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continued to garner positive feedback in 18th-century
England, but they were not so warmly welcomed in France at this time. However, during the French Restoration of the 19th century, Molière's comedies became popular with both the French public and the critics. Romanticists admired his plays for the unconventional individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this interest in Molière and his plays and have continued to study a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Many critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, religious and moral implications in his comedies to the study of his comic technique.
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1028:), subsequently regarded as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited education that was given to daughters of rich families and reflected Molière's own marriage. Both this work and his marriage attracted much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". On the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works:
666:" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641. The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a provincial lawyer some time around 1642, probably in
930:) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the falsity inherent in human relationships. This view is also evident in his later works and was a source of inspiration for many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century
1190:), a satire against the official sciences. This was a success despite a moral treatise by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in general and Molière in particular. In several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of his day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to impress others with false erudition, and know only
706:), for which they owed 2000 livres. Historians differ as to whether his father or the lover of a member of his troupe paid his debts; either way, after a 24-hour stint in prison he returned to the acting circuit. It was at this time that he began to use the pseudonym Molière, possibly inspired by a small village of the same name in the
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has been accused of not having a consistent, organic style, of using faulty grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary words for the purpose of filling out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, but they are trifles in comparison to the wealth of character he portrayed, to
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was produced. It is now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the one with the highest moral content, but it was little appreciated at the time. It caused the "conversion" of
Donneau de Visé, who became fond of his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately
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and rendered in a prose that still seems modern today. It describes the story of an atheist who becomes a religious hypocrite and, for this, is punished by God. This work too was quickly suspended. The king, demonstrating his protection once again, became the new official sponsor of Molière's troupe.
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family. Upon seeing him for the first time, a maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", a reference to the infant's large nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family from that time. He lost his mother when he was 10, and he does not seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death,
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Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders and medical professionals in Molière's time criticised his work, their ideas did not really diminish his widespread success with the public. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic style in
England and in France. Molière's works
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Molière suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, possibly contracted when he was imprisoned for debt as a young man. The circumstances of Molière's death, on 17 February 1673, became legend. He collapsed on stage in a fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the last play he had written,
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developed accidentally when Molière was enlisted to mount both a play and a ballet in the honor of Louis XIV and found that he did not have a big enough cast to meet these demands. Molière therefore decided to combine the ballet and the play so that his goal could be met while the performers catch
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of contemporary
Italian troupes, were successful as part of Madeleine Béjart and Molière's plans to win aristocratic patronage and, ultimately, move the troupe to a position in a Paris theater-venue. Later Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs
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Despite his own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to further with the
Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in one act and performed after the tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, and were played in the style of Commedia dell'arte
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was also performed at
Versailles, in 1664, and created the greatest scandal of Molière's artistic career. Its depiction of the hypocrisy of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage and violently contested. It also aroused the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was banned.
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his brilliancy of wit, and to the resourcefulness of his technique. He was wary of sensibility or pathos; but in place of pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching melancholy, which strangely sustains his inexhaustible mirth and his triumphant gaiety".
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Molière was born in Paris shortly before his christening as Jean
Poquelin on 15 January 1622. Known as Jean-Baptiste, he was the first son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April 1621. His mother was the daughter of a prosperous
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Molière was always careful not to attack the institution of monarchy. He earned a position as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. The king allegedly suggested that Molière suspend performances of
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Molière was forced to reach Paris in stages, staying outside for a few weeks in order to promote himself with society gentlemen and allow his reputation to feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in 1658 and performed in front of the King at the
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The theatre troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molière had become head of the troupe, due in part, perhaps, to his acting prowess and his legal training. However, the troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent of the theatre (a court for
965:. After a period of refurbishment they opened there on 20 January 1661. In order to please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with entertainment and art that he was soon excluded from state affairs, Molière wrote and played
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of a cemetery. However, Molière's widow, Armande, asked the King if her spouse could be granted a normal funeral at night. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in the part of the cemetery reserved for unbaptised infants.
876:, a group created by Richelieu under a royal patent to establish the rules of the fledgling French theatre. The Académie preached unity of time, action, and styles of verse. Molière is often associated with the claim that comedy
1663:, forced to impersonate a doctor, the chancer Sganarelle examines a young woman who is faking muteness in order to delay an arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings of gibberish,
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was withdrawn and never restaged by Molière. His hard work in so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play,
714:. It was likely that he changed his name to spare his father the shame of having an actor in the family (actors, although no longer vilified by the state under Louis XIV, were still not allowed to be buried in sacred ground).
