ethnicity-‐health/psychologists/sumner-‐prosser.aspx
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McGraw-Hill. (2002). Early Minority Psychologists. Retrieved March 4, 2002. Website:
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Francis Cecil Sumner. Father of Black American Psychologists. Even the Rat was White
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267:, and his dissertation—published in Pedagogical Seminary, which later became the
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Talmadge, W.T. (2001). Francis Cecil Sumner. Retrieved March 4, 2002. Website:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050415100331/http://www.arches.uga.edu/~tmoney/
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from Philosophy. Sumner held the position until he died on January 12, 1954.
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322:. Sumner also developed a relationship with James P. Porter, the dean of
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http://education.sateuniversity.com/pages/2411/Secondary-Education.html
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243:(December 7, 1895 – January 11, 1954) was an American leader in
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Another of Sumner's notable achievements was his work with the
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760:"Higher Education Support | McGraw Hill Higher Education"
452:, writing several journal articles for the latter fraternity.
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23:. For the American ichthyologist, zoologist and writer, see
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch01/eminority.mhtm
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Burial Detail: Sumner, Francis C (Section 31. Grave 3323)
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Sumner was a member of many associations, including the
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For the English mill owner and mayor of Glossop, see
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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497:service during World War I. Sumner was buried at
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773:http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/57/1/29.pdf
314:in 1916 and in the fall he received his second
994:(pp. 214–232). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
852:An introduction to the history of psychology
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374:. In fall 1921, he accepted a position at
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466:Race, discrimination, and SSPP membership
438:American Educational Research Association
1084:20th-century African-American scientists
1069:Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni
461:Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler (1922)
362:Sumner accepted a professor position at
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987:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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937:"Philosophies of Negro Education ".
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259:(in 1920). He worked closely with
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207:West Virginia Collegiate Institute
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878:Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler
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281:Francis Cecil Sumner was born in
155: 1922, divorced)
16:American psychologist (1895–1954)
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875:Sumner, Francis Cecil (1922).
854:. Michele Sordi. p. 360.
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270:Journal of Genetic Psychology
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359:methods of psychology.
850:Hergenhahn, B (2009).
414:Psychological Bulletin
399:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
364:Wilberforce University
340:United States Military
291:Plainfield, New Jersey
229:Kenneth Bancroft Clark
199:Wilberforce University
25:Francis Bertody Sumner
21:Francis Sumner (mayor)
711:American Psychologist
590:American Psychologist
1005:Francis Cecil Sumner
746:"Personal Biography"
283:Pine Bluff, Arkansas
241:Francis Cecil Sumner
142:Francees H. Hughston
46:Francis Cecil Sumner
799:"Untitled Document"
368:Southern University
263:during his time at
203:Southern University
295:Lincoln University
108:Lincoln University
861:978-0-495-50621-8
830:10.1037/10522-216
383:Howard University
316:bachelor's degree
287:Norfolk, Virginia
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77:(1954-01-11)
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939:Opportunity
884:December 4,
446:Pi Gamma Mu
357:Eurocentric
1038:Categories
506:References
344:Camp Meade
257:psychology
60:Pine Bluff
52:1895-12-07
1008:Archived
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412:and the
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442:Psi Chi
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351:Career
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214:Thesis
110:BS, BA
85:, U.S.
66:, U.S.
945:: 38.
253:Ph.D.
169:(
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151:(
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920:PMID
886:2016
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72:Died
42:Born
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