344:, the earliest academic journal published in Europe, and titled "New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or 'Races' of Man that Inhabit It." In the essay he distinguished four different races: 1) The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas. 2) The second race consisted of the sub-Saharan Africans, 3) the third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians, and 4) the fourth race were Sámi people. The emphasis on different kinds of female beauty can be explained because the essay was the product of French Salon culture. Bernier emphasized that his novel classification was based on his personal experience as a traveler in different parts of the world. Bernier offered a distinction between essential genetic differences and accidental ones that depended on environmental factors. He also suggested that the latter criterion might be relevant to distinguish sub-types. His biological classification of racial types never sought to go beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet in explaining degrees of human diversity. Bernier had been the first to extend the concept of "species of man" to classify racially the entirety of humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-called 'races' that he had conceived. On the other hand, he clearly placed Europeans as the norm from which other 'races' deviated. The qualities which he attributed to each race were not strictly Eurocentric, because he thought that peoples of temperate Europe, the Americas and India, culturally very different, belonged to roughly the same racial group, and he explained the differences between the civilizations of India (his main area of expertise) and Europe through climate and institutional history. By contrast he emphasized the biological difference between Europeans and Africans, and made very negative comments towards the Sami (Lapps) of the coldest climates of Northern Europe and about Africans living at the
360:. Inherently, his classifications were based on physical and biological differences in human appearance, and thus sought to suggest a scientific basis for human racial variation. As previously mentioned, Bernier makes a distinction between physical variation due to environmental factors and racial factors. For instance, he classifies Indians that he is exposed to during his stint in the Mughal courts as part of the 'white race'. He asserts that Indians, like Egyptians, have a skin color that is “accidental, resulting from their exposure to the sun”. However, when it comes to categorizing Africans, he notes that “Blackness is an essential feature of theirs”. Bernier evidences the fact that their color is not due to environmental factors by asserting that they will be Black even when living in colder climes. Bernier’s conception of biological or racial difference and variation due to climatic features is blurry, but contributed to the eventual development of theories of scientific racism. At the time that he published his work, it did not cause a splash: he founded no school of thought at the time. Scientific thinking, upon the time he wrote the text, had shifted from systems where evidence was based on analogies, like Bernier had used, to a system supported by fixed laws of nature. Thus, the context of scientific discourse at the time meant Bernier did not receive huge attention for his classification in the second half of the 17th century, and "he remained a man of the salons".
40:
348:. He wrote for example "The 'Lappons' compose the 4th race. They are a small and short race with thick legs, wide shoulders, a short neck, and a face that I don't know how to describe, except that it's long, truly awful and seems reminiscent of a bear's face. I've only ever seen them twice in Danzig, but according to the portraits I've seen and from what I've heard from a number of people they're ugly animals". The significance of Bernier for the emergence of what Joan-Pau Rubiés call the "modern racial discourse" has been debated, with Siep Stuurman calling it the beginning of modern racial thought, while Joan-Pau Rubiés think it is less significant if Bernier's entire view of humanity is taken into account.
76:
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240:, the first and for a long time the only European to do so, in: "Voyages de F. Bernier (angevin) contenant la description des Etats du Grand Mogol, de l'Indoustan, du royaume de Kachemire" (David-Paul Maret ed., Amsterdam, 1699). He subsequently visited the other extreme of the empire in Bengal. European medical training was highly esteemed amongst the Mughal and gave him access to all ranks of the court, even on medically required occasions to the Emperor's harem.
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Liberated from his ties to France by the death of
Gassendi in 1655, he set out on his twelve-year journey to the East, at 36 years of age: Palestine, Egypt, one year in Cairo, Arabia, and an attempt to enter Ethiopia which was frustrated by civil war in the interior. In 1658 he debarked at
494:, an overview of religious diversity (Jewish, Christian, Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim ...). He was educated perhaps by Mir Abul-Qasim Astrabadi Findiriski a link between the religious tolerance aspect of the great project of Persian translations, initiated by
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In 1684 Bernier published a brief essay dividing humanity into what he called "races", distinguishing individuals, and particularly women, by skin color and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously in the
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The background to
Bernier's philosophical interchange draws on "Shi'a Contributions to Philosophy, Science and Literature in India" by Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi in "A Socio-Intellectual History of the Isna 'Ashari Shi'is in India"
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However I know that this ravishment and the way to enter it are the great mystery of the cabal of the Yogis, as it is of the Sufis. I say mystery because they keep it hidden amongst them and if it were not for my Pandit; and that
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His 1684 publication "Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent" ("New
Division of the Earth by the Different Species or Races of Man that Inhabit It") is considered the first published
705:
Boulle, Pierre H. “Francois
Bernier and the Origins of the Modern Concept of Race.” The Color of Liberty: Histories of Race in France, edited by Sue Peabody and Tyler Stovell, Duke University Press, 2003, pp.