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in France (and taken most of the best available singers for his own performances), so Molière had to go back to his traditional genre. It was a great success, and it led to his last work, which is still held in high esteem.
1067:" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These people accused Molière of having married his daughter. The Prince of Conti, once Molière's friend, joined them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the
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because two priests refused to visit him while a third arrived too late. The superstition that green brings bad luck to actors is said to originate from the colour of the clothing he was wearing at the time of his death.
670:, but it is not documented that he ever qualified. So far he had followed his father's plans, which had served him well; he had mingled with nobility at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for a career in office.
721:; this life was to last about twelve years, during which he initially played in the company of Charles Dufresne, and subsequently created a company of his own, which had sufficient success and obtained the patronage of
139:
603:, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan; he finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later.
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arranges to be tutored in good manners and culture, and is delighted to learn that, because every statement that is not poetry is prose, he therefore has been speaking prose for 40 years without knowing it
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demanded that both the dancers and the actors play an important role in advancing the story. Similar to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the
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in 1714, but the first complete version in
English, by Baker and Miller in 1739, remained "influential" and was long reprinted. The first to offer full translations of Molière's verse plays such as
1250:' work of the same name and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With some conjecture, Molière's play can be seen to allude to the love affairs of Louis XIV, then king of France.
1460:). Molière insisted on completing his performance. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage before being taken home, where he died a few hours later, without receiving the
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and/or dances, but for years the fundamentals of numerous comedy-traditions would remain strong, especially
Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory style that in the 1750s writers started calling
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by showing them at dinner after watching the play; it addresses all the criticism raised about the piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called
1291:), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to be particularly directed against Colbert, the minister who had condemned his old patron Fouquet. The collaboration with Lully ended with a
938:. It describes a kind of round dance where two couples believe that each of their partners has been betrayed by the other's and is the first in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes
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from
November 11, 2023 to February 18, 2024, is a retelling of the life of Molière using a blend of historical costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.
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closely integrated dance with music and the action of the play and the style of continuity distinctly separated these performances from the court ballets of the time; additionally, the
1825:
1551:, and that Olivier then responded "Molière? Funny as a baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You may imagine how that made me feel. Fortunately, he was dead wrong."
1698:("You wanted it, George Dandin") to address himself when his rich wife cheats on him. Now the phrase is used to reproach someone ironically, something like "You did it yourself".
920:
won Molière the attention and the criticism of many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play
1156:). Subtitles on this occasion reported that the work was given "par ordre du Roi" (by order of the king) and this work was received much more warmly than its predecessors.
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was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. It is widely accepted that the plot was based on
509:), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic abilities while he began writing, combining
1654:) is frequently used to imply that someone else is calling for something to be hidden or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
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and some traditional authors. However, the king expressed support for the Moliere, granting him a pension and agreeing to be the godfather of Molière's first son.
646:, an affluent area of Paris. It is likely that his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school, followed by his enrollment in the prestigious
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1334:) of 1672 is considered another of Molière's masterpieces. It was born from the termination of the legal use of music in theatre, since Lully had patented the
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In June 1643, when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon his social class and pursue a career on the stage. Taking leave of his father, he joined the actress
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1683:). The more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans le savoir" is used by a person who realizes that he was more skilled or better aligned than he thought.
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In 1660, the Petit-Bourbon was demolished to make way for the eastern expansion of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to move into the abandoned
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Hartnoll, p. 554. "Author of some of the finest comedies in the history of the theater", and Roy, p. 756. "...one of the theatre's greatest comic artists".
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more often than those of any other playwright today. His influence is such that the French language is often referred to as the "language of Molière".
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and his theatrical accomplishments in this and other early plays, see e.g. Stephen C. Bold, “‘Ce Noeud Subtil’: Molière’s Invention of Comedy from
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In 1672, Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss and from the worsening of his own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful
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Molière is considered the creator of modern French comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays are still used in current French:
914:), Spanish, and French plays, all also drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially the trope of the clever slave/servant.
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1638:, act 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a handkerchief to cover up her bosom, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (
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or "criticises customs through humour" (a phrase in fact coined by his contemporary Jean de Santeuil and sometimes mistaken for a classical
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1524:, who produced blank verse versions of three of the plays in his 1908 translation. Since then, notable translations have been made by
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1389:. Molière also collaborated with Jean-Baptiste Lully. Lully was a dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the
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975:, 4 February 1661), a heroic comedy derived from a work of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful
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criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, he mentioned to Olivier that he (Cronyn) was about to play the title role in
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However, more serious opposition was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal life. A so-called
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Despite the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from other circles. For
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near the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, he was granted the use of the
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and recursive explanations which conclude with an authoritative "and so that is why your daughter is mute" (
1625:) The phrase "to go into that galley" is used to describe unnecessary difficulties a person has sought, and
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lasted 15 years. Under his command, ballet and opera rightly became professional arts unto themselves. The
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studies), but Molière would not perform it, though he encouraged Racine to pursue his artistic career.
