Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

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also heard that the rebels in the city had opened up depots for the supply and issue of arms, and that a large force of rebels intended to attack Portobello Barracks, which was held only by a few troops ... We had also in the barracks a considerable number of officers and men who had been wounded by the rebels. ... Rumours of risings all over Ireland and of a large German-American and Irish-American landing in Galway were prevalent. ... I knew of the sedition which had been preached in Ireland for years past and of the popular sympathy with rebellion. I knew also that men on leave home from the trenches, although unarmed, had been shot like dogs in the streets of their own city, simply because they were in khaki, and I had also heard that wounded soldiers home for convalescence had been shot down also. On the Wednesday morning 26 April all this was in my mind. I was very much exhausted and unstrung after practically a sleepless night, and I took the gloomiest view of the situation and felt that only desperate measures would save the situation. When I saw the position described in my previous report I felt I must act quickly, and believing I had the power under martial law, I felt, under the circumstances, that it was clearly my duty to have the ring-leaders shot. It was a terrible ordeal for me, but I nerved myself to carry out what for me at the time a terrible duty.

822:

The soldiers announced their presence by firing a volley of bullets through the front windows. The soldiers then burst in through the front door, wielding rifles with fixed bayonets, and ordered the three residents to stand under guard while they searched the premises. According to an official report, "All the rooms in the house were thoroughly ransacked and a considerable quantity of books and papers were wrapped up in the household linen, placed in a passing motor car, and taken away. ... A large part of the material removed seems to have consisted of text-books both in German and other languages, as well as political papers and pamphlets belonging to Mr. Sheehy Skeffington." The maid-servant, terrified by the experience, subsequently quit her job. She was replaced by another maid who was subsequently arrested and detained for four days after another raid by the Portobello garrison (this time not ordered by Bowen-Colthurst). However, upon examination several months later by a government commission, none of the material was found to be seditious.

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that the three men were all very dangerous characters. I therefore sent for an armed guard of six men and ordered them to load their Rifles and keep their eyes on the prisoners. The Guard Room was full of men and was not a suitable place in my opinion in which to examine the prisoners. I ordered therefore the three prisoners to go into the small court yard of the Guard Room. I regret that I did not have these men hand cuffed and surrounded as the yard was a place from which they might have escaped. When I ordered these three men into the yard I did not however know this. The Guard was some little distance from the prisoners and as I considered that there was a reasonable chance of the prisoners making their escape and knowing the three prisoners (from correspondence captured on them the previous evening ) to be dangerous characters, I called upon the Guard to fire upon them which they did with effect, the three men being killed. The documents found on these three men have been forwarded to the orderly room.

734:

prisoners out of the guard room I am going to shoot them. I think it is the right thing to do." He then assembled a squad of seven men in the yard and ordered them to fire immediately at the three prisoners, who until that moment were not aware they were about to die. After killing the three men, the firing squad immediately left the yard, but when movement was detected in Sheehy Skeffington's leg, Bowen-Colthurst ordered Lieutenant Dobbin to gather another group of four soldiers to fire another volley into him. About half an hour later, after informing the orderly room of his actions, Bowen-Colthurst reported what he had done to his superior, Major Rosborough. He said he took responsibility for the shooting and, aware that shooting prisoners was a capital offence, he also said that he "possibly might be hanged for it". Rosborough asked him for a written report, and later on, issued instructions that Bowen-Colthurst be limited to duties within the barracks.

709:

casualty, and when Sheehy Skefffington refused, Bowen-Colthurst said prayers on his behalf. The troops left the barracks and headed towards Rathmines Road, where they encountered three young people loitering opposite the Church of Mary Immaculate, Refuge of Sinners. On the pretext of the lateness of the hour and that martial law had been proclaimed, Bowen-Colthurst detained and interrogated the three young men. He then impetuously shot one of them: a 19-year-old mechanic named James Coade. Coade was initially left in the road but later that evening, picked up and taken to Portobello Barracks infirmary, where he died early the next morning without regaining consciousness. Sheehy Skeffington witnessed the shooting but Lieutenant Wilson testified at the subsequent Royal Commission that he did not hear Sheehy Skeffington make any protest.

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night before the barracks shooting. He said Bowen-Colthurst's taking Sheehy Skeffington hostage was 'the strangest thing any man of sixteen years' experience in the army could do... the act of a man whose mind was completely unstrung.' Defence counsel also said that Bowen-Colthurst's rifle firing in the air during the raid on Kelly's showed that he had completely lost his reason. Both statements rested on premises that turned out to be false. Hostage taking was not, in fact, unknown in the British army and Bowen-Colthurst was not firing his rifle wildly in the air on the way to Kelly's shop. Except to enter his pleas and to decline to comment at the end of the proceedings, Bowen-Colthurst did not speak, as was his right.

350: 1018:

upon officers or soldiers any new powers. It operates solely as a warning that the Government, acting through the military, is about to take such forcible and exceptional measures as may be necessary for the purpose of putting down insurrection and restoring order.... The shooting of unarmed and unresisting civilians without trial constitutes the offence of murder, whether martial law has been proclaimed or not. We should have deemed it superfluous to point this out were it not that the failure to realise and apply this elementary principle seems to explain the free hand which Captain Bowen-Colthurst was not restrained from exercising throughout the period of crisis.

877:) was the President of the Court and there were over a hundred spectators. Timothy Healy and P. A. O'Connor White attended on behalf of Hanna Sheehy Skeffington but they took no part in the proceedings. Bowen-Colthurst pleaded 'Not guilty'. Testifying about the circumstances of the shootings, several witnesses described Bowen-Colthurst as being 'excited', 'very excited', or 'highly excited'. Once the prosecution and defence counsel had established the uncontested facts of the case, a succession of army officers testified to Bowen-Colthurst's kindness and decency but also to his occasional eccentricity, excitability and impulsiveness. Major General 310:, under the guise of "MacCann", a fellow-student whom Joyce's alter-ego Stephen Dedalus describes as "a squat figure in a shooting jacket and breeches," with a "bluntfeatured face" and "a strawcolored goatee which hung from his blunt chin." Stephen remembers him saying: "Dedalus, you're an anti-social being, wrapped up in yourself. I'm not. I'm a democrat: and I'll work and act for social liberty and equality among all classes and sexes in the United States of the Europe of the future." Later, "MacCann" is seen standing in a lobby after class, canvassing signatures on a petition for universal peace, under a picture of 806: 458:

visit to Dublin". Francis counter-proposed that the word "not" be inserted after the words "be formed", and argued that ignoring the visit was the best compromise to satisfy both supporters and objectors to the visit. "Sean Milroy – a future minister in the Irish Free State – stood to second Sheehy Skeffington's motion, while the chairman, the Earl of Mayo, attempted to maintain order over cries of 'Hear hear!' and 'Put him out!' In an effort to silence the dissenters, Mayo called a vote on Sheehy Skeffington's amendment; 36 supported it while 'some hundreds' voted against." After this,

981:

three rebel 'ringleaders' from the guard room. Bowen-Colthurst then described his own precarious mental condition at the time as 'very much exhausted and unstrung after a practically sleepless night.' He wrote that he believed he had the power under martial law to have the three prisoners shot, and he ended his report by describing the shootings as 'a terrible duty'. The Commissioners dismissed his claim that the three men might escape from the guard room, and they addressed his (and others') misunderstanding of martial law in the conclusions of their report.

889:

because he had not been there at the time. The authors of the medical report, Captain Lawless and Major Purser, said that while it was impossible to say positively what Bowen-Colthurst's mental condition was on 26 April, they had no doubt that at the present time he was mentally unsound. Captain Lawless said that it was highly probable that Bowen-Colthurst's mental state on 26 April had been the same as his present condition, and he did not think that Bowen-Colthurst was responsible for his actions on that date. Major Purser concurred with this opinion.