848:
Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, "A Socio-Intellectual
History of the Isna 'Ashari Shi'is in India Vol II" (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ; Ma'rifat Publishing House : Canberra Australia,
488:'s argument that this pandit was none other than Kavīndrācārya Sarasvatī himself has won general acceptance. His intellectual partner could be someone like Zu'lfaqar Ardistani (died 1670), author of the
170:
A son of a farmer, François
Bernier, was orphaned very young and was cared for by his uncle, the curé de Chanzeaux. At the age of 15, he moved to Paris to study at the Collège de Clermont (the future
460:, and that this pandit, apart from attracting the most learned scientists to our circle, was at my side for over three years. When I became weary of explaining to my Agha the latest discoveries of
148:, without editorial interjection or invention. However, Bernier remained uncomfortable with some of Gassendi's notions: in 1682, Estienne Michallet was again his publisher, putting forth his
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worn by Mughal females, so delicately fine as to wear out in one night" were one of the most expensive forms of clothing ins the world, "or even more when embroidered with fine needlework."
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France
Battacharya notes that she removed, in her critical edition based on the 1724 edition, the chapter "Lettre à Chapelle sur les atomes"—as being not so relevant to the context.
1839:
423:" illustrate the interchange that followed. The importance of the detail could only fully be appreciated in the last decades of the 20th century, following the contributions by
269:, against whom a judicial arrest had been issued—an exploit he followed with an "Abrégé de la Philosophie de Gassendi", also not a subject to arouse official approval (1674).
384:, or workshops for the artisans. In one hall, embroiderers are busily employed, superintended by a master." He continued, "Manufactures of silk, fine brocade, and other fine
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in 1678; Anisson and Posuel joined with Rigaud to publish a second edition in seven volumes in 1684. Bernier objectively and faithfully rendered
Gassendi's ideas in his
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In 1652, during a prolonged stay with
Gassendi in the south of France, he managed to become a medical doctor on the strength of a speed-course at the famous Faculté de
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By virtue of being the first to propose a system of racial classification that extended to all of humanity, Bernier’s racial categories contributed to the genesis of
284:. His much-debated 1684 essay on "races", "A New Division of the Earth"—of which the second half is dedicated to feminine beauty—may be read against this background.
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were published in Paris in 1674 by the family
Langlois and in 1675 by Estienne Michallet. A complete edition in eight volumes was published by Anisson and Posuel at
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1807:
39:
412:), an important official at the court of Aurangzeb. Mullah Shafi'a'i was secretary of state for foreign affairs, grand master of the horse, later treasurer (
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Joan-Pau Rubiés, «Race, climate and civilization in the works of François Bernier», L’inde des Lumières. Discours, histoire, savoirs (XVIIe-XIXe siècle),
416:) and governor of Delhi (died 1670). Bernier and Daneshmand seem to have been on terms of mutual esteem, and Bernier always refers to him as "my Agha".
129:. It is based on his own extensive journeys and observations, and on information from eminent Mughal courtiers who had witnessed the events firsthand.
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reign; or perhaps he was educated by Hakim Kamran Shirazi, to whom Mir Findiriski referred as "elder brother", who studied Christian theology and the
448:
do not be surprised if without knowledge of Sanskrit I am going to tell you many things taken from books in that language; you will know that my Agha
217:—the history of whose downfall he was to record. He worked as a personal doctor for Dara Shikoh. he was installed as a medical doctor at the court of
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966:
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190:(1592–1655), whose aide and secretary he became. He developed a taste for travel (1647) in the company of monsieur d'Arpajon, the French
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633:
642:, April 24, 1684. Translated by T. Bendyshe in Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 1, 1863-64, pp. 360–64.
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845:(April 24, 1684). Translated by T. Bendyphe in "Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London" Vol 1, 1863–64, pp 360–64.