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their breath and change costume. The risky move paid off and Molière was asked to produce twelve more
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to demand the arrest of Fouquet for wasting public money, and he was condemned to life imprisonment.
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498:, and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the
1820:, written in the style of Molière, includes the character Elomire as an anagrammatic parody of him.
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invites Molière to share his supper—an unfounded Romantic anecdote, illustrated in 1863 painting by
832:). With the help of Monsieur, his company was allowed to share the theatre in the large hall of the
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In his 14 years in Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays performed on his stage.
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In 1792, his remains were brought to the museum of French monuments, and in 1817, transferred to
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First volume of a 1739 translation into English of all of Molière's plays, printed by John Watts.
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After his imprisonment, he and Madeleine began a theatrical circuit of the provinces with a new
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478:), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the great writers in the
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999:(a comedy for the King's amusements) because it was performed during a series of parties that
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Molière l'opéra urbain, the extraordinary musical comedy about Molière at the Dôme de Paris
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and the art of professional theatre which was developing in the advent of the use of the
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Par ma foi, il y a plus de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, sans que j’en susse rien
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is a hypocrite, especially a hypocrite displaying affected morality or religious piety.
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1617:, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is asked for ransom money for his son, allegedly held in a
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Martin Barnham. "The Cambridge Guide to Theater." Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1995, p. 472.
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Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now
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The Information Master: Jean-Baptiste Colbert's Secret State Intelligence System
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356:; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name
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46/1 (1992): 13-25; and Philip A. Wadsworth, "Scappino & Mascarille," in
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from a courtesan, turned toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the
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897:(a vague plot outline). He began to write full, five-act comedies in verse (
747:, and displayed his talent for mockery. In the course of his travels he met
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with 630 livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.
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1360:. These ballets were a transitional form of dance performance between the
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and the archbishop banned the play. The King finally imposed respect for
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arose in French high society, who protested against Molière's excessive "
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1621:. He repeats, "What the deuce did he want to go into that galley for?" (
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1671:). The phrase is used wholesale to mock an unsatisfactory explanation.
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a few years later, after he had gained more power over the clergy.
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This article is about the French playwright. For other uses, see
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presents his complete biography. It was in competition for the
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806:
525:
524:—Molière procured a command performance before the King at the
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also supported him through statements that he included in his
725:. Few plays survive from this period. The most noteworthy are
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In 1631, his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court of
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wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled
1405:- Louis XIV even played the part of an Egyptian in Molière's
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to replace it. It was a strange work, derived from a work by
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3082:. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp. 141–49.
1717:, in which he is seen taking inspiration from the musketeer
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Under French law at the time, actors were not allowed to be
792:(one of the early works he wrote after he had abandoned his
2590:(London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), esp. 73 and 134;
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Gaines 2002, p. 383 (birthdate); Scott 2000, p. 14 (names).
1694:(1668), Act I, scene 7, the main character uses the phrase
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Roy, Donald (1995). "Molière", pp. 756–757, in
2980:". Sortiraparis.com. Retrieved Tuesday, December 12, 2023.
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2365:"France looks to the law to save the language of Molière"
1885:(1658), the first play performed by Molière's troupe for
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gave in honor of the sovereign. These entertainments led
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a database of over 34,000 performances from 1680 to 1791
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was more loosely based on the life of Molière, starring
1736:. It was written in 1932–1933 and first published 1962.
1044:), in which the opposite side was taken by writers like
3112:, edited by Martin Banham. Cambridge University Press.
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Banham, Martin; Brandon, James R. (21 September 1995).
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Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet
858:) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November 1659.
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Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: M-Z
2576:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 1-7.
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Marie Cressé died on 11 May 1632 (Gaines 2002, p. xi).
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Molière's works were translated into English prose by
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2521:(in French). Lyon: La Manufacture. pp. 520–21.
1260:) was little appreciated, but success returned with
809:(then for rent as a theatre) in Corneille's tragedy
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Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)
3067:(fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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The Jesuits; a history from Ignatius to the present
1629:("galley") means a difficult and chaotic situation.
1446:which had lavish ballets performed to the music of
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3214:"Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview"
905:(Béziers, 1656)), which although immersed in the
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2729:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 24.
2701:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 25.
2676:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 26.