741:, a lieutenant in the I.R.B., alone in a room above Byrne's grocery shop. O'Carroll quickly surrendered. Bowen-Colthurst interrogated him briefly and then had him shot in the street by one of the company sergeants, in front of a crowd of onlookers and soldiers. O'Carroll did not die immediately but was taken to Portobello Infirmary, where he died ten days later. There is evidence that a teenaged I.R.B. informant, Patrick Nolan, was also shot during this raid. However unlike O'Carroll, he was taken to hospital and survived his injuries. 584:. As Hanna recalled six years later: "When the outbreak began on Easter Monday my husband was near Dublin Castle. He learned that a British officer had been gravely wounded and was bleeding to death on the cobblestones outside the Castle gate. My husband persuaded a bystander to go with him to the rescue. Together they ran across the square under a hail of fire. Before they reached the spot, however, some British troops rushed out and dragged the wounded man to cover inside the gate." 977:

instruction to shoot him if Colthurst's party was fired on as 'strange'. The Commission determined that Bowen-Colthurst's account (in his April 26 report) of the shootings at the barracks was 'entirely untrue'. Regarding Bowen-Colthurst's captives, the Commission report noted that 'No documents or correspondence whatever were found on the prisoners that showed them to be "dangerous characters"; and that any documents found on them could be thoroughly examined in a few minutes'

973:

counsel for the Sheehy Skeffington family, established that Sheehy Skeffington had witnessed Coade's killing. Mr J. P. Brennan, solicitor for Patrick McIntyre, established that Sheehy Skeffington had had the opportunity to talk to Dickson and McIntyre while they were being escorted back to Portobello Barracks. However, the Commission reported that it was unable to arrive at any conclusions about a possible link between Coade's and Sheehy Skeffington's murders.

1028: 717: 2567:

had known of Coade's murder before the court martial took place. The witnesses were Lieutenant Dobbin, Lieutenant Morgan (the Portobello adjutant), Father O'Loughlin (the army chaplain) and Lieutenant Leslie Wilson. Wilson had seen Bowen-Colthurst shoot Coade. When Wilson was questioned as to why he had said nothing about Coade's murder at the court martial, he replied that it was because he had not been asked any questions about it.

870:

prisoners had been secured in cells. He said that he had gone to bed at three o'clock in the morning but stayed up till four reading his Bible, focusing in particular on the verse from St. Luke (19:27): 'And these my enemies which will not have me to rule over them, bring them forth and slay them.' This passage and its apparent effect on Bowen-Colthurst subsequently became part of Dr Parson's medical testimony at the court martial.

2472:. 23 July 1900. Online in Gale Primary Sources:British Library Newspapers. The newspaper article reproduced Field Marshall Lord Roberts' proclamation of June 1900, which authorised the army's use of hostages for the protection of South African railways from Boer guerillas. In the summer of 1900, Bowen-Colthurst himself was engaged in operations to protect the railways from attacks by the 'bitter enders'. See also David Foxton. 319:

secure as cheaply as possible the greatest possible happiness of the greatest possible number." – Stephen Dedalus expresses indifference to these goals and gestures at the picture of the Czar: "If we must have a Jesus, let us have a legitimate Jesus." To which MacCann replies: "Dedalus, I believe you're a good fellow, but you have yet to learn the dignity of altruism and the responsibility of the human individual."

985:

nominally led by Colonel Allatt, on Sheehy Skeffington's house on the evening of 28 April. The Commission determined that this was the occasion Bowen-Colthurst found the allegedly incriminating document that he certified as being found on Sheehy Skeffington when he was arrested. The Commission report characterized both raids as disreputable attempts to find evidence to justify the shootings after the fact.

862:, commander-in-chief of British forces in Ireland, ordering the arrest of Bowen-Colthurst. Bowen-Colthurst was preparing to conduct a 55-man detachment to Newry Barracks when the order came through (6 May) that he be placed under 'open' arrest. On 11 May he was placed under "close arrest". Bowen-Colthurst was charged with the murders of Dickson, McIntyre and Sheehy Skeffington, but to be tried by 443:. The Irish Women's Franchise League agitated for votes for women; members included his brother-in-law Tom Kettle and his friend Thomas MacDonagh, as well as all of the non-nationalist suffrage activists of the day. (Nationalist women tended to avoid it, on the basis that the IWFL was seeking to get into the British Parliament, while nationalists were trying to get out). 1013:

law was in effect. In its third observation, the Commissioners attempted to distance the army authorities from the apparent misapplication of martial law in Bowen-Colthurst's case. Their report ascribed the complicity of the soldiers involved in Bowen-Colthurst's misconduct to a misunderstanding of martial law. The Commission report concluded with an admonition:

818:

sisters were threatened with arrest as "Sinn Féiners", and questioned by Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Bowen-Colthurst denied any knowledge as to the fate of Francis Sheehy Skeffington, and had them escorted out of the barracks. Later on Friday Hanna learned the dreadful news from the father of James Coade, and the news was confirmed to her by Father O'Loughlin.

757:, she expressed surprise at only one thing: "Why on earth did they shoot Skeffy?" she is reported to have said. "He didn't believe in fighting." Bowen-Colthurst himself provided an answer to this question in his operations report of April 26, the day of the shootings. Addressed to the Officer Commanding 3rd Battalion, part of his report was as follows: 408:, which lobbied for women's rights in Britain. Shortly after they married, Francis organised a petition to lobby for women to be admitted to University College on the same basis as men. When the university refused to take that step, Francis resigned from his job as registrar in protest, relying on Hanna to support him for a time. He was President of the 647:. The officer in charge was under orders to keep the road and bridge clear, and felt apprehensive about the disorderly crowd. He detained Sheehy Skeffington, who said that he was "not a Sinn Féiner", but admitted to sympathy for the insurgents' cause, though he was opposed to violence. He was then arrested and taken back to the 33: 248:" was irretrievably dead and "the study of Esperanto would be more useful to the youth of Ireland". Later in life he became fluent in the language, and had a number of Esperanto books in his library when he died. This enthusiasm was not unusual at the time in leftist circles, and several prominent leaders of the 2420:

post date the state of mind of any person, but knowing that this mental condition did not occur with great suddeness and having the history of the mental weakness extending over a year, the probability is very great - and that is all I can say - this (sic) his mental condition then is probably the same as now.")

694:. Aside from his wounds, this behaviour perhaps ensured he was sent home from the front permanently. After a period of convalescence and light duties, Bowen-Colthurst had been assigned in July 1915 to the Royal Irish Rifles at Portobello Barracks, where his primary duties were training and recruitment. 1991:

said that Bowen-Colthurst was the victim of shell-shock both in August 1914 and at the time of the Portobello shootings. During his court martial, Bowen-Colthurst's defence counsel had asked the medical witness, Dr Parsons, if he was familiar with shell-shock. Parsons replied that he wasn't, and the

1012:

The army authorities had been understandably nervous about Bowen-Colthurst's court martial and its ramifications. The Manual of Military Law advocated the ruthless suppression of insurrection and conditionally offered an 'Act of Indemnity' to any soldier for any illegal acts committed while martial

968:

The Royal Commission examined the circumstances of Dickson's, McIntyre's and Sheehy Skeffington's deaths but not why they were killed. The Commission chairman's view was that as a court martial had already determined that Bowen-Colthurst was insane, there could be no further discussion of his mental

817:

Hanna Sheehy Skeffington was not told about her husband's detention or his death. She went around Dublin seeking to find where her husband was, and heard rumours of his fate. Her two sisters then offered to visit Portobello Barracks on Friday and make inquiries. Upon revealing their business, the two

457:

on his visit to Dublin later that year. To open the meeting, the president of the chamber proposed that "a Citizens' Committee be formed for the purpose of arranging a suitable welcome and preparing and presenting a loyal address to the Most Gracious Majesties the King and Queen, on their approaching

992:

two hours after the shootings at Portobello. Bowen-Colthurst dealt with this briefly (without naming O'Carroll) in the second half of his 26 April report. Sir John Simon stopped Healy from reading the relevant part of the report into the record (but not before Healy had identified O'Carroll as the

896:

have been insane when he executed the three prisoners, particularly in the light of 'an unbalanced tendency in the prisoner's mind' that had been evident for a number of years. At the culmination of his closing address, defence counsel attempted to establish that Bowen-Colthurst was deranged on the

888:

Four expert medical witnesses agreed on Bowen-Colthurst's past (August 1914 – April 1915) and current mental fragility, but they were less certain about his mental condition on the day of the shootings. Dr Leeper testified that he could not give an opinion on Bowen-Colthurst's 26 April mental state

541:

and he has sometimes been considered one of its martyrs. In his biography of James Joyce, Richard Ellmann wrote that Sheehy Skeffington "died at the hands of the British ... when he quixotically tried to dissuade the soldiers from looting". But Sheehy Skeffington's death can be more accurately

303:

Joyce enrolled at University College in 1898; he was four years Skeffington's junior but only two classes below him. A number of Joyce's early writings known as "epiphanies", composed in 1901-02, are set in Hanna Sheehy's house and one includes Skeffington among those present. Joyce left a fictional

2586:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Updated Kindle edition, 2022. Page 87 of 176. Prime Minister Asquith asked General Maxwell why the soldiers of the firing squad had not been called to testify. In his letter of reply Maxwell told Asquith:'The