163:: This description of the life of François Bernier is abstracted from a French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of
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174:) where he was invited to stay at the home of his younger friend Chapelle, the natural son of Luillier who was a councillor at the
2012:
1224:
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Francois Bernier, "Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol", introduction de France Bhattacharya (Arthème Fayard ed. Paris, 1981).
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Tara Chand, "Indian Thought and the Sufis" (1961), in "The World of the Sufi, an anthology" (Octagon Press ed. London, 1979).
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526:, and died, chanting the liberation of the philosophers, at the age of 100. Those were scholars who had a knowledge of Greek
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201:: an intensive three-month course gave the medical degree providing one did not practice on French national territory.
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Excerpts taken from the chapter "Lettre à Monsieur Chapelain, de Shiraz en Perse, le 4 October 1667" ed. Fayard 1981.
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A candidate for becoming Bernier's "pandit" probably would have come from the circle around Hindu scholars such as
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Lens, "Les Correspondants de François Bernier pendant son voyage dans l'Inde — Lettres inédits de Chapelain", in
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Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelques-uns des principaux Chapitres de son Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi
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Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelques-uns des principaux Chapitres de son Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi
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Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books.
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Memoires de la Société nationale d'agriculture, sciences et arts d'Angers (ancienne Académie d'Angers)
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paid for the presence of one of the most famous pandits in India, who before had been pensioned by
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In India, Bernier came under the protection of Daneshmand Khan (Mullah Shafi'a'i, a native of
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philosophers (mashsha'un, falasifa—in the Arabic translations), as well as respect for
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Bernier died in 1688 in Paris, the year that saw the publication of his "Lettre sur le
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Meanwhile, he was a favored guest at some of the great literary salons, like those of
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which I translated into Persian (because that is what I did during five or six years)
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was sent on a language course to Persia two years after Bernier's return from India.
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A tour of inspection by Aurangzeb (1664–65) gave Bernier the opportunity to describe
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Stuurman, S. (2000), "François Bernier and the invention of racial classification",
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In 1685 Bernier visited London where he met with some famous exiles from France:
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knew the mysteries of the cabal of the Sufis, I would not know as much as I did.
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90:(25 September 1620 – 22 September 1688) was a French
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Un libertin dans l'Inde moghole – Les voyages de François Bernier (1656–1669)
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575:. Translated by François Bernier. 8 vols. Lyon: Anisson & Posuel, 1678.
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One of the things the newly arriving physician François Bernier noticed in
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After his return from Kashmir, he traveled around on his own, meeting with
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Bernier abridged and translated the philosophical writings of his friend
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In 1671 he almost was jailed for writing in defense of the ideas of
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in Bengal and—while preparing for a journey to Persia at Surat—with
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The History of the Late Revolution of the Empire of the Great Mogol
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and Pequet in anatomy, and to reason with him on the philosophy of
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An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
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Foremost among his correspondents while he was in India had been
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state. Attached at first and for a short while to the retinue of
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905:, History Workshop Journal, Volume 2000 Issue 50, pp. 1–21.
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under Portuguese priests, traveled to India to study Sanskrit
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French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of
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An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
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François Bernier and the Invention of Racial Classification
771:"Bernier and Kavīndrācārya Sarasvatī at the Mughal Court,"
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409:
258:(1668) to write a memoir on Indian commerce for the use of
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775:, 1940, 1, 1-16. Reprinted in Jina Vijaya Muni, Ā. (Ed.)
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1830 edition of ''Voyages dans les États du Grand Mogol''
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The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
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from Latin into French. Initial editions of Bernier's
1922:
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251:, that other great traveler in the Orient (1666).
660:31, París, Éditions de l’EHESSS, 2013, pp. 53–78.
1994:
781:Bombay: Bhāratīya Vidyā Bhavan, 1954, pp.364–79.
380:: "Large halls are seen in many places, called
372:'s capital was the embroidered dressing of the
821:, Edition intégrale, Chandeigne, Paris, 2008.
1753:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
967:
434:Commenting on the yogi manner of meditation:
773:Annals of S.V. Oriental Institute (Tirupati)
554:Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656–1668
16:French physician and traveler (1620 – 1688)
1745:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
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778:Studies in Indian Literary History, Vol.II
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1769:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
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866:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
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178:in Metz. There Bernier most probably met
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19:For the politician in Lower Canada, see
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794:in his "History of Islamic Philosophy".