2651:. London: Thames & Hudson LTD. p. 23.
1829:, directed by Bruno Berberes and staged at the
820:with some success. He was awarded the title of
516:Through the patronage of aristocrats including
482:and world literature. His extant works include
3829:17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
1563:
663:valet de chambre ordinaire et tapissier du Roi
513:elements with the more refined French comedy.
3643:
3515:
3276:
2976:De Sortiraparis, Julie (November 17, 2023). "
2720:
2718:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2588:Plautus and the English Renaissance of Comedy
2398:
2302:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1787:, as well as his illness and on-stage death.
1623:Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?
1221:. As soon as the King left Paris for a tour,
997:Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi
2885:French Classics for English Readers: Molière
2812:French Classics for English Readers: Molière
2630:(Ann Arbor: Univ. of MI Press, 2009), 43-52.
2608:Molière and the Italian Theatrical Tradition
2564:88/1(1997): 67-85; David Maskell, Moliere's
2501:
963:theatre in the east wing of the Palais-Royal
2441:. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard. p.
2071:The Misanthrope, or, the Cantankerous Lover
1922:Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
1604:is used as a model of implacable rigidity (
828:being the honorific for the king's brother
3650:
3636:
3522:
3508:
3283:
3269:
3216:(in French). biblioweb.org. Archived from
3052:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
3035:The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis
3020:Voyage de Molière en Languedoc (1647–1657)
2743:
2715:
2633:
540:, Molière was granted the use of salle du
3253:Free Online 2012 American Translation of
3245:Free Online 2011 American Translation of
3237:Free Online 2010 American Translation of
3080:Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier
3037:. New York University Press, p. 10.
2947:
2774:
2447:lives of the most eminent french writers.
1918:Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux
1650:and often with some other item replacing
1593:, is an obsessively greedy and cheap man.
1554:Author Martha Bellinger points out that:
1487:
1322:, is considered one of his lesser works.
967:Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2727:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2699:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2674:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2649:Ballet and Modern Dance - Second Edition
2458:
2438:Lives of the Most Eminent French Writers
2299:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
2066:Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux
1702:
1669:Et voilà pourquoi votre fille est muette
1491:
1428:
1158:
952:
683:
610:
2434:
2385:
2383:
2362:
1760:He is portrayed among other writers in
1543:writes that, in 1962, celebrated actor
1345:
16:French playwright and actor (1622–1673)
3801:
2913:
2840:
1836:
1640:Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir
1209:, he tried again to perform a revised
3874:17th-century deaths from tuberculosis
3631:
3503:
3264:
3022:. Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc.
2516:
2506:. London: Sheed and Ward. p. 30.
2435:Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1840).
2280:
2252:
2125:George Dandin, or the Abashed Husband
1010:On 20 February 1662, Molière married
786:. Racine offered Molière his tragedy
588:, which was followed by a ban by the
473:
351:
3328:Sganarelle, or The Imaginary Cuckold
2380:
1913:Sganarelle, or the Imaginary Cuckold
1587:, named after the main character of
1273:With Lully, he again used music for
1213:in 1667, this time with the name of
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3097:, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press.
3065:The Oxford Companion to the Theatre
2948:Bellinger, Martha Fletcher (1927).
2879:Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908).
2806:Molière; Matthews, Brander (1908).
2574:Molière and the Comedy of Intellect
1869:The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
1739:The French 1978 film simply titled
1606:raide comme la statue du Commandeur
1236:was written for festivities at the
1086:influenced him towards writing his
1030:La Critique de "L'École des femmes"
638:he lived with his father above the
13:
3609:Hidalgo: La historia jamás contada
3063:Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (1983).
2724:
2696:
2671:
2646:
2363:Randall, Colin (24 October 2004).
2136:The Miser, or, the School for Lies
1253:George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu
799:
584:denounced this study of religious
14:
3910:
3889:17th-century pseudonymous writers
3854:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
3753:Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella
3391:George Dandin ou le Mari confondu
3139:
3048:Gaines, James F., editor (2002).
2920:. New York: Morrow. p. 275.
2610:(Birmingham AL: Summa, 1987), 7;
2120:George Dandin ou Le Mari confondu
2106:The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
1978:La Critique de l'école des femmes
1779:), in which Molière is played by
1417:in his retirement performance of
1387:Beauchamp-Feuillet dance notation
922:Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire
887:
3834:17th-century French male writers
3786:
3774:
3180:
2966:– via Theatredatabase.com.