2566:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt 2. pp.86-90, 100. Available from: militaryarchives.ie. During the oral hearings of the subsequent Royal Commission, it emerged that Colonel McCammond, Major Vane and four witnesses who testified at the court martial

2485:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt2. pp.86-87. Available from: militaryarchives.ie. During the subsequent Royal Commission hearings, Lieutenant Wilson corrected his earlier court martial testimony and acknowledged that Bowen-Colthurst had been firing his

2001:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Kindle edition, 2022. Page 28 of 176. Bowen-Colthurst had halted his retreating company of troops and turned them about so as to advance towards the enemy, before being temporarily relieved of his command by

984:

The Commission's report documented the raids on Dickson's and Sheehy Skeffington's houses. Rosborough authorised the first raid, on Dickson's house early in the evening of 26 April. Captain Murphy with two officers and 25 men conducted the operation. Bowen-Colthurst took part in the second raid,

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in Dublin. Thirty-eight witnesses were examined, including Hanna Sheehy Skeffington. The report of this Commission constitutes the principal source of facts about the events leading to the death of Sheehy Skeffington. Though much of the evidence presented at the oral hearings did not appear in the

821:

On that same Friday evening, Bowen-Colthurst and a group of soldiers forced entry into the Sheehy Skeffingtons' home, hoping to find evidence to incriminate Francis as an enemy sympathiser. Hanna, Owen (then seven), and a "young maid-servant" were in the house, where Owen was just being put to bed.

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According to a letter from a 'Father Scannell' to Hanna Sheehy Skeffington many years later, Bowen-Colthurst himself had made "frantic efforts to wipe out all the traces of his crime". Father Scannell alleged that Bowen-Colthurst detained several bricklayers from a nearby building site, and ordered

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In an interview with the playwright Hayden Talbot six years after the killing, Hanna Sheehy Skeffington said her husband's body "had been put in a sack and buried in the barracks' yard. The remains were later given to his father on condition that the funeral would be at early morn and that I be not

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charged towards this group with his baton raised. He reports that it was only because he called out the policeman's number that the man was dissuaded from the violence he had so clearly intended. He said that he was later abused by a gang of policemen showing clear signs of intoxication in the yard

2390:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P. A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). (The Verbatim Report is the most complete account of the court martial evidence but the fullest coverage of the prosecution and defence speeches is in The Irish Times for 7/8 June

2011:

James Taylor. Guilty but Insane: J.C. Bowen-Colthurst: Villain or Victim? Mercier Press 2016. Kindle location 811. (On March 24, 1915, the examining physician, Dr. Parsons, observed Bowen-Colthurst's physical infirmities and his lingering mental fragility. On the following day, an army medical

980:

The Commission also examined Bowen-Colthurst's second (9 May) report, a more personal account of his actions than the 26 April report. In his 9 May report, Bowen-Colthurst wrote of the precarious position of the undermanned Portobello Barracks, being threatened by rebel forces who might rescue the

900:

In his closing address, the prosecutor asked the court to consider Bowen-Colthurst's mental state at the time of the shootings. He said that witnesses had described Bowen-Colthurst as impulsive and excited, but that impulsiveness and excitement were not the same as insanity. The prosecutor noted

785:

When Bowen-Colthurst had informed him of the shootings, Rosborough asked the barracks adjutant to telephone both the Garrison Adjutant at Dublin Castle and HQ Irish Command. Shortly after, Dublin Castle sent instructions to wrap the men in sheets (coffins were in short supply) and bury them within

776:

There was another possible explanation for Colthurst's actions, mentioned in passing in the report of the subsequent Royal Commission . This was the suggestion that "a shooting incident" at which "Sheehy Skeffington was present ... might have had some bearing upon his subsequent treatment."

616:

When there are no regular police in the streets, it becomes the duty of citizens to police the streets themselves and to prevent such spasmodic looting as has been taking place in a few streets. Civilians (men and women) who are willing to co-operate to this end are asked to attend at Westmoreland

2576:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Updated Kindle edition, 2022. Page 87 of 176. Shortly after the court martial, Prime Minister Asquith sought clarification from General Maxwell about Coade and other matters related to the case. On 26 June,

2419:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). p.46. (Asked if he could form any opinion as to Bowen-Colthurst's condition on 26 April, Captain Lawless responded "Only an opinion because one cannot say definitely. You cannot

1017:

The effect, so far as the powers of military authorities are concerned, of a proclamation of martial law within the United Kingdom has often been expounded, but nevertheless, in the crisis which evokes such a proclamation, is not always remembered. Such a proclamation does not, in itself, confer

976:

The crucial court martial testimony of Lieutenant Leslie Wilson, who had accompanied Bowen-Colthurst on the raid on Kelly's, was shown to have been unreliable. Wilson also told the commission panel that he thought it was quite legal to use Sheehy Skeffington as a hostage and did not consider the

771:

On Tuesday and up to Wednesday morning rumours of massacres of police and soldiers from all parts of Dublin were being constantly sent to me from different sources. Among others the rumour reached me that 600 German prisoners at Oldcastle had been released and armed and were marching on Dublin. I

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This morning at about 9 a.m. I proceeded to the Guard Room to examine these two men and I sent for them and for a man called Skeffongton who was also detained. I had been busy on the previous evening up to about 3 a.m. examining documents found on these men and I recognised from these documents

2837:

James Taylor. Guilty but Insane. J.C. Bowen-Colthurst: Villain or Victim? Mercier Press , 2016. Kindle location 1905. On 18 September 1917, two months after an internal Home Office memo said that Bowen-Colthurst had recovered his mental balance, he wrote from Broadmoor to his wife: "I have an

712:

The party continued down the Lower Rathmines Road, and the soldiers stopped at the Portobello Bridge, where half of the men were left at a guardhouse along with Sheehy Skeffington. Bowen-Colthurst gave orders that the soldiers at the guardhouse were to monitor the further progress of the raiding

621:

Sheehy Skeffington then visited various people, including priests, to enlist their help in guarding specific shops. That afternoon he had tea with his wife in one of the tea shops which were still open in the city centre. Hanna then returned home to mind their child Owen, and Francis went to his

318:

called by the Czar.) "MacCann began to speak with fluent energy of the Czar's rescript, of Stead, of general disarmament, arbitration in cases of international disputes, of the signs of the times, of the new humanity and the new gospel of life which would make it the business of the community to

2856:

Bowen-Colthurst was released from Broadmoor (under medical supervision) on 26 January 1918. He emigrated to Terrace, British Columbia in April 1919. Besides Terrace, he lived in Sooke (near Victoria) from 1929-1948, and in Naramata (near Penticton) from 1948 till his death in 1965. His obituary

972:

The evidence presented to the Commission was much the same as the testimony at the court martial. But there were a number of disturbing revelations during the Commission hearings, particularly those concerning the shooting of James Coade and Bowen-Colthurst's raid on Kelly's Timothy Healy,

869:

Four days before the court martial, Dr R. Leeper and Dr A. Parsons assessed Bowen-Colthurst's mental condition. During the examination, talking about the shootings at the barracks, Bowen-Colthurst recalled his activities on the night of April 25, after the raid on Kelly's was completed and his

838:. He returned to the barracks in the evening and was horrified to learn what had happened. He stressed to Rosborough the critical importance of confining Bowen-Colthurst's activities to the barracks, and he delivered a stern lecture on martial law and its limitations to the barracks officers. 733:

Just after ten on the morning of April 26, Bowen-Colthurst came to the guardroom and ordered Dickson, McIntyre and Sheehy Skeffington taken out to an adjacent exercise yard. He announced his intentions to Lieutenant Dobbin, the officer in charge of the guardroom, telling him: "I am taking these

708:

The raiding party consisted of an officer (Lieutenant Leslie Wilson) and 40 men led by Bowen-Colthurst, along with Sheehy Skeffington who had his hands tied behind his back. Before leaving the barracks, Bowen-Colthurst ordered Sheehy Skeffington to say his last prayers in case he might become a

2252:

Father Scannell's letter, written in 1935, states that one of the bricklayers later confessed this incident to him under promise of secrecy, also giving him a brick with a bullet embedded in it which the man had brought out of the barracks "by accident" in his tool basket. Scannell's letter is

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But Vane was an irritant to his military superiors. When Colonel McCammond, the Portobello Barracks commander, returned from sick leave on 1 May, he removed responsibility for Portobello's defences from Vane and appointed Bowen-Colthurst in his stead. Vane objected and then tried to arrange a

2323:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS 33625(5). p.38. On the first day of the court martial, Dr Parsons testified about Bowen-Colthurst's early morning Bible reading. He told the court that the passage from St Luke had