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333:Essay on dividing humanity into "races"
110:classification of humans into distinct
1995:
1360:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
623:
431:to the history of Islamic philosophy.
121:, which is mainly about the reigns of
955:
723:from the original on 22 February 2016
645:
689:Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol
580:Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi
573:Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi
498:and continued by his great-grandson
165:Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol
138:Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi
1912:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
317:, who shipped him crates of books,
13:
909:Bernier, François (1 April 2001).
888:Works by or about François Bernier
589:. Paris: Estienne Michallet, 1682.
419:Two excerpts from "Travels in the
403:
352:Contributions to scientific racism
14:
2084:
1817:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
1737:The Outline of History of Mankind
881:
864:Orientalism in Louis XIV's France
476:it was up to our pandit to argue.
2023:17th-century French male writers
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1785:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
291:, Duchesse de Mazarin, niece of
186:, and certainly the philosopher
2068:Proponents of scientific racism
2043:French male non-fiction writers
797:
784:
762:
557:. Archibald Constable, London.
2013:17th-century French physicians
1777:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
983:Historical definitions of race
753:
744:
741:Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi 1986.
735:
709:
681:
94:and traveller. He was born in
1:
1801:The Passing of the Great Race
911:"A New Division of the Earth"
811:
634:"A New Division of the Earth"
376:'s subjects he writes in his
323:François de La Mothe Le Vayer
21:François Bernier (politician)
1700:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
790:Mir Fendereski, as noted by
378:Travels in the Moghal Empire
44:Painting of François Bernier
7:
2058:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
2018:17th-century French writers
1415:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
1380:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
1330:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
837:A New Division of the Earth
604:
363:
10:
2089:
2063:People from Maine-et-Loire
817:Frédéric Tinguely (dir.),
593:Bernier, François (1671).
551:Bernier, François (1891).
327:François Pétis de la Croix
81:Voyage de François Bernier
18:
1859:
1718:
1510:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
1287:
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274:Marguerite de la Sablière
254:He returned once more to
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56:Joué-Etiau, Anjou, France
49:
37:
30:
1882:History of anthropometry
1650:Charles Gabriel Seligman
1475:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
1163:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
915:History Workshop Journal
676:History Workshop Journal
616:
544:
293:the redoubtable Cardinal
276:, who introduced him to
221:, the last of the great
2053:Intellectual historians
1340:Daniel Garrison Brinton
928:10.1093/hwj/2001.51.247
245:Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
194:to Poland and Germany.
167:(Paris: Fayard, 1981).
155:
1685:Thomas Griffith Taylor
1440:Reginald Ruggles Gates
717:"saudiaramcoworld.com"
691:(Paris: Fayard, 1981).
534:and Shihabuddin Yahya
482:Jagannatha Panditaraja
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445:
233:
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65:22 September 1688
53:25 September 1620
2048:French travel writers
1825:Annihilation of Caste
1729:in Different Climates
1680:William Graham Sumner
1660:Samuel Stanhope Smith
1605:James Cowles Prichard
1237:Racial discrimination
599:. Moses Pitt, London.
446:
436:
396:of gold flowers, and
319:Melchisédech Thévenot
260:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
231:
78:
1877:Great chain of being
1595:Ludwig Hermann Plate
1560:Samuel George Morton
1375:Samuel A. Cartwright
1225:in the United States
538:(Hikmat al Ishraq).
506:near the end of the
502:, and the School of
456:, the oldest son of
388:, of which are made
172:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
1833:The Races of Europe
1761:The Races of Europe
1540:Dominick McCausland
1490:Thomas Henry Huxley
1435:Stanley Marion Garn
1315:Robert Bennett Bean
1043:Historical concepts
874:. pp. 131–167.
842:Journal des sçavans
835:François Bernier, "
639:Journal des Scavans
585:Bernier, François.
429:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
341:Journal des sçavans
278:Jean de La Fontaine
83:, Paul Maret, 1710.
2038:French Indologists
2028:Explorers of India
1705:Alexander Winchell
1635:Henric Sanielevici
1495:Calvin Ira Kephart
1465:Hans F. K. Günther
1450:Arthur de Gobineau
1350:Alice Mossie Brues
1247:Racial stereotypes
632:François Bernier,
578:Gassendi, Pierre.
571:Gassendi, Pierre.