2367:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
2258:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1982:Critique of the School for Wives
1956:(26 December 1662; adapted into
1908:Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire
1783:, shows his collaborations with
1450:and which ironically was titled
1350:In 1661, Molière introduced the
1301:, written in collaboration with
872:of 1656. He primarily mocks the
418:
368:
334:
138:
30:
3859:17th-century French male actors
3239:Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre
3231:The Comédie Française Registers
3012:
2983:
2970:
2941:
2907:
2872:
2834:
2799:
2768:
2690:
2665:
2620:
2600:
2580:
2544:
2535:
2510:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2452:
2428:
2040:Don Juan, or, The Stone Banquet
2035:Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre
1238:castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1127:Dom Juan ou le Festin de Pierre
1124:, and the author rapidly wrote
1018:.) The same year, he premiered
528:. Performing a classic play by
41:needs additional citations for
3716:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
3708:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
3197:at toutmoliere.net (in French)
3146:Works by Molière in eBook form
3127:. Cambridge University Press.
3110:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
2419:
2405:. Cambridge University Press.
2402:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
2392:
2371:
2356:
2347:
2316:
2274:
2246:
2131:L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge
2102:Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre
2082:The Doctor in Spite of Himself
1707:Molière plays a small part in
1240:, and was followed in 1668 by
1234:Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre
1232:Molière, now ill, wrote less.
844:, famous for the character of
782:and later became the lover of
1:
3899:Tuberculosis deaths in France
3894:17th-century theatre managers
2887:. Vol. 1. Translated by
2814:. Vol. 1. Translated by
2558:to ‘'Les Fourberies de Scapin
2463:. USA: Pearson. p. 199.
2239:
1858:The Jealousy of le Barbouillé
1721:for his central character in
1596:The statue of the Commander (
1377:before his death. During the
149:
3314:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
2995:The Encyclopaedia Britannica
2951:A Short History of the Drama
2881:"Preface to the Translation"
2751:"Molière - French dramatist"
2568:: Signs of Things to Come",
1864:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
1696:Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin
1480:in Paris, close to those of
1409:(1664) and also appeared as
1381:, Molière collaborated with
765:Compagnie de Saint Sacrement
728:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
695:L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps
7:
3849:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
3290:
3179:(public domain audiobooks)
3078:Ranum, Patricia M. (2004).
2849:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
2227:
2195:The Countess of Escarbagnas
1642:). This phrase (often with
1564:Influence on French culture
1470:buried in the sacred ground
1198:as (ineffective) remedies.
830:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
723:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
546:theatre in the Palais-Royal
518:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
322:Marie Madeleine (1665–1723)
10:
3915:
3125:Molière, A Theatrical Life
2502:O'Malley, John W. (2014).
2329:Collins English Dictionary
2042:(subtitle also translated
2029:Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
2007:(27 April 1664; now lost)—
1971:(15 April 1663; now lost)—
1441:'s is visible just beyond.
1362:court ballets of Louis XIV
1289:The Middle Class Gentleman
1188:The Doctor Despite Himself
1082:Molière's friendship with
893:with improvisation over a
18:
3869:17th-century male writers
3839:17th-century French poets
3744:
3726:
3699:
3672:
3598:
3579:
3544:
3449:
3298:
3164:Works by or about Molière
3033:Dormandy, Thomas (2000).
2917:A Terrible Liar: A Memoir
2891:. New York & London:
2818:. New York & London:
2775:Pavlovski, Linda (2001).
2260:(3rd ed.). Longman.
2191:La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas
2048:The Feast with the Statue
1987:L'Impromptu de Versailles
1973:The Jealousy of Gros-René
1902:The Affected Young Ladies
1854:La Jalousie du barbouillé
1714:The Vicomte of Bragelonne
1320:La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas
855:The Affected Young Ladies
582:Catholic Church in France
353:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]
333:
328:
316:
306:
296:
252:
242:
234:
226:
216:
208:
200:
192:
178:
160:
137:
130:
3864:French male stage actors
3412:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
3405:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
3321:Les Précieuses ridicules
3255:Les Fourberies de Scapin
3123:Scott, Virginia (2000).
3050:The Molière Encyclopedia
3018:Alberge, Claude (1988).
2956:Henry Holt & Company
2755:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2459:Brockett, Oscar (2008).
2186:The Impostures of Scapin
2181:Les Fourberies de Scapin
2159:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
2142:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
2005:Gros-René, petit enfant
1991:The Versailles Impromptu
1969:La Jalousie du Gros-René
1897:Les Précieuses ridicules
1763:The Blasphemers' Banquet
1723:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1676:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1614:Les Fourberies de Scapin
1504:and Rue Molière in Paris
1448:Marc-Antoine Charpentier
1424:
1315:Les Fourberies de Scapin
1284:Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
1275:Monsieur de Pourceaugnac
1270:), now very well known.