2376:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). pp.11,22,24. Both defense counsel and the President of the Court asked leading questions about Bowen-Colthurst being "in an excited state" at the time of the murders. Major

1004:

The Commission report concluded with three 'general observations'. In the first, the Commission absolved Irish Command of responsibility for the murders, declaring itself 'satisfied that the state of things which rendered Captain Bowen-Colthurst's conduct possible was largely caused by the

930:

in particular. Important witnesses (Colonel McCammond, Lieutenants Tooley and Gibbon, Sergeant Claxton and others), who might have provided different views of Bowen-Colthurst's character and mental state, were not summoned to give evidence. Most importantly, the medical evidence had not

904:

In his summary, the judge advocate reviewed the evidence and explained the possible verdicts, including the conditions required for a finding of 'guilty but insane'. Bowen-Colthurst's service record was then read out, highlighting his South Africa Medal and his medal for service in the

608:, one of the principal leaders of the insurrection, who was also a labour leader and sympathetic to Sheehy Skeffington's socialism. Connolly sent out some armed men to quell the looting. The men climbed an overturned tramcar to berate the looters and fired shots over the looters' heads. 2333:

David Foxton. Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916-1923. Four Courts Press, 2008. p.83. On the opening day of the court martial, General Maxwell wrote to Lady Maxwell 'we have got a horrid court martial today of a wretched officer charged with

630:

On his way home, he was followed by a crowd of hecklers who were shouting out his nickname, "Skeffy!" This crowd was made up of inner city poor whom he had been exhorting to refrain from looting and who probably knew him from his speeches on feminism or socialism on the steps of the

568:, Sheehy Skeffington wrote: "As you know, I am personally in full sympathy with the fundamental objects of the Irish Volunteers ... as your infant movement grows, towards the stature of a full-grown militarism, its essence – preparation to kill – grows more repellent to me." 571:

At the outset of the Easter Rising, Sheehy Skeffington opposed the violent methods of the insurgents, advocating a nonviolent form of civil disobedience, while his wife Hanna actively sympathized with the insurgents and joined the women who brought food to those stationed at the

766:

On 9 May, Bowen-Colthurst provided a second account to the commanding officer of the battalion with a more anxious tone. This was three days after Bowen-Colthurst's arrest and just before his arraignment on murder/manslaughter charges. The 9 May report in part read as follows:

299:

badge. He was an equally ardent advocate of pacifism and vegetarianism, and he denounced smoking, drinking, and vivisection. He was a vegetarian and a teetotaller. But he did permit himself chocolate, and apparently he was often seen with a bar of milk chocolate in his pocket.

2733:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Kindle edition, 2022. Page 153 of 176. In his report, Bowen-Colthurst had written that a prisoner (O'Carroll) captured in Byrne's shop, was shot and re-captured while trying to escape

498:, and the subsequent police assault against a peaceful crowd, which had occurred on the last weekend of August 1913. His testimony stated that he was in the street with a group of women caring for a person who had already been assaulted by the police when a member of the 546:'s suspicion that he was a Sinn Fein conspirator and Captain John Bowen-Colthurst's violent hostility towards suspected rebel sympathisers. Timothy Healy's opinion was that Sheehy Skeffington was shot because he was a witness to Bowen-Colthurst's murder of James Coade. 2807:

James Taylor. Guilty but Insane: J.C. Bowen-Colthurst: Villain or Victim? Mercier Press , 2016. Kindle location 1827. (James Taylor writes that Bowen-Colthurst himself later argued with the Home Office that he should have been exempted from prosecution by an Act of

925:

to complain about the prosecutor's conduct of the case. There had been no discussion of Bowen-Colthurst's 26 April report and no mention of Coade. Similarly off limits were Bowen-Colthurst's activities in the hours and days following the executions—the murder of

724:

They also captured two men who had taken refuge in the shop, Thomas Dickson and Patrick McIntyre, both journalists. The two new captives and Sheehy Skeffington were then escorted back to Portobello Barracks where they were lodged in prison cells for the night.

1955:, presented to both houses of Parliament by command of His Majesty, London: Darling & Son, 1916 (accessed 29–31 March 2016). The report of an earlier Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland (which held hearings in May–June 1916) can be consulted here 1765:

Richard Ellmann. James Joyce. Oxford University Press, 1959. p.63. In the 1982 edition of the book, Ellmann amended the sentence to read that Sheehy Skeffington "died at the hands of the British... when he quixotically tried to dissuade the Dublin poor from

2089:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings. Pt 2. p.87. Available from : militaryarchives.ie. Wilson was the only witness (to Coade's murder) questioned at the Royal Commission about Sheehy Skeffington's reaction to the

1008:

In its second observation, the report singled out Colthurst's 28 April raid on Mrs Sheehy Skeffington's house as being particularly discreditable, especially in the light of his earlier treatment of Mrs Sheehy Skeffington's sisters at Portobello Barracks.

2343:

David Foxton. Revolutionary lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916-1923. Four Courts Press, 2008. pp. 80,83. General Maxwell had asked that Cheylesmore be appointed to the position and he stayed with Maxwell during the court

336:

The essay was refused publication by the Censor, and, at Joyce's suggestion, Skeffington then published the essay as a pamphlet, along with another essay by Joyce himself, which had been similarly censored ("The Day of the Rabblement", a critique of the

996:

Timothy Healy asked Colonel McCammond why 'having taken the view that the prisoners were shot in the wrong', he allowed Bowen-Colthurst to remain in his command? The Court ruled that this question also was outside the Commission's terms of reference.

713:

party, and shoot Sheehy Skeffington if either his or their party came under attack from snipers. The soldiers made their way three hundred yards along the road to Alderman James Kelly's shop (and home), which they stormed and destroyed with grenades.

1000:

Healy attempted to have Bowen-Colthurst brought to testify at the Commission hearings. In their report, the Commissioners noted that as he was confined in Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum, they felt themselves 'debarred from taking his evidence'.

2366:

David Foxton. Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916-1923. Four Courts Press, 2008. p.83. Two days before the court martial, General Maxwell wrote to Lady Maxwell that Bowen-Colthurst had refused to plead

943:

Hanna Sheehy Skeffington was not happy with the process or the verdict of the court martial. She lobbied Irish MPs and she badgered Prime Minister Asquith into holding a formal inquiry into Bowen-Colthurst's actions and the army's response.

797:

Five hours after the Portobello shootings, the blood stains on the wall where the men were shot had been scrubbed clean. On Sunday, 30 April, under 'instruction' from Major Guinness, R.E., labourers replaced the damaged bricks in the wall.

276:. He stayed at the college long enough to earn a master's degree. Skeffington was a well-known figure at the college, individualistic and unconventional in temperament. He was active in student politics and debating societies, including the 690:(14 August – 19 September 1914), from which he had been sent home wounded and possibly shell-shocked. Bowen-Colthurst had had a brief mental breakdown during the Retreat from Mons and he had initiated a disastrous, premature attack at the 1070:

but he did not change his views on how to deal with suspected rebels. He was released under medical supervision on 26 January 1918 and provided with a military pension. Bowen-Colthurst emigrated in April 1919 to the Canadian province of

901:

that the onus of proof for an insanity defence lay on the accused, but that there was no evidence Bowen-Colthurst had not been able to distinguish right from wrong, and that he knew what he was doing when he ordered the men to be shot.

2526:

announced: "His Majesty has been pleased to direct Captain Bowen Colthurst shall be detained in a criminal lunatic asylum during his Majesty's pleasure". (Patients committed to asylums in this manner were referred to as 'pleasure

913:

Three days after the trial, it was officially announced that Bowen-Colthurst had been found guilty, but insane at the time he committed the murders. He was sentenced to indefinite detention in an insane asylum and admitted to

2012:

board found him unfit for service. On 5 May, a medical board wrote that he had recovered and pronounced him fit for general service, though noting that 'there is a slight impairment in the movements of the right forearm.')

2495:

War Office. Manual of Military Law. HMSO, 1914. p.88. The Manual charactised insanity as 'such unsoundness of mind as made incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act he was doing or that such an act was

909:

of 1904. At the request of defence counsel, the Adjutant read into the record that Captain Colthurst and his machine-gun detachment were mentioned in dispatches during the Tibet Expedition, and the proceedings concluded.