491:Dabistan-i Mazahib
234:
180:Cyrano de Bergerac
85:
2073:History of racism
2033:Explorers of Iran
1920:
1919:
1849:The Race Question
1695:John H. Van Evrie
1620:William Z. Ripley
1590:Charles Pickering
1535:Felix von Luschan
1505:Robert E. Kuttner
1405:Charles Davenport
1274:Whiteness studies
1000:Color terminology
992:Scientific racism
872:978-0-19-923484-4
827:978-2-915540-33-8
536:Suhrawardi Maqtul
518:, lived with the
358:scientific racism
346:Cape of Good Hope
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1675:Lothrop Stoddard
1670:Morris Steggerda
1645:Ilse Schwidetzky
1640:Heinrich Schmidt
1625:Alfred Rosenberg
1585:Isaac La Peyrère
1390:Carleton S. Coon
1365:Charles Caldwell
1320:François Bernier
1203:in Latin America
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892:Internet Archive
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282:Ninon de Lenclos
114:. He also wrote
88:François Bernier
42:
32:François Bernier
28:
27:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1855:
1793:Castes in India
1714:
1710:Ludwig Woltmann
1665:Herbert Spencer
1555:Lewis H. Morgan
1525:Cesare Lombroso
1400:Jan Czekanowski
1385:Sonia Mary Cole
1325:Renato Biasutti
1283:
1262:Nazism and race
1181:
1158:Proto-Mongoloid
1037:
994:
985:
980:
921:(51): 247–250.
901:Siep Stuurman,
897:Bernier on Sati
884:
814:
809:
808:
802:
798:
789:
785:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
726:
724:
715:
714:
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704:
695:
686:
682:
678:, 50, pp. 1–21.
673:
664:
655:
646:
631:
624:
619:
607:
565:
547:
441:Danishmand Khan
406:
404:Danishmand Khan
366:
354:
335:
188:Pierre Gassendi
158:
134:Pierre Gassendi
116:Travels in the
79:Engraving from
69:
66:
57:
54:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1763:(Ripley, 1899)
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:Giuseppe Sergi
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Gustaf Retzius
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Josiah C. Nott
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Ashley Montagu
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Bertil Lundman
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Earnest Hooton
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:George Gliddon
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Francis Galton
1427:
1422:
1420:Anténor Firmin
1417:
1412:
1410:Joseph Deniker
1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:Georges Cuvier
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:Racial hygiene
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
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1191:
1189:
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1180:
1179:
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1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1047:
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1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
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990:
987:
986:
979:
978:
971:
964:
956:
950:
949:
906:
899:
894:
883:
882:External links
880:
879:
878:
875:
862:Nicholas Dew.
860:
859:Tome XV, 1872.
853:
850:
846:
833:
830:
813:
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613:
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602:
601:
590:
583:
576:
569:
563:
546:
543:
462:William Harvey
450:Danismand Khan
405:
402:
374:Mughal Emperor
365:
362:
353:
350:
334:
331:
315:Jean Chapelain
297:Saint-Évremond
267:René Descartes
157:
154:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
2085:
2074:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Miscegenation
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
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1690:Paul Topinard
1688:
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1630:Benjamin Rush
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Alfred Ploetz
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Oscar Peschel
1578:
1576:
1575:Roger Pearson
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:John Mitchell
1543:
1541:
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1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Carl Linnaeus
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
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1485:Julian Huxley
1483:
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1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Ernst Haeckel
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Madison Grant
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Eugen Fischer
1423:
1421:
1418:
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1413:
1411:
1408:
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1398:
1396:
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1370:Petrus Camper
1368:
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1308:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Louis Agassiz
1293:
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1201:
1199:
1196:
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1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Mediterranean
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
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1087:
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1052:
1049:
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1021:
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1016:
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1005:
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972:
970:
965:
963:
958:
957:
954:
946:
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929:
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920:
916:
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904:
900:
898:
895:
893:
889:
886:
885:
876:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
838:
834:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
800:
793:
787:
780:
779:
774:
770:
765:
756:
747:
738:
722:
718:
712:
702:
700:
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684:
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659:
653:
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612:
609:
608:
598:
597:
591:
588:
584:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
564:81-7536-185-9
560:
556:
555:
549:
548:
542:
539:
537:
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513:
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501:
497:
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483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
444:
442:
435:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Mughal Empire
417:
415:
411:
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399:
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383:
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371:
361:
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349:
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263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
230:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:in India, in
208:
202:
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195:
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189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
153:
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130:
128:
124:
120:
119:
118:Mughal Empire
113:
109:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
82:
77:
68:Paris, France
64:
60:
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
1867:Ethnogenesis
1848:
1840:
1835:(Coon, 1939)
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1726:
1719:Publications
1570:Karl Pearson
1460:John Grattan
1355:Halfdan Bryn
1319:
1220:in Singapore
1187:Sociological
918:
914:
863:
856:
840:
818:
799:
792:Henry Corbin
786:
776:
772:
764:
755:
746:
737:
725:. Retrieved
711:
688:
683:
675:
657:
637:
611:Pre-Adamites
595:
586:
579:
572:
553:
540:
522:Chatrupa at
489:
479:
473:
449:
447:
440:
437:
433:
425:Henry Corbin
418:
407:
381:
377:
367:
355:
339:
336:
312:
310:des Indes".