918:Les précieuses ridicules
862:Les Précieuses Ridicules
850:Les Précieuses Ridicules
692:for the printed text of
188:Paris, Kingdom of France
21:Molière (disambiguation)
3335:The School for Husbands
2991:"The Imaginary Invalid"
2847:. Vol. 2. London:
2777:"Molière: Introduction"
2164:The Bourgeois Gentleman
2024:Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur
1933:The School for Husbands
1826:Molière, l'Opéra Urbain
1520:into English verse was
982:The School for Husbands
749:Armand, Prince of Conti
606:
557:The School for Husbands
144:Portrait of Molière by
3824:Male actors from Paris
3225:Moliere's Verses Plays
3207:Molière's works online
3201:Molière's works online
3188:Molière's works online
2841:Classe, Olive (2000).
2517:Simon, Alfred (1987).
2461:History of the Theatre
2153:The Magnificent Lovers
2149:Les Amants magnifiques
2009:Gros-René, Small Child
1734:Life of Mr. de Molière
1561:
1505:
1496:Molière statue on the
1488:Reception of his works
1478:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1442:
1435:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1433:Molière's tomb at the
1419:Les Amants magnifiques
1279:Les Amants magnifiques
1258:The Confounded Husband
1170:
1098:), written for royal "
958:
878:castigat ridendo mores
698:
629:
345:Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
166:before 15 January 1622
164:Jean-Baptiste Poquelin
3689:Le médecin malgré lui
3664:Le Médecin malgré lui
3440:The Imaginary Invalid
3377:Le Médecin malgré lui
3247:Le Médecin malgré lui
3209:at InLibroVeritas.net
3095:Molière and Modernity
3093:Riggs, Larry (2005).
2914:Cronyn, Hume (1991).
2217:The Imaginary Invalid
2077:Le Médecin malgré lui
1790:The 2007 French film
1703:Portrayals of Molière
1674:Monsieur Jourdain in
1660:Le médecin malgré lui
1556:
1495:
1458:The Imaginary Invalid
1432:
1183:Le médecin malgré lui
1162:
1005:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
956:
940:Dom Garcie de Navarre
927:The Imaginary Cuckold
789:Théagène et Chariclée
687:
615:Molière as Caesar in
614:
601:The Imaginary Invalid
349:French pronunciation:
221:University of Orléans
3884:Man in the Iron Mask
3600:Story within a story
3342:The School for Wives
2212:Le Malade imaginaire
2058:(15 September 1665)—
2018:The Princess of Elid
2014:La Princesse d'Élide
1964:The School for Wives
1598:statue du Commandeur
1453:Le Malade imaginaire
1356:in conjunction with
1346:Les Comédies-Ballets
1142:, Molière presented
1104:Palace of Versailles
1092:La Princesse d'Élide
1025:The School for Wives
870:Le Cercle des Femmes
776:Mademoiselle Du Parc
741:(The Doctor in Love)
563:The School for Wives
507:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
281:The School for Wives
50:improve this article
3433:Les Femmes Savantes
3203:at site-Molière.com
2889:Page, Curtis Hidden
2816:Page, Curtis Hidden
2586:Richard F. Hardin,
2215:(10 February 1673)—
2201:Les Femmes savantes
2134:(9 September 1668)—
2104:(14 February 1667)—
2038:(15 February 1665)—
2000:The Forced Marriage
1900:(18 November 1659)—
1883:Le Docteur amoureux
1876:(16 December 1656)—
1837:List of major works
1785:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1757:at Cannes in 1978.
1646:"hide," instead of
1532:, and many others.
1326:Les Femmes savantes
1246:, inspired both by
1084:Jean-Baptiste Lully
818:Le Docteur Amoureux
737:Le Docteur Amoureux
688:Illustration after
651:Collège de Clermont
640:Pavillon des Singes
618:The Death of Pompey
551:The Affected Ladies
3426:Scapin the Schemer
3193:2020-09-06 at the
2893:G.P. Putnam's Sons
2820:G.P. Putnam's Sons
2725:Au, Susan (2002).
2697:Au, Susan (2002).
2672:Au, Susan (2002).
2647:Au, Susan (2002).
2606:Philip Wadsworth,
2562:The Romanic Review
2492:Scott 2000, p. 16.