341:). Although Joyce and Skeffington disagreed with each other's politics, they both resented censorship, and agreed to co-finance the print run of 85 copies and distribute the pamphlet to newspapers and prominent Dubliners. 611:

The next morning, 25 April, Sheehy Skeffington went back into the city centre and tried to stop the looting". He returned to the GPO, emerging around one o'clock, and began pasting up a typewritten flyer. The flyer read:

3213: 842:

meeting with General Maxwell at his HQ but had to content himself with talking to the Chief Intelligence Officer, Major Price. Vane told Price about the events at Portobello but he was not happy with Price's response.

2324:

apparently profoundly affected Bowen-Colthurst in that he believed 'that it was his duty to slay men who would not have his Majesty to reign over them.' There was little overt reaction in the court to this evidence.

1852: 2400:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). p.38. Bowen-Colthurst was psychologically assessed in the first week of June, just before the

357:

After graduating from University College, Skeffington worked as a freelance journalist, contributing to socialist and pacifist publications in Ireland, England, France and North America. In 1901-02 he taught in

2158:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). p.18. (This was part of Rosborough's testimony on the first day of the court martial.)

790:

notified. My husband's father consented unwillingly to do this on the assurance of General Maxwell that obedience would result in the trial and punishment of the murderer." The bodies were reinterred at

2071:

Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, Easter, 1916. Weekly Irish Times,1917. p.221. Available from: archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellion00dub. (Coade had been attending a sodality meeting at the church.)

737:

Immediately after informing Rosborough of the shootings, Bowen-Colthurst led a raid on a suspected rebel hideout in Camden Street. A three-man patrol of Bowen-Colthurst's troops captured Councillor

1085:

was offered financial compensation by the British government in 1916, but she refused it because it came on the condition that she cease to speak and write about the murder. She became increasingly

1537:

ran from 1901-1906 and contains early writings by James Joyce, Thomas Kettle and Patrick Pearse as well as Sheehy Skeffington. Later series were issued under the same title in the 1960s and 1970s.

2062:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt2. p.97. Available from: militaryarchives.ie. (Martial law was not technically in effect until midnight, April 26.)

1005:

unfortunate but inevitable absence through serious illness of Colonel McCammond, the only officer in the barracks whom Captain Colthurst would not have considered himself at liberty to ignore.'

487:

when it was established in response to the lockout. But he lent his support on the understanding that the ICA would have a strictly defensive role; he resigned when it became a military entity.

217:, the only son of Dr. Joseph Bartholomew Skeffington (c.1850-1919), an inspector of National Schools, and his wife Rose, née Magorrian (c.1834-1909). Joseph and Rose were married in 1869 at the 2657:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-21. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive. . The Stationery Office, 2000. p.123. Also available in the online version of Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.208.

697:

About 10:30 in the evening of 25 April, Captain Bowen-Colthurst took Sheehy Skeffington out of the barracks, as a hostage in a raiding party. The raid was aimed at the tobacconist shop of

181:

in 1903, he adopted her surname as part of his own, resulting in the name "Sheehy Skeffington". They always spelled their joined names unhyphenated, although many sources add the hyphen.

2821: 2693:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-1921. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive. . The Stationery Office, 2000. pp.138-140. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.212.

834:

was in charge of Portobello Barracks defences at the outbreak of the Easter Rebellion. At the time of the Portobello shootings, he had been setting up an observation post at the top of

453:

In April 1911, Francis took part in an amusing protest at a meeting of the Dublin Chamber of Commerce. The chamber was holding a public meeting to organise a welcoming ceremony for King

2711:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-21. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive. . The Stationery Office, 2000. pp. 146-147. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.214.

2869:

did not mention Bowen-Colthurst's role in the Rising was noted in Bryan Bacon's book "A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst", which also reproduced the full obituary.

1343: 3218: 1791:

Four Courts Press, 2008. p.82. In a letter to his wife just before John Bowen-Colthurst's court martial, General Maxwell characterised Sheehy Skeffington as "a very poisonous person".

521:; and when Countess Markievicz advocated armed uprising by Irish nationalists, he challenged her to a debate on the subject. She accepted the challenge in an open letter published in 2037: 1778:(Includes the Report of the Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland, 1916). The Stationery Office, 2000. p.100. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.202. 2684:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-1921. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive. . The Stationery Office, 2000. p.138. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.212.

2286:

Sampson Low, Marston & Co.,. p. 266. (According to Vane, Price told him that he would note the events but that he thought men like Skeffington were just as well out of the way.)

1958: 1817: 2765:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-21. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive. . The Stationery Office, 2000. p.140. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.212.

2053:

Irish Uprising 1914-21. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive.. . The Stationery Office, 2000. p.123. Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.208.

2577:

Maxwell answered Asquith in a handwritten note. Regarding Asquith's inquiry about Coade, Maxwell replied: 'No report has been received of the alleged murder of the lad Coade.'

1837:

The soldier, Guy Vickery Pinfield (1895-1916), a Second Lieutenant (TP) 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars, later died of his wounds, the first fatality of the Easter Rising.

1946:"Royal Commission on the Arrest and subsequent treatment of Mr. Francis Sheehy Skeffington, Mr. Thomas Dickson, and Mr. Patrick James McIntyre: Report of the Commission" 277: 2131:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS 33625(5). p.8. (Some sources have "the best thing to do".)

866:, despite the Army Act's stipulation that any soldier charged with murder committed in the United Kingdom could be tried only in a civilian, not a military court. 2879: 1992:

defence did not pursue the matter.(Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS 33625(5), p.37.)

1239: 935:

Bowen-Colthurst's insanity at the time of the shootings, the standard of proof for insanity required by Chapter VII (Section 9) of the Manual of Military Law.

469:: for instance he once escorted her to a police court after she had kicked a police officer during a Socialist Party meeting, which Francis had also attended. 1493: 2446:. 7 June 1916. The earliest instance reported at the trial dated from Bowen-Colthurst's time in India and concerned his lethal wounding of a barking dog. 2257: 2111: 1804:

26 August 1916. p.6. Available online in Gale Primary Sources: British Library Newspapers. (Timothy Healy was solicitor to the Sheehy-Skefington family.)

1489:, chapter 5; Oxford World Classics edition p. 163 ff. For a critical perspective on this passage see the article by Sheehy Skeffington's daughter-in-law 2838:

absolutely clear conscience about it all...Where I was wrong, as I see quite plainly now, was having the men shot in barracks instead of in the street."

1285:"The surname was brought to Ireland in 1529 by Sir William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland under king Henry VIII." - Kay Muhr and Liam O'Haisibeil, 2818: 562:; however he grew increasingly critical of the Volunteers' growing militarism, and in an open letter to MacDonagh published in 1915 in his own paper 155:; 23 December 1878 – 26 April 1916) was an Irish writer and radical activist, known also by the nickname "Skeffy". He was a friend and schoolmate of 1550:, and Skeffington's essay, "A Forgotten Aspect of the University Question". About the printing and distribution of the pamphlet see Richard Ellman, 2540:, Thena Press, 2015. Updated Kindle edition, 2022. Location 1826. The book's postscript, 'Captain Colthurst's Reason', analyses the court martial. 600:

and calling upon a group of inner-city paupers to stop looting shops. He was hooted and jeered. His next move was to cross the street, enter the

1456: 1431: 315: 1191: 322:

Writing to his brother Stanislaus about the above passages, Joyce referred to Skeffington as "Hairy Jaysus", a comic expression which is both

3233: 1264: 1340: 1317:

recorded in the Cathlolic marriage register for Tyrella, Diocese of Down and Connor; National Library of Ireland, Catholic Parish Registers.

3208: 2639:

Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, Easter, 1916. . Weekly Irish Times, 1917. p.221. Available from archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellion00dub

2034: 2720:

Gerald Keatinge. Some experiences of a Cadet during the Irish Rebellion of Easter Week, 1916. Unpublished. Quoted in Neil Richardson's

2167:

Gerald Keatinge. Some experiences of a Cadet during the Irish Rebellion of Easter Week, 1916. Unpublished. Quoted in Neil Richardon's

1956: 1814: 503:

of the police station at College Green where he went to make his complaint, and that their officers had no control over their behaviour.

786:

the barracks. This was done at 11:15 p.m. (26 April) after Father O'Loughlin, the military chaplain, had performed the religious rites.

678:. Later, during an eight-year posting in India, he served with distinction as the head of a machine-gun unit with the 1904 Younghusband 476:, he became involved in the Citizens' Peace Committee, a group formed by various people including Tom Kettle and Thomas MacDonagh, with 2609:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Updated Kindle edition, 2022. Page 89 of 176.

3298: 1653: 683: 2914: 2140:

Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, Easter 1916. Weekly Irish Times,1917. p.210. Available at: archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellion00dub

2243:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings. Pt. 2. pp.90,93. Available from: militaryarchives.ie.