305:
301:Pierre Bayle
286:
271:
264:
253:
249:Jean Chardin
242:
235:
203:
196:
169:
164:
160:
159:
149:
145:
137:
131:
115:
104:
87:
86:
80:
25:
2008:1688 deaths
2003:1620 births
1907:Pre-Adamite
1897:Multiracial
1500:Robert Knox
1310:John Beddoe
1257:Master race
1213:in Colombia
1101:East Baltic
769:Gode, P. K.
658:Purushartha
528:peripatetic
500:Dara Shikoh
454:Dara Shikoh
215:Dara Shikoh
199:Montpellier
123:Dara Shikoh
1997:Categories
1951:Literature
1902:Polygenism
1892:Monogenism
1610:Otto Reche
1515:Fritz Lenz
1345:Paul Broca
1335:Franz Boas
1305:Erwin Baur
1300:John Baker
1194:By region
1051:Australoid
812:References
458:Shah Jahan
414:Mir Bakshi
225:emperors.
192:ambassador
96:Joué-Etiau
1939:Biography
1279:Négritude
1208:in Brazil
1153:Mongoloid
1061:Caucasoid
937:1363-3554
727:11 August
470:Descartes
382:Karkanahs
370:Aurangzeb
308:quiétisme
219:Aurangzeb
176:parlement
127:Aurangzeb
108:Classical
92:physician
1872:Eugenics
1252:Colorism
1198:in India
1106:Ethiopid
1086:Atlantid
1076:Armenoid
721:Archived
605:See also
532:Ibn Sina
466:Gassendi
364:Textiles
1975:History
1925:Portals
1860:Related
1288:Writers
1232:Passing
1175:Negrito
1170:Negroid
1141:Turanid
1136:Semites
1111:Hamites
1096:Dinaric
1091:Caspian
945:4289731
890:at the
804:(1989).
524:Benares
516:Shastra
508:Safavid
504:Isfahan
398:drawers
394:girdles
390:turbans
386:muslins
238:Kashmir
211:Gujarat
184:Molière
1963:France
1851:(1950)
1843:(1943)
1827:(1936)
1819:(1930)
1811:(1920)
1803:(1916)
1795:(1916)
1787:(1911)
1779:(1907)
1771:(1899)
1755:(1855)
1747:(1849)
1739:(1785)
1731:(1744)
1242:Racism
1131:Nordic
1121:Iranid
1071:Arabid
1066:Alpine
1056:Capoid
1013:Bronze
943:
935:
870:
849:1986).
839:", in
825:
706:11–19.
561:
512:Gospel
321:, and
280:, and
223:Mughal
161:Source
146:Abregé
1987:India
1148:Malay
1116:Indid
1081:Aryan
1033:White
1023:Olive
1018:Brown
1008:Black
941:JSTOR
636:from
617:Notes
545:Works
496:Akbar
256:Surat
207:Surat
112:races
106:post-
100:Anjou
933:ISSN
868:ISBN
823:ISBN
729:2011
559:ISBN
520:yogi
486:Gode
468:and
427:and
410:Yazd
182:and
156:Life
142:Lyon
125:and
62:Died
50:Born
1028:Red
923:doi
98:in
1999::
939:.
931:.
919:51
917:.
913:.
719:.
696:^
665:^
647:^
625:^
472:,
392:,
303:.
295:;
152:.
1927::
975:e
968:t
961:v
947:.
925::
829:.
731:.
567:.
23:.
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