2206:The Learned Ladies
2193:(2 December 1671)—
2173:(17 January 1671)—
2162:(14 October 1670)—
2151:(4 February 1670)—
2060:Love Is the Doctor
1998:(29 January 1664)—
1989:(14 October 1663)—
1953:L'École des femmes
1920:(4 February 1661)—
1891:The Doctor in Love
1522:Curtis Hidden Page
1506:
1443:
1331:The Learned Ladies
1293:tragédie et ballet
1281:, and finally for
1171:
1034:L'École des femmes
1020:L'École des femmes
972:The Jealous Prince
959:
948:L'École des femmes
912:commedia dell'arte
874:Académie Française
838:Commedia dell'arte
822:Troupe de Monsieur
751:, the governor of
745:Commedia dell'arte
699:
630:
538:The Doctor in Love
511:Commedia dell'arte
324:Pierre (1672–1672)
274:The Learned Ladies
3762:
3761:
3735:Le Médecin volant
3625:
3624:
3497:
3496:
3473:Troupe of Molière
3307:Le Médecin volant
3159:Project Gutenberg
2958:. pp. 178–81
2736:978-0-500-20352-1
2708:978-0-500-20352-1
2683:978-0-500-20352-1
2658:978-0-500-20352-1
2470:978-0-205-51186-0
2309:978-0-521-15255-6
2267:978-1-4058-8118-0
2221:The Hypochondriac
2115:(13 January 1668)
2095:(5 January 1667)—
2093:Pastorale comique
2089:(2 December 1666)
1944:(also translated
1940:(17 August 1661)—
1928:L'École des maris
1874:Le Dépit amoureux
1849:The Flying Doctor
1844:Le Médecin volant
1823:The 2023 musical
1747:Ariane Mnouchkine
1307:Philippe Quinault
1207:Pastorale comique
977:L'École des maris
944:L'École des maris
903:Le dépit amoureux
901:(Lyon, 1654) and
866:Samuel Chappuzeau
836:with the Italian
500:Comédie-Française
342:
341:
320:Louis (1664–1664)
243:Literary movement
204:Playwright, actor
173:Kingdom of France
126:
125:
118:
100:
3906:
3844:French satirists
3791:
3790:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3468:Illustre Théâtre
3457:Madeleine Béjart
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3221:
3184:
3183:
3173:Works by Molière
3168:Internet Archive
3155:Works by Molière
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2876:
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2865:
2838:
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2829:
2827:
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2797:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2644:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2584:
2578:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2519:Molière, une vie
2514:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2389:Roy, p. 756–757.
2387:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2250:
2204:(11 March 1672)—
2145:(6 October 1669)
2080:(6 August 1666)—
1996:Le Mariage forcé
1959:The Amorous Flea
1806:Ludivine Sagnier
1751:Philippe Caubère
1730:Mikhail Bulgakov
1545:Laurence Olivier
1502:Rue de Richelieu
1498:Fontaine Molière
1407:Le Mariage forcé
1403:comédies-ballets
1399:comédies-ballets
1395:comédies-ballets
1383:Pierre Beauchamp
1379:comédies-ballets
1375:comédies-ballets
1370:comédies-ballets
1366:proscenium stage
1353:comédies-ballets
1303:Pierre Corneille
1168:Jean-Léon Gérôme
1113:, ou L'Imposteur
1088:Le Mariage forcé
1061:parti des Dévots
936:Luigi Pirandello
842:Tiberio Fiorillo
780:Pierre Corneille
761:Parti des Dévots
679:Illustre Théâtre
675:Madeleine Béjart
665:
644:rue Saint-Honoré
623:Pierre Corneille
530:Pierre Corneille
520:—the brother of
477:
475:[mɔljɛʁ]
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
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439:
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367:
355:
350:
338:
311:Madeleine Béjart
185:
182:17 February 1673
154:
151:
142:
128:
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114:
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101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3914:
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3907:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3740:
3722:
3695:
3681:The Mock Doctor
3668:
3656:
3626:
3621:
3594:
3575:
3540:
3528:
3498:
3493:
3445:
3370:The Misanthrope
3363:L'Amour médecin
3294:
3289:
3212:
3195:Wayback Machine
3181:
3150:Standard Ebooks
3142:
3015:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
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2912:
2908:
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2896:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2851:. p. 958.