1890: 480:

as secretary, whose goal was to reconcile the employers and workers. The workers were willing to negotiate, but not the employers.

2941: 921:

There were doubts about the impartiality of the court martial. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington's solicitor wrote to the Prime Minister,

306: 161: 2264:, op. cit., accessed 30 December 2016. (The Malone article does acknowledge that there are varying accounts of the wall repair.) 1595: 1075:, where he lived until his death in 1965. After a funeral at Our Redeemer Lutheran Church, he was buried in Lakeview Cemetery, 580:. In contrast, on the first day of the Rising (Monday 24 April 1916) Francis risked crossfire to aid an English soldier outside 3253: 1974:

Bryan Bacon. A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen Colthurst. Thena Press, 2015. Kindle edition, 2022. Page 17 of 176.

953: 831: 701:

James Kelly, a moderate "home rule" nationalist, whom Bowen-Colthurst had mistaken for a separatist of the same name, Alderman

389: 892:

Defence counsel argued that since the character witnesses had said that he was by nature kind and honourable, Bowen-Colthurst

702: 2410:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). p.41.

2202:

The National Archives. PRO. WO. 35/67/1. The complete text of the report is also available as an appendix in Bryan Bacon's

2149:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court martial. For P.A. O'Connor White. Sheehy skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS 33625(5). p.20.

2021:

Verbatim Report of Evidence at Court Martial. For P. A. O'Connor White. Sheehy Skeffington Papers. N.L.I. MS33625(5). p.21.

1298: 851: 405: 291:(the latter later became his brother-in-law). In protest against uniformity of dress, Skeffington refused to shave, and wore 2648:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt.2, p.87. Available from: militaryarchives.ie.

1361:, on 29 May and 28 June 2001 respectively (both accessed 30–31 March 2016). The earlier version has more detailed citations. 682:. About 1905, Bowen-Colthurst became a Christian fundamentalist. At the start of World War I, he spent five weeks with the 2675:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt.2 p.87. Available from: militaryarchives.ie.

2666:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt.2. p.86. Available from: militaryarchives.ie

874: 577: 236:, Dublin. He manifested an early sympathy for radical politics, as attested by his enthusiasm for the constructed language 2080:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt 2.p.90. Available from militaryarchives.ie.

1948: 1097:. She refused to send her son Owen to any school with a pro-Treaty ethos, and therefore opted to place him in the secular 295:

with long socks, which earned him the nickname "Knickerbockers". He was an ardent proponent of women's rights, and wore a

3278: 3177: 3157: 1056: 859: 381:). They jointly adopted the surname "Sheehy Skeffington". Hanna's family were a prosperous farming and milling family in 3293: 3248: 2959: 2886: 1724: 1558:, Oxford World's Classics, p. 50 ff.; see also editor's notes on p. 295 ff, and likewise the editor's notes to Joyce's 2180:

James Taylor. Guilty but Insane. J.C. Bowen-Colthurst: Villain or Victim? Mercier Press , 2016. Kindle location 1184.

1354: 329:

In the autumn of 1901 Skeffington wrote an essay advocating equal status for women in the University, commissioned by

3162: 3015: 434: 409: 385:. Her father had been a Nationalist MP, and had been imprisoned no less than six times for revolutionary activities. 370:; the two also lodged in the same house in Kilkenny City. He then took a job as the Registrar of University College. 2847:

James Taylor. Guilty but Insane. J. C. Bowen-Colthurst: Villain or Victim? Mercier Press ,2016. Kindle location 2169

1236: 969:

state and motives. However, the Commission report did present a plausible narrative of Bowen-Colthurst's actions.

3258: 946:

The Royal Commission on the Arrest... and subsequent treatment... of Sheehy Skeffington... Dickson and...McIntyre

2254: 2108: 1490: 490:

Sheehy Skeffington testified before a tribunal in 1913 as a witness to the arrest of the leading trade unionist

3288: 3283: 2557:. Four Courts Press, 2008. p.83. David Foxton noted that 'the prosecution was not conducted with great vigour'. 949: 378: 2974: 2587:

Prosecutor secured a conviction, it was not considered to call all the men who constituted the firing party'.

881:, Bowen-Colthurst's commander in the British Expeditionary Force, described his nervous breakdown during the 802:

them to repair the broken and bullet-impacted bricks in the wall behind where the executed men had stood.

3273: 3268: 2934: 1211: 906: 687: 679: 601: 573: 3228: 499: 228:

Francis (known in childhood as "Frank") was educated initially at home by his father, and later at the

3243: 1473: 873:

The court martial took place 6/7 June at Richmond Barracks, Dublin. Major-General, Lord Cheylesmore (

691: 401: 292: 265: 100: 2273:

Francis Vane. Agin the governments: Memories and adventures. Sampson Low, Marston & Co.,. p.264.

1314: 314:, who was a proponent of disarmament. (In the spring term of that year Skeffington would attend the 3223: 3126: 2600:. 8 June 1916. In his closing speech, the prosecutor referred obliquely to this gap in the evidence 2381:

consider Bowen-Colthurst 'abnormally excited' (when Bowen-Colthurst informed him of the shootings).

1469: 1082: 555: 374: 178: 132: 1260: 658:

Captain John Colthurst Bowen-Colthurst (1880–1965) was an officer of the reserve 3rd Battalion of

622:

meeting. The meeting was poorly attended and no one volunteered to help Francis stop the looting.

3263: 3238: 1128: 1108: 1102: 447: 349: 174: 166: 1169: 805: 3091: 2927: 1650: 1112: 1048: 648: 359: 338: 194: 80: 3081: 3025: 1714: 1423: 675: 667: 311: 269: 233: 1987:

13 October 1917. p.5. In an editorial urging the release of Bowen-Colthurst from Broadmoor,

3203: 3198: 3076: 1624:

Barberis et al, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations, pp. 207-08, 251.

1443: 1098: 989: 927: 738: 644: 466: 459: 2994: 8: 2756:

Bureau of Military History. 1916 Press Cuttings. Searchable Press Cuttings, Pt.2. p.90.

2553:. Thena Press, 2015. Updated Kindle edition, 2022. p.83 of 176. See also: David Foxton. 1210:

The personal papers of Francis Sheehy Skeffington and his wife Hanna were donated to the

835: 597: 495: 397: 366:, where he was a colleague and friend of the school's English, French and history master 190: 110: 2193:, op. cit., p. 145-146, citing a manuscript account of a visit by the Countess's sister. 2044:, in www.thecricketbatthatdiedforireland.com, 7 September 2013 (accessed 31 March 2016). 558:

for Ireland. After 1913 he also supported his friend Thomas MacDonagh's more separatist

3131: 3121: 1302: 1067: 1055:

in late May 1916, owing to an adverse report about him filed by British high commander

915: 810: 791: 663: 659: 640: 593: 484: 114: 3086: 1602:, Multitext Project in Irish History, University College Cork, accessed 30 March 2016. 592:

Shortly after that incident Sheehy Skeffington was seen climbing up onto the steps of

3167: 1720: 1592: 1185: 1086: 1059:

about his actions in the Skeffington murder case. He went on to be involved with the

882: 564: 514: 439: 2486:

rifle in the air to keep people away. It was not aimless and indiscriminate firing.

1116: 3136: 2979: 2555:

Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916-1923

2474:

Revolutionary Lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain, 1916-1923

1789:

Revolutionary lawyers: Sinn Fein and Crown Courts in Ireland and Britain,1916-1923.

1161: 1072: 632: 559: 510:, Sheehy Skeffington campaigned against recruitment and was jailed for six months. 367: 2989: 850:

Vane then travelled to London and on 3 May he met the Secretary of State for War,

2984: 2825: 2261: 2115: 2041: 1962: 1952: 1821: 1657: 1599: 1500:, "Historical Background to the Testimonial to the Tsar of Russia Referred to in 1497: 1358: 1347: 1243: 1094: 1090: 750: 477: 473: 218: 3045: 2865:, 14 December 1965 ("Colorful Figure Dies, Was Original Socred"). The fact that 3172: 3055: 3035: 2999: 2969: 1945: 1855:, London : Hutchinson & Co., 1923, ch. 11 (accessed 30 December 2016). 1756:

Michael Barry, Courage Boys, We Are Winning, Dublin:Andulus Press, 2015,p.86-89

1155: 957: 878: 855: 605: 522: 427: 253: 245: 993:

victim), ruling that it was outside the terms of reference of the Commission.

3192: 3111: 3096: 3071: 3030: 3020: 2950: 1776:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-1921. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive.