2839:
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2800:
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2500:
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2044:The Stone Guest
1931:(24 June 1661)—
1839:
1802:Fabrice Luchini
1777:The King Dances
1728:Russian writer
1709:Alexandre Dumas
1705:
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1537:A Terrible Liar
1530:Donald M. Frame
1490:
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1100:divertissements
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1001:Nicolas Fouquet
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3692:(1858 opera)
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2998:. Retrieved
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2960:. Retrieved
2954:. New York:
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2895:. p. 31
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2824:. Retrieved
2822:. p. 43
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2785:. Retrieved
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2760:29 September
2758:. Retrieved
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2294:Esling, John
2290:Setter, Jane
2286:Roach, Peter
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3819:1673 deaths
3814:1622 births
3684:(1732 play)
3569:Le tartuffe
3490:(2007 film)
3482:(1978 film)
3000:25 February
2787:28 November
1938:Les Fâcheux
1889:(now lost)—
1541:Hume Cronyn
1482:La Fontaine
1439:La Fontaine
1391:Paris Opéra
1358:Les Fâcheux
1219:L'Imposteur
1150:Love Doctor
988:Les Fâcheux
932:Nobel Prize
846:Scaramouche
840:company of
813:and in the
784:Jean Racine
209:Nationality
153: 1658
3803:Categories
3384:Amphitryon
2933:1 November
2793:Enotes.com
2781:Gale Group
2596:1683931297
2528:273770054X
2240:References
2112:Amphitryon
2050:, &c.)
1755:Palme d'Or
1514:John Ozell
1462:last rites
1243:Amphitryon
1201:After the
1069:Jansenists
1054:Montfleury
895:canovaccio
658:Louis XIII
247:Classicism
201:Occupation
76:newspapers
3781:Biography
3398:The Miser
2566:L'Etourdi
2556:L’Étourdi
2552:L'Étourdi
2324:"Molière"
2087:Mélicerte
1942:The Bores
1887:Louis XIV
1711:'s novel
1665:dog latin
1590:The Miser
1549:The Miser
1267:The Miser
1223:Lamoignon
1203:Mélicerte
1196:bleedings
1173:In 1666,
1164:Louis XIV
1102:" at the
993:The Bores
899:L'Étourdi
753:Languedoc
635:bourgeois
590:Parlement
586:hypocrisy
522:Louis XIV
329:Signature
288:The Miser
230:1645–1673
217:Education
106:July 2024
65:"Molière"
3588:Tartuffe
3561:Tartuffe
3553:Tartuffe
3536:Tartuffe
3356:Dom Juan
3349:Tartuffe
3191:Archived
3177:LibriVox
2296:(eds.).
2284:(2011).
2256:(2008).
2228:See also
1962:, 1964)—
1814:'s play
1766:(1989).
1648:couvrez,
1635:Tartuffe
1602:Dom Juan
1584:harpagon
1575:tartuffe
1539:, actor
1518:Tartuffe
1421:(1670).
1227:Tartuffe
1215:Panulphe
1211:Tartuffe
1205:and the
1192:clysters
1122:Tartuffe
1111:Tartuffe
826:Monsieur
811:Nicomède
794:theology
763:and the
757:syphilis
712:Le Vigan
595:Dom Juan
592:, while
576:Tartuffe
484:comedies
317:Children
260:Tartuffe
193:Pen name
3809:Molière
3793:Theatre
3767:Portals
3745:Related
3659:Molière
3531:Molière
3487:Molière
3479:Molière
3450:Related
3292:Molière
3166:at the
2899:27 June
2864:27 June
2826:27 June
2339:30 June
1946:The Mad
1867:(1655)—
1856:(1650)—
1847:(1645)—
1817:La Bête
1793:Molière
1742:Molière
1719:Porthos
1686:In the
1644:cachez,
1600:) from
1411:Neptune
1262:L'Avare
1248:Plautus
1073:Boileau
1065:realism
934:winner
668:Orléans
642:on the
471:French:
358:Molière
307:Partner
196:Molière
132:Molière
90:scholar
3727:Source
3719:(1999)
3711:(1931)
3667:(1666)
3572:(1984)
3564:(1965)
3556:(1926)
3539:(1664)
3464:(wife)
3419:Psyché
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2175:Psyche
2170:Psyché
1627:galère
1619:galley
1415:Apollo
1368:. The
1298:Psyché
1277:, for
1180:write
1052:, and
985:) and
807:Louvre
648:Jesuit
560:, and
532:and a
526:Louvre
488:farces
297:Spouse
238:Comedy
227:Period
212:French
92:
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3700:Films
3673:Stage
3580:Stage
3299:Works
2783:, Inc
2560:", "
1425:Death
1336:opera
1140:Lully
815:farce
710:near
534:farce
235:Genre
169:Paris
97:JSTOR
83:books
3545:Film
3129:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3099:ISBN
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3024:ISBN
3002:2019
2964:2007
2935:2009
2922:ISBN
2901:2010
2866:2010
2853:ISBN
2828:2010
2789:2007
2762:2020
2731:ISBN
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734:and
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607:Life
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161:Born
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