965:

final report, the oral hearings were well reported in the Dublin newspapers.

922: 863: 754: 652: 581: 543: 538: 393: 288: 249: 202: 50: 2776:

The Irish Uprising, 1914-1921. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive

1743:, op. cit., p. 121, citing "Constance de Markievicz", letter to the editor, 1168: 988:

An issue that was not discussed by the Commission panel was the shooting of

32: 3214:

Auditors of the Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)

3116: 3106: 2217:

The Irish Uprising,1914-1921. Papers from the British Parliamentary Archive

1554:, Oxford U. Press, 1982, p. 89. Joyce's essay is reprinted in James Joyce, 1351: 1052: 1044: 206: 54: 1911:

The Easter Rebellion: The outstanding narrative history of the 1916 Rising

1871:

The Easter Rebellion: The outstanding narrative history of the 1916 Rising

3141: 3050: 3040: 961: 671: 507: 483:

Francis Sheehy Skeffington joined and then became a vice-chairman of the

423: 382: 323: 284: 241: 240:. In 1893, at the age of 15, he wrote a letter to his local newspaper in 222: 214: 210: 156: 62: 58: 193:(1465-1535), who ruled most of Ireland in the early 16th century as the 1177: 1060: 1032: 960:), and held hearings on 23–31 August 1916 in a public courtroom at the 643:, around 7:30 p.m., they were intercepted by soldiers of the 11th 518: 491: 198: 170: 1027: 1076: 1036: 716: 636: 237: 1913:, Kindle edition, at location 3111 of 6699 (accessed 10 April 2016). 1873:, Kindle edition, at location 2427 of 6699 (accessed 10 April 2016). 1673:, Princeton University Press, 2016, p. 77, citing a report from the 1427: 698: 454: 363: 1897:, pamphlet, New York: Donnelly Press, n.d. (circa 1917), p. 17-32. 617:

Chambers (over Eden Bros.) at five o'clock this (Tues.) afternoon.

377:, a teacher at the Rathmines College of Commerce (a forerunner of 1047:, who had sought to have Bowen-Colthurst brought to justice, was 462:

proposed another counter-resolution which led to further uproar.

2919: 2780:

Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.215

2702:

Colonel Allatt died shortly before Bowen-Colthurst was arrested.

2221:

Also available in the online Sinn Fein Rebellion Handbook, p.208

1299:

Grave of Rose Skeffington and her son Francis Sheehy Skeffington

124:

Women's suffrage, Pacifism/Anti-conscription, Irish independence

450:. They were much criticised for refusing to have him baptised. 422:

In 1908, he published a biography of the Irish nationalist and

273: 229: 1699:

The full text of this testimony can be found in James Larkin,

1413:, chapter 5; Oxford World Classics edition, pp. 149, 164, 167. 1339:

Ken Keable, "James Connolly and Esperanto", published both on

1079:. His obituary did not mention his role in the Easter Rising. 201:. 'Frank', as he was known to family and friends, was born in 2626:. The lacunae in the report are signalled by Bryan Bacon in 2468:

The Transvaal - The Attacks on the Lines of Communications.

2377:

Rosborough response to the question was unexpected: he did

1750: 1577:

With Wooden Sword: a portrait of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

1400:, Faber and Faber 1991, p. 177, and see also 174, 173, 172. 1328:

With Wooden Sword: a portrait of Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

113:, Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association, 1063:, then retired from public life in 1927 and died in 1934. 635:. He lived at that time at 11 (now 21) Grosvenor Place in 159:(and the real-life model for a character in Joyce's novel 3219:

World War I crimes by the British Empire and Commonwealth

2828:, hearing held on 1 August 1916 (accessed 31 March 2016). 1647:

Michael Davitt; Revolutionary, Agitator, and Labor Leader

1157:

Michael Davitt, revolutionary, agitator and labour leader

2628:

A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst

2551:

A Terrible Duty: The Madness of Captain-Bowen Colthurst

2538:

A Terrible Duty: the Madness of Captain Bowen-Colthurst

1434:

which Skeffington would attend in the Hague in of 1899.

390:

Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association

2035:"16 Days of Internment; Alderman James J. Kelly, 1916" 1562:, Oxford World Classics, p. 264, note 149.6-7; and to 753:— first heard of the executions of the leaders of the 2789:

War Office. Manual of Military Law. HMSO, 1914. p.224

1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1671:

Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz

537:

Francis Sheehy Skeffington was shot during Ireland's

2798:

War Office. Manual of Military Law. HMSO, 1914. p.5

1941: 1939: 1853:

Michael Collins' own story, as told to Hayden Talbot

744: 2778:. London: The Stationery Office. 2000. p. 149. 2219:. London: The Stationery Office. 2000. p. 123. 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 845: 809:The grave of Francis and Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, 437:. He was made co-editor of the League's newspaper, 1895:A Forgotten Small Nationality: Ireland and the War 1876: 1858: 1677:: "Royal Visit to Dublin", 28 April 1911, pp. 7-8. 1613:Wild Irish Women: Extraordinary Lives from History 1171:A Forgotten Small Nationality: Ireland and the War 1148:. Privately printed, Dublin 1901 (published with 1430:" in 1898, which solicited petitions to hold the 1176:. New York City. 1917. pp. 3–16 – via 749:Months later, when Countess Markievicz – then in 3190: 1916: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1214:. Details of the papers can be accessed online. 419:, which was published in 1916, after his death. 344: 283:His closest companions in his student days were 1716:Political Imprisonment and the Irish, 1912-1921 1701:In the footsteps of Big Jim: a family biography 1566:, Oxford World's Classics, p. 271, note 148.24. 1374:, Oxford University Press, 1982, pp. 61-62, 69. 720:The shop at Kelly's Corner, as it appears today 2284:Agin the governments: Memories and adventures. 1101:when it was founded in 1922. Her sister's son 587: 2935: 2885:. National Library of Ireland. Archived from 1905: 1903: 1840: 1250:, 26 August 2006 (accessed 29–31 March 2016). 1231: 1229: 1227: 1146:A Forgotten Aspect of the University Question 2861:, 15 December 1965 ("Warrior Dies"), and in 1587: 1585: 639:, and as he and his hecklers approached the 333:, the new literary magazine of the college. 1556:Occasional, Critical, and Political Writing 1387:, chapter 5, Oxford World Classics, p. 163. 1105:was also placed there. Hanna died in 1946. 1066:Captain Bowen-Colthurst spent 19 months at 353:Hanna and Owen Sheehy Skeffington, in 1916. 3009:Also executed for their role in the Rising 2942: 2928: 2206:(Thena Press. 2015. Kindle 2022 edition.) 2122:, 6 Jan. 2015, accessed 30 December 2016.) 2029: 2027: 1900: 1224: 1190:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 916:Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane 31: 1828:, 21 March 2016 (accessed 30 March 2016). 1703:, Tallaght : Blackwater Press, 1996. 1582: 268:, then run by the Jesuits and located on 2811: 1525:, Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 192. 1289:(Oxford University Press, 2021), p. 677. 1261:"Francis Sheehy Skeffington (1878-1916)" 1031:Francis Sheehy Skeffington, depicted on 1026: 804: 715: 542:explained as the unlucky consequence of 348: 2024: 1719:. Oxford University Press. p. 39. 1560:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1512:, v. 20, no. 1 (fall 1982), p. 117-120. 1487:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1411:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1385:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1237:"Officer who exposed pacifist's murder" 1039:where he lived and where he was killed. 549: 307:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 189:Francis Skeffington was descended from 162:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 3191: 1800:Why Sheehy-Skeffington was Murdered. 1712: 1615:, Dublin: O'Brien Press, 2012, p. 168. 1267:from the original on 11 September 2017 554:Francis Sheehy Skeffington supported 149:Francis Joseph Christopher Skeffington 44:Francis Joseph Christopher Skeffington 2923: 2522:. 30 June 1916. In its short report, 2120:The Cricket Bat that Died for Ireland 1891:British Militarism As I Have Known It 1660:, Marxists.org; accessed 5 June 2020. 780: 446:In 1909 Francis and Hanna had a son, 433:In 1912, he and Hanna co-founded the 304:portrait of Skeffington in his novel 1579:, Northeastern U. Press, 1983, p. 40 1330:, Northeastern U. Press, 1983, p. 13 875:Herbert Eaton, 3rd Baron Cheylesmore 728: 674:. His military career began in the 3209:Alumni of University College Dublin 2103:and Patrick McIntyre was editor of 938: 825: 670:family with an extensive estate in 465:Francis was on friendly terms with 173:, and Frank O'Brien (the father of 13: 2171:. Collins Press, 2015. pp.177-179. 1446:, a crusading anti-war journalist. 1205: 1035:in Dublin, in the neighborhood of 406:Women's Social and Political Union 264:In 1896 (aged 17), he enrolled in 14: 3310: 2949: 2908: 1815:"Open Letter to Thomas MacDonagh" 745:Captain Bowen-Colthurst's reasons 517:of the American car manufacturer 400:(the constituency element of the 3299:Murder victims from County Cavan 3234:Irish anti–World War I activists 2872: 2850: 2841: 2831: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2737: 2727: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2476:. Four Courts Press, 2008. p.390 2299:Collins Press, 2015. pp.201-202. 1315:Marriage dated 30 September 1869 846:Court martial of Bowen-Colthurst 651:in Rathmines (since renamed the 532: 415:In 1907, Francis wrote a novel, 259: 2880:"The Sheehy-Skeffington Papers" 2651: 2642: 2633: 2612: 2603: 2590: 2580: 2570: 2560: 2543: 2530: 2512: 2499: 2489: 2479: 2462: 2449: 2436: 2423: 2413: 2404: 2394: 2384: 2370: 2360: 2347: 2337: 2327: 2317: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2267: 2246: 2237: 2224: 2209: 2196: 2183: 2174: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2093: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2047: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1977: 1968: 1831: 1807: 1794: 1781: 1769: 1759: 1733: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1663: 1640: 1637:, Dublin : J. Duffy, 1916. 1627: 1618: 1605: 1569: 1540: 1528: 1515: 1479: 1462: 1449: 1437: 1416: 1403: 1390: 1201:, Dublin : J. Duffy, 1916. 1111:became a lecturer in French at 278:Literary and Historical Society 2724:, Collins Press, 2015. p.178. 2255:"Captain John Bowen-Colthurst" 2253:transcribed in Brenda Malone, 2109:"Captain John Bowen-Colthurst" 1893:", in: F. Sheehy Skeffington, 1432:international peace conference 1377: 1364: 1333: 1320: 1308: 1292: 1279: 1253: 435:Irish Women's Franchise League 379:Dublin Institute of Technology 316:international peace conference 1: 3254:Burials at Glasnevin Cemetery 1651:Book review by James Connolly 1217: 1115:, and, beginning in 1954, an 345:Marriage and political career 184: 92:Francis Skeffington, 'Skeffy' 2960:Proclamation of the Republic 1813:Francis Sheehy Skeffington, 1633:Francis Sheehy Skeffington, 1022: 506:In 1914, on the outbreak of 280:, which he revived in 1897. 7: 2963:(executed after the Rising) 1889:Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, " 1212:National Library of Ireland 1122: 1089:-minded, and supported the 907:British expedition to Tibet 684:British Expeditionary Force 588:Attempts to prevent looting 404:). They also supported the 373:On 26 June 1903 he married 10: 3315: 3279:Irish Citizen Army members 3102:Francis Sheehy-Skeffington 2817:British House of Commons, 2470:Evening Telegraph (Dundee) 2297:According to their lights. 1593:"Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington" 1398:Poems and Shorter Writings 1341:www.communist-party.org.uk 662:and he belonged to an old 500:Dublin Metropolitan Police 410:Socialist Party of Ireland 256:, were also Esperantists. 225:on the County Down coast. 25:Francis Sheehy Skeffington 3294:People from Bailieborough 3249:Writers from County Cavan 3150: 3064: 3008: 2957: 2819:"Disturbances in Ireland" 2722:According to their lights 2596:Sheehy Skeffington Case. 2505:Sheehy Skeffington case. 2455:Sheehy Skeffington case. 2429:Sheehy Skeffington Case. 2169:According to their lights 1983:Captain Bowen-Colthurst. 1824:, May 1915, reprinted in 1747:, 22 January 1916, pg .1. 1521:Cited by Richard Ellman, 1491:Andrée Sheehy Skeffington 1150:The Day of the Rabblement 858:. A telegram was sent to 692:First Battle of the Aisne 625: 604:, and demand to speak to 578:Royal College of Surgeons 402:Irish Parliamentary Party 138: 128: 120: 106: 101:University College Dublin 96: 88: 69: 39: 30: 23: 16:Irish writer and activist 3127:Madeleine ffrench-Mullen 2040:25 December 2014 at the 1713:Murphy, William (2014). 1546:The pamphlet was titled 1506:A Portrait of the Artist 1470:evangelical Christianity 1242:16 November 2018 at the 1160:, 1908 (accessible from 1139: 1134: 1083:Hanna Sheehy Skeffington 1049:dishonourably discharged 133:Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington 2311:Great Britain. Army Act 2002:Colonel Wilkinson Bird. 1656:25 January 2009 at the 1357:9 November 2014 at the 1129:List of peace activists 1109:Owen Sheehy-Skeffington 191:Sir William Skeffington 167:Oliver St. John Gogarty 3259:Extrajudicial killings 2099:Dickson was editor of 1496:5 October 2016 at the 1457:Hague peace conference 1383:See also James Joyce, 1040: 1020: 814: 774: 764: 721: 619: 388:The couple joined the 354: 339:Irish Literary Theatre 3289:20th-century atheists 3284:19th-century atheists 3082:Domhnall Ua Buachalla 2824:31 March 2016 at the 2260:28 March 2016 at the 2114:28 March 2016 at the 1951:16 April 2016 at the 1745:The Workers' Republic 1635:In Dark and Evil Days 1510:James Joyce Quarterly 1474:Utilitarian socialism 1468:A strange mixture of 1346:22 March 2020 at the 1199:In Dark and Evil Days 1030: 1015: 808: 769: 759: 719: 676:Second Anglo-Boer War 668:Protestant Ascendancy 614: 527:The Workers' Republic 417:In Dark and Evil Days 352: 3077:Constance Markievicz 2863:The Penticton Herald 2743:Skeffington Inquiry. 2630:(Thena Press, 2015). 1820:2 April 2016 at the 1598:5 March 2016 at the 1444:William Thomas Stead 1426:had issued a "peace 1103:Conor Cruise O'Brien 1099:Sandford Park School 645:East Surrey Regiment 550:Political background 209:, and was raised in 175:Conor Cruise O'Brien 3092:Elizabeth O'Farrell 3065:Other Irish figures 2958:Signatories of the 2353:Skeffington Case. 2191:Revolutionary Lives 1961:29 May 2015 at the 1741:Revolutionary Lives 1688:Revolutionary Lives 1352:www.anphoblacht.com 1287:Surnames of Ireland 933:clearly established 836:Rathmines Town Hall 649:Portobello Barracks 574:General Post Office 467:Countess Markievicz 460:Countess Markievicz 398:United Irish League 360:St Kieran's College 177:). When he married 111:United Irish League 81:Portobello Barracks 3274:Irish Esperantists 3269:Pacifist feminists 3132:Margaret Skinnider 3122:Louise Gavan Duffy 3026:Michael O'Hanrahan 2442:Skeffington Case. 2295:Neil Richardson. 2230:Skeffington Case. 2189:Lauren Arrington, 2107:. (Brenda Malone, 1739:Lauren Arrington, 1690:, op. cit., p. 81. 1686:Lauren Arrington, 1669:Lauren Arrington, 1611:Marian Broderick, 1591:Thomas O'Riordan, 1455:Both goals of the 1303:Glasnevin Cemetery 1068:Broadmoor Hospital 1041: 815: 811:Glasnevin Cemetery 792:Glasnevin Cemetery 781:Burial and coverup 722: 660:Royal Irish Rifles 539:1916 Easter Rising 485:Irish Citizen Army 355: 326:and affectionate. 312:the Czar of Russia 270:St Stephen's Green 266:University College 250:1916 Easter rising 234:St Stephen's Green 153:Sheehy Skeffington 115:Irish Citizen Army 3229:Irish suffragists 3186: 3185: 3168:Augustine Birrell 2995:Seán Mac Diarmada 2892:on 4 October 2006 2867:The Vancouver Sun 2859:The Vancouver Sun 2624:Irish Independent 1802:Aberdeen Journal. 990:Richard O'Carroll 928:Richard O'Carroll 883:Retreat from Mons 739:Richard O'Carroll 729:Summary execution 641:Portobello Bridge 565:The Irish Citizen 513:He supported the 440:The Irish Citizen 272:in the centre of 146: 145: 3306: 3244:Irish socialists 2980:Thomas MacDonagh 2944: 2937: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2870: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2747:. 24 August 1916 2741: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355:The Irish Times. 2351: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2313:. 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Knowledge

Francis Sheehy-Skeffington

